[{"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Trent acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTrent knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trent's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\nB. Trent likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\nC. Trent's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Carrie has always loved acting, and she often talks about moving to Hollywood.\nB. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nCarrie has always loved acting, and she often talks about moving to Hollywood."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 11 cups\nB. 11 gallons\nC. 11 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 11 fluid ounces.\n11 cups and 11 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nTons of people still believe the Earth is flat! Maybe there's something to their argument?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the belief that the Earth is flat might be true because it is common. However, a belief isn't necessarily more reasonable just because many people hold it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Jennifer, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Jennifer plans to build a boat.\nB. Jennifer thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Jennifer thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbicycle - butterfly\n\nChoices:\nA. bee\nB. bruise\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bruise is between the guide words bicycle - butterfly, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word herd on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhowever - hue\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince herd is not between the guide words however - hue, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nHydrogen bromide is ().\n\nHint:\nHydrogen bromide can be used to speed up certain types of chemical reactions. The chemical formula for hydrogen bromide is HBr.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether hydrogen bromide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for hydrogen bromide, HBr, contains two atomic symbols: H for hydrogen and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen bromide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince hydrogen bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrogen bromide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe boy balances on one wobbly foot.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, balances. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMayor Preston wants to create more bicycle lanes in Hillsdale. Why is he forcing us to give up our cars and bike everywhere?\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that creating more bike lanes means that Mayor Preston thinks that everyone should ride bicycles instead of cars. However, the fact that Mayor Preston wants more bike lanes doesn't necessarily suggest that the mayor is opposed to other forms of transportation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\nshaking up salad dressing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But shaking up salad dressing is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mom kisses Kimberly's cheek Kimberly smiles at Mom.\nB. The class chuckles at Ms. Joseph's joke.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The class chuckles at Ms. Joseph's joke is a complete sentence. The subject is the class, and the verb is chuckles."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an adult great white shark?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 meters\nB. 4 centimeters\nC. 4 kilometers\nD. 4 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 4 meters.\n4 millimeters and 4 centimeters are too short. 4 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The detour took us across the bridge and along the one-lane road by the river.\nB. You can use your gift certificate for one big purchase, or you can buy a few smaller items.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe detour took us across the bridge and along the one-lane road by the river."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nAlthough fewer than twenty-five California condors remained in the wild in 1982, their numbers increased to more than one hundred sixty by 2014.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nAlthough fewer than twenty-five California condors remained in the wild in 1982, their numbers increased to more than one hundred sixty by 2014."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nReba chops onions for the tomato sauce.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, chops. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. On the ferry to Ellis Island, Maggie took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home.\nB. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nOn the ferry to Ellis Island, Maggie took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ gives the body its structure and allows it to move?\n\nChoices:\nA. brain\nB. heart\nC. skin\nD. skeleton\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwelcome - worst\n\nChoices:\nA. whom\nB. wait\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince whom is between the guide words welcome - worst, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word mooring on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmeter - mind\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mooring is not between the guide words meter - mind, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nProblems emerge and some people try to sweep them under the rug.\n—Bill Condon, film director\n\nChoices:\nA. idiom\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nSweep them under the rug means hide or ignore them."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nA plant cell has a cell membrane.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA plant cell has a cell membrane.\nThis statement is true. Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. At the grocery store, Christine hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. Christine made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Christine hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe first text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nChristine made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would smell the most?\n\nChoices:\nA. gasoline\nB. clay tile\nC. metal shield\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gasoline would smell the most. Gasoline has a strong smell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJacob can ride a motorcycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPeople are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nPhilip will wash the dishes after dinner.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, wash. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAnthony will read his book before bed.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, read. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nThe football soared through the air like a rocket.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.The football soared through the air like a rocket.\nThe words football and rocket are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe Boston Red Sox failed to win the World Series for eighty-six years after they traded Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees. Fans believed this to be the \"Curse of the Bambino,\" or punishment for selling \"The Bambino\" to another team.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that trading Babe Ruth to the Yankees led to the Red Sox's losing streak. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, the team might have just had some bad luck. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 150-gram baked potato at a temperature of 31°C\nB. a 150-gram baked potato at a temperature of 40°C\nC. a 150-gram baked potato at a temperature of 36°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40°C potato is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. Nothing but Net\nB. nothing but Net\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word but is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Nothing but Net."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Dusty's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B).\nDusty is a cat from this group. Dusty has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairless body\nB. a hairy body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Dusty's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Dusty's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Dusty's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Dusty's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nDusty's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Dusty's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt was partly cloudy in Osaka, Japan, on Thursday.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt was partly cloudy in Osaka, Japan, on Thursday.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds in Osaka on Thursday. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nFree speech is good not just for the individual, but for all of society. After all, it's in the interest of the community that everyone should be at liberty to express his or her beliefs.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that free speech is good for society because society is better off when people have free speech. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nChad noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nChad noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Chad saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe salesperson tried hard to convince Marco that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather.\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSewing an apron is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Sewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJessica has naturally curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.\nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 230miles east in 10hours\nB. a ship that moved 220miles south in 10hours\nC. a ship that moved 240miles west in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 220 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Figaro's phenotype for the ear type trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele E is for curled ears, and the allele e is for straight ears.\nFigaro, an American curl cat from this group, has curled ears. Figaro has one allele for curled ears and one allele for straight ears.\n\nChoices:\nA. curled ears\nB. Ee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Figaro's observable version of the ear type trait is curled ears. So, Figaro's phenotype for the ear type trait is curled ears."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Rudd's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.\nB. I don't believe in superstitions, but my mother takes them quite seriously.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMr. Rudd's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. oleander tree\nB. paper airplane\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.An oleander tree is a living thing.\nOleander trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nOleander trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA paper airplane is not a living thing.\nPaper airplanes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Billy investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBilly mixes oil and vinegar to make salad dressing. He notices that after a few minutes, the oil and vinegar separate. He wonders what factors affect how quickly liquids separate. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree glass bottles\nolive oil\nvegetable oil\nvinegar\ncold water\n\nChoices:\nA. Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with vinegar or with water?\nB. Does vinegar separate faster when stirred together with olive oil or with coconut oil?\nC. Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with cold water or with hot water?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nDanny is pushing on his friend's wheelchair.\n\nChoices:\nA. The wheelchair is pulling on Danny.\nB. The wheelchair is pushing on Danny.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Danny is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Danny."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Black or White\"\nB. Black or White\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Black or White.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAmanda has a scar on her left hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npillar - promise\n\nChoices:\nA. palm\nB. potato\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince potato is between the guide words pillar - promise, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 300-gram rock at a temperature of 120°F\nB. a 300-gram rock at a temperature of 145°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 145°F rock is hotter than the 120°F rock, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Riverside. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Riverside?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Riverside fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Riverside has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nWe will wait outside for Maya.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, wait. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 135kilometers west in 10hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 105kilometers north in 10hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 140kilometers south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 10 hours. The sailboat that moved 105 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nYou may be impressed by Senator Holland's work with low-income communities, but the fact remains that he graduated from an elite university. He couldn't possibly empathize with low-income constituents.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator Holland can't empathize with his low-income constituents because he went to an elite university. However, going to an elite university doesn't necessarily mean you're out of touch. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Richard investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nRichard is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Richard notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?\nB. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?\nC. Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Shiloh's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F).\nShiloh is a dog from this group. Shiloh has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur length gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. short fur\nB. long fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Shiloh's genotype for the fur length gene is ff. Shiloh's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for long fur. So, Shiloh's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Shiloh's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nShiloh's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Shiloh's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncellular respiration\nchemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCellular respiration is a chemical change. Cells use oxygen to break down sugar. Breaking the chemical bonds in sugar molecules releases energy that a cell can use.\nThe atoms from the broken molecules then combine to form different molecules such as carbon dioxide and water. These molecules are different types of matter than sugar and oxygen.\nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the mammal traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mammals:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Common toads have moist skin covered in lumps. These lumps are sometimes called warts, and they are a normal part of the toad's skin. Common toads hatch from eggs with no shells. The tadpoles live underwater. Adult toads live in holes or under leaves on land.\nB. Female black-capped squirrel monkeys carry their offspring on their backs. They also feed their offspring milk. Adult squirrel monkeys eat fruit and insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA black-capped squirrel monkey has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA black-capped squirrel monkey has the traits of a mammal. A black-capped squirrel monkey is a mammal.\nA common toad has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA common toad does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A common toad is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. love,\nBella\nB. Love,\nBella\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nFriends lean on each other during hard times.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, lean. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. Back to the Future\nB. Back to the future\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words to and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Back to the Future."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nDean put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nDean put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Dean lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJoseph is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a mountain biker who moved 170kilometers in 5hours\nB. a mountain biker who moved 125kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 170 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 125 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 170 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Friend,\nMaria\nB. Your friend,\nMaria\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Major's phenotype for the horns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h).\nMajor is a cow from this group. Major has the homozygous genotype HH for the horns gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having horns\nB. having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Major's genotype for the horns gene is HH. Major's genotype of HH has only H allelles. The H allele is for not having horns. So, Major's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Major's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nMajor's genotype of HH has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Major's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThis news story must be accurate. It's been shared online over a million times!\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a news story is accurate because it has been shared many times. However, this is not necessarily true. A story may be shared for reasons besides its accuracy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nI saw a movie called Blob Invasion. It was really good. It was about a weird guy who was into science. He worked on bugs and small animals. He made a machine that did things to the bugs and the animals. They became big weird things. One day he transformed himself by accident. He became a big blob! He went around doing bad things to the city. In the end, a boy figured out how to change the blob back into a man. I would recommend this movie to everyone who likes fun science movies.\n\nChoices:\nA. by using more specific language\nB. by reducing repetitive language\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more specific language.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text with more specific language, such as incredibly entertaining, strange scientist, experimented, invented, transformed, giant slimy blobs, morphed into, giant, oozed, horrible, and all science fiction fans.\nI saw a movie called Blob Invasion. It was really good. It was about a weird guy who was into science. He worked on bugs and small animals. He made a machine that did things to the bugs and the animals. They became big weird things. One day he transformed himself by accident. He became a big blob! He went around doing bad things to the city. In the end, a boy figured out how to change the blob back into a man. I would recommend this movie to everyone who likes fun science movies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a raisin?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 meters\nB. 12 kilometers\nC. 12 millimeters\nD. 12 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a raisin is 12 millimeters.\n12 centimeters, 12 meters, and 12 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't feel bad about serving your children that sweet fruit punch with high fructose corn syrup in it. It's derived from real corn, so it must not cause the same health problems as completely artificial sweeteners.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that drinks with high fructose corn syrup aren't bad for you because high fructose corn syrup is derived from a natural ingredient. However, a sweetener isn't necessarily healthy just because it's derived from a natural ingredient. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Danielle will fly to India, or she will sail to Hawaii.\nB. Last year the state received more than thirty inches of snow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nDanielle will fly to India, or she will sail to Hawaii."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe car engine () as Mr. Cooper tried to start it in the freezing cold.\n\nChoices:\nA. coughed\nB. failed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who is sick."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThis is gonna ruin my whole day.\n—Grace in Avatar, after being shot\n\nChoices:\nA. understatement\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nRuin my whole day is an understatement, since the speaker has just been gravely injured."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Darnell lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. Darnell felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.\nB. There was a benefit to Darnell's job loss.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Darnell's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Darnell's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 340kilometers north in 5hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 115kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a motorboat that moved 280kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 115 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Babel's phenotype for the body feather color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele for green body feathers (B) is dominant over the allele for blue body feathers (b).\nBabel is a budgerigar parakeet from this group. Babel has the homozygous genotype BB for the body feather color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. green body feathers\nB. blue body feathers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Babel's genotype for the body feather color gene is BB. Babel's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for green body feathers. So, Babel's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be green body feathers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Babel's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for green body feathers (B) is dominant over the allele for blue body feathers (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nBabel's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Babel's phenotype for the body feather color trait must be green body feathers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSophie has a scar on her left elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses alliteration.\n\nHint:\nFrom Djuna Barnes, \"Serenade\" and from Mary Elizabeth Coleridge, \"A Moment\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The clouds had made a crimson crown\nAbout the mountains high.\nThe stormy sun was going down\nIn a stormy sky.\nB. Three paces in the moonlight's glow I stand,\nAnd here within the twilight beats my heart.\nI'm not asking you to finish\nBut—to start.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n—From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n—From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n—From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.This poem uses alliteration. It repeats beginning consonant sounds.\nAbout the mountains high.\nIn a stormy sky."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Raspberry bushes have green leaves.\nB. Howler monkeys eat leaves, fruit, and nuts.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A howler monkey is an animal. It eats leaves, fruit, and nuts.\nA howler monkey's tail can be longer than the rest of its body!\nA raspberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.\nMost raspberries are red. But raspberries can also be purple or yellow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 140miles west in 10hours\nB. a car that moved 640miles east in 10hours\nC. a car that moved 355miles east in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 140 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a passenger airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 50 pounds\nB. 50 tons\nC. 50 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 50 tons.\n50 ounces and 50 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich metal paper clip has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo metal paper clips are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter metal paper clip\nB. the colder metal paper clip\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two metal paper clips are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter metal paper clip has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 75°F\nB. a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 50°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°F glass of grape juice is hotter than the 50°F glass of grape juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 2-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 30°C\nB. a 2-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 65°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65°C block is hotter than the 30°C block, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSue has a scar on her right hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to knit a scarf?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 minutes\nB. 7 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to knit a scarf is 7 hours.\n7 minutes is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDana can play the flute.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing an instrument well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play the flute. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the flute is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is snowing in Emmett's town today.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is snowing in Emmett's town today.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Emmett's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nHaley can drive a car.\n\nHint:\nHint: Driving well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Lauren put on a sweater and found a flashlight.\nB. Rosanne and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nThe corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Lauren put on a sweater and found a flashlight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Karen acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKaren knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Karen is most interested in American history.\nB. Karen learned history by reading.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to toast bread in the toaster?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 seconds\nB. 2 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to toast bread in the toaster is 2 minutes.\n2 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHanukkah is a holiday in which religion?\n\nChoices:\nA. Islam\nB. Judaism\nC. Hinduism\nD. Christianity\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nHanukkah is a holiday in the religion of Judaism. Followers of Judaism are known as Jews."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nFranklin starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Franklin need to pull with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nFranklin gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a friend who weighs 21 pounds\nB. a friend who weighs 35 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 35 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Franklin needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 35 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hornblende is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.\nB. Diamond is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\nC. Candle wax is not a pure substance. It is made by humans.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nCandle wax is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nCandle wax is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, candle wax is not a mineral.\nDiamond is a mineral.\nHornblende is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMeet me at my house at noon.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. concrete sidewalk\nB. silk necktie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the silk necktie is smoother. If you touch silk fabric, it will not feel rough."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a small candy bar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1 pound\nB. 1 ton\nC. 1 ounce\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 1 ounce.\n1 pound and 1 ton are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing lettuce and salad dressing\nsewing an apron\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlarger - lip\n\nChoices:\nA. lean\nB. loose\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lean is between the guide words larger - lip, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter opening is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Ben,\nB. Dear Mr. Baldwin,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nIsaiah knows how to type.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Kamal investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nKamal went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Kamal was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons\n\nChoices:\nA. Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nB. Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nC. Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. See You Soon,\nFelix\nB. See you soon,\nFelix\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs teaching dance a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether teaching dance is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs teaching dance something you can touch? No.\nIs teaching dance a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, teaching dance is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a kiddie pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1,035 liters\nB. 1,035 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,035 liters.\n1,035 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Albert acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAlbert has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Albert's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dung beetles walk and run.\nB. Strawberry bushes have green leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A strawberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe type of strawberries most people eat today were first grown in the 1750 s.\nA dung beetle is an animal. It walks and runs.\nDung beetles eat animal waste, which is called dung. They roll the dung into balls to store for later."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe trucks begin to move at the same speed. Which truck needs a larger force to start moving?\n\nHint:\nTwo mail trucks are loaded with mail. The trucks are the same. But they are carrying different amounts of mail.\n\nChoices:\nA. a mail truck carrying 250 pounds of mail\nB. a mail truck carrying 350 pounds of mail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the mail truck that is heavier.\nA mail truck carrying 350 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 250 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 350 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nEllie anticipated that the free makeover her friend was promising would turn out to be a Trojan horse.\n\nChoices:\nA. British history\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich empty mug has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo empty mugs are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the empty mug with less thermal energy\nB. the empty mug with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two empty mugs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the empty mug with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tessa investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTessa leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nC. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Lexi lives, the air pressure is usually higher in the summer than in the winter.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Lexi lives, the air pressure is usually higher in the summer than in the winter.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of air pressure where Lexi lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the pod color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have green pods and others have yellow pods. In this group, the gene for the pod color trait has two alleles. The allele D is for green pods, and the allele d is for yellow pods.\nA certain pea plant from this group has green pods. This plant has one allele for green pods and one allele for yellow pods.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dd\nB. green pods\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pod color trait is green pods. So, the plant's phenotype for the pod color trait is green pods."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bald eagles walk and fly.\nB. Honey bees walk and fly.\nC. Ginkgo trees have flat leaves.\nD. Manatees swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A ginkgo tree is a plant. It has flat leaves.\nGinkgo trees are from China. They can grow in cold places.\nA bald eagle is an animal. It walks and flies.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They eat mostly fish.\nA manatee is an animal. It swims underwater.\nManatees eat plants that live underwater.\nA honey bee is an animal. It walks and flies.\nA honey bee is an insect. Honey bees live in large groups called colonies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Zack acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nZack knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Zack won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\nB. Zack's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\nC. Zack has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nellie inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNellie has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nellie's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Nellie.\nB. Nellie and her father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncelebrate - cobbler\n\nChoices:\nA. chair\nB. crocodile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chair is between the guide words celebrate - cobbler, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nTrent can play the flute.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play the flute. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the flute is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. saturn butterfly\nB. robin\nC. Galapagos giant tortoise\nD. ground squirrel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA ground squirrel is a mammal. Like other mammals, a ground squirrel is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a Galapagos giant tortoise is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich memo to a manager is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Please find attached my quarterly report.\nB. I've attached that report that I do every quarter.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first memo to a manager is more formal. It uses more impersonal and elevated language (please find attached). The other memo to a manager uses a contraction (I've) and sounds more conversational."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jamal investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJamal has a pet lizard. Jamal notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Jamal wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp\n\nChoices:\nA. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?\nB. Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?\nC. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 meters\nB. 24 kilometers\nC. 24 centimeters\nD. 24 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 24 kilometers.\n24 millimeters, 24 centimeters, and 24 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich stick of butter has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo sticks of butter are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder stick of butter\nB. the hotter stick of butter\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two sticks of butter are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder stick of butter has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brendan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrendan speaks two languages.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brendan's mother speaks one language.\nB. Brendan learned to speak two languages in school.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nDuring this chemical reaction, the car engine becomes ().\n\nHint:\nWhen a chemical reaction absorbs or releases thermal energy, the reaction causes a change in temperature. Read the passage about a chemical reaction that absorbs or releases thermal energy. Then, follow the instructions below.\nThe gasoline used in cars today is a mixture of over 1,000 different substances. One of these substances is isooctane (C8H18). In a car engine, isooctane reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). During the reaction, a large amount of thermal energy is released into the surroundings. This thermal energy is used to power the car.\n\nChoices:\nA. colder\nB. warmer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released as heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are everything around the reaction, such as the solution that the reaction takes place in or the air nearby.\nSome reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is provided by the molecules in the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.\nSome reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.To determine whether the car engine becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction.The gasoline used in cars today is a mixture of over 1,000 different substances. One of these substances is isooctane (C8 H18). In a car engine, isooctane reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2 O). During the reaction, a large amount of thermal energy is released into the surroundings. This thermal energy is used to power the car.The underlined text tells you that thermal energy is released into the surroundings. Because thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.The surroundings include the car engine that the reaction takes place in. So, the car engine becomes warmer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrefuse - rub\n\nChoices:\nA. rig\nB. rascal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rig is between the guide words refuse - rub, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\nB. Lorenzo picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nAccording to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPamela has a scar on her right hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI can't believe settlers went over that mountain without cars!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this rose plant's phenotype for the thorns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have thorns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the thorns trait has two alleles. The allele R is for having thorns, and the allele r is for not having thorns.\nA certain rose plant from this group has thorns. This plant has two alleles for having thorns.\n\nChoices:\nA. RR\nB. having thorns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rose plant's observable version of the thorns trait is having thorns. So, the plant's phenotype for the thorns trait is having thorns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this catfish's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Channel catfish, some individuals have a brown body and others have a white body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a brown body (B) is dominant over the allele for a white body (b).\nA certain Channel catfish from this group has the homozygous genotype bb for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a white body\nB. a brown body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The Channel catfish's genotype for the body color gene is bb. The Channel catfish's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a white body. So, the Channel catfish's phenotype for the body color trait must be a white body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the Channel catfish's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a brown body (B) is dominant over the allele for a white body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe Channel catfish's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the Channel catfish's phenotype for the body color trait must be a white body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paper clip?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 35 millimeters\nB. 35 kilometers\nC. 35 centimeters\nD. 35 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 35 millimeters.\n35 centimeters, 35 meters, and 35 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a goose that moved 575kilometers south in 10hours\nB. a goose that moved 920kilometers north in 10hours\nC. a goose that moved 1,230kilometers south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 575 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a trumpet?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1 kilogram\nB. 1 gram\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a trumpet is 1 kilogram.\n1 gram is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich metal paper clip has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo metal paper clips are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder metal paper clip\nB. the hotter metal paper clip\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two metal paper clips are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder metal paper clip has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower form trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the flower form trait in rose plants:\n\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have double flowers and others have single flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower form trait has two alleles. The allele for single flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for double flowers (F).\nA certain rose plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the flower form gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. single flowers\nB. double flowers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The rose plant's genotype for the flower form gene is ff. The rose plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for single flowers. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower form trait must be single flowers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for single flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for double flowers (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower form trait must be single flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. last\nB. late\nC. fast\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words last and fast rhyme. They both end with the ast sound.\nThe word late does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two gray whales. Which gray whale was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray whale that moved 55kilometers in 10hours\nB. a gray whale that moved 35kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne gray whale moved 55 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other gray whale moved 35 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 55 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Adriana did not enter student politics until her junior year.\nB. Adriana didn't enter student politics until her junior year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two ducks. Which duck was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 315miles in 5hours\nB. a duck that moved 285miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne duck moved 285 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other duck moved 315 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 285 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Lyla's genotype for the coat pattern gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of leopards, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a black coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a spotted coat, and the allele a is for a black coat.\nLyla, a leopard from this group, has a black coat. Lyla has two alleles for a black coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black coat\nB. aa\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Lyla has two alleles for a black coat (a). So, Lyla's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. blade\nB. wave\nC. cave\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words wave and cave rhyme. They both end with the ave sound.\nThe word blade does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word woke on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwear - while\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince woke is not between the guide words wear - while, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nEthan spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fable\nB. Greek history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ is a tube that allows air to pass into and then out of the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. stomach\nB. small intestine\nC. skin\nD. trachea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThe audience's thunderous applause left me completely speechless!\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, oxygen is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nThe Space Shuttle program sent astronauts on 135 missions using a fleet of five shuttles between 1981 and 2011. The engines of each shuttle, like other modern rocket engines, used liquid hydrogen as fuel. When liquid hydrogen combines with liquid oxygen, an enormous amount of energy is released, along with water vapor. The shuttles used this energy to launch into space.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to oxygen in this chemical reaction.\nThe Space Shuttle program sent astronauts on 135 missions using a fleet of five shuttles between 1981 and 2011. The engines of each shuttle, like other modern rocket engines, used liquid hydrogen as fuel. When liquid hydrogen combines with liquid oxygen, an enormous amount of energy is released, along with water vapor. The shuttles used this energy to launch into space.\nThe underlined text tells you that when hydrogen and oxygen combine, water is formed. When hydrogen and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form water. Because oxygen reacts in this chemical reaction, oxygen is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nherd - hungry\n\nChoices:\nA. hand\nB. horizon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince horizon is between the guide words herd - hungry, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmelting wax\ndust settling out of the air\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But dust settling out of the air is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your friend,\nMark\nB. Your friend,\nMark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMalia has a scar on her left knee.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word pink on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nperform - prison\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pink is between the guide words perform - prison, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thank You,\nColton\nB. Thank you,\nColton\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMy opponent argues that we should abolish the soda tax. It's a shame that he wants to encourage people to eat and drink unhealthily. I say we keep it.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the speaker's opponent wants to encourage unhealthy habits. However, this misrepresents the opponent's argument. The speaker's opponent only wants to remove the soda tax. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Zack attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. complex\nC. compound\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Zack attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Dwayne decides to go as a ghost. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nDwayne is deciding whether to go as a ghost or a superhero to a costume party. He would rather go as a ghost. But he already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dwayne will spend some time and money to get the costume.\nB. Dwayne will get to wear the costume he is more excited about.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dwayne wants or needs:\nDwayne will spend some time and money to get the costume."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Hakim attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. compound-complex\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Hakim attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bananas in pajamas\nB. Bananas in Pajamas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Bananas in Pajamas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nIn this desert, the land is as hard as brick.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.In this desert, the land is as hard as brick.\nThe words land and brick are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a sofa?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 inches\nB. 10 feet\nC. 10 miles\nD. 10 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a sofa is 10 feet.\n10 inches is too short. 10 yards and 10 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two humpback whales. Which humpback whale was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a humpback whale that moved 60kilometers in 10hours\nB. a humpback whale that moved 30kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne humpback whale moved 30 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other humpback whale moved 60 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 30 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nPaul returned to the parking lot to find his car somewhat destroyed. Apparently someone had crashed into it while he was working and had broken the entire front windshield.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Samuel investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nSamuel is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Samuel notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?\nB. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?\nC. Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Triton's genotype for the eye color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for red eyes, and the allele e is for black eyes.\nTriton, a koi fish from this group, has red eyes. Triton has one allele for red eyes and one allele for black eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ee\nB. red eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Triton has one allele for red eyes (E) and one allele for black eyes (e). So, Triton's genotype for the eye color gene is Ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The average American eats three pounds of sugar each week.\nB. The doctor will order supplies, or the nurse will do it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nThe doctor will order supplies, or the nurse will do it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe wind is weak today in Dover, Delaware.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe wind is weak today in Dover, Delaware.\nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in Dover today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Edward's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Christine told her brother.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a car key?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 centimeters\nB. 5 kilometers\nC. 5 meters\nD. 5 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a car key is 5 centimeters.\n5 millimeters is too short. 5 meters and 5 kilometers are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a kiddie pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 290 fluid ounces\nB. 290 cups\nC. 290 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 290 gallons.\n290 fluid ounces and 290 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMegan has no school spirit—she never comes to any of our football games.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Megan doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Megan doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nTwo baked potatoes have the same temperature but different masses. Which potato has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are made of the same type of matter.\n\nChoices:\nA. the baked potato with more mass\nB. the baked potato with less mass\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two baked potatoes have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the baked potato with less mass has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this tomato plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have smooth fruit and others have fuzzy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for smooth fruit, and the allele f is for fuzzy fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has fuzzy fruit. This plant has two alleles for fuzzy fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. fuzzy fruit\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for fuzzy fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich empty mug has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo empty mugs are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder empty mug\nB. the hotter empty mug\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two empty mugs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter empty mug has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nRobert has never tried chocolate ice cream before, which I find astounding!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Diorite is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nB. A peach pit is made by a living thing. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Granite is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nGranite is a rock.\nA peach pit is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a peach pit is not a rock.\nDiorite is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Love of My Life\"\nB. \"the love of My Life\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"The Love of My Life.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nKathleen is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nKathleen is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"hold Me near\"\nB. \"Hold Me Near\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is \"Hold Me Near.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a car key?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 feet\nB. 2 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a car key is 2 inches.\n2 feet is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nErin went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Erin went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\nThe words Erin and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Nina decides to see the tamarins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nNina is deciding whether to see the tamarins or the vultures at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nina will spend more time walking to the tamarins. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the vultures are close by.\nB. Nina will enjoy seeing the tamarins more than she would have enjoyed seeing the vultures.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nina wants or needs:\nNina will spend more time walking to the tamarins. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the vultures are close by."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. Polly Put the Kettle On\nB. \"Polly Put the Kettle On\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Polly Put the Kettle On.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Native gold is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nB. A shark's tooth is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\nC. Potassium feldspar is a pure substance. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nNative gold is a mineral.\nPotassium feldspar is a mineral.\nA shark's tooth is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a shark's tooth is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word greet on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngander - glider\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince greet is not between the guide words gander - glider, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a play?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Aliens at School\"\nB. ***Aliens at School***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A play should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Aliens at School**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Liam attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Liam attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nReba, please stay away from the ocean. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. I feel tired and hot, but I don't have a fever.\nB. Layla will change the batteries in the radio tomorrow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nI feel tired and hot, but I don't have a fever."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hat on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhickory - hum\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hat is not between the guide words hickory - hum, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nBenzene is ().\n\nHint:\nBenzene is a chemical used to make plastic and styrofoam. The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether benzene is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for benzene is C6 H6. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that benzene is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, benzene is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Omar decides to take a trip to Minnesota. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nOmar is deciding whether to take a trip to Minnesota or New York. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Omar will enjoy his trip to Minnesota more than he would have enjoyed a trip to New York.\nB. Omar will spend more money. Plane tickets for Omar to get to Minnesota are more expensive than tickets to New York.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Omar wants or needs:\nOmar will spend more money. Plane tickets for Omar to get to Minnesota are more expensive than tickets to New York."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIf you don't mind waking up at the crack of dawn (or if you even prefer it), consider a career as a baker, a teacher, or an investment banker.\n\nChoices:\nA. You have to wake up at sunset.\nB. You have to wake up very early.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom at the crack of dawn suggests that you have to wake up very early. Dawn is the beginning of the day, so the idiom means very early."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is snowing in Gavin's town today.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is snowing in Gavin's town today.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Gavin's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Wishbone's phenotype for the fur texture trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dachshund dogs, some individuals have rough fur and others have soft fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for rough fur, and the allele f is for soft fur.\nWishbone, a dachshund dog from this group, has soft fur. Wishbone has two alleles for soft fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. soft fur\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Wishbone's observable version of the fur texture trait is soft fur. So, Wishbone's phenotype for the fur texture trait is soft fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. African American explorer Matthew Henson was the bravest explorer of the 1909 North Pole expedition.\nB. In 1909, African American explorer Matthew Henson became one of the first people to reach the North Pole.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nStatements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.\nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by researching the life of Matthew Henson.\nIn 1909, African American explorer Matthew Henson became one of the first people to reach the North Pole.\nThe first sentence states an opinion. Bravest indicates a personal judgment.\nAfrican American explorer Matthew Henson was the bravest explorer of the 1909 North Pole expedition."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. waste money\nB. spend money\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Waste money has a more negative connotation. If you waste money, you spend it on something useless."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Hassan shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nB. Hassan shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nHassan shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nHassan shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a school bus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 yards\nB. 12 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 12 yards.\n12 feet is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Tammy decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nTammy is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tammy will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants.\nB. Tammy will save some money by not buying the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tammy wants or needs:\nTammy will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Ezra remarked after Anna's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cap was too big.\nB. The cap was a good fit.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Anna's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. wide\nB. hide\nC. time\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words wide and hide rhyme. They both end with the ide sound.\nThe word time does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the personification in this text suggest?\nThe lighthouse horn moaned, and the sound traveled through the thick fog, reaching the sailors who were enveloped in the grayness.\n\nChoices:\nA. The horn made a long, low sound.\nB. The lighthouse was old and needed repairs.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nMoaned suggests that the horn made a long, low sound. A moan is a long, low sound that a person makes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is 65°F in Ivan's backyard.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is 65°F in Ivan's backyard.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Ivan's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nFirst completed in 1939, the Potomac Park Levee System was installed to protect the National Mall and surrounding areas in Washington, D.C., from flooding.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nFirst completed in 1939, the Potomac Park Levee System was installed to protect the National Mall and surrounding areas in Washington, D.C., from flooding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 215miles north in 10hours\nB. a ship that moved 355miles east in 10hours\nC. a ship that moved 365miles north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 365 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fish tank at a temperature of 17°C\nB. a fish tank at a temperature of 19°C\nC. a fish tank at a temperature of 23°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three fish tanks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 17°C fish tank is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Kemp was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years.\nB. When Mrs. Kemp saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Kemp or her granddaughter.\nWhen Mrs. Kemp saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Kemp was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLola has naturally blond hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Lola's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nstretching a rubber band\nwater evaporating from a puddle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But stretching a rubber band is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Friend,\nEllen\nB. Your friend,\nEllen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Colton sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. compound-complex\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Colton sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\nsewing an apron\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But sewing an apron is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tessa investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTessa leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\nB. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\nC. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word serious on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nslack - split\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince serious is not between the guide words slack - split, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your niece,\nJanet\nB. Your Niece,\nJanet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jeff Kinney worked on Diary of a Wimpy Kid for six years before publishing it online.\nB. Cartoonist Jeff Kinney's book Diary of a Wimpy Kid deserves all of the praise it has received.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nJeff Kinney worked on Diary of a Wimpy Kid for six years before publishing it online.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Jeff Kinney.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nCartoonist Jeff Kinney's book Diary of a Wimpy Kid deserves all of the praise it has received.\nDeserves shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much praise Diary of a Wimpy Kid deserves."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSenator Quinn announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children!\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator Quinn hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Quinn wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Muffin's phenotype for the ear type trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the ear type trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have normal ears and others have dumbo ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for normal ears (E) is dominant over the allele for dumbo ears (e).\nMuffin is a rat from this group. Muffin has the heterozygous genotype Ee for the ear type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. dumbo ears\nB. normal ears\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Muffin's phenotype for the ear type trait. First, consider the alleles in Muffin's genotype for the ear type gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for normal ears (E) is dominant over the allele for dumbo ears (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nMuffin's genotype of Ee has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Muffin's phenotype for the ear type trait must be normal ears."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nA grassy hill catches fire and burns.\n\nChoices:\nA. erosion\nB. wildfire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 22 kilometers\nB. 22 meters\nC. 22 millimeters\nD. 22 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 22 kilometers.\n22 millimeters, 22 centimeters, and 22 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nacid rain weathering a marble statue\nmilk going sour\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jennifer inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJennifer has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jennifer and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Jennifer's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Jennifer.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe hum of the computer concerned Edmond. Was the problem with the power supply or the hard drive?\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nHum represents the sound the computer was making."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nScott's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the softest?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon swim shorts\nB. glass bottle\nC. clay tile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon swim shorts are the softest. Nylon fabric changes shape when you press on it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Moby's phenotype for the tail spots trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele I is for a spotted tail, and the allele i is for an unspotted tail.\nMoby, a guppy from this group, has an unspotted tail. Moby has two alleles for an unspotted tail.\n\nChoices:\nA. an unspotted tail\nB. ii\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Moby's observable version of the tail spots trait is an unspotted tail. So, Moby's phenotype for the tail spots trait is an unspotted tail."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ellen acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEllen knows how to grow sunflowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ellen likes to visit sunflower fields.\nB. Last summer, Ellen's neighbor showed her how to grow sunflowers.\nC. Both Ellen and her father grow sunflowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. atlas moth\nB. toucan\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.An atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA toucan is a bird. Like other birds, a toucan is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. comet moth\nB. black howler\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A black howler is a mammal. Like other mammals, a black howler is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPorter has a scar on his left ankle.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Diana investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nDiana likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclown - crocodile\n\nChoices:\nA. cobbler\nB. customer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cobbler is between the guide words clown - crocodile, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nLast year spring was () and warmer weather didn't begin until April.\n\nChoices:\nA. unseasonably cool\nB. timid\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word timid. It describes spring as if it were a person who is shy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of avocado turning brown\nmilk going sour\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nButter melting on a hot day is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Butter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. Durham,\nB. Dear dr. Durham,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Durham is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Basil has green leaves.\nB. Bison eat mostly grass.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.Basil is a plant. It has green leaves.\nBasil leaves are used in cooking.\nA bison is an animal. It eats mostly grass.\nBison can use their horns to defend themselves."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Devin realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nB. Devin's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nDevin's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nDevin realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mount Rushmore National Memorial\nB. zebra\nC. rainboot\nD. bathtub\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.Mount Rushmore National Memorial is not a living thing.\nThe Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a sculpture of four American presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. The sculpture does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA rainboot is not a living thing.\nRainboots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA zebra is a living thing.\nZebras grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Zebras are made up of many cells.\nA bathtub is not a living thing.\nBathtubs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich body part pumps blood through the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. stomach\nB. brain\nC. heart\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfew - freight\n\nChoices:\nA. fortress\nB. family\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fortress is between the guide words few - freight, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Soap is made in a factory. It is not a pure substance.\nB. Sphalerite is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nC. Hematite is not made by living things. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nHematite is a mineral.\nSphalerite is a mineral.\nSoap is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSoap is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, soap is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nCarbon dioxide is ().\n\nHint:\nCarbon dioxide is the gas that forms the bubbles in soft drinks and sparkling water. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether carbon dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. This formula contains two symbols: C for carbon and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that carbon dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, carbon dioxide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich drop of honey has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo drops of honey are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the drop of honey with less thermal energy\nB. the drop of honey with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two drops of honey are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the drop of honey with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Candice are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Candice?\n\nHint:\nCandice is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Candice with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Candice with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Candice.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Candice.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Candice, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Candice down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Candice up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Candice."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nWater moves loose pieces of rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. erosion\nB. wildfire\nC. volcanic eruption\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJamie is good at cooking.\n\nHint:\nHint: Cooking well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 29 hours\nB. 29 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 29 seconds.\n29 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Harry decides to go on the scorpion. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHarry is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. He can go on either the scorpion or the screaming swing. He wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Harry will have more fun on the scorpion than he would have had on the screaming swing.\nB. Harry will spend more ride tickets on the scorpion than he would have spent on the screaming swing.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Harry wants or needs:\nHarry will spend more ride tickets on the scorpion than he would have spent on the screaming swing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. water in a fishbowl\nB. coffee\nC. air inside a balloon\nD. crayons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.The air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nCoffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nA crayon is a solid. You can break a crayon into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBy the time Sarah had finished explaining to Mr. Kramer what had happened, her friends were laughingly referring to her as Scheherazade.\n\nChoices:\nA. ancient legend\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich soccer ball has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo soccer balls are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder soccer ball\nB. the hotter soccer ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two soccer balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter soccer ball has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. water in a sink\nB. book\nC. grape juice\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nJulie is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. complex\nC. compound\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nJulie is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Dana decides to make egg drop soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nDana is deciding whether to make egg drop soup or chicken soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The egg drop soup will be tastier than the chicken soup would have been.\nB. Dana will spend more time making the egg drop soup than she would have spent making the chicken soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dana wants or needs:\nDana will spend more time making the egg drop soup than she would have spent making the chicken soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a floor lamp?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 kilograms\nB. 3 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 3 kilograms.\n3 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Brian knitted a wool sweater, and Malia sewed a jacket.\nB. The skier flew down the mountain at top speed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nBrian knitted a wool sweater, and Malia sewed a jacket."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the reptile traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nReptiles are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify reptiles:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Western rattlesnakes have scaly, waterproof skin. They can use their fangs to inject venom into their prey. Western rattlesnakes lay eggs with shells and are usually found in dry areas.\nB. Thresher sharks hatch from eggs with no shells. They have a long tail and fins. They can use their tail to hit and stun their prey. Thresher sharks live in salt water.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA thresher shark has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA thresher shark does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A thresher shark is a fish.\nA western rattlesnake has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA western rattlesnake has the traits of a reptile. A western rattlesnake is a reptile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich marble has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo marbles are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the marble with more thermal energy\nB. the marble with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two marbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the marble with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nHer eyes are as blue as the cloudless sky.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Her eyes are as blue as the cloudless sky.\nThe words eyes and sky are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe Eighth Amendment says that the government cannot use any punishments that are ().\n\nChoices:\nA. cruel and unusual\nB. embarrassing\nC. violent\nD. expensive\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nToday, the United States often uses punishments that are expensive, violent, or embarrassing. However, the Eighth Amendment says that the government cannot use any punishments that are \"cruel and unusual.\" What makes a punishment \"cruel or unusual\"? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, Americans continue to question what is cruel and unusual. In the future, some punishments used today may be outlawed. The text of the Eighth Amendment is below. Does it have rules against anything else? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nAnimals produce waste, which ().\n\nChoices:\nA. their bodies cannot use\nB. all stays in the animal's body forever\nC. is used to help the animal grow\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWaste is material within an animal's body that it cannot use. If waste builds up in an animal's body, it will make the animal sick. So, the waste must be removed.\nExcretion and elimination are two ways waste can be removed from an animal's body.\n Waste that is made by an animal's cells is removed by the excretory system. The waste in a cell comes from the breakdown of nutrients. Cells break down nutrients and make many different chemicals. The animal uses most of these chemicals to stay healthy. But cells also make some chemicals that the animal does not need. The release of unneeded chemicals as waste is called excretion. \n Waste that is left over from food is removed by the digestive system. The digestive system breaks down food and takes in small nutrient particles. Some parts of the food are left over after the nutrients are absorbed. These parts are waste. The anus releases this waste from the body. The release of waste left over from food is called elimination.Animals produce material that their bodies cannot use. This material is waste."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Colin decides to go as a superhero. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nColin is deciding whether to go as a vampire or a superhero to a costume party. He would rather go as a vampire. But he already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Colin will save some time and money. He won't have to go out and get a new costume.\nB. Colin will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Colin wants or needs:\nColin will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit sheen gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have dull fruit and others have glossy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit sheen trait has two alleles. The allele F is for dull fruit, and the allele f is for glossy fruit.\nA certain cucumber plant from this group has dull fruit. This plant has one allele for dull fruit and one allele for glossy fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. dull fruit\nB. Ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The cucumber plant has one allele for dull fruit (F) and one allele for glossy fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit sheen gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to do ten jumping jacks?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 28 seconds\nB. 28 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 28 seconds.\n28 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nfiltering air to remove dust and pollen\npouring milk on oatmeal\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nFiltering air to remove dust and pollen is a physical change. The air flows through the filter, and the pollen and dust stay behind. This separates the mixture of air, pollen, and dust. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cell membrane of an animal cell contains the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\nB. The cytoplasm of a plant cell is inside the cell membrane.\nC. Animal cells can have lysosomes but do not have vacuoles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Lila investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nLila is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Lila is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?\nB. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?\nC. When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nGive Raymond a tour of the building and then take him to Mr. Hatfield's office.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. imperative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Terrell are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Terrell?\n\nHint:\nTerrell is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Terrell with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Terrell with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Terrell.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Terrell.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Terrell, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Terrell down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Terrell up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Terrell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nPresident Rudd is an effective communicator, because he has a natural talent for speaking with people.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that President Rudd is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. The tired boy was as slow as a turtle.\nB. The tired boy was a slow turtle.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nThe tired boy was as slow as a turtle.\nThe words boy and turtle are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe tired boy was a slow turtle.\nThe words boy and turtle are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Snow leopards have special cells in their skin. These cells produce substances that help color the animals' fur.\nB. Polka dot plants have chloroplasts in their cells. The plants use these chloroplasts to capture light energy from the Sun.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that polka dot plants have chloroplasts in their cells. This is evidence that the polka dot plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the snow leopard is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. chair\nB. orca\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A chair is not a living thing.\nChairs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nAn orca is a living thing.\nOrcas grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Luke will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year.\nB. Judith and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.\nLuke will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe salesperson tried hard to convince Bryant that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Latrell acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLatrell knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Latrell learned how to knit in an after school program.\nB. Latrell knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nA lake dries up after many years of no rain.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. volcanic eruption\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.A rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. wombat\nB. barn owl\nC. helmeted iguana\nD. African bullfrog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.An African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA wombat is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWombats have strong claws on their front feet. They use their claws to dig underground holes called burrows.\nA barn owl is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBarn owls live on every continent except Antarctica.\nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, beeswax is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nCandles can be made from beeswax, the substance bees use to build honeycombs. As a beeswax candle's string, or wick, burns, the wax melts and rises up the string. The wax combines with oxygen in the air, forming carbon dioxide and water. This process releases energy in the form of light and heat.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to beeswax in this chemical reaction.\nCandles can be made from beeswax, the substance bees use to build honeycombs. As a beeswax candle's string, or wick, burns, the wax melts and rises up the string. The wax combines with oxygen in the air, forming carbon dioxide and water. This process releases energy in the form of light and heat.\nThe underlined text tells you that when beeswax and oxygen combine, carbon dioxide and water are formed. When beeswax and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form carbon dioxide and water. Because beeswax reacts in this chemical reaction, beeswax is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nGive Hakim a tour of the building and then take him to Mr. Coleman's office.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. alone in the woods\nB. Alone in the Woods\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Alone in the Woods."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Darnel felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nLet both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us. Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms . . . Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.\n—President John F. Kennedy, inaugural address\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nKennedy repeats the words let both sides at the beginning of each sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Scott acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nScott knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Scott learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Scott can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Aaron perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Aaron perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nAaron perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nAaron perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jennifer acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJennifer knows how to grow sunflowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. Both Jennifer and her father grow sunflowers.\nB. Last summer, Jennifer's neighbor showed her how to grow sunflowers.\nC. Jennifer likes to visit sunflower fields.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't talk to me about the legacy of Napoleon! If you're not a professional historian, then there's no way you know anything about it.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nC. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that either you work as a professional historian or you don't know anything about history. However, people can be knowledgeable about history even if it isn't their profession. Furthermore, just because someone studies history, it doesn't mean that person is knowledgeable about all aspects of history. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI am just going outside and may be some time.\n—Captain Lawrence Oates, Antarctic explorer, before going out into subzero temperatures to face certain death\n\nChoices:\nA. understatement\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nMay be some time is an understatement, since the frostbitten and weakened Oates knew that he was heading to his death."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Jordan.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nTracy dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Jordan, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. stayed the same\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nJordan was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Jordan, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Jordan."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This box weighs a ton!\" Fernando panted. \"Allie, would you mind helping me carry it up the stairs?\"\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, or 2000 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nHector put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nHector put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Hector lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a goose that moved 210miles south in 5hours\nB. a goose that moved 285miles north in 5hours\nC. a goose that moved 435miles west in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 5 hours. The goose that moved 210 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 7-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 160°F\nB. a 7-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 235°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 235°F block is hotter than the 160°F block, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan iceberg melting slowly\nbreaking a plate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nAn iceberg melting is caused by heating. But breaking a plate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nMelted rock comes out of a crack in Earth's surface.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMixing copper and zinc to make brass is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Mixing copper and zinc to make brass is a physical change. To make brass, a furnace melts the copper and zinc so that they can be mixed easily.\nSolid brass forms when the mixture cools. The copper and zinc are now combined as brass. But they are still made of the same types of matter as before."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word told on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthree - tramp\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince told is between the guide words three - tramp, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The child chews her food carefully.\nB. Mom drank coffee and milk, I had tea.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Mom drank coffee and milk, I had tea is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Mom drank coffee and milk and I had tea."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMaggie parked her scooter in front of the store.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, parked. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 120kilometers east in 10hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 170kilometers south in 10hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 45kilometers south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 10 hours. The sailboat that moved 45 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thank you,\nEstelle\nB. Thank You,\nEstelle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Orchids can grow flowers.\nB. Sea otters eat animals that live in the ocean.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A sea otter is an animal. It eats animals that live in the ocean.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.\nAn orchid is a plant. It can grow flowers.\nMany orchids grow in warm, wet places."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Earth is one of eight planets in our solar system.\nB. The singer remembered all the words, but he missed the high notes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nEarth is one of eight planets in our solar system."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Robert's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Robert and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nRobert rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. decreased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Robert and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Robert and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Robert and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nspiral - such\n\nChoices:\nA. slice\nB. stranger\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince stranger is between the guide words spiral - such, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nRuthenium is ().\n\nHint:\nRuthenium is a metal that is often used in the tips of fountain pens. The chemical formula for ruthenium is Ru.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether ruthenium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for ruthenium contains one atomic symbol: Ru. So, the formula tells you that ruthenium is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince ruthenium is composed of only one chemical element, ruthenium is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Austen investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAusten and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\nB. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\nC. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nFranco has a scar on his left elbow.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrom the look on her face, Lucia is carrying an albatross around her neck.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nIn Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club, four Chinese American daughters and their more traditional Chinese mothers try to reconcile their cultural differences. When the daughters are young girls, they are embarrassed by their mothers and think they are strange. The mothers feel misunderstood by their daughters. As the girls grow into women, their attitudes change. Over time, the mothers and daughters develop a new appreciation for one another.\n\nChoices:\nA. by clearly stating the main idea\nB. by removing a second main idea\nC. by including specific examples from the text\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by including specific examples from the text.\nFor example, the writer could provide specific examples and quotations from the book to illustrate the points being made in the underlined text.\nIn Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club, four Chinese American daughters and their more traditional Chinese mothers try to reconcile their cultural differences. When the daughters are young girls, they are embarrassed by their mothers and think they are strange. The mothers feel misunderstood by their daughters. As the girls grow into women, their attitudes change. Over time, the mothers and daughters develop a new appreciation for one another."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 94°F\nB. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 99°F\nC. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 103°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three blueberry muffins have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 103°F muffin is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 4-kilogram brick at a temperature of 281°F\nB. a 4-kilogram brick at a temperature of 294°F\nC. a 4-kilogram brick at a temperature of 276°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 276°F brick is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. silicon dioxide (SiO2)\nB. tin (Sn)\nC. phosphine (PH3)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for tin contains one symbol: Sn. So, tin is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, tin is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for phosphine contains two symbols: P for phosphorus and H for hydrogen. So, phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for silicon dioxide contains two symbols: Si for silicon and O for oxygen. So, silicon dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, silicon dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. I Took the Moon for a Walk\nB. I Took the moon for a Walk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the, for, and a are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is I Took the Moon for a Walk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Lollipop's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rock pocket mice, some individuals have dark fur and others have light fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for dark fur, and the allele f is for light fur.\nLollipop, a rock pocket mouse from this group, has dark fur. Lollipop has one allele for dark fur and one allele for light fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. dark fur\nB. Ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lollipop's observable version of the fur color trait is dark fur. So, Lollipop's phenotype for the fur color trait is dark fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKendrick has naturally black hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Kendrick's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Katie collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Katie felt full of energy.\nB. Katie was out of shape.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Katie was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nladder - librarian\n\nChoices:\nA. lock\nB. lecture\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lecture is between the guide words ladder - librarian, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nLet us be grateful to people who make us happy; they are the charming gardeners who make our souls blossom.\n—Marcel Proust\n\nChoices:\nA. People who cultivate beautiful gardens make us happy.\nB. People nourish our souls when they make us happy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor they are the charming gardeners suggests that people nourish our souls when they make us happy. Like gardeners caring for flowers, our friends help our souls thrive and grow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nCeline's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on the rope are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on the rope?\n\nHint:\nKurt and Gary are playing tug-of-war. Kurt is pulling on one end of a rope with a force of 230N. Gary is pulling on the other end of the rope with a force of 300N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the rope.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the rope.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on the rope, look at the forces:\nKurt is pulling the rope toward himself with a force of 230 N.\nGary is pulling the rope toward himself with a force of 300 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 230 N and 300 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the rope."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. seat\nB. life\nC. heat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words seat and heat rhyme. They both end with the eat sound.\nThe word life does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\na piece of pear turning brown\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nA piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a blue whale?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 200 tons\nB. 200 pounds\nC. 200 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a blue whale is 200 tons.\n200 ounces and 200 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. computer\nB. windmill\nC. yo-yo\nD. green frog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A computer is not a living thing.\nA computer does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA green frog is a living thing.\nGreen frogs grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Green frogs are made up of many cells.\nA windmill is not a living thing.\nA windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA yo-yo is not a living thing.\nYo-yos do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Max acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMax knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Max learned how to knit in an after school program.\nB. Max knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. thank you,\nJake\nB. Thank you,\nJake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an apple?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 80 kilograms\nB. 80 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 80 grams.\n80 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nCindy's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nScientists will measure the rainfall in Lancaster.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a parking space?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 22 feet\nB. 22 yards\nC. 22 miles\nD. 22 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 22 feet.\n22 inches is too short. 22 yards and 22 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the item that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. ruler\nB. clock\nC. timer\nD. watch\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRuler doesn't belong.\nTimer, watch, and clock all name items you use to keep track of time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. mango tree\nB. brick wall\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA mango tree is a living thing.\nMango trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nMango trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDoes she do well in school because she's smart, or is it because she works hard?\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that she must do well in school either because she's smart or because she works hard. However, someone can be both smart and hardworking. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. sincerely,\nDevin\nB. Sincerely,\nDevin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCassie has a scar on her left hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbutter melting on a hot day\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nButter melting on a hot day is a physical change. But burning a marshmallow is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. But butter melting on a hot day is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 5°C\nB. a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 20°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20°C glass of grape juice is hotter than the 5°C glass of grape juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on the information above, complete the sentence.\nWhen people say, \"President Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address,\" they mean that President Lincoln ().\n\nHint:\nThe Gettysburg Address, one of the most famous documents in United States history, was written in 1863. At that time, Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States, and the Union and Confederate armies were fighting each other during the American Civil War.\nRead the following facts about the Gettysburg Address. Then complete the sentence below.\nGettysburg is a town in Pennsylvania where an important Civil War battle was fought.\nOne of the meanings of the word address is a public speech.\n\nChoices:\nA. wrote a book about an important Civil War battle\nB. is buried in a graveyard in a town in Pennsylvania\nC. made a speech after an important Civil War battle\nD. lived at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGettysburg is a place where an important Civil War battle was fought. An address is a public speech. So, when people say, \"President Abraham Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address,\" they mean that President Lincoln made a speech after an important Civil War battle."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJulie warned her youngest son not to cry wolf while wrestling with his older brother.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf,\" a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid.\nThe allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 505kilometers west in 10hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 465kilometers south in 10hours\nC. a speedboat that moved 495kilometers south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 10 hours. The speedboat that moved 465 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich graduation announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Terrence Murray is graduating, and we couldn't be more proud!\nB. We are proud to announce the graduation of Terrence Murray.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ntying a shoelace\nbreaking a piece of glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nTying a shoelace is a physical change. The shoelace gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nBrittany's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Mateo decides to plant the geraniums. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nMateo is deciding whether to plant geraniums or a magnolia tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. He will save some space. The geraniums will use up less space than the magnolia tree would have used up.\nB. Mateo will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the geraniums.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mateo wants or needs:\nMateo will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the geraniums."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Richard.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nAdriana dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Richard, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. decreased\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nRichard was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Richard, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Richard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Dakota enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nB. As a geneticist, Dakota dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Dakota dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Dakota enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 63 pounds\nB. a cart holding 65 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 65 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 63 pounds. So, the cart holding 65 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nicholas acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNicholas has a scar on his left knee.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nicholas's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.\nB. Nicholas's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.\nC. Nicholas's brother has scars on both of his knees.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 380 yards\nB. 380 inches\nC. 380 feet\nD. 380 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 380 feet.\n380 inches is too short. 380 yards and 380 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Baltimore Sun\"\nB. ***The Baltimore Sun***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A newspaper should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Baltimore Sun**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe meadow grasses () in the light breeze of a summer evening.\n\nChoices:\nA. waltzed\nB. moved\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word waltzed. It describes the grasses as if they were people who were dancing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 310miles east in 10hours\nB. a ship that moved 265miles east in 10hours\nC. a ship that moved 145miles north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 145 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. searching for something\nB. snooping for something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Searching for something has a more positive connotation. Searching is looking for something carefully. Snooping is looking for something without permission."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this Nile tilapia fish's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Nile tilapia fish, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a pink body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a greenish-brown body, and the allele b is for a pink body.\nA certain Nile tilapia fish from this group has a greenish-brown body. This fish has two alleles for a greenish-brown body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a greenish-brown body\nB. BB\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The Nile tilapia fish's observable version of the body color trait is a greenish-brown body. So, the fish's phenotype for the body color trait is a greenish-brown body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nA glacier carries small rocks and boulders as it moves down a mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. meteorite crash\nC. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. apple tree\nB. backpack\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.An apple tree is a living thing.\nApple trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nApple trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA backpack is not a living thing.\nBackpacks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nCalcium is ().\n\nHint:\nCalcium is a metal found in substances that make up your teeth and bones. The chemical formula for calcium is Ca.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether calcium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for calcium contains one atomic symbol: Ca. So, the formula tells you that calcium is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince calcium is composed of only one chemical element, calcium is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word trouble on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthrash - tiny\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince trouble is not between the guide words thrash - tiny, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text structure does the text use?\n\nHint:\nRead the text.\nA tropical rain forest is a particular type of forest. It's a tall, thick jungle located in a hot region with plenty of rain. Rain forests are home to many different life forms. Indeed, as many as thirty million different kinds of plants and animals live in rain forests. Among these are the plants that produce chocolate and rubber. Also, many plants used in medicines grow in rain forests.\n\nChoices:\nA. descriptive\nB. sequential\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWriters can organize their ideas in different ways. These ways of organizing writing are called text structures. When you can tell how a text is organized, it's easier to understand how the writer's ideas go together. You can also use these text structures to organize your own writing.\n | Text structure | Where you might find it | Words and phrases to look for\nA sequential structure tells you about events that happen in a certain order. | a recipe for how to make a blueberry pie | first, until, second, after, next, then, before, finally, during\nA cause-effect structure shows the causes and the effects, or results, of an event. | an essay about how recycling helps the environment | because, led to, since, as a result, due to, so, reason\nA problem-solution structure explains a problem and offers possible solutions. | an article about ways to get more people to vote | issue, suggest, question, puzzle, fix, answer\nA compare-contrast structure shows how two (or more) things are the same or different. | a chapter about the differences between whales and sharks | like, unlike, too, on the other hand, both, while, same, instead, common, different, as well as, however\nA descriptive structure tells you a list of details about an object, scene, or topic. | a paragraph about what Tyrannosaurus rex looked like| for example, near, for instance beside, such as, most important, alsoThe text uses a descriptive structure to show facts about rain forests. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a descriptive structure. Notice the words indeed and also and the phrase among these."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a pot of boiling soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 215°C\nB. 215°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a pot of boiling soup is 215°F.\n215°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe mayoral candidate was widely viewed as quixotic, so it was no surprise that he lost by a substantial margin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion quixotic is literature.\nDon Quixote is the main character in Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra's novel of the same name. Quixote cannot see the world as it truly is; in his overly romanticized view, inns are castles and windmills are giants.\nThe allusion quixotic means naively idealistic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\nbaking cookies\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But a sandwich rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the marsupial traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMarsupials are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify marsupials:\nThey have offspring that lives in the mother's pouch after birth.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Koalas have fluffy gray fur. Until a baby koala is about seven months old, its mother carries it in a pouch on the front of her body.\nB. Galapagos giant tortoises hatch from eggs with shells and live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old! Galapagos giant tortoises have scaly, waterproof skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMarsupials have the following traits:\nThey have offspring that lives in the mother's pouch after birth.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise does not have all of the traits of a marsupial. A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile.\nA koala has the following traits:\nIt has offspring that lives in the mother's pouch after birth.\nIt has fur.\nA koala has the traits of a marsupial. A koala is a marsupial."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Cara rode down the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Cara rode her sled down a big hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Cara started sledding. As Cara rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Cara rode down the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. If Jackie prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nB. Jackie can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nJackie can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Jackie prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Logan investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Logan cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nB. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\nC. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nDerailed by miscommunication and a lack of funding, Grayson and Erik's new business venture.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nDerailed by miscommunication and a lack of funding, Grayson and Erik's new business venture.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nGrayson and Erik's new business venture has been derailed by miscommunication and a lack of funding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear grandma zoe,\nB. Dear Grandma Zoe,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Zoe is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Irma investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nIrma gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nC. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJack noticed that fall usually has mild temperatures.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nJack noticed that fall usually has mild temperatures.\nThis passage tells you about the usual fall temperatures where Jack lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Statue of Liberty\nB. hair dryer\nC. viper\nD. piano\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A hair dryer is not a living thing.\nA hair dryer does not have all the traits of a living thing. It uses electricity to make heat and noise, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nThe Statue of Liberty is not a living thing.\nThe Statue of Liberty is shaped like a person. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA viper is a living thing.\nVipers grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Vipers are made up of many cells.\nVipers are animals. They have fangs which they use to bite their prey.\nA piano is not a living thing.\nPianos do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Oxford has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Oxford's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Oxford. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing chocolate syrup into milk\nwater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup and milk make a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater vapor condensing is caused by cooling. But mixing chocolate syrup into milk is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the hardest?\n\nChoices:\nA. silk kimono\nB. wood canoe\nC. rubber gloves\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wood canoe is the hardest. If you press on wood, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Kira have any hobbies?\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word belief on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbind - bug\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince belief is not between the guide words bind - bug, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMr. Hickman gave a lecture on water conservation, during which he stressed the importance of not watering lawns during a drought.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the placental mammal traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nPlacental mammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify placental mammals:\nThey give birth to live offspring.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Japanese tree frog tadpoles hatch from eggs without shells. The tadpoles live underwater. After some time, they grow legs and crawl onto land. Adult Japanese tree frogs have moist, smooth green skin.\nB. Orangutans live mostly in trees and have long, reddish hair. Orangutans give birth to live offspring.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nPlacental mammals have the following traits:\nThey give birth to live offspring.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Japanese tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA Japanese tree frog does not have all of the traits of a placental mammal. A Japanese tree frog is an amphibian.\nAn orangutan has the following traits:\nIt gives birth to live offspring.\nAn orangutan has the traits of a placental mammal. An orangutan is a placental mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Celine decides to plant the lilies. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nCeline is deciding whether to plant lilies or an oak tree in her backyard. She wants to make her backyard more beautiful. But she also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. She will save some space. The lilies will use up less space than the oak tree would have used up.\nB. Celine will give up the chance to look at the oak tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the lilies.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Celine wants or needs:\nCeline will give up the chance to look at the oak tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the lilies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nPeople still debate economic policy today. Based on the definition above, which of the following is a question about economic policy?\n\nHint:\nJacksonian America was the period of United States history from the 1820s to the 1840s. It is named after Andrew Jackson, who was president for part of that time. In the following questions, you will learn about debates that took place in Jacksonian America over economic policy. Read the definition of economic policy. Then answer the question below.\nEconomic policy is the set of decisions the government makes about how to get and use money and resources. It also includes rules about how people and businesses can use resources, produce goods, and earn or spend money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Should a panda be considered a bear?\nB. Who should have the right to vote?\nC. Should students raise their hands before answering?\nD. Should the government raise taxes to build roads?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nLook at the underlined part of the definition.\nEconomic policy is the set of decisions the government makes about how to get and use money and resources. It also includes rules about how people and businesses can use resources, produce goods, and earn or spend money.\nBased on that definition, this choice is correct:\nShould the government raise taxes to build roads?\nThis question is about how the government should collect and spend money, so it is a question about economic policy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bird that moved 15kilometers in 10hours\nB. a bird that moved 90kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bird moved 15 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bird moved 90 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 15 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe two authors of this study claim that social media can be healthy for adolescents. However, neither author attended a top-ranked medical school, so you can't trust their research.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the two authors' research on adolescents and social media can't be trusted because neither author attended a top-ranked medical school. This is a personal attack on the authors' qualifications that isn't relevant to whether their research is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 ounces\nB. 2 tons\nC. 2 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an elephant is 2 tons.\n2 ounces and 2 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 seconds\nB. 9 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes for a pot of water to start boiling on a hot stove is 9 minutes.\n9 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nHeather learns about her ancestors in the book.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, learns. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Raymond decides to take a trip to Rhode Island. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nRaymond is deciding whether to take a trip to Rhode Island or Illinois. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Raymond will spend more money. Plane tickets for Raymond to get to Rhode Island are more expensive than tickets to Illinois.\nB. Raymond will enjoy his trip to Rhode Island more than he would have enjoyed a trip to Illinois.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Raymond wants or needs:\nRaymond will spend more money. Plane tickets for Raymond to get to Rhode Island are more expensive than tickets to Illinois."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to make a sandwich?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 minutes\nB. 2 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to make a sandwich is 2 minutes.\n2 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Over the summer, my cousin Monica visited many times.\nB. Mom kisses Abby's cheek Abby smiles at Mom.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Over the summer, my cousin Monica visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is my cousin Monica, and the verb is visited."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nHenry has a scar on his left hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. fire salamander\nB. gharial\nC. green moray eel\nD. whale shark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.A green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons—as much as seven elephants!\nA fire salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFire salamanders can release poison from their skin. This poison helps protect them from predators.\nA gharial is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGharials are a type of crocodile. Gharials live near rivers and eat fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs driving a bus a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether driving a bus is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs driving a bus something you can touch? No.\nIs driving a bus a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, driving a bus is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nWitze, Alexandra. \"Race to Unravel Oklahoma's Artificial Quakes.\" Nature 520.7548 (2015): 418–419. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. It has more than one author.\nB. It was published on April 27, 2015.\nC. It was accessed on April 27, 2015.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nWitze, Alexandra. \"Race to Unravel Oklahoma's Artificial Quakes.\" Nature 520.7548 (2015): 418–419. Web. 27 Apr. 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work was accessed on April 27, 2015, by looking at the date of access, which appears after the medium of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bottle of cough syrup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 gallons\nB. 9 cups\nC. 9 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of cough syrup is 9 fluid ounces.\n9 cups and 9 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nadvertise - alike\n\nChoices:\nA. afford\nB. approach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince afford is between the guide words advertise - alike, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Steven is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Trisha inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTrisha has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trisha and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Trisha's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Trisha.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nPhosphorus trichloride is ().\n\nHint:\nPhosphorus trichloride is used to make chemicals that protect crops from insects. The chemical formula for phosphorus trichloride is PCl3.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether phosphorus trichloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, contains two atomic symbols: P for phosphorus and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that phosphorus trichloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince phosphorus trichloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, phosphorus trichloride is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nAt the Morbid Anatomy Museum in Brooklyn, students can take taxidermy workshops in which they learn how to skin and stuff dead mice.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nAt the Morbid Anatomy Museum in Brooklyn, students can take taxidermy workshops in which they learn how to skin and stuff dead mice."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Scott went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.\nB. Scott went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nScott went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nOwen picked up his pace on the trail as his spidey sense began to tingle.\n\nChoices:\nA. a comic book\nB. Italian history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhen was George Washington Carver born?\n\nChoices:\nA. the 1920s\nB. the 1810s\nC. the 1860s\nD. the 1770s\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGeorge Washington Carver was born sometime between 1861 and 1865, during the Civil War. Historians do not know his exact birth date.\nGeorge Washington Carver was born on a farm in Missouri. He was born into slavery, but he became free at a young age. Slavery was banned in the United States a few months after the Civil War."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. rock wall\nB. chalk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the chalk is smoother. If you touch a piece of chalk, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Dale joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dale finds roosters amusing.\nB. Dale slept poorly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Dale slept poorly. Dale was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWhich local reservoirs supply our town with its fresh water?\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. During the Civil War, Frederick Douglass spoke to President Abraham Lincoln about the treatment of African American soldiers.\nB. Of all those who fought to put an end to slavery in America, the writer and abolitionist Frederick Douglass had the greatest influence.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nDuring the Civil War, Frederick Douglass spoke to President Abraham Lincoln about the treatment of African American soldiers.\nIt can be proved by reading Frederick Douglass's autobiography.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nOf all those who fought to put an end to slavery in America, the writer and abolitionist Frederick Douglass had the greatest influence.\nMost influential shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which abolitionist had the greatest influence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a floor lamp?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 tons\nB. 12 pounds\nC. 12 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 12 pounds.\n12 ounces is too light and 12 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two buses. Which bus was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bus that moved 265kilometers in 5hours\nB. a bus that moved 210kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bus moved 265 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other bus moved 210 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 265 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Monica acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMonica knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Monica learned history by reading.\nB. Monica is most interested in American history.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a can of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 13 tons\nB. 13 pounds\nC. 13 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 13 ounces.\n13 pounds and 13 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncutting a piece of rope\nbreaking a stick in half\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope is shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut rope.\nBreaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe inmates of my cottage, all at rest,\nHave left me to that solitude, which suits\nAbstruser musings. . .\n—Samuel Taylor Coleridge, \"Frost at Midnight\"\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words solitude, suits, abstruser, and musings share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon shorts\nB. sandpaper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon shorts are smoother. If you touch nylon fabric, it will not feel rough."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Dalton inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDalton has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dalton and his biological parents have brown hair.\nB. Dalton's biological father has curly hair.\nC. Dalton's coworker also has curly hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Logan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLogan has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Logan's biological parents have wavy hair.\nB. Logan's biological mother has long hair. Logan also has long hair.\nC. Logan uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Manuel feel rather nauseous.\nB. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Manuel found the smell rather nauseous.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Manuel found the smell rather nauseous.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Manuel feel rather nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich person is part of state government?\n\nChoices:\nA. a governor\nB. a president\nC. a mayor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA governor is the leader of a state. A mayor is the leader of a city. A president is the leader of a nation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Stefan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nStefan has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Stefan's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ling acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLing has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ling's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.\nB. Ling's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.\nC. Ling's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npeddler - price\n\nChoices:\nA. paddle\nB. play\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince play is between the guide words peddler - price, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nHydrogen fluoride is ().\n\nHint:\nHydrogen fluoride is used to make chemicals that can help keep refrigerators cool. The chemical formula for hydrogen fluoride is HF.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether hydrogen fluoride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for hydrogen fluoride, HF, contains two atomic symbols: H for hydrogen and F for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that hydrogen fluoride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince hydrogen fluoride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, hydrogen fluoride is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nBritney's hand is pushing on a door.\n\nChoices:\nA. The door is pushing on Britney's hand.\nB. The door is pulling on Britney's hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Britney's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Britney's hand."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nThe cytoplasm of a plant cell is made mostly of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. true\nB. false\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe cytoplasm of a plant cell is made mostly of water.\nThis statement is true. All cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm has many cell parts inside it, but it is made mostly of water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 22 kilometers\nB. 22 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a basketball court is 22 meters.\n22 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the hot desert ecosystem.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\na small amount of rain or snow\ndry, thin soil\nlong, cold winters\nB. This ecosystem has:\na small amount of rain\ndry, thin soil\nmany different types of organisms\nC. This ecosystem has:\nwarm, wet summers and cold, wet winters\nsoil that is rich in nutrients\nonly a few types of trees\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live thereA hot desert is a type of ecosystem. It has a small amount of rain, dry, thin soil, and many different types of organisms.\nChoice 1 is a hot desert ecosystem. It is dry and is home to many different types of organisms.\nChoice 2 is a cold desert ecosystem. It is dry and has long, cold winters. It has a thin layer of soil covering bedrock.\nChoice 3 is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ntearing a piece of paper\nbreaking a piece of glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word curtain on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclimb - colt\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince curtain is not between the guide words climb - colt, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Eve inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEve has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Eve's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail.\nB. Eve's neighbor also has straight hair.\nC. Eve's biological parents have red hair. Eve also has red hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI pulled Kenny off the project because his work was sloppy. While we're at it, let's pull Eva off the project, too. I haven't reviewed her work, but she's friends with Kenny, so we cannot rely on the quality of her work either.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Eva's work is low quality because her friend's work is low quality. However, the work of Eva's friend does not necessarily reflect the quality of Eva's work. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndodge - dynamite\n\nChoices:\nA. drive\nB. deer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince drive is between the guide words dodge - dynamite, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Shawna exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The Internet connection was very slow.\nB. The Internet connection was very fast.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Shawna's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. hippopotamus\nB. great white shark\nC. arroyo toad\nD. great crested newt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.An arroyo toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA great crested newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA hippopotamus is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHippopotamuses keep cool by lying in mud or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trachyte is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\nB. A skull is made by a living thing. It is a solid.\nC. Syenite is not made by living things. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nA skull is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a skull is not a rock.\nSyenite is a rock.\nTrachyte is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the softest?\n\nChoices:\nA. ceramic plate\nB. nylon track suit\nC. asphalt road\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon track suit is the softest. If you squeeze nylon, it will change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. A turtle shell is not a pure substance. It is made by a living thing.\nB. Celestine is a pure substance. It is a solid.\nC. Hematite is not made by living things. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nA turtle shell is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.\nA turtle shell is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a turtle shell is not a mineral.\nCelestine is a mineral.\nHematite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Bruce felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nKendra's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 54°F\nB. a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 50°F\nC. a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 73°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 50°F bottle of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nThe Fifth Amendment talks about the rights of people who are accused of crimes. For example, anyone accused of a crime has the right to remain silent. The amendment also says that a person can () be put on trial for the same crime more than once.\n\nChoices:\nA. always\nB. never\nC. sometimes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Fifth Amendment says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to remain silent. The amendment also says that a person can never be put on trial for the same crime more than once. Putting a person on trial for the same crime twice is called double jeopardy. To be in jeopardy is to be in danger of losing something, such as life or freedom. In the United States, no one can ever be put in double jeopardy. Part of the text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It never uses the phrase \"double jeopardy.\" Where do you think the phrase comes from? Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nChloe has a scar on her left elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nEven through my heavy parka, I could still feel the icy () of winter.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. fingers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word fingers. It describes winter as if it were a person with fingers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Fig trees have many leaves.\nB. Ladybugs walk and fly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A fig tree is a plant. It has many leaves.\nFig trees grow in dry, sunny places.\nA ladybug is an animal. It walks and flies.\nSome ladybugs have spots. Other types of ladybugs have stripes!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Garza Electronics has a reputation for responding real quick to customer concerns and questions.\nB. Garza Electronics has a reputation for responding quickly to all customer concerns and questions.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nA vote for me is a vote for change, not a vote for the status quo.\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nThe sentence contrasts two parallel phrases, a vote for change and a vote for the status quo."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe trucks begin to move at the same speed. Which truck needs a larger force to start moving?\n\nHint:\nTwo mail trucks are loaded with mail. The trucks are the same. But they are carrying different amounts of mail.\n\nChoices:\nA. a mail truck carrying 600 pounds of mail\nB. a mail truck carrying 250 pounds of mail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the mail truck that is heavier.\nA mail truck carrying 600 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 250 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 600 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nBromine is ().\n\nHint:\nLiquid bromine is made in chemical factories. It can be used to make couches and mattresses that are fire-resistant. The chemical formula for bromine is Br2.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether bromine is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for bromine, Br2, contains one atomic symbol: Br. So, the formula tells you that bromine is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince bromine is composed of only one chemical element, bromine is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking a loaf of bread\nburning a candle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jordan decides to get the chocolate-chip cookie dough ice cream. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJordan is deciding whether to get butter pecan ice cream or chocolate-chip cookie dough ice cream. He likes butter pecan more than chocolate-chip cookie dough. But a scoop of chocolate-chip cookie dough ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jordan will get a free waffle cone. He will enjoy the waffle cone.\nB. Jordan will give up the chance to eat the butter pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than chocolate-chip cookie dough.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jordan wants or needs:\nJordan will give up the chance to eat the butter pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than chocolate-chip cookie dough."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 210miles west in 5hours\nB. a car that moved 160miles north in 5hours\nC. a car that moved 225miles south in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 160 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"All the World's a Stage\"\nB. \"all the world's a Stage\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the and a are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"All the World's a Stage.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\nrust forming on a bicycle frame\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperature shown by this thermometer.\n\nChoices:\nA. 45°F\nB. 30°F\nC. 80°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is °.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80°F.Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 40 and 50. So, the temperature is 45°F."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nRhianna's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the Ninth Amendment say about rights that are not listed in the Constitution?\n\nChoices:\nA. People have rights other than the ones listed in the Constitution.\nB. People do not have any rights except the ones listed in the Constitution.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe Ninth Amendment says that people have rights other than the ones listed in the Constitution. The amendment says that even if the Constitution doesn't list a right, the right might still exist. The Bill of Rights lists some rights. But it is not meant to be a complete list of all rights. The full text of the Ninth Amendment is below. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe trucks begin to move at the same speed. Which truck needs a larger force to start moving?\n\nHint:\nTwo mail trucks are loaded with mail. The trucks are the same. But they are carrying different amounts of mail.\n\nChoices:\nA. a mail truck carrying 300 pounds of mail\nB. a mail truck carrying 200 pounds of mail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the mail truck that is heavier.\nA mail truck carrying 300 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 200 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 300 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nWe eat yogurt and fruit for breakfast.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, eat. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nYou may be impressed by Senator Carter's work with low-income communities, but the fact remains that he graduated from an elite university. He couldn't possibly empathize with low-income constituents.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator Carter can't empathize with his low-income constituents because he went to an elite university. However, going to an elite university doesn't necessarily mean you're out of touch. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Layla decides to plant the eucalyptus tree. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nLayla is deciding whether to plant hydrangeas or a eucalyptus tree in her backyard. She wants to make her backyard more beautiful. But she also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. The eucalyptus tree will use up more space than the hydrangeas would have used up.\nB. Layla will get to look at the eucalyptus tree. She thinks it will look more beautiful than the hydrangeas would have looked.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Layla wants or needs:\nThe eucalyptus tree will use up more space than the hydrangeas would have used up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6,165 kilograms\nB. 6,165 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,165 kilograms.\n6,165 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a garden rake?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 miles\nB. 5 inches\nC. 5 feet\nD. 5 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a garden rake is 5 feet.\n5 inches is too short. 5 yards and 5 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 180-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 65°F\nB. a 180-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 48°F\nC. a 180-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 47°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65°F bottle of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. lake\nB. shape\nC. tape\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words shape and tape rhyme. They both end with the ape sound.\nThe word lake does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. thanks,\nJoe\nB. Thanks,\nJoe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The American badger, one of the fastest digging animals on the planet, can dig quickly through both soil and concrete.\nB. When the submarine surfaced, a crowd of people on the shore gathered and stared at the rare sight.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe American badger, one of the fastest digging animals on the planet, can dig quickly through both soil and concrete."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. take\nB. same\nC. cake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words take and cake rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe word same does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshadow - sprout\n\nChoices:\nA. site\nB. stump\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince site is between the guide words shadow - sprout, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs teaching school a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether teaching school is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs teaching school something you can touch? No.\nIs teaching school a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, teaching school is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a fish bowl?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 liters\nB. 4 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a fish bowl is 4 liters.\n4 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWhat made Nancy so upset?\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Admiral's phenotype for the eye color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for black eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E).\nAdmiral is a koi fish from this group. Admiral has the heterozygous genotype Ee for the eye color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. black eyes\nB. red eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Admiral's phenotype for the eye color trait. First, consider the alleles in Admiral's genotype for the eye color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for black eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for red eyes (E). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nAdmiral's genotype of Ee has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Admiral's phenotype for the eye color trait must be red eyes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nBecky is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. complex\nC. simple\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nBecky is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nFine rays of sunlight () through the tangle of leaves overhead.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeared\nB. peered\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word peered. It describes the rays of sunlight as if they were people looking through the trees."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Hardings make delicious pies; Julia was delighted to find them at the farmers' market.\nB. Julia was delighted to find the Hardings' delicious pies at the farmers' market.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the Hardings or delicious pies.\nThe Hardings make delicious pies; Julia was delighted to find them at the farmers' market.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nJulia was delighted to find the Hardings' delicious pies at the farmers' market."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Gabrielle acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGabrielle has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gabrielle's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.\nB. Gabrielle's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.\nC. Gabrielle's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle Aaron,\nB. Dear Uncle aaron,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Aaron is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Danville Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Danville Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Lily inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLily has naturally black hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Lily and her brothers have naturally straight hair.\nB. Both of Lily's biological parents have naturally black hair.\nC. When she was younger, Lily wore ribbons in her naturally black hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Pete acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPete is good at identifying fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pete has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together.\nB. Pete was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. cabin\nB. apartment\nC. lake\nD. house\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.House, apartment, and cabin go together. They are places to live. Lake is not a place to live, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Manny acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nManny knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Manny likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\nB. Manny's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\nC. Manny's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Franklin attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Franklin attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nXavier's definitely voting for the Conservative Party in the next election because he said there was no way he was voting for the Labour Party.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Xavier is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Xavier might be voting for a third party—or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. A triangle is a shape with three sides.\nB. Triangles are harder to draw than rectangles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nA triangle is a shape with three sides.\nIt can be proved by looking up the word triangle.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nTriangles are harder to draw than rectangles.\nHarder shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which shape is harder to draw."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 530miles north in 10hours\nB. a car that moved 270miles east in 10hours\nC. a car that moved 585miles south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 270 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an apple?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 110 kilograms\nB. 110 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 110 grams.\n110 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\nmilk going sour\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The fertilizer will help the plants grow.\nB. Dad has a beard it is black and bushy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Dad has a beard it is black and bushy is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Dad has a beard and It is black and bushy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower form trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the flower form trait in rose plants:\n\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have double flowers and others have single flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower form trait has two alleles. The allele for double flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for single flowers (f).\nA certain rose plant from this group has the homozygous genotype FF for the flower form gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. double flowers\nB. single flowers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The rose plant's genotype for the flower form gene is FF. The rose plant's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for double flowers. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower form trait must be double flowers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for double flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for single flowers (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower form trait must be double flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. domestic pig\nB. western rattlesnake\nC. green tree frog\nD. water buffalo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.A domestic pig is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nPigs are omnivores. This means that they can eat both plants and animals.\nA western rattlesnake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nRattlesnakes have fangs they can use to inject venom into their prey.\nA water buffalo is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWater buffaloes live in Asia. Some people raise water buffaloes for their milk.\nA green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Coach Landry talked to her team before the game.\nB. My ancestors are from Russia, they came here many years ago.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Coach Landry talked to her team before the game is a complete sentence. The subject is Coach Landry, and the verb is talked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. stop sign\nB. van\nC. rhinoceros beetle\nD. house\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A rhinoceros beetle is a living thing.\nRhinoceros beetles grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Rhinoceros beetles are made up of many cells.\nA stop sign is not a living thing.\nStop signs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA van is not a living thing.\nA van does not have all the traits of a living thing. Vans need energy, but they do not eat food. They get energy from gasoline or electricity. Vans do not grow.\nA house is not a living thing.\nHouses do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nGold is ().\n\nHint:\nGold is a precious metal that is often used to make jewelry. The chemical formula for gold is Au.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether gold is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for gold contains one atomic symbol: Au. So, the formula tells you that gold is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince gold is composed of only one chemical element, gold is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. butter\nB. sandpaper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the butter is smoother. If you touch a stick of butter, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRed velvet cupcakes were Brooke's Achilles's heel when she was trying to eat more healthily.\n\nChoices:\nA. a movie\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nshaking up salad dressing\nusing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nUsing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a physical change. Both the iron and the magnet are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word rig on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrag - result\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rig is not between the guide words rag - result, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Brookfield Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Brookfield Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nOn cold days, my teacher drinks hot tea.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, drinks. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nPlant cells do not have mitochondria.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlant cells do not have mitochondria.\nThis statement is false. Not all cells have mitochondria, but most plant and animal cells have them."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the athlete's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the athlete and Earth () as she sped up around the track.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nAn athlete competed in a 5,000-meter wheelchair race. As she began her last lap around the flat track, she pushed hard and sped past another racer.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. stayed the same\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the athlete and the center of Earth changed.\nBecause the track was flat, each point on the track was the same distance from the center of Earth. As she sped up around the track, the distance between the athlete and the center of Earth stayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the athlete and Earth stayed the same as she sped up around the track."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrail - right\n\nChoices:\nA. ready\nB. rooster\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ready is between the guide words rail - right, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe trucks begin to move at the same speed. Which truck needs a larger force to start moving?\n\nHint:\nTwo mail trucks are loaded with mail. The trucks are the same. But they are carrying different amounts of mail.\n\nChoices:\nA. a mail truck carrying 450 pounds of mail\nB. a mail truck carrying 550 pounds of mail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the mail truck that is heavier.\nA mail truck carrying 550 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 450 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 550 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Katharine Graham deserved to win a Pulitzer Prize in 1998.\nB. Katharine Graham was the first female CEO of a Fortune 500 company.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nStatements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.\nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the history of CEOs of Fortune 500 companies.\nKatharine Graham was the first female CEO of a Fortune 500 company.\nThe first sentence states an opinion. Deserved indicates a personal judgment.\nKatharine Graham deserved to win a Pulitzer Prize in 1998."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a news magazine?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 pounds\nB. 12 tons\nC. 12 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a news magazine is 12 ounces.\n12 pounds and 12 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is stickier?\n\nChoices:\nA. tape\nB. ice cube\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the tape is stickier. If you touch a piece of tape, it will stick to you."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this ornamental gourd plant's genotype for the fruit color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of ornamental gourd plants, some individuals have yellow fruit and others have green fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for yellow fruit, and the allele f is for green fruit.\nA certain ornamental gourd plant from this group has yellow fruit. This plant has two alleles for yellow fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. yellow fruit\nB. FF\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The ornamental gourd plant has two alleles for yellow fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. paramecia\nB. swing set\nC. clay\nD. moai\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.Clay is not a living thing.\nClay does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It can be formed into different shapes, but it does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA swing set is not a living thing.\nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nParamecia are living things.\nParamecia grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water.\nParamecia are made up of just one cell. On average, paramecia are 200 micrometers long. That's just twice the width of a human hair!\nA moai is not a living thing.\nA moai is a statue that is shaped like a face. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word fault on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfifteen - flashlight\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fault is not between the guide words fifteen - flashlight, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. California newt\nB. monarch butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA California newt is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a California newt has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. If You're Happy and You Know It\nB. \"If You're Happy and You Know It\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"If You're Happy and You Know It.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Dana investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nDana likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Velvet ants look like ants covered in red hairs, but these insects are actually wasps! Velvet ants get sugars by eating nectar. The velvet ants use these sugars to get energy.\nB. Kangaroo paws are Australian plants that have fine red hairs covering their flowers and leaves. Kangaroo paw plants combine carbon dioxide and water to make sugars that the plants use as food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that kangaroo paw plants combine water and carbon dioxide to make sugars that the plants use as food. This is evidence that the kangaroo paw plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the velvet ant is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nFerrous oxide is ().\n\nHint:\nFerrous oxide makes up about 10% of the mantle, one of the layers beneath Earth's surface. The chemical formula for ferrous oxide is FeO.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether ferrous oxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for ferrous oxide, FeO, contains two atomic symbols: Fe for iron and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that ferrous oxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince ferrous oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ferrous oxide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"End of the Line\"\nB. End of the Line\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"End of the Line.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of armos?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 cups\nB. 8 gallons\nC. 8 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a thermos is 8 cups.\n8 fluid ounces is too little and 8 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Bruce,\nB. Dear Bruce,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Bruce is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for dark yellow flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for light yellow flowers (F).\nA certain rose plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the flower color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. light yellow flowers\nB. dark yellow flowers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The rose plant's genotype for the flower color gene is ff. The rose plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for dark yellow flowers. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be dark yellow flowers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dark yellow flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for light yellow flowers (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be dark yellow flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is scratchier?\n\nChoices:\nA. gold nugget\nB. asphalt road\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the asphalt road is scratchier. If you touch an asphalt road, it will feel rough and itchy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Mackenzie are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Mackenzie?\n\nHint:\nMackenzie is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Mackenzie with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Mackenzie with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Mackenzie.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Mackenzie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Mackenzie, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Mackenzie down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Mackenzie up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Mackenzie."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word means a small, young plant?\n\nChoices:\nA. seedling\nB. germination\nC. chlorophyll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.A seedling is a small, young plant. A seedling will grow into an adult plant.\nGermination is what happens when a seed begins to grow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Kurt decides to buy a copy of the book. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nKurt is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. He would like to be able to keep the book as long as he wants, but buying the book would cost money. He could borrow the book for free, but he would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kurt will get to keep the book as long as he wants.\nB. Kurt will spend money to buy the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kurt wants or needs:\nKurt will spend money to buy the book."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that does not have a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. dung beetle\nB. tiger\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A tiger is a mammal. Like other mammals, a tiger has a backbone.\nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nweary - worm\n\nChoices:\nA. wail\nB. why\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince why is between the guide words weary - worm, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Jonathan is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nadding dish soap to water in a sink\nbutter melting on a hot day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAdding dish soap to water in a sink is a physical change. Bubbles may appear if air gets trapped in the soapy water, but a different type of matter does not form.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But adding dish soap to water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Amigo's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a).\nAmigo is a cow from this group. Amigo has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white spots\nB. solid coloring\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Amigo's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Amigo's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nAmigo's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Amigo's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have red fruit and others have yellow fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele for red fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for yellow fruit (f).\nA certain tomato plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the fruit color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. yellow fruit\nB. red fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The tomato plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is ff. The tomato plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for yellow fruit. So, the tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait must be yellow fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the tomato plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for red fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for yellow fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe tomato plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait must be yellow fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Emma investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEmma visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\nB. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\nC. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvanish - vibrate\n\nChoices:\nA. vessel\nB. volley\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince vessel is between the guide words vanish - vibrate, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is scratchier?\n\nChoices:\nA. metal flute\nB. sandpaper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the sandpaper is scratchier. If you touch a piece of sandpaper, it will feel rough and itchy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 tons\nB. 3 ounces\nC. 3 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an elephant is 3 tons.\n3 ounces and 3 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 30°C\nB. a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 75°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°C mug of cocoa is hotter than the 30°C mug of cocoa, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two bats. Which bat was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bat that moved 140miles in 10hours\nB. a bat that moved 55miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bat moved 55 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other bat moved 140 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 55 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a garden snail?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 30 meters\nB. 30 kilometers\nC. 30 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 30 millimeters.\n30 meters and 30 kilometers are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. boast about something\nB. talk about something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Boast about something has a more negative connotation. If you boast about something, you talk about it with too much pride."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a mountain biker who moved 145miles in 10hours\nB. a mountain biker who moved 200miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 145 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 200 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 145 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Dirk sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Dirk sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a tennis racket?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60 kilometers\nB. 60 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 60 centimeters.\n60 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 665miles in 10hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 595miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne speedboat moved 665 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other speedboat moved 595 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each speedboat spent the same amount of time moving. The speedboat that moved 665 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the mammal traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mammals:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Red salamanders do not have lungs! They can breathe through their moist, smooth skin. Adult red salamanders live near rivers or ponds. They lay eggs with no shells under rocks or logs. The baby red salamanders live underwater.\nB. Female cats feed their offspring milk. Adult cats have fur and hunt small animals for food. Cats can see better in the dark than people can! Seeing in the dark helps cats hunt their prey.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA red salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red salamander does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A red salamander is an amphibian.\nA cat has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA cat has the traits of a mammal. A cat is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nFrankly, most science fiction is poorly written. I read a science fiction novel once, and it was garbage, so I've avoided the genre ever since.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that science fiction is of poor quality because one science fiction novel was poorly written. However, one novel does not necessarily reflect the whole genre. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLucy was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends***\nB. \"Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A TV show should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word traitor on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthirteen - tinsel\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince traitor is not between the guide words thirteen - tinsel, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nKrypton is ().\n\nHint:\nKrypton is one of the rarest gases found in Earth's atmosphere. The chemical formula for krypton is Kr.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether krypton is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for krypton is Kr. This formula contains one symbol: Kr. So, the formula tells you that krypton is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, krypton is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Eddie perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Eddie perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nEddie perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nEddie perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the reptile traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nReptiles are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify reptiles:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cardinalfish have scaly skin and live near coral reefs. Cardinalfish lay eggs with no shells and have fins that help them swim underwater.\nB. Galapagos giant tortoises hatch from eggs with shells and live on the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. They can live to be over 150 years old! Galapagos giant tortoises have scaly, waterproof skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Galapagos giant tortoise has the traits of a reptile. A Galapagos giant tortoise is a reptile.\nA cardinalfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA cardinalfish does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A cardinalfish is a fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 555 milliliters\nB. 555 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 555 milliliters.\n555 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAll the popular guys at school are dyeing their hair purple, so you should, too!\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that someone should dye his hair purple, because other people are dyeing their hair purple. However, even though some people are dyeing their hair purple, that doesn't necessarily mean that everyone else should. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ produces the power to move the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. skin\nB. brain\nC. skeleton\nD. muscles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nBlood Falls in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valley gets its name from its famous crimson-colored water, which results from high concentrations of iron rusting as it comes into contact with the air.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nBlood Falls in Antarctica's McMurdo Dry Valley gets its name from its famous crimson-colored water, which results from high concentrations of iron rusting as it comes into contact with the air."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't be deceived by Susan McKee's articles on rural, blue-collar workers. Her husband is a fancy investment banker, so she can't possibly understand their situation.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Susan McKee can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Susan works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nDean stirred the sauce on the stove.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, stirred. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Megan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMegan has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Megan and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Megan's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Megan.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, copper is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nWhen the Statue of Liberty in New York City was built in the late 1800s, it was reddish-brown. Today, a green layer, called a patina, covers the statue's surface. This layer formed over time as copper in the statue combined with oxygen and other gases in the air to form the patina.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to copper in this chemical reaction.\nWhen the Statue of Liberty in New York City was built in the late 1800 s, it was reddish-brown. Today, a green layer, called a patina, covers the statue's surface. This layer formed over time as copper in the statue combined with oxygen and other gases in the air to form the patina.\nThe underlined text tells you that when copper in the statue and oxygen combine, a patina is formed. When copper and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form the patina. Because copper reacts in this chemical reaction, copper is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tiana inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTiana has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tiana's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Tiana.\nB. Tiana and her father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"I can't believe I tripped,\" Ernest remarked. \"The curb must have ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. jumped out in front of me\nB. been higher than I thought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two ducks. Which duck was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 580miles in 10hours\nB. a duck that moved 620miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne duck moved 580 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other duck moved 620 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 580 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. gray tree frog\nB. curlyhair tarantula\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A gray tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a gray tree frog has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJohnny's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the most flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon swim shorts\nB. plastic ball\nC. clay tile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon swim shorts are the most flexible. If you fold nylon fabric, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Janice acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJanice is good at identifying birds from their calls.\n\nChoices:\nA. Janice likes to photograph birds at the zoo.\nB. Janice was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Hunt for Red October\"\nB. ***The Hunt for Red October***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Hunt for Red October**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Emily investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEmily wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\nB. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\nC. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your niece,\nErin\nB. Your Niece,\nErin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Johnny sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Johnny sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Sparrowtown. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Sparrowtown?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a plate of spaghetti at a temperature of 52°C\nB. a plate of spaghetti at a temperature of 35°C\nC. a plate of spaghetti at a temperature of 49°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three plates of spaghetti have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 52°C plate of spaghetti is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The region north of the Arctic Circle is the most miserable place on earth.\nB. North of the Arctic Circle, there are days when the sun does not completely rise or set.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nNorth of the Arctic Circle, there are days when the sun does not completely rise or set.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about the Arctic Circle.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe region north of the Arctic Circle is the most miserable place on earth.\nMost miserable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a place miserable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Red and Black\"\nB. ***The Red and Black***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A newspaper should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Red and Black**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hematite is a pure substance. It is a solid.\nB. Pyrite is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nC. Burlap is not a pure substance. It is made by humans.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nBurlap is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nBurlap is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, burlap is not a mineral.\nHematite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Building the Great Wall of China took too long.\nB. It took hundreds of years to build the Great Wall of China.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nIt took hundreds of years to build the Great Wall of China.\nIt can be proved by reading about the creation of the Great Wall.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBuilding the Great Wall of China took too long.\nToo long shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how long is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nThe joking boys and girls are silly clowns.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.The joking boys and girls are silly clowns.\nThe words boys and girls and clowns are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. sugar\nB. yogurt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nHow many articles did Walter write before his publisher offered him a book contract?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***The Sword in the Stone***\nB. \"The Sword in the Stone\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Sword in the Stone**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the personification in this text suggest?\nReggie tried to ignore his unfinished essay, but it glared at him from across the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. The essay was printed in large type.\nB. It bothered Reggie that the essay wasn't finished.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Reggie that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Reggie."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDenise said there's no way Scotland's Loch Ness Monster is real, but she's not even Scottish, so there's no way she could really know.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Denise's claim that the Loch Ness Monster isn't real is not valid because she's not Scottish. This is a personal attack on Denise's background that isn't relevant to whether her claim is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Emmy investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEmmy wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\nB. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\nC. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nNo one lives at the base of the volcano.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 39°C\nB. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 23°C\nC. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 38°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three blueberry muffins have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 23°C muffin is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe hum of the computer concerned Vijay. Was the problem with the power supply or the hard drive?\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nHum represents the sound the computer was making."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Elijah chose to turn the other cheek when Dana insulted him in a meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for light yellow flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for dark yellow flowers (f).\nA certain rose plant from this group has the homozygous genotype FF for the flower color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. dark yellow flowers\nB. light yellow flowers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The rose plant's genotype for the flower color gene is FF. The rose plant's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for light yellow flowers. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be light yellow flowers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for light yellow flowers (F) is dominant over the allele for dark yellow flowers (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe rose plant's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be light yellow flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Clara was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the pea color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have yellow peas and others have green peas. In this group, the gene for the pea color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for yellow peas, and the allele e is for green peas.\nA certain pea plant from this group has yellow peas. This plant has one allele for yellow peas and one allele for green peas.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ee\nB. yellow peas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea color trait is yellow peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea color trait is yellow peas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Sophia's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nNearly out of breath, the door at the top of the stairs swings open, and I find myself on the main observation deck on the eighty-sixth floor of the Empire State Building. What a view there is! Looking down from this impressive landmark, New York City is displayed before me in every direction. To the southwest, the Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. This deck is one of the world's most famous movie sets, and it's also where my father proposed to my mother in 1995.\n\nChoices:\nA. by fixing sentence fragments\nB. by correcting misplaced modifiers\nC. by fixing run-on sentences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by correcting misplaced modifiers.\nFor example, the writer could revise the text so that Nearly out of breath modifies I instead of the door and Looking down from this impressive landmark modifies I instead of New York City.\nNearly out of breath, the door at the top of the stairs swings open, and I find myself on the main observation deck on the eighty-sixth floor of the Empire State Building. What a view there is! Looking down from this impressive landmark, New York City is displayed before me in every direction. To the southwest, the Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. This deck is one of the world's most famous movie sets, and it's also where my father proposed to my mother in 1995."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a jar of baby food?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 cups\nB. 4 fluid ounces\nC. 4 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a jar of baby food is 4 fluid ounces.\n4 cups and 4 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nFrom forth the fatal loins of these two foes\nA pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life.\n—William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. alliteration\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nFrom forth the fatal loins of these two foes repeats the f sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Cooper inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nCooper has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cooper's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Cooper.\nB. Cooper likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nEmma felt intimidated by the steep cliff that she faced on her first rock-climbing adventure.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAnnie is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. complex\nC. simple\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nAnnie is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nNeon is ().\n\nHint:\nNeon is a gas that is used to make glowing electric lights and signs. The chemical formula for neon is Ne.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether neon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for neon is Ne. This formula contains one symbol: Ne. So, the formula tells you that neon is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, neon is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sarah, Plain and Tall\nB. sarah, plain and Tall\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Sarah, Plain and Tall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAlthough Billy hasn't worked in years, his mother prefers to say that he's between jobs right now.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Quincy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nQuincy has a scar on his left knee.\n\nChoices:\nA. Quincy's brother has scars on both of his knees.\nB. Quincy's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.\nC. Quincy's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npick - possible\n\nChoices:\nA. playmate\nB. painter\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince playmate is between the guide words pick - possible, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAll organisms need food for energy. But how does an organism's body actually get energy out of food?\nSelect the true statement.\n\nHint:\nFood supplies an organism with many small, energy-rich molecules. These molecules are taken in by the organism's cells. Inside cells, the molecules from food are broken down to release energy that cells can use. This energy powers cell processes that allow the entire organism to grow and live.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cells usually take in large food molecules.\nB. Cells use energy to promote the organism's growth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a school bus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 14 pounds\nB. 14 ounces\nC. 14 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a school bus is 14 tons.\n14 ounces and 14 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. side\nB. year\nC. wide\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words side and wide rhyme. They both end with the ide sound.\nThe word year does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The GPS said to turn left at the fork and then continue straight for three miles.\nB. It said to turn left at the fork and then continue straight for three miles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the GPS.\nThe GPS said to turn left at the fork and then continue straight for three miles."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a toaster a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a toaster is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a toaster something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a toaster a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a toaster is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI can't believe this is Kendra's first time seeing the Pacific Ocean!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlet - loud\n\nChoices:\nA. landlord\nB. librarian\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince librarian is between the guide words let - loud, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. bite\nB. kite\nC. vote\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words bite and kite rhyme. They both end with the ite sound.\nThe word vote does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jennifer decides to make cream of mushroom soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJennifer is deciding whether to make cream of mushroom soup or onion soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cream of mushroom soup will be tastier than the onion soup would have been.\nB. Jennifer will spend more time making the cream of mushroom soup than she would have spent making the onion soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jennifer wants or needs:\nJennifer will spend more time making the cream of mushroom soup than she would have spent making the onion soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hatch on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhelping - hidden\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hatch is not between the guide words helping - hidden, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ennio Morricone composed the music for the 1969 spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West.\nB. The 1969 spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West is director Sergio Leone's worst movie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nEnnio Morricone composed the music for the 1969 spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about Ennio Morricone in a movie database.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe 1969 spaghetti western Once Upon a Time in the West is director Sergio Leone's worst movie.\nWorst shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which movie is a director's best or worst."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Bonnie investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBonnie gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency?\nOur school needs to serve better food for lunch. Our lunches should be delicious. Our lunches should be nutritious. Our lunches should be satisfying. One way to achieve this would be to have a salad bar available. Salad bars can contain far more than just lettuce. Fresh fruits can be included in a salad bar. Fresh vegetables can be included. Different kinds of meats and cheeses can be included, too. Even pasta can be stocked in a salad bar. With these healthy options, students can make their own tasty lunches.\n\nChoices:\nA. by combining sentences containing related information\nB. by using shorter sentences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by combining sentences containing related information.\nFor example, the writer could combine the underlined groups of sentences into sentences like Our lunches should be delicious, nutritious, and satisfying and Fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and different kinds of meats and cheeses can be included in a salad bar.\nOur school needs to serve better food for lunch. Our lunches should be delicious. Our lunches should be nutritious. Our lunches should be satisfying. One way to achieve this would be to have a salad bar available. Salad bars can contain far more than just lettuce. Fresh fruits can be included in a salad bar. Fresh vegetables can be included. Different kinds of meats and cheeses can be included, too. Even pasta can be stocked in a salad bar. With these healthy options, students can make their own tasty lunches."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Alexandra investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAlexandra leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\nC. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bony fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBony fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify bony fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Common snapping turtles hatch from eggs with shells. They have powerful beaks. When a snapping turtle is threatened by a predator, it snaps its beak! Snapping turtles have scaly, waterproof skin.\nB. Common carp have a bony skeleton and lay eggs without shells. A single carp can lay over a million eggs per year! Carp live in freshwater and are eaten by people in many countries. Some colorful varieties are called koi.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBony fish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA common snapping turtle has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA common snapping turtle does not have all of the traits of a bony fish. A common snapping turtle is a reptile.\nA common carp has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt lives underwater.\nIt has a skeleton made of cartilage.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA common carp has the traits of a bony fish. A common carp is a bony fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. According to Beth, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that he is her favorite player.\nB. According to Beth, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Joe Di Maggio or Willie Mays.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Mays.\nAccording to Beth, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Perry investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nPerry and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Perry notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\nB. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\nC. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word wade on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nweary - world\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wade is not between the guide words weary - world, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWe don't mistrust each other because we're armed; we're armed because we mistrust each other.\n—President Ronald Reagan, speaking of relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. understatement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words mistrust and armed relative to the first half."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an apple?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 105 kilograms\nB. 105 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 105 grams.\n105 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ receives signals from the body's senses?\n\nChoices:\nA. skeleton\nB. heart\nC. stomach\nD. brain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nAn iceberg melting slowly is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.An iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 46 pounds\nB. a cart holding 53 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 53 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 46 pounds. So, the cart holding 53 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. black widow spider\nB. sheep\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.Like other spiders, a black widow spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA sheep is a mammal. Like other mammals, a sheep has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking cookies\nmelting wax\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting wax is a physical change. But baking cookies is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. But melting wax is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nShelley's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Winnee's genotype for the horns gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele H is for not having horns, and the allele h is for having horns.\nWinnee, a cow from this group, does not have horns. Winnee has one allele for not having horns and one allele for having horns.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hh\nB. not having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Winnee has one allele for not having horns (H) and one allele for having horns (h). So, Winnee's genotype for the horns gene is Hh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncutting an orange\na sidewalk heating up in the sun\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting an orange is a physical change. The orange gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut orange.\nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But cutting an orange is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nWater boiling on a stove is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Water boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nBeth gave me flowers for no reason.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nFolding a piece of paper is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Folding a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wool is made by living things. It is formed in nature.\nB. Corundum is a solid. It is a pure substance.\nC. Turquoise is a solid. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nWool is made by living things. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, wool is not a mineral.\nCorundum is a mineral.\nTurquoise is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Pearl's phenotype for the tail spots trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele I is for a spotted tail, and the allele i is for an unspotted tail.\nPearl, a guppy from this group, has an unspotted tail. Pearl has two alleles for an unspotted tail.\n\nChoices:\nA. ii\nB. an unspotted tail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Pearl's observable version of the tail spots trait is an unspotted tail. So, Pearl's phenotype for the tail spots trait is an unspotted tail."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nThe octopus is often considered to be the most intelligent invertebrate and a master of disguise; it can instantly match the colors and textures of its environment to hide from predators.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nThe octopus is often considered to be the most intelligent invertebrate and a master of disguise; it can instantly match the colors and textures of its environment to hide from predators."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Percy remarked after Jill's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cap was a good fit.\nB. The cap was too big.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Jill's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear uncle Mike,\nB. Dear Uncle Mike,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Mike is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nSophia noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nSophia noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Sophia saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Jayden finally agreed to let his daughter adopt the stray dog, she responded with a smile that was a mile wide.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA smile that was a mile wide is an exaggeration, since it is physically impossible to have a smile that is actually a mile wide."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, sucrose is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nHoneybees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. Nectar is a clear liquid that contains a sugar called sucrose. After a bee collects nectar from a flower, chemicals in the bee's body break down the sucrose into a mixture of fructose and glucose, two simpler sugars. The bee then deposits this mixture into a honeycomb and seals the honeycomb with wax.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to sucrose in this chemical reaction.\nHoneybees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. Nectar is a clear liquid that contains a sugar called sucrose. After a bee collects nectar from a flower, chemicals in the bee's body break down the sucrose into a mixture of fructose and glucose, two simpler sugars. The bee then deposits this mixture into a honeycomb and seals the honeycomb with wax.\nThe underlined text tells you that when sucrose breaks down, fructose and glucose are formed. When sucrose reacts, or goes through a chemical change, its atoms are rearranged to form fructose and glucose. Because sucrose reacts in this chemical reaction, sucrose is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLena can ride a motorcycle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Riding a motorcycle well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Eliana was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.\nB. Eliana thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nEliana was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nEliana thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nDad will love your surprise gift!\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, love. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJuan's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Rosa rode down the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Rosa rode her sled down a big hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. decreased\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Rosa started sledding. As Rosa rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Rosa rode down the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jake acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJake is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jake learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\nB. Jake likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandpa billy,\nB. Dear Grandpa Billy,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Billy is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last night we heard an owl outside in the oak tree.\nB. Mrs. Kim plants flower seeds, and they blossom in the spring.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMrs. Kim plants flower seeds, and they blossom in the spring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRaymond plays baseball.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing baseball takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play baseball. Instead, some people learn how to play baseball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing baseball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs painting a house a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether painting a house is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs painting a house something you can touch? No.\nIs painting a house a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, painting a house is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word instruct on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nimp - item\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince instruct is between the guide words imp - item, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. benzene (C6H6)\nB. silicon (Si)\nC. boron trichloride (BCl3)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for boron trichloride contains two symbols: B for boron and Cl for chlorine. So, boron trichloride is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, boron trichloride is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for benzene contains two symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, benzene is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, benzene is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for silicon contains one symbol: Si. So, silicon is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, silicon is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nFor spring allergy sufferers, the botanical garden is as pleasant as a traffic jam.\n\nChoices:\nA. The botanical garden is enjoyable for everyone.\nB. The botanical garden is unpleasant for allergy sufferers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs pleasant as a traffic jam suggests that the botanical garden is unpleasant for allergy sufferers. A traffic jam is not pleasant, and neither is a place that causes allergies to flare up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following is an example of technologies?\n\nHint:\nPeople in early China invented many new types of technologies. Today, the word \"technology\" often refers to electronic objects such as computers and cell phones. But technology can be any device or object that helps people solve problems or complete tasks more easily.\n\nChoices:\nA. a loom to weave fabric\nB. a hurricane that damages homes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Edmond inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEdmond has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Edmond's coworker also has curly hair.\nB. Edmond and his biological parents have brown hair.\nC. Edmond's biological father has curly hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Candy's phenotype for the albinism trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the albinism trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have albinism and others do not. In this group, the gene for the albinism trait has two alleles. The allele for not having albinism (A) is dominant over the allele for having albinism (a).\nCandy is a rat from this group. Candy has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the albinism gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having albinism\nB. having albinism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Candy's phenotype for the albinism trait. First, consider the alleles in Candy's genotype for the albinism gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for not having albinism (A) is dominant over the allele for having albinism (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nCandy's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Candy's phenotype for the albinism trait must be not having albinism."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. glitter\nB. salt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. People who did not grow up playing or watching cricket often find it difficult to understand the rules of the sport.\nB. People who didn't grow up playing or watching cricket often can't understand the rules of the sport.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractions (don't, can't).\nThe second sentence does not use contractions, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. thanks,\nTed\nB. Thanks,\nTed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Fishie's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a golden body.\nFishie, a guppy from this group, has a gray body. Fishie has two alleles for a gray body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray body\nB. BB\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Fishie's observable version of the body color trait is a gray body. So, Fishie's phenotype for the body color trait is a gray body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMr. and Mrs. Rudd usually see eye to eye, but not when it comes to the controversial mayoral race.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. and Mrs. Rudd look each other in the eye.\nB. Mr. and Mrs. Rudd usually agree.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Rudd usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Debbie's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMolly put a bandage on my cut.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe old wooden rocking chair that Layla brought home from the rummage sale was as comfortable as a bed of nails.\n\nChoices:\nA. alliteration\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nchicken cooking in an oven\na penny tarnishing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a penny tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. cookie dough\nB. silver\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAdapted from Robert Southey, \"The Legend of Bishop Hatto\" and from John Gould Fletcher, \"London Excursion\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The summer and autumn had been so wet,\nThat in winter the corn was growing yet:\n'Twas a sorrowful sight to see, all around,\nThe grain lie rotting on the ground.\nB. Black shapes bending,\nTaxicabs crush in the crowd.\nThe tops are each a shining square\nShuttles that steadily press through woolly fabric.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nThat in winter the corn was growing yet:\nThe grain lie rotting on the ground."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Tyler explained the chemistry homework to Bob, he understood it better, too.\nB. After Tyler explained the chemistry homework to Bob, Tyler understood it better, too.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Tyler or Bob.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Tyler.\nAfter Tyler explained the chemistry homework to Bob, Tyler understood it better, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Flounder's phenotype for the eye color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for red eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for black eyes (e).\nFlounder is a koi fish from this group. Flounder has the homozygous genotype ee for the eye color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. red eyes\nB. black eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Flounder's genotype for the eye color gene is ee. Flounder's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for black eyes. So, Flounder's phenotype for the eye color trait must be black eyes.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Flounder's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for red eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for black eyes (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nFlounder's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Flounder's phenotype for the eye color trait must be black eyes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Stuart's genotype for the body size gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a normal-sized body, and the allele b is for a dwarf body.\nStuart, a rat from this group, has a normal-sized body. Stuart has two alleles for a normal-sized body.\n\nChoices:\nA. BB\nB. a normal-sized body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Stuart has two alleles for a normal-sized body (B). So, Stuart's genotype for the body size gene is BB."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hummingbird's beak?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 centimeters\nB. 3 kilometers\nC. 3 millimeters\nD. 3 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a hummingbird's beak is 3 centimeters.\n3 millimeters is too short. 3 meters and 3 kilometers are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Pam investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nPam is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches\n\nChoices:\nA. Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?\nB. Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?\nC. Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nThe first car that Mr. Hickman bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.\nThe first car that Mr. Hickman bought is still the most precious in his collection it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nThe first car that Mr. Hickman bought is still the most precious in his collection; it's a 1971 Chevrolet Chevelle."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Belle enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nB. As a geneticist, Belle dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Belle dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Belle enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Redwood trees have small leaves.\nB. Aloe vera has spiny leaves.\nC. Oak trees can have thick branches.\nD. Koalas eat leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.Aloe vera is a plant. It has spiny leaves.\nAloe vera leaves contain a watery liquid. People use this liquid in lotion and medicine.\nAn oak tree is a plant. It can have thick branches.\nAcorns grow on oak trees. Acorns are small nuts with a seed inside.\nA redwood tree is a plant. It has small leaves.\nRedwood trees have fuzzy reddish-brown bark. Their bark helps protect redwood trees from fires.\nA koala is an animal. It eats leaves.\nKoalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nSean is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pulling on Sean.\nB. The suitcase is pushing on Sean.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Sean is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Sean."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ reabsorbs water from undigested food?\n\nChoices:\nA. trachea\nB. skin\nC. lungs\nD. large intestine\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Alec decides to join the Theater Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAlec is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Alec will save some time. He would have spent more time in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\nB. Alec will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Alec wants or needs:\nAlec will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\npeeling a banana\ncarving a piece of wood\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Norman signed his name on the letter.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. apple juice\nB. water in a fishbowl\nC. rag doll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npatient - private\n\nChoices:\nA. pit\nB. public\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pit is between the guide words patient - private, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBeth has a scar on her left hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe Watson family is going to spend two weeks in Ocean City, but for Abdul it will be a working vacation, since he'll be checking in with the office every day.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word travel on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntogether - tug\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince travel is between the guide words together - tug, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncabinet - cot\n\nChoices:\nA. creek\nB. cheese\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cheese is between the guide words cabinet - cot, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncooking a pancake\nsalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nSalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But salt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to drink a small glass of water?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60 seconds\nB. 60 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 60 seconds.\n60 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich online review is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Although Pizza Pit isn't my favorite, their slices are certainly worth $1.50.\nB. Pizza Pit isn't my fave, but their slices are definitely worth a buck and some change.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second online review is more formal. The other online review uses slang (fave, a buck and some change) and sounds more casual."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rachel said that she couldn't go to the film festival with her sister because of final exams.\nB. Rachel told her sister that she couldn't go to the film festival because of final exams.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Rachel or her sister.\nRachel told her sister that she couldn't go to the film festival because of final exams.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nRachel said that she couldn't go to the film festival with her sister because of final exams."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn September 2013, President Obama stated that he was on the fence about ordering a military strike against Syria.\n\nChoices:\nA. The president was firmly against the military strike.\nB. The president was undecided about the military strike.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom on the fence suggests that the president was undecided about the military strike. If you are on the fence, you are on neither one side nor the other. In other words, you are torn or unsure."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Unless the weather forecast is wrong, you'll probably need an umbrella tomorrow.\nB. Darell stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nDarell stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBuilding a tower out of magnetic blocks is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Building a tower out of magnetic blocks is a physical change. The blocks stick to each other to form a tower. But the blocks are still made of the same type of matter as before."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. The queen's beautiful crown and colorful costume.\nB. The bread has flour, butter, salt, and water in it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The queen's beautiful crown and colorful costume is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrom the look on her face, Belle is carrying an albatross around her neck.\n\nChoices:\nA. Egyptian history\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. with love,\nCole\nB. With love,\nCole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nSouthern California usually gets strong winds in the fall and winter. People call them Santa Ana winds.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nSouthern California usually gets strong winds in the fall and winter. People call them Santa Ana winds.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Southern California. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Manuel perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nB. Before returning to the stockroom, Manuel briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nManuel perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBefore returning to the stockroom, Manuel briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJohnny must not have enjoyed the casserole, or he would have asked for a second serving.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that if Johnny enjoyed the casserole, then he would have eaten more. However, Johnny could have enjoyed the casserole without wanting a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. Keith's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nB. Keith's eyes are as green as emeralds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nKeith's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nKeith's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word steadily on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsolo - support\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince steadily is between the guide words solo - support, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch more?\n\nChoices:\nA. cotton head band\nB. wax crayons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton head band would stretch more. If you pull the ends of a cotton headband, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCoal forming from dead plants is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Coal forming from dead plants is a chemical change. Over millions of years, the chemical bonds in the molecules of dead plants and animals are broken. The atoms link together to form molecules of a different type of matter called a fossil fuel."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. nice\nB. big\nC. tall\nD. short\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Short, big, and tall go together. They are size words. Nice is not a size word, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich pencil has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo pencils are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter pencil\nB. the colder pencil\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two pencils are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder pencil has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nplunge - proper\n\nChoices:\nA. pitcher\nB. pottery\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pottery is between the guide words plunge - proper, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Barbara are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Barbara?\n\nHint:\nBarbara is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Barbara with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Barbara with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Barbara.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Barbara.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Barbara, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Barbara down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Barbara up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Barbara."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. An animal cell has neither a cell wall nor chloroplasts.\nB. Lysosomes are the sites where ribosomes build proteins in animal cells.\nC. Mitochondria are inside the nucleus of a plant cell.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nMarie's foot is pushing on her car's gas pedal.\n\nChoices:\nA. The gas pedal is pulling on Marie's foot.\nB. The gas pedal is pushing on Marie's foot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Marie's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Marie's foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Jamestown colony was founded in 1607.\nB. Life was harder in Jamestown than in Plymouth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe Jamestown colony was founded in 1607.\nIt can be proved by looking up when the Jamestown colony was started.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nLife was harder in Jamestown than in Plymouth.\nHard shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes life easy or hard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 320 milliliters\nB. 320 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 320 milliliters.\n320 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's freedom of speech or ().\n\nChoices:\nA. right to drive a car\nB. voting rights\nC. freedom of religion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThe First Amendment says that the government cannot take away a person's freedom of speech or freedom of religion. In the United States, voting rights are not a part of freedom of speech. Freedom of speech means that Americans can say and write what they want. But there are some limits on freedom of speech. For example, a person cannot write lies about someone in a newspaper. But the government cannot stop speech just because someone disagrees with it. Freedom of religion means a person can choose his or her own religion. In the United States, the government cannot tell a person what to believe. The complete text of the First Amendment is below. Does it mention any other rights? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Michelle inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMichelle has green eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Michelle and her biological father wear sunglasses when they go outside.\nB. Michelle's neighbor has green eyes.\nC. Michelle has green eyes like her biological mother.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to toast bread in the toaster?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 minutes\nB. 3 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to toast bread in the toaster is 3 minutes.\n3 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Peter's brother John wondered whether he ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon.\nB. Peter's brother John wondered whether Peter ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Peter or John.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Peter.\nPeter's brother John wondered whether Peter ran fast enough to qualify for the Boston Marathon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. In June, Lexi and Todd will graduate with honors from Yardley High School.\nB. Jonathan will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.\nJonathan will lend us money for the tickets if we promise to repay him by the end of the year."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. best wishes,\nJason\nB. Best wishes,\nJason\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word furnace on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfaster - fort\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince furnace is not between the guide words faster - fort, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Melissa first joined the track team, she was afraid of jumping, but she got over that hurdle.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs building a fence a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether building a fence is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs building a fence something you can touch? No.\nIs building a fence a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, building a fence is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a cold glass of water?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2°F\nB. 2°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 2°C.\n2°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. stalactite\nB. brick wall\nC. pear tree\nD. mug\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A pear tree is a living thing.\nPear trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Pear trees are made up of many cells.\nPear trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA mug is not a living thing.\nMugs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA stalactite is not a living thing.\nA stalactite does not have all the traits of a living thing. It contains minerals that formed slowly over many years. But it does not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 21°F\nB. 21°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 21°F.\n21°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nBesides being the seat of our national government, Washington, D.C., is home to an impressive array of free museums.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe baby moon, a canoe, a silver papoose canoe, sails and sails in the Indian west.\n—Carl Sandburg, \"Early Moon\"\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words moon, canoe, and papoose share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntentacle - torpedo\n\nChoices:\nA. tundra\nB. those\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince those is between the guide words tentacle - torpedo, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The conductor took tickets from everyone on the train.\nB. Mabel is from Greenpoint now she lives in Springdale.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Mabel is from Greenpoint now she lives in Springdale is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mabel is from Greenpoint and Now she lives in Springdale."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word easily on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nedge - envy\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince easily is not between the guide words edge - envy, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a salt shaker?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 49 milliliters\nB. 49 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a salt shaker is 49 milliliters.\n49 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Logan's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Logan and Earth () as he hiked toward the summit.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nLogan hiked up a tall mountain. He followed a trail all the way to the summit.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. decreased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Logan and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Logan started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Logan and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Logan and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSofia wants to play a guitar solo on our next recording. Her father is a horrible musician, though, so I doubt that Sofia's any good either.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Sofia must be a bad guitar player, because her father is a horrible musician. However, even though Sofia's father is a horrible musician, that doesn't necessarily mean that Sofia is as well. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses end rhyme.\n\nHint:\nFrom William Cullen Bryant, \"Robert of Lincoln\" and adapted from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, \"Hiawatha's Friends\"\n\nChoices:\nA. All the many sounds of nature\nBorrowed sweetness from his songs;\nAll the hearts of men were softened\nBy the sadness of his music;\nFor he sang of peace and freedom,\nSang of beauty, love, and longing.\nB. Six white eggs on a bed of hay,\nFlecked with purple, a pretty sight:\nThere as the mother sits all day,\nRobert is singing with all his might,\nBob-o'-link, bob-o'-link,\nSpink, spank, spink.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nFlecked with purple, a pretty sight:\nSpink, spank, spink."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses onomatopoeia.\n\nHint:\nFrom Ella Wheeler Wilcox, \"Thanksgiving\" and from Lola Ridge, \"Manhattan\"\n\nChoices:\nA. There's not a day in all the year\nBut holds some hidden pleasure,\nAnd looking back, joys oft appear\nTo brim the past's wide measure.\nBut blessings are like friends, I hold.\nB. Light that jingles like anklet chains\nOn bevies of little lithe twinkling feet,\nOr clingles in myriad vibrations\nLike trillions of porcelain\nVases shattering.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPoets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n—From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n—From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n—From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.This poem uses onomatopoeia. It uses language that sounds like what it talks about.\nVases shattering."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. green iguana\nB. julia butterfly\nC. black orb weaver spider\nD. bull ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA julia butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a julia butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA green iguana is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green iguana is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Aquamarine is not made by living things. It is a solid.\nB. Gypsum is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nC. A brick is made in a factory. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nAquamarine is a mineral.\nGypsum is a mineral.\nA brick is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, a brick is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. bull ant\nB. flower hat jellyfish\nC. black orb weaver spider\nD. box turtle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a black orb weaver spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA box turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a box turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other jellyfishes, a flower hat jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rosa made a picture frame, and Nolan built a bird house.\nB. Kentucky joined the United States in 1792.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nKentucky joined the United States in 1792."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mandy inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMandy has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mandy and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Mandy's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Mandy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. pretzel\nB. silver\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nIn the middle of the grueling hike, I encountered a bubbling stream that () me to stop for a drink.\n\nChoices:\nA. enabled\nB. invited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word invited. It describes the stream as if it were a person who offers an invitation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nQuinoa is a delicious, plant-based source of protein because it tastes so darn good.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that quinoa is delicious because it tastes good. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMelissa's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSimon starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Simon need to pull with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nSimon gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a friend who weighs 35 pounds\nB. a friend who weighs 24 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 35 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 24 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Simon needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 35 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nChristina's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nBoth men and women work in the field.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, work. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mark realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nB. Mark's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nMark's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nMark realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJane plays soccer.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 360 miles\nB. 360 inches\nC. 360 yards\nD. 360 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 360 feet.\n360 inches is too short. 360 yards and 360 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tommy inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTommy has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tommy and his father both have short hair.\nB. Tommy's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Tommy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a flashlight a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a flashlight is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a flashlight something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a flashlight a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a flashlight is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paper clip?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 kilometers\nB. 27 meters\nC. 27 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 27 millimeters.\n27 meters and 27 kilometers are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Johnson signed his name on the letter.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. The cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins.\nB. The cat's silver eyes were two shiny coins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nThe cat's silver eyes were like two shiny coins.\nThe words eyes and coins are compared using the word like.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe cat's silver eyes were two shiny coins.\nThe words eyes and coins are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Goldilocks and the Three Dinosaurs\"\nB. ***Goldilocks and the Three Dinosaurs***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Goldilocks and the Three Dinosaurs**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIf Mom didn't turn off the air conditioner, then clearly she must be too hot.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mom didn't turn off the air conditioner, because she is too hot. However, Mom may not have turned off the air conditioner for a variety of reasons. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Shelley declared when Kenji strolled into the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shelley had just been speaking about Kenji.\nB. Shelley thought Kenji was a troublemaker.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Shelley had just been speaking about Kenji. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6,615 kilograms\nB. 6,615 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,615 kilograms.\n6,615 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full box of cereal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 ounces\nB. 24 pounds\nC. 24 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 24 ounces.\n24 pounds and 24 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npleasant - push\n\nChoices:\nA. protect\nB. parrot\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince protect is between the guide words pleasant - push, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npond - purple\n\nChoices:\nA. pretty\nB. people\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pretty is between the guide words pond - purple, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAre you playing golf with Nick this weekend? I wouldn't do that if I were you. Nick is dating Jordan, and everyone knows that Jordan cheats at golf.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Nick cheats at golf because the person he is dating cheats at golf. However, the behavior of someone's girlfriend or boyfriend does not necessarily reflect the behavior of that person. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Harry acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHarry has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Harry's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe number of off-leash dogs I've seen in Summerfield is completely unacceptable. Let's make our streets safe again by addressing this dog problem, before our city becomes a haven for criminals.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Summerfield. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\n an egg is fertilized, it can become a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. After . . . cone\nB. After . . . seed\nC. Before . . . cone\nD. Before . . . seed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.Fertilized eggs grow into seeds. An egg cannot become a seed until after it is fertilized.\nA seed can grow into a new plant, which can grow cones. But a fertilized egg does not become a cone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Coconut trees have large, thin leaves.\nB. Basil has green leaves.\nC. Yaks eat plants.\nD. Orange trees can grow fruit.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An orange tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.\nOrange trees grow in sunny, warm places. They can be damaged by cold weather.\nBasil is a plant. It has green leaves.\nBasil leaves are used in cooking.\nA yak is an animal. It eats plants.\nYaks live in cold places. Their long hair helps keep them warm.\nA coconut tree is a plant. It has large, thin leaves.\nCoconut trees grow in warm, rainy places."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sanjay inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSanjay has freckles.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sanjay's biological parents have freckles on their noses just as Sanjay does.\nB. Sanjay has freckles on his nose and shoulders.\nC. Sanjay and his biological mother have pale skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. western gorilla\nB. red crowned crane\nC. Asian elephant\nD. giraffe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.An Asian elephant is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nElephants live in groups called herds. The oldest female in the herd is usually the leader.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA red crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.\nA western gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWill's research on nineteenth-century philosophers led him down the rabbit hole.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.\nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.\nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandma Julia,\nB. Dear grandma Julia,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Julia is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe music box () the baby to sleep with its sweet melody.\n\nChoices:\nA. sang\nB. put\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word sang. It describes the music box as if it were a person with a sweet voice."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich press release is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. On Nov. 19, musicians from all over town will battle it out in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon, happening at the amphitheater.\nB. On November 19, the Lanberry Amphitheater will host area musicians vying for top honors in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nKeenan has never tried chocolate ice cream before, which I find astounding!\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the stem height trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have a tall stem and others have a short stem. In this group, the gene for the stem height trait has two alleles. The allele for a short stem (h) is recessive to the allele for a tall stem (H).\nA certain pea plant from this group has the heterozygous genotype Hh for the stem height gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a tall stem\nB. a short stem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine the pea plant's phenotype for the stem height trait. First, consider the alleles in the plant's genotype for the stem height gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a short stem (h) is recessive to the allele for a tall stem (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of Hh has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the stem height trait must be a tall stem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing lettuce and salad dressing\nwater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater vapor condensing is caused by cooling. But mixing lettuce and salad dressing is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMy sister will place the plates and bowls on the table.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, place. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Justine dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nB. As a geneticist, Justine enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Justine dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Justine enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. Amazon tree boa\nB. red-eyed tree frog\nC. poison dart frog\nD. salmon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nAn Amazon tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!\nA red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.\nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5,765 kilograms\nB. 5,765 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,765 kilograms.\n5,765 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch more?\n\nChoices:\nA. wool sweater\nB. ice rink\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wool sweater would stretch more. If you pull on the sleeve of a wool sweater, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nRonald remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. alliteration\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the insect traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nInsects are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify insects:\nThey have six legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have one pair of antennae. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Monarch butterflies have an exoskeleton and six legs. Monarch butterflies use their wings to migrate, or travel back and forth, across thousands of miles every year. They fly from Canada or the United States to Mexico in the late summer and fall. Monarch butterflies use their one pair of antennae to help keep them flying in the right direction.\nB. Trichina worms have soft, thin bodies. They have a cylindrical shape and do not have limbs. Trichina worms are not made up of segments. They can infect and feed off of humans, pigs, and other mammals.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nInsects have the following traits:\nThey have six legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have one pair of antennae.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA monarch butterfly has the following traits:\nIt has six legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt has one pair of antennae.\nA monarch butterfly has the traits of an insect. A monarch butterfly is an insect.\nA trichina worm has the following traits:\nA trichina worm does not have all of the traits of an insect. A trichina worm is a roundworm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich excerpt from a lab report is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. This experiment focused on the energy requirements of the human body.\nB. This is an experiment where we looked at how the body needs lots of energy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first excerpt from a lab report is more formal. It uses more elevated language (focused on, energy requirements, human body). The other excerpt uses more imprecise language (lots) and sounds more casual (we looked at how)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nShaking up salad dressing is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Shaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperature shown by this thermometer.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60°F\nB. 30°F\nC. 35°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is °.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80°F.Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 60. So, the temperature is 60°F."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Twinkle's phenotype for the leg color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele for yellow legs (l) is recessive to the allele for white legs (L).\nTwinkle is a chicken from this group. Twinkle has the homozygous genotype LL for the leg color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white legs\nB. yellow legs\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Twinkle's genotype for the leg color gene is LL. Twinkle's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for white legs. So, Twinkle's phenotype for the leg color trait must be white legs.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Twinkle's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for yellow legs (l) is recessive to the allele for white legs (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nTwinkle's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Twinkle's phenotype for the leg color trait must be white legs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe mom and dad push the strollers at the same speed. Which stroller is pushed with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nA mom, a dad, and two kids are going for a walk. The mom and the dad each push one of the kids in a stroller. The strollers are the same. But the kids are different sizes.\n\nChoices:\nA. a stroller with kid that weighs 20 pounds\nB. a stroller with kid that weighs 25 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the stroller that is heavier.\nA stroller holding a kid that weighs 25 pounds is heavier than a stroller holding a kid that weighs 20 pounds. So, the stroller holding the kid that weighs 25 pounds needs to be pushed with a larger force to start moving forward at the same speed as the other other stroller."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kelly acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKelly is good at identifying birds from their calls.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kelly was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.\nB. Kelly likes to photograph birds at the zoo.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the hardest?\n\nChoices:\nA. paper crane\nB. rubber band\nC. bone\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the bone is the hardest. If you press on a bone, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Polly acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPolly knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Polly learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Polly can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a bench?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 miles\nB. 9 feet\nC. 9 inches\nD. 9 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a bench is 9 feet.\n9 inches is too short. 9 yards and 9 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nice crystals forming on a window\nwater freezing into ice\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nIce crystals forming on a window is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air can change directly into ice when it touches a very cold window! A change of state from a gas to a solid is called depositing.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nBoth changes are caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jeffrey inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJeffrey has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jeffrey likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Jeffrey's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Jeffrey.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Bolt's phenotype for the coat color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for a black coat, and the allele l is for a red coat.\nBolt, a cow from this group, has a red coat. Bolt has two alleles for a red coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. a red coat\nB. ll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bolt's observable version of the coat color trait is a red coat. So, Bolt's phenotype for the coat color trait is a red coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe French family I stayed with over the summer had read all the British romantic poets. It's amazing how cosmopolitan and well educated French people are.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that one well-read French family is evidence that all French people are well educated. However, the reading habits of one French family do not necessarily reflect the reading habits of all French people. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 435miles west in 10hours\nB. a car that moved 655miles east in 10hours\nC. a car that moved 400miles north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 10 hours. The car that moved 400 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\n\"Taxes Introduction.\" Shmoop. Shmoop University, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2014.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a print source.\nB. It is a review.\nC. It is an online source.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\n\"Taxes Introduction.\" Shmoop. Shmoop University, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2014.\nYou can tell that the cited work is an online source because \"Web\" is listed as the medium of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Winnee's phenotype for the wool color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L).\nWinnee is a sheep from this group. Winnee has the homozygous genotype ll for the wool color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white wool\nB. black wool\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Winnee's genotype for the wool color gene is ll. Winnee's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for black wool. So, Winnee's phenotype for the wool color trait must be black wool.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Winnee's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nWinnee's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Winnee's phenotype for the wool color trait must be black wool."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. hard\nB. third\nC. bird\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words bird and third rhyme. They both end with the ird sound.\nThe word hard does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)\nB. magnesium (Mg)\nC. hydrazine (N2H4)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, hydrogen peroxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen peroxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for magnesium contains one symbol: Mg. So, magnesium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, magnesium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrazine contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, hydrazine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrazine is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Patterson told her assistant to book a flight to Lowell immediately.\nB. Mrs. Patterson informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Patterson or her assistant.\nMrs. Patterson informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Patterson told her assistant to book a flight to Lowell immediately."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nColton starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Colton need to pull with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nColton gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a friend who weighs 27 pounds\nB. a friend who weighs 32 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 32 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 27 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Colton needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 32 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a violin a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a violin is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a violin something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a violin a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a violin is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the gas.\n\nChoices:\nA. water in a sink\nB. door\nC. tortoise shell\nD. helium\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.A door is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you open or close a door, it keeps its shape.\nThe water in a sink is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you move the water from a sink into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nHelium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium leaks out of the balloon, the helium will expand into the space around the balloon.\nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRudy persisted despite his friends' attempts to tell him that this was a Gordian knot.\n\nChoices:\nA. ancient legend\nB. U.S. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, Alexander the Great used his sword to slash an intricate knot by which a chariot was tied to a pole in the city of Gordium.\nThe allusion Gordian knot means a highly complex problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Summers in the United States are too hot.\nB. In North America, summer starts in late June.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nIn North America, summer starts in late June.\nIt can be proved by checking a calendar.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nSummers in the United States are too hot.\nToo hot shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how hot is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a passenger airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 41 tons\nB. 41 pounds\nC. 41 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 41 tons.\n41 ounces and 41 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rachel used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing it away.\nB. Rachel used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the old broom or the broken glass.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the broken glass.\nRachel used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Castroville. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Castroville?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mosquitoes can walk and fly.\nB. Fir trees have green leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A fir tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe leaves of fir trees are called needles.\nA mosquito is an animal. It drinks nectar and fruit juice.\nA mosquito is an insect. Only female mosquitoes drink blood."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nBrad invited Sofia to his house.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, invited. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking a loaf of bread\ncooking a pancake\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made from dough. Baking turns the dough into bread. The bread is a different type of matter than the dough.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nThe number of tornadoes recorded in the United States over the past few decades.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nThe number of tornadoes recorded in the United States over the past few decades.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nThe number of tornadoes recorded in the United States over the past few decades has not increased."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nriddle - ruby\n\nChoices:\nA. royal\nB. rack\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince royal is between the guide words riddle - ruby, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wood is a body part of a plant. It is a solid.\nB. Turquoise is a solid. It is a pure substance.\nC. Hornblende is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nTurquoise is a mineral.\nWood is a body part of a plant. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, wood is not a mineral.\nHornblende is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word please on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npainting - peanut\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince please is not between the guide words painting - peanut, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Ryan is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn 1913, the Ford Motor Company started using assembly lines to build their cars. Ford's workers could build a complete car in 93 minutes on the assembly line. Before then, it took workers many hours to build a single car by hand.\nWhat happened to the overall supply of cars after 1913?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply went up.\nB. The supply went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The assembly line was a new technology. The Ford Motor Company used the assembly line to build cars much faster than before. So, the overall supply of cars went up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Scott O'Dell's Island of the Blue Dolphins, which is about a girl named Karana, is a beautiful novel.\nB. Island of the Blue Dolphins is based on the true story of a girl stranded on an island for eighteen years.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nIsland of the Blue Dolphins is based on the true story of a girl stranded on an island for eighteen years.\nIt can be proved by reading the information on the book jacket.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nScott O'Dell's Island of the Blue Dolphins, which is about a girl named Karana, is a beautiful novel.\nBeautiful shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a novel beautiful."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nSherwood, Chris. \"How Do Teenagers Build Credit?\" eHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. It was published on February 24, 2015.\nB. It doesn't have a date of publication.\nC. eHow is the publisher.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nSherwood, Chris. \"How Do Teenagers Build Credit?\" eHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work has no available publication date because the entry contains the abbreviation n.d., which means no date of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Roy's phenotype for the Marfan syndrome trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Marfan syndrome trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Marfan syndrome and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Marfan syndrome trait has two alleles. The allele for having Marfan syndrome (M) is dominant over the allele for not having Marfan syndrome (m).\nRoy is a human from this group. Roy has the homozygous genotype mm for the Marfan syndrome gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. having Marfan syndrome\nB. not having Marfan syndrome\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Roy's genotype for the Marfan syndrome gene is mm. Roy's genotype of mm has only m alleles. The m allele is for not having Marfan syndrome. So, Roy's phenotype for the Marfan syndrome trait must be not having Marfan syndrome.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Roy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Marfan syndrome (M) is dominant over the allele for not having Marfan syndrome (m). This means M is a dominant allele, and m is a recessive allele.\nRoy's genotype of mm has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Roy's phenotype for the Marfan syndrome trait must be not having Marfan syndrome."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThat huge cruise ship even has a small amusement park on it!\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Whitney exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The Internet connection was very slow.\nB. The Internet connection was very fast.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Whitney's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a meatball at a temperature of 118°F\nB. a meatball at a temperature of 116°F\nC. a meatball at a temperature of 108°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three meatballs have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 108°F meatball is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. love,\nJenna\nB. Love,\nJenna\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Digby's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nDigby is a Labrador retriever from this group. Digby has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown fur\nB. black fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Digby's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Digby's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for brown fur. So, Digby's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Digby's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nDigby's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Digby's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Wayne lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Wayne lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Wayne lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSharon insisted that her dog wasn't fat; she said that he was merely well-fed.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses end rhyme.\n\nHint:\nFrom Henry Holcomb Bennett, \"The Flag Goes By\" and from H. D., \"Orion Dead\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Sign of a nation, great and strong\nToward her people from foreign wrong:\nPride and glory and honor,—all\nLive in the colors to stand or fall.\nB. I break a staff.\nI break the tough branch.\nI know no light in the woods.\nI have lost pace with the winds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nToward her people from foreign wrong:\nLive in the colors to stand or fall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Sofia investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nSofia gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nC. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch the most?\n\nChoices:\nA. bone\nB. wool scarf\nC. glass bottle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wool scarf would stretch the most. If you pull the ends of a wool scarf, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Paul investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nPaul is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Paul notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?\nB. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?\nC. Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses repetition.\n\nHint:\nFrom Walt Whitman, \"Salut au Monde!\" and adapted from J. R. Dos Passos, \"The Bridge\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The lonely bridge cuts dark across the marsh\nWhose long pools glow with the light\nOf a flaming summer sunset.\nAt this end limp bushes overhang,\nPalely reflected in the amber-colored water.\nB. I see the tracks of the railroads of the earth;\nI see them welding State to State, city to city, through North America;\nI see them in Great Britain, I see them in Europe;\nI see them in Asia and in Africa.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses repetition. It repeats words, phrases, or lines.\nI see them in Asia and in Africa."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDespite having won multiple teaching awards over the course of his career, the professor was best known for his stentorian voice.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion stentorian is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Stentor was a herald who could shout as loudly as fifty men.\nThe allusion stentorian means resounding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nVictor folded the wool blanket on his bed.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, folded. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Stone counseled, \"but time ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. creeps up on you\nB. affects everyone\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe Declaration of Independence is one of the most famous documents in United States history. A declaration of independence is a document created by the people of one country to say they are no longer part of another country. Which of the following is an example of a declaration of independence?\n\nChoices:\nA. a document saying that the United States had won World War II\nB. a document stating that the United States was no longer part of the British Empire\nC. a document declaring that the United States would no longer allow slavery\nD. a document describing the major laws of the federal government\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA declaration of independence is a document that states that the people of one country will no longer be part of another country. So, the United States's Declaration of Independence stated that the people of the United States would no longer be part of the British Empire.\nMany people believe that the laws of the United States are in the Declaration of Independence, but that is not correct. Those laws are in the Constitution."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. salmon\nB. human\nC. green chameleon\nD. piranha\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A green chameleon is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nChameleons eat insects. They use their long, sticky tongues to catch their prey.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.\nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Sasha prefer pizza or pasta?\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBees creating wax from sugar is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Bees creating wax from sugar is a chemical change. Bees have a special body part that changes the sugar they eat into wax. They use the wax to make their honeycomb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nYogurt is a healthful dietary choice because it's good for you.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that yogurt is healthful because it's good for you. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a cupcake a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a cupcake is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a cupcake something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a cupcake a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a cupcake is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nFive years have passed;\nFive summers, with the length of\nFive long winters! And again I hear these waters . . .\n—William Wordsworth, \"Tintern Abbey\"\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWordsworth repeats the word five at the beginning of each line."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Perry acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPerry can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Perry's friend showed him how to ride a bicycle.\nB. Perry and his mother both ride bicycles.\nC. Perry rides his bicycle to school.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSandra, please stay away from the ocean. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nBonnie is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nBonnie is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich body part breaks down food?\n\nChoices:\nA. stomach\nB. brain\nC. skeleton\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***That Thing You Do***\nB. \"That Thing You Do!\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **That Thing You Do**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Bridgette & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Chloe investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nChloe leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\nB. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\nC. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Conglomerate is not made by living things. It is not a pure substance.\nB. A computer processor is made in a factory. It is a solid.\nC. Marble is not made by living things. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nA computer processor is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, a computer processor is not a rock.\nMarble is a rock.\nConglomerate is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing chocolate syrup into milk\nbutter melting on a hot day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing chocolate syrup into milk is a physical change. The chocolate syrup and milk make a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But mixing chocolate syrup into milk is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmolding clay into the shape of a pot\nbreaking a stick in half\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter.\nBreaking a stick in half is a physical change. The stick gets broken into two pieces. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the original stick.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The president and prime minister discussed new trade regulations and announced that they were in agreement.\nB. The president and prime minister discussed new trade regulations and announced that they were on the same page.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (on the same page).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. novak,\nB. Dear Dr. Novak,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Novak is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Judith lives.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Judith lives.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds where Judith lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a blender?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 milliliters\nB. 2 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a blender is 2 liters.\n2 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nEach bus takes the same amount of time to stop. Which school bus needs a larger force to come to a stop?\n\nHint:\nKids from two different schools are riding their school buses home. The buses are the same. They are going the same speed. But different numbers of kids are riding in each bus.\n\nChoices:\nA. a school bus carrying 500 pounds\nB. a school bus carrying 550 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the school bus that is heavier.\nA school bus carrying 550 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 500 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 550 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nwest\n\nChoices:\nA. closed\nB. open\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word west ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nMs. Todd, an interior designer, asks her clients to fill out a design questionnaire she uses it to get a sense of their personalities and style preferences.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.\nMs. Todd, an interior designer, asks her clients to fill out a design questionnaire she uses it to get a sense of their personalities and style preferences.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nMs. Todd, an interior designer, asks her clients to fill out a design questionnaire; she uses it to get a sense of their personalities and style preferences."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. goose\nB. castor bean tick\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA goose is a bird. Like other birds, a goose has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAnimals don't shampoo their fur, so it can't be good for you to shampoo your hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that shampoo is not OK because animals don't use it. However, something isn't necessarily bad simply because it's not something animals use. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Dallas's phenotype for the coat color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nDallas is a cow from this group. Dallas has the heterozygous genotype Ll for the coat color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a red coat\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Dallas's phenotype for the coat color trait. First, consider the alleles in Dallas's genotype for the coat color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a red coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nDallas's genotype of Ll has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Dallas's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Talk to Animals\"\nB. Talk to Animals\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Talk to Animals.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. sulfur dioxide (SO2)\nB. titanium (Ti)\nC. silane (SiH4)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for silane contains two symbols: Si for silicon and H for hydrogen. So, silane is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, silane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for titanium contains one symbol: Ti. So, titanium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, titanium is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a small candy bar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 45 kilograms\nB. 45 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 45 grams.\n45 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take for an ice cube to melt on a hot sidewalk?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 minutes\nB. 3 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes for an ice cube to melt on a hot sidewalk is 3 minutes.\n3 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Alice decides to make chicken soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAlice is deciding whether to make chicken soup or lentil soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Alice will spend more time making the chicken soup than she would have spent making the lentil soup.\nB. The chicken soup will be tastier than the lentil soup would have been.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Alice wants or needs:\nAlice will spend more time making the chicken soup than she would have spent making the lentil soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. After the birth of their child, Brooke and Edwin hardly slept; for weeks, the newborn baby cried terribly throughout the night.\nB. After the birth of their child, Brooke and Edwin were terribly exhausted; for weeks, the newborn baby cried throughout the night.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nAfter the birth of their child, Brooke and Edwin hardly slept; for weeks, the newborn baby cried terribly throughout the night.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nAfter the birth of their child, Brooke and Edwin were terribly exhausted; for weeks, the newborn baby cried throughout the night.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a pencil in half\ncutting an apple\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a pencil is a physical change. The pencil gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut apple.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Monica decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nMonica is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. She would prefer to watch a comedy. But she also wants to watch a movie with her sister. Monica's sister will only watch an action movie.\n\nChoices:\nA. Monica will get to watch the movie that she is more excited about.\nB. Monica will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Monica wants or needs:\nMonica will give up the chance to watch a movie with her sister."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a fly?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1 gram\nB. 1 kilogram\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a fly is 1 gram.\n1 kilogram is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. That wool scarf looks soft and warm.\nB. The coach makes us run laps, or he has us lift weights.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nThe coach makes us run laps, or he has us lift weights."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nNicholas's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nNicholas's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAlana's shoes are superior, because they're made from one hundred percent snakeskin, not synthetic materials.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Alana's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the things shown below is a need?\n\nHint:\nIn the following questions, you will learn about economics (eh-kuh-NAH-miks). Economics looks at decisions people make to meet needs and wants. Needs are things that you must have to live or stay healthy and safe. Wants are things that you would only like to have.\n\nChoices:\nA. A costume\nB. Food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFood is a need. Without it, you cannot live.\nA costume is a want. It is something you might like to have. But you can live and stay healthy and safe without it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Rules of Thumb for Choosing a baby Name\"\nB. \"Rules of Thumb for Choosing a Baby Name\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of, for, and a are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"Rules of Thumb for Choosing a Baby Name.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 152°F\nB. a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 139°F\nC. a 100-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 132°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 132°F mug of cider is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmolding clay into the shape of a pot\nshaking up salad dressing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a crayon at a temperature of 21°C\nB. a crayon at a temperature of 6°C\nC. a crayon at a temperature of 11°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6°C crayon is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. On Top of Old Smokey\nB. \"On Top of Old Smokey\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A song should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"On Top of Old Smokey.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nFrom across the room, Uncle Fernando's laughter was booming thunder.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.From across the room, Uncle Fernando's laughter was booming thunder.\nThe words laughter and thunder are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nHow many articles did Eli write before his publisher offered him a book contract?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nVince has naturally pale skin.\n\nHint:\nHint: Humans are born with their skin color.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Vince's skin color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe cousins will complete the puzzle before long.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, complete. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last winter, Pablo took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nB. Last winter, Pablo took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Pablo tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Pablo took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Pablo's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Pablo took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Aaron acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAaron knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Aaron is most interested in plant biology.\nB. Aaron learned biology by doing experiments.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. sincerely,\nBrenna\nB. Sincerely,\nBrenna\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Nessie's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a golden body.\nNessie, a guppy from this group, has a golden body. Nessie has two alleles for a golden body.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. a golden body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nessie's observable version of the body color trait is a golden body. So, Nessie's phenotype for the body color trait is a golden body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Brianna decides to join the Theater Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nBrianna is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. She wants the club she joins to be fun. But she doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brianna will save some time. She would have spent more time in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\nB. Brianna will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Brianna wants or needs:\nBrianna will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on the passage, what was the Protestant Reformation?\n\nHint:\nThe Protestant Reformation, often called the Reformation, was an important period in European history. Read the following description of the Reformation. Then answer the question below.\nBefore the 1500s, most people in northern and western Europe followed a Christian religion called Roman Catholicism. The leader of the Roman Catholic Church was called the pope. Many people criticized the pope and the Catholic Church during the Reformation. Catholic leaders were asked to reform, or change, what they were teaching and how they led the Catholic community. Some of the people calling for reform decided to separate from the Catholic Church and became known as Protestants.\n\nChoices:\nA. a war fought between Catholics in northern and western Europe\nB. a movement demanding that the Catholic Church change some of its practices\nC. a period when people asked Protestant churches to reform their teachings\nD. a conflict between Protestants and people who separated from the Catholic Church\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Protestant Reformation was a movement demanding that the Catholic Church reform, or change, some of its practices. Catholic leaders were asked to reform, or change, what they were teaching and how they led the Catholic community. Choice \"a period when people asked Protestant churches to reform their teachings\" is incorrect. The Reformation was a period when people asked the Catholic Church to reform. Choice \"a conflict between Protestants and people who separated from the Catholic Church\" is incorrect. The people who left the Catholic Church were not in conflict with Protestants. They were Protestants. Choice \"a war fought between Catholics in northern and western Europe\" is incorrect. Before the Reformation, most people in northern and western Europe were Catholics, but they were not fighting with each other during this time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nEzra has a scar on his left ankle.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Dave talked with Ted about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\nB. Ted felt better about collaborating on the research project after Dave talked with him about it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Dave or Ted.\nAfter Dave talked with Ted about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nTed felt better about collaborating on the research project after Dave talked with him about it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeast - brownie\n\nChoices:\nA. born\nB. bundle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince born is between the guide words beast - brownie, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nice melting in a glass\nmolding clay into the shape of a pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But molding clay is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe shopper lifts each bag at the same speed. Which bag is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nA shopper is buying food at the store. He fills two shopping bags. The shopping bags are the same size and shape.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bag holding 7 pounds of food\nB. a bag holding 3 pounds of food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.\nA shopping bag holding 7 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 3 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 7 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\na piece of apple turning brown\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nPeople the world over have always been more impressed by the power of our example than by the example of our power.\n—President Bill Clinton, speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words power and example relative to the first half."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Josie inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJosie has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Josie and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Josie's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Josie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the simile in this text suggest?\nThe president said that his belief in freedom of expression is as solid as the ground we stand on.\n\nChoices:\nA. The president's belief in freedom of expression is firm and unwavering.\nB. The president's belief in freedom of expression is recorded in a document.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile solid as the ground we stand on suggests that the president's belief in freedom of expression is firm and unwavering. The ground is solid and firm, which indicates that the president's belief is, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her organization?\nFor several reasons, plagiarism is a major issue in schools today. Part of the problem is that many students don't even know what plagiarism means exactly. For teachers, it can be a challenge to spot plagiarism. As a result, several Internet services have been created to help teachers detect copied material by showing the sources of passages that aren't original. Students need to know that any act of using another person's ideas or words without giving credit to that person is plagiarism. They must understand how serious the consequences can be. People who plagiarize may have their reputation and credibility destroyed, and they may be in violation of copyright laws. It is important for students and teachers to work together to prevent plagiarism.\n\nChoices:\nA. by making a general statement before giving examples\nB. by removing text unrelated to the main idea\nC. by discussing one topic before moving on to another\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her organization by discussing one topic before moving on to another.\nFor example, the writer could move the underlined text to follow the second sentence so that all the information about students comes before the part about teachers.\nFor several reasons, plagiarism is a major issue in schools today. Part of the problem is that many students don't even know what plagiarism means exactly. For teachers, it can be a challenge to spot plagiarism. As a result, several Internet services have been created to help teachers detect copied material by showing the sources of passages that aren't original. Students need to know that any act of using another person's ideas or words without giving credit to that person is plagiarism. They must understand how serious the consequences can be. People who plagiarize may have their reputation and credibility destroyed, and they may be in violation of copyright laws. It is important for students and teachers to work together to prevent plagiarism."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Monarch butterflies have orange wings with black and white markings.\nB. It is wrong to catch monarch butterflies or any other insect.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nMonarch butterflies have orange wings with black and white markings.\nIt can be proved by observing monarch butterflies.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nIt is wrong to catch monarch butterflies or any other insect.\nWrong shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is right or wrong."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Oak trees can have thick branches.\nB. Cherry trees can grow white or pink flowers.\nC. Yellow jackets drink nectar and fruit.\nD. Daffodils have a green stem.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An oak tree is a plant. It can have thick branches.\nAcorns grow on oak trees. Acorns are small nuts with a seed inside.\nA yellow jacket is an animal. It drinks nectar and eats fruit.\nA yellow jacket is an insect. Yellow jackets have two wings.\nA cherry tree is a plant. It can grow white or pink flowers.\nMany types of cherry trees come from Japan. Some of these trees have flowers, but no cherries!\nA daffodil is a plant. It has a green stem.\nMost daffodil plants grow a single flower."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDo you usually prefer your orange juice with pulp or without pulp?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dave pasted a nice picture of himself on the paper.\nB. Changed his clothes and washed his face.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Changed his clothes and washed his face is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a piece of glass\nbutter melting on a hot day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But breaking a piece of glass is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear aunt Mia,\nB. Dear Aunt Mia,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Mia is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Adventures of ichabod and mr. Toad\nB. The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and and are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nDuring this chemical reaction, the airbag becomes ().\n\nHint:\nWhen a chemical reaction absorbs or releases thermal energy, the reaction causes a change in temperature. Read the passage about a chemical reaction that absorbs or releases thermal energy. Then, follow the instructions below.\nAirbags reduce injuries during car crashes by inflating quickly to provide cushions for people inside a car. Older airbags contain a small amount of sodium azide (NaN3). If a crash occurs, the sodium azide is heated, causing it to break down into sodium metal (Na) and nitrogen gas (N2). In less than one-tenth of a second, enough nitrogen gas is produced to completely fill the airbag. As a result of the reaction, thermal energy is transferred into the surroundings.\n\nChoices:\nA. warmer\nB. colder\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released as heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are everything around the reaction, such as the solution that the reaction takes place in or the air nearby.\nSome reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is provided by the molecules in the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.\nSome reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.To determine whether the airbag becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction.Airbags reduce injuries during car crashes by inflating quickly to provide cushions for people inside a car. Older airbags contain a small amount of sodium azide (NaN3). If a crash occurs, the sodium azide is heated, causing it to break down into sodium metal (Na) and nitrogen gas (N2). In less than one-tenth of a second, enough nitrogen gas is produced to completely fill the airbag. As a result of the reaction, thermal energy is transferred into the surroundings.The underlined text tells you that thermal energy is transferred into the surroundings. Because thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.The surroundings include the airbag that the reaction takes place in. So, the airbag becomes warmer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Saliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.\nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Manuel investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nManuel and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Manuel notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\nB. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\nC. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The trek across New Zealand's South Island is exhausting, but the gorgeous views make it worth the effort.\nB. Before the race, the athletes enjoyed a healthy breakfast of oatmeal, fruit, and tea.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nBefore the race, the athletes enjoyed a healthy breakfast of oatmeal, fruit, and tea."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two blue whales. Which blue whale was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue whale that moved 75miles in 10hours\nB. a blue whale that moved 100miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each blue whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne blue whale moved 75 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other blue whale moved 100 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each blue whale spent the same amount of time moving. The blue whale that moved 75 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue whale must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a pencil at a temperature of 20°C\nB. a pencil at a temperature of 27°C\nC. a pencil at a temperature of 0°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three pencils have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 27°C pencil is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIn the mornings, working alone in the cold, I sometimes imagined myself to be trapped in a Sisyphean nightmare.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. modern history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Sisyphean is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Sisyphus is punished by the gods with the task of eternally rolling a boulder up a hill just to watch it roll down again.\nThe allusion Sisyphean means interminable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word inventor on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nidle - irrigate\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince inventor is between the guide words idle - irrigate, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 kilometers\nB. 24 meters\nC. 24 millimeters\nD. 24 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 24 meters.\n24 millimeters and 24 centimeters are too short. 24 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe Norwood Grill offers a delicious vegetarian sausage entr̩e served with mashed sweet potatoes and arugula salad.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nVegetarian sausage is a contradiction, because vegetarian food has no meat, and sausages are made with meat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThis sauce is so spicy that it made me cry!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ron's brother wasn't feeling well, so Ron had to stay home with him.\nB. Ron had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ron or his brother.\nRon had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nRon's brother wasn't feeling well, so Ron had to stay home with him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word forgot on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfalse - fro\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince forgot is between the guide words false - fro, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, oxygen is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.\n\nChoices:\nA. product\nB. reactant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to oxygen in this chemical reaction.\nHydrogen peroxide, a household disinfectant, breaks down into water and oxygen gas over time. Light speeds up this process, so hydrogen peroxide is typically stored in a dark-colored bottle. The bottle's dark coloring blocks light and makes the hydrogen peroxide last longer.\nThe underlined text tells you that oxygen forms when hydrogen peroxide breaks down. Because oxygen is produced by this chemical reaction, oxygen is a product."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSoft language issued from their spittleless lips as they swished in slow circles round and round the field.\n—James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words issued, spittleless, lips, swished, and in share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRuth can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. knife\nB. vinegar\nC. water droplets\nD. water from a faucet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Vinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.\nWater droplets are a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect water droplets in a bucket, they will take the shape of the bucket. But the water droplets will still take up the same amount of space.\nA knife is a solid. You can bend a knife. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nThe water from a faucet is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put water from a faucet into a container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Hector decides to go on the balloon race. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHector is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. He can go on either the roller coaster or the balloon race. He wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hector will give up the chance to go on the roller coaster. He would have had more fun on that ride.\nB. Hector will save some ride tickets. He needs fewer tickets to go on the balloon race than on the roller coaster.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hector wants or needs:\nHector will give up the chance to go on the roller coaster. He would have had more fun on that ride."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Potassium feldspar is a pure substance. It is a solid.\nB. Magnetite is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\nC. Bronze is made by humans. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPotassium feldspar is a mineral.\nMagnetite is a mineral.\nBronze is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, bronze is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nTerrell is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pushing on Terrell.\nB. The suitcase is pulling on Terrell.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Terrell is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Terrell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last winter, Matthew took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nB. Last winter, Matthew took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Matthew tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Matthew took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Matthew's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Matthew took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. book\nB. bark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the book is smoother. If you touch paper, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. house\nB. apartment\nC. road\nD. cabin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.House, apartment, and cabin go together. They are places to live. Road is not a place to live, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Dotson's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nB. Mr. Dotson's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Dotson's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Dotson's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of avocado turning brown\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nRoasting is caused by heating. But a piece of avocado turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Patterson is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Story of a Mother\"\nB. \"The story of a mother\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and a are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"The Story of a Mother.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJune, July, and August are usually humid in New Orleans, Louisiana.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nJune, July, and August are usually humid in New Orleans, Louisiana.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the usual summer humidity in New Orleans. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Jasmine collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Jasmine was out of shape.\nB. Jasmine plans to run more.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Jasmine was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Samir as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Samir can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Samir can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the gas.\n\nChoices:\nA. plate\nB. air inside a soccer ball\nC. baseball cap\nD. ballet shoes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.The air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nA baseball cap is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a baseball cap on your head, the baseball cap will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA plate is a solid. If someone drops a plate, it may break into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKaylee is good at knitting scarves.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. red-spotted purple butterfly\nB. bess beetle\nC. domestic cat\nD. earthworm\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA domestic cat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a domestic cat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAn animal cell has a cell wall.\n\nChoices:\nA. true\nB. false\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn animal cell has a cell wall.\nThis statement is false. A plant cell has a cell wall, but an animal cell does not. The cell wall gives a plant cell its fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear dr. larson,\nB. Dear Dr. Larson,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Larson is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. What is a civil war?\n\nChoices:\nA. a war fought with words, not weapons\nB. a war between people of the same country\nC. a war fought only by professional soldiers\nD. a war against a foreign invader\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. chair\nB. water in a bathtub\nC. milk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Colette investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nColette leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\nB. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\nC. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nIn the second half of the story, the man finally recognizes the power of nature. He tries to build a fire because of the extremely cold temperature. He is able to start a fire, so he thinks he will survive. However, melting ice from the branches above extinguishes the fire. His half-frozen fingers are too stiff to move, so he clutches desperately to relight the fire. Despite having plenty of matches, he realizes that he won't be able to make it.\n\nChoices:\nA. by including more examples from the text\nB. by removing the second main idea\nC. by including more analysis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by including more analysis.\nFor example, the writer could provide analysis for the underlined examples by indicating how the man's sense of hope underscores his arrogant attitude towards nature, how small incidents like an extinguished fire and cold fingers can be all that separates life from death, and how the man is defeated by the brutality of the wilderness.\nIn the second half of the story, the man finally recognizes the power of nature. He tries to build a fire because of the extremely cold temperature. He is able to start a fire, so he thinks he will survive. However, melting ice from the branches above extinguishes the fire. His half-frozen fingers are too stiff to move, so he clutches desperately to relight the fire. Despite having plenty of matches, he realizes that he won't be able to make it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nLava comes out of a crack in Earth's surface.\n\nChoices:\nA. wildfire\nB. volcanic eruption\nC. flood\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mona acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMona is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mona learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\nB. Mona likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe salesperson tried hard to convince Preston that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation leather is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. bark\nB. soap bar\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the soap bar is smoother. If you touch a bar of soap, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"No man Is an Island\"\nB. \"No Man Is an Island\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word an is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"No Man Is an Island.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nchase - compass\n\nChoices:\nA. captive\nB. circular\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince circular is between the guide words chase - compass, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sorry on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nship - slush\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sorry is not between the guide words ship - slush, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBen has naturally blond hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Ben's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nHelena, Montana, got two inches of rain last night.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nHelena, Montana, got two inches of rain last night.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation in Helena last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mrs. Serrano,\nB. Dear Mrs. serrano,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Serrano is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to drain all of the water in a full bathtub?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60 seconds\nB. 60 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to drain all of the water in a full bathtub is 60 seconds.\n60 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse all passed away at the age of twenty-seven. For some reason, being twenty-seven seems to be dangerous for musicians.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being twenty-seven makes musicians more likely to pass away. However, that's not necessarily true. These tragedies are likely a coincidence. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The little boy popped a big bubble.\nB. Emily just moved here, she's new to our country.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Emily just moved here, she's new to our country is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Emily just moved here and She's new to our country."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 4-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 185°F\nB. a 4-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 260°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two blocks of copper have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 260°F block is hotter than the 185°F block, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI can't understand why people are complaining that it's difficult to find a job in this job market. My daughter and I got jobs without any trouble.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that it's not difficult to find a job in this job market. However, even though the speaker's family found jobs without trouble, that doesn't necessarily mean that everyone can. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPaula has five toes on each foot.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of hammers?\n\nHint:\nHammers cost $12 each. The hardware store has 30 hammers for sale. At that price, 35 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. surplus\nB. shortage\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are not enough hammers for sale. There are 30 hammers for sale, but 35 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a shortage of hammers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nCarter's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a play?\n\nChoices:\nA. all in the Stars\nB. All in the Stars\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is All in the Stars."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt was windy today where Jenny lives.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt was windy today where Jenny lives.\nThis passage tells you about the wind today where Jenny lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jim, did you ask them if the flu vaccination is available yet?\nB. Jim, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the nurses.\nJim, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. blue\nB. frog\nC. glue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words glue and blue rhyme. They both end with the ue sound.\nThe word frog does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. pat\nB. tie\nC. pie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words pie and tie rhyme. They both end with the ie sound.\nThe word pat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a bicycle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 grams\nB. 12 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 12 kilograms.\n12 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJada plays hockey.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing hockey takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe Hillsdale Grill offers a delicious vegetarian sausage entr̩e served with mashed sweet potatoes and arugula salad.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nVegetarian sausage is a contradiction, because vegetarian food has no meat, and sausages are made with meat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSilver jewelry tarnishing is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Metal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Malachite is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nB. Shampoo is a liquid. It is made in a factory.\nC. Quartz is a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nMalachite is a mineral.\nShampoo is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nShampoo is a liquid. But all minerals are solids.\nSo, shampoo is not a mineral.\nQuartz is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAnimal cells have chloroplasts.\n\nChoices:\nA. true\nB. false\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAnimal cells have chloroplasts.\nThis statement is false. Animal cells do not have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts help plant cells make their own food. This food is a type of sugar called glucose. Animal cells cannot make their own food."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. An antler is made by a living thing. It is a solid.\nB. Chrysotile is a solid. It is a pure substance.\nC. Pyrite is not made by living things. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nAn antler is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, an antler is not a mineral.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nChrysotile is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nTheodore Roosevelt is best known as () from the early 1900s.\n\nChoices:\nA. an inventor\nB. a president\nC. a pilot\nD. an artist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nTheodore Roosevelt was president of the United States in the early 1900 s. He was president for nearly eight years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is softer?\n\nChoices:\nA. metal garbage can\nB. nylon shorts\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon shorts are softer. Nylon fabric changes shape when you press on it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dung beetles walk and run.\nB. Pear trees have green leaves.\nC. Pine trees have green leaves.\nD. Oak trees can have thick branches.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A dung beetle is an animal. It walks and runs.\nDung beetles eat animal waste, which is called dung. They roll the dung into balls to store for later.\nAn oak tree is a plant. It can have thick branches.\nAcorns grow on oak trees. Acorns are small nuts with a seed inside.\nA pine tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nPine tree seeds grow in cones. Trees that grow cones are called conifers.\nA pear tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nWild pear trees grow in Europe, north Africa, and Asia."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nDan will dust off the shelf with a rag.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, dust. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Flopsy's phenotype for the ear type trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the ear type trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have normal ears and others have dumbo ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for normal ears (E) is dominant over the allele for dumbo ears (e).\nFlopsy is a rat from this group. Flopsy has the homozygous genotype ee for the ear type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. normal ears\nB. dumbo ears\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Flopsy's genotype for the ear type gene is ee. Flopsy's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for dumbo ears. So, Flopsy's phenotype for the ear type trait must be dumbo ears.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Flopsy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for normal ears (E) is dominant over the allele for dumbo ears (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nFlopsy's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Flopsy's phenotype for the ear type trait must be dumbo ears."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Rosanne claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Rosanne was goofy.\nB. Rosanne was lying.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Rosanne was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the ball's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the ball and Earth () as the ball rolled along the lane.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nGabrielle went bowling with some friends. She rolled her ball along the flat bowling lane toward the pins.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the ball and the center of Earth changed.\nBecause the bowling lane was flat, each point on the lane was the same distance from the center of Earth. As the ball rolled along the lane, the distance between the ball and the center of Earth stayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the ball and Earth stayed the same as the ball rolled along the lane."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Janet investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJanet leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\nB. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\nC. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kind Hearts Are Healthier\nB. \"Kind Hearts Are Healthier\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Kind Hearts Are Healthier.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nDoug complained that the air was too humid today.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nDoug complained that the air was too humid today.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the humidity today where Doug lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the motorcycle's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth () as Lamar rode up the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nLamar rode his motorcycle from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Lamar rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Lamar rode up the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Steve sent them the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.\nB. Steve sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office.\nSteve sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Belmont. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Belmont?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Belmont fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Belmont has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Even after Danny warned Alice to be careful, she dropped his handmade ceramic bowl on her foot and broke it.\nB. Even after Danny warned Alice to be careful, she broke his handmade ceramic bowl when she dropped it on her foot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to his handmade ceramic bowl or her foot.\nEven after Danny warned Alice to be careful, she dropped his handmade ceramic bowl on her foot and broke it.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nEven after Danny warned Alice to be careful, she broke his handmade ceramic bowl when she dropped it on her foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nEvelyn will sweep the sidewalk in front of her store.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sweep. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nLorraine Hansberry wrote the widely acclaimed 1959 Broadway play A Raisin in the Sun, and her accomplishment opened the door for other African American playwrights.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. complex\nC. simple\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nLorraine Hansberry wrote the widely acclaimed 1959 Broadway play A Raisin in the Sun, and her accomplishment opened the door for other African American playwrights."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sophia acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSophia has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sophia's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshore - swore\n\nChoices:\nA. suspense\nB. sat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince suspense is between the guide words shore - swore, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Walter had a growth spurt, and now most of his pants are too short.\nB. Mr. Mendoza dedicated his book about the Alaskan wilderness to his wife and his three sons.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nWalter had a growth spurt, and now most of his pants are too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the stickiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. leather belt\nB. gum\nC. silk kimono\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Sticky is a property. A sticky material easily attaches to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gum is the stickiest. If you step on chewed gum, it will stick to your foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word doubt on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndandy - dust\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince doubt is between the guide words dandy - dust, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is the Panama Canal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 50 feet\nB. 50 inches\nC. 50 yards\nD. 50 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of the Panama Canal is 50 miles.\n50 inches, 50 feet, and 50 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The child chews her food carefully.\nB. We wanted a snack, we ate some cherries.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.We wanted a snack, we ate some cherries is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: We wanted a snack and We ate some cherries."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Quincy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nQuincy can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Quincy's friend showed him how to ride a bicycle.\nB. Quincy and his mother both ride bicycles.\nC. Quincy rides his bicycle to school.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word spoon on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsatisfy - stripe\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince spoon is between the guide words satisfy - stripe, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nPlease cut up the watermelon.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 140°F\nB. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 100°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 100°F pot of spaghetti sauce is colder than the 140°F pot of spaghetti sauce, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Tanvi made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.\nB. Tanvi decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nTanvi decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nTanvi made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jill decides to buy a copy of the book. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJill is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jill will get to keep the book as long as she wants.\nB. Jill will spend money to buy the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jill wants or needs:\nJill will spend money to buy the book."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandpa Brian,\nB. Dear grandpa brian,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Brian is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAmy's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich confirmation email message is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thank you for choosing to receive paperless bank statements.\nB. We're so happy you signed up to get your bank statements via email.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first confirmation email message is more formal. It uses more elevated language (choosing to receive). The other confirmation email message uses contractions and is more familiar (we're so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Atlanta is the capital of Georgia.\nB. Atlanta is too hot in the summer.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nAtlanta is the capital of Georgia.\nIt can be proved by looking at a map of Georgia.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nAtlanta is too hot in the summer.\nToo hot shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how hot is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am round.\nYou need me to see.\nI may be blue, green, or brown.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. an eye\nB. a head\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn eye is round.\nYou need an eye to see.\nAn eye may be blue, green, or brown."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Love,\nJeffrey\nB. love,\nJeffrey\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Zazu's phenotype for the cheek color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cockatiels, some individuals have bright orange cheeks and others have pale orange cheeks. In this group, the gene for the cheek color trait has two alleles. The allele for pale orange cheeks (r) is recessive to the allele for bright orange cheeks (R).\nZazu is a cockatiel from this group. Zazu has the homozygous genotype RR for the cheek color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. pale orange cheeks\nB. bright orange cheeks\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Zazu's genotype for the cheek color gene is RR. Zazu's genotype of RR has only R allelles. The R allele is for bright orange cheeks. So, Zazu's phenotype for the cheek color trait must be bright orange cheeks.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Zazu's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for pale orange cheeks (r) is recessive to the allele for bright orange cheeks (R). This means R is a dominant allele, and r is a recessive allele.\nZazu's genotype of RR has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Zazu's phenotype for the cheek color trait must be bright orange cheeks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFans debated whether their team would rise from the ashes.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion rise from the ashes is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, a mythical bird called the phoenix lives for hundreds of years before bursting into flames at its death. However, it soon rises from its own ashes and is reborn.\nThe allusion rise from the ashes means to come back after destruction or defeat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word nation on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nnear - notify\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nation is not between the guide words near - notify, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch the most?\n\nChoices:\nA. gold nugget\nB. aluminum foil\nC. gum\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gum would stretch the most. If you pull on soft chewing gum, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 50miles north in 10hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 75miles north in 10hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 35miles south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 10 hours. The sailboat that moved 35 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nFlowing water carries away sand and mud.\n\nChoices:\nA. wildfire\nB. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Valentina decides to go as a superhero. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nValentina is deciding whether to go as a vampire or a superhero to a costume party. She would rather go as a vampire. But she already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Valentina will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about.\nB. Valentina will save some time and money. She won't have to go out and get a new costume.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Valentina wants or needs:\nValentina will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe scenery () the art students, who admired it in appreciative silence.\n\nChoices:\nA. was inspiring to\nB. spoke to\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase spoke to. It describes the scenery as if it were a person who speaks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nVerducci, Tom. \"David Ortiz on Cubs' Kris Bryant and Why Hitting Is Harder than Ever.\" Sports Illustrated 28 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 10 May 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. It doesn't have a date of publication.\nB. The author's first name is Tom.\nC. The author's first name is David.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nVerducci, Tom. \"David Ortiz on Cubs' Kris Bryant and Why Hitting Is Harder than Ever.\" Sports Illustrated 28 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 10 May 2015.\nYou can tell that the author's first name is Tom because the author's name appears last name first at the beginning of the entry."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMr. Floyd has a reputation as a Scrooge, so our club has stopped asking him for donations.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Scrooge is literature.\nThe novella A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, tells the story of the penny-pinching and bitter Ebenezer Scrooge, who values money more than people.\nThe allusion Scrooge means a person who isn't generous."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Aunt Annie,\nB. Dear aunt annie,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Annie is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. humpback whale\nB. gray tree frog\nC. green iguana\nD. California toad\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A gray tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth.\nA green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKayla can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear dr. McKnight,\nB. Dear Dr. McKnight,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. McKnight is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nKinsley swore she would never go back to Oak Grove, but I told her she should never say never. The city might be a very different place in ten years.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNever say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nEnterovirus D68 was first discovered in 1962. It mainly affects children.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nEnterovirus D68 was first discovered in 1962. It mainly affects children."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich water balloon has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo water balloons are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder water balloon\nB. the hotter water balloon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two water balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder water balloon has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your friend,\nMarcy\nB. Your friend,\nMarcy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a metal gate\na piece of pear turning brown\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nA piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a scooter a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a scooter is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a scooter something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a scooter a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a scooter is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nYesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Carter playing against his former team captain, Oscar.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to wash your hands?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 minutes\nB. 2 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to wash your hands is 2 minutes.\n2 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nNoah finds old clothes in the attic.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, finds. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word rumble on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nremote - rob\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rumble is not between the guide words remote - rob, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, carbon dioxide is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nGasoline provides the energy that powers many car engines. In an engine, gasoline and oxygen are mixed together and burned, creating carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. This process releases energy that the engine uses to turn the wheels, making the car move.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to carbon dioxide in this chemical reaction.\nGasoline provides the energy that powers many car engines. In an engine, gasoline and oxygen are mixed together and burned, creating carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. This process releases energy that the engine uses to turn the wheels, making the car move.\nThe underlined text tells you that carbon dioxide forms when gasoline combines with oxygen. Because carbon dioxide is produced by this chemical reaction, carbon dioxide is a product."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Deion perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nB. Before returning to the stockroom, Deion briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nDeion perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nThe first text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBefore returning to the stockroom, Deion briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJenny has a scar on her right leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. Legends of Chima\nB. legends of chima\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Legends of Chima."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nIt's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946. Film.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a web page.\nB. It is a movie.\nC. It is a book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nIt's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946. Film.\nYou can tell that the cited work is a movie because \"Film\" is listed as the medium of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Jasper's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nB. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Jasper literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Jasper literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Jasper's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Jasper's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKaren has two arms and two legs.\n\nHint:\nHint: Karen was born with two arms and two legs.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with two arms and two legs. So, having two arms and two legs is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the most flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. rubber toy\nB. glass bowl\nC. plastic ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber toy is the most flexible. If you bend rubber, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a hockey puck a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a hockey puck is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a hockey puck something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a hockey puck a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a hockey puck is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Julia inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJulia has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Julia and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Julia's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Julia.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror\nyour breath becoming visible on a cold day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nYour breath becoming visible on a cold day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in your breath touches the cold air outside and becomes liquid. The water vapor changes state, but it is made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nBoth changes are caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a sunflower seed?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 kilometers\nB. 20 centimeters\nC. 20 millimeters\nD. 20 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 20 millimeters.\n20 centimeters, 20 meters, and 20 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your friend,\nMichael\nB. Your Friend,\nMichael\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of these things did the Thirteen Colonies have at the start of the Revolutionary War?\n\nChoices:\nA. their own national bank\nB. their own national navy\nC. none of the above\nD. their own national government\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAt the start of the Revolutionary War, the colonies were still ruled by Great Britain. They were not a separate country. So, they did not have many of the things most countries have.\nNo national government: The Thirteen Colonies had no way to write laws together. They also had no way to collect taxes to support a war.\nNo national navy: The Thirteen Colonies did not have a navy. The colonists had never fought a war at sea.\nNo national bank: Wars are expensive. A national bank can help a country raise money by borrowing from its people or other countries. Without a national bank, the Thirteen Colonies had no easy way to pay for a war."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nYou've reached Andy Conway's voice mail. Please leave a detailed message at the beep, and I will return your call at my earliest convenience.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. idiom\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nBeep represents the sound that tells the caller to start recording a message."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Philip inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPhilip has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Philip's mother cuts his hair every month.\nB. Philip's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Philip.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Amy inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAmy has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Amy and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Amy's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Amy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mark sent them the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.\nB. Mark sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office.\nMark sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMost humans can sense many different smells.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Babies do not need to learn how to smell. They are able to smell naturally. So, the ability to smell is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nYesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Jayce playing against his former team captain, Tamir.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a kiddie pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1,070 liters\nB. 1,070 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,070 liters.\n1,070 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Nessie's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a golden body.\nNessie, a guppy from this group, has a gray body. Nessie has two alleles for a gray body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray body\nB. BB\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nessie's observable version of the body color trait is a gray body. So, Nessie's phenotype for the body color trait is a gray body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nTying a shoelace is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Tying a shoelace is a physical change. The shoelace gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThere were thin cirrus clouds in front of the moon last night.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThere were thin cirrus clouds in front of the moon last night.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds last night. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Evergreen trees keep their needles in winter.\nB. Trees that have needles are ugly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nEvergreen trees keep their needles in winter.\nIt can be proved by observing evergreen trees in winter.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nTrees that have needles are ugly.\nUgly shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which trees are ugly."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHelen's shoes are superior, because they're made from one hundred percent snakeskin, not synthetic materials.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Helen's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. horned frog\nB. cassowary\nC. Amazon tree boa\nD. tiger shark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nFish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.An Amazon tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!\nA cassowary is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCassowaries have wings, but they cannot fly! They can run very fast.\nA horned frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA tiger shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nTiger sharks are nocturnal. This means that they are active mostly at night."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two gray whales. Which gray whale was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray whale that moved 25miles in 10hours\nB. a gray whale that moved 30miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each gray whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne gray whale moved 30 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other gray whale moved 25 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each gray whale spent the same amount of time moving. The gray whale that moved 30 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that gray whale must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to blow your nose?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 seconds\nB. 3 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to blow your nose is 3 seconds.\n3 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngate - goggles\n\nChoices:\nA. genuine\nB. griddle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince genuine is between the guide words gate - goggles, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 38 centimeters\nB. 38 kilometers\nC. 38 millimeters\nD. 38 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 38 kilometers.\n38 millimeters, 38 centimeters, and 38 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Rosanne inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRosanne has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Rosanne and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Rosanne's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Rosanne.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Peter gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Jake.\nB. Peter gave Jake a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Peter or Jake.\nPeter gave Jake a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nPeter gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Jake."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses repetition.\n\nHint:\nFrom George Pope Morris, \"Woodman, Spare That Tree\" and from Edgar Allan Poe, \"The Bells\"\n\nChoices:\nA. How the danger sinks and swells,\nBy the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells—\nOf the bells—\nOf the bells, bells, bells, bells,\nBells, bells, bells—\nIn the clamor and the clangor of the bells!\nB. Woodman, spare that tree!\nTouch not a single bough!\nIn youth it sheltered me,\nAnd I'll protect it now.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses repetition. It repeats words, phrases, or lines.\nIn the clamor and the clangor of the bells!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn 1774, people across the colonies knew that they needed to respond to the Intolerable Acts. However, they disagreed about how to respond. How did they resolve this disagreement?\n\nChoices:\nA. They took a vote of all white men in all the colonies.\nB. The colonies split into two groups, and each group responded separately.\nC. The colonists asked George Washington to decide for them.\nD. Each colony sent representatives to a meeting to discuss the options.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nIn 1774, people in the colonies sent representatives to a meeting to discuss how to respond to the Intolerable Acts. This meeting, which took place from September to October, came to be known as the First Continental Congress.\nThe Congress included 52 delegates, or representatives, from 12 colonies. Only Georgia chose not to participate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Spiders have eight legs, but insects have only six.\nB. Every morning my alarm clock wakes me at six o'clock.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nSpiders have eight legs, but insects have only six."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bridgette can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich.\nB. Open and honest communication is the foundation of a healthy relationship.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nOpen and honest communication is the foundation of a healthy relationship."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***The Elegant but Easy Cookbook***\nB. \"The Elegant but Easy Cookbook\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Elegant but Easy Cookbook**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Griffith was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years.\nB. When Mrs. Griffith saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Griffith or her granddaughter.\nWhen Mrs. Griffith saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Griffith was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIvan got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a movie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bison once roamed freely across the Great Plains of the United States.\nB. Our dog Buster had rolled around in the mud, so we gave him a bath.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nOur dog Buster had rolled around in the mud, so we gave him a bath."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. A reporter for the Fairfax Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Fairfax's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nB. The Fairfax Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Fairfax's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe Fairfax Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Fairfax's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nA reporter for the Fairfax Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Fairfax's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Clyde's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a).\nClyde is a cow from this group. Clyde has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white spots\nB. solid coloring\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Clyde's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Clyde's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nClyde's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Clyde's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Eve prefer pizza or pasta?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe wind is blowing in from the east in Newark, New Jersey, tonight.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe wind is blowing in from the east in Newark, New Jersey, tonight.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction in Newark tonight. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nTyrone's remark about your new car is clearly a case of sour grapes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion sour grapes is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Fox and the Grapes,\" a fox tries unsuccessfully to reach a bunch of grapes. Because he cannot reach them and therefore cannot eat them, he tells himself that they must be sour.\nThe allusion sour grapes means criticizing something because you can't have it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this rainbow trout's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rainbow trout, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a blue body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a greenish-brown body, and the allele b is for a blue body.\nA certain rainbow trout from this group has a greenish-brown body. This trout has one allele for a greenish-brown body and one allele for a blue body.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bb\nB. a greenish-brown body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rainbow trout's observable version of the body color trait is a greenish-brown body. So, the trout's phenotype for the body color trait is a greenish-brown body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nLeah's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Carly and her husband met Annie for lunch at a small café around the block from Annie's office.\nB. Carly and her husband met Annie for lunch at a small café around the block from her office.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Carly or Annie.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Annie's.\nCarly and her husband met Annie for lunch at a small café around the block from Annie's office."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Cody is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lucy spilled apple juice on the carpet.\nB. The judge talks about the new law, everyone listens.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Lucy spilled apple juice on the carpet is a complete sentence. The subject is Lucy, and the verb is spilled."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperature shown by this thermometer.\n\nChoices:\nA. 45°F\nB. 65°F\nC. 95°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is °.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80°F.Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 60 and 70. So, the temperature is 65°F."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nBruce's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.\n\nChoices:\nA. personification\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nBruce's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Charlie and the Chocolate Factory***\nB. \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Charlie and the Chocolate Factory**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Owen lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. Owen felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.\nB. There was a benefit to Owen's job loss.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Owen's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Owen's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Max Keeble's Big Move***\nB. \"Max Keeble's Big Move\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Max Keeble's Big Move**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of an eyedropper?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 milliliters\nB. 9 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 9 milliliters.\n9 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Bruce acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBruce knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bruce is most interested in plant biology.\nB. Bruce learned biology by doing experiments.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a ceramic plate\nbeating an egg\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nBeating an egg is a physical change. Beating an egg mixes together the egg white, egg yolk, and some air. But mixing them together does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nplants making food from sunlight, air, and water\na piece of pizza rotting in a trashcan\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npatience - proceed\n\nChoices:\nA. push\nB. platform\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince platform is between the guide words patience - proceed, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the monotreme traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMonotremes are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify monotremes:\nThey make eggs with shells.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Echidnas are covered in fur and spines. Their spines help protect them from predators. When an echidna is scared, it curls up into a ball! Echidnas lay eggs and feed their offspring milk.\nB. Adult tiger salamanders have moist, smooth skin with stripes. They live in burrows underground, but they begin their lives in water. Young tiger salamanders hatch from eggs with no shells underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMonotremes have the following traits:\nThey make eggs with shells.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn echidna has the following traits:\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nIt has fur.\nAn echidna has the traits of a monotreme. An echidna is a monotreme.\nA tiger salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA tiger salamander does not have all of the traits of a monotreme. A tiger salamander is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jackie investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJackie visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\nB. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\nC. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Dory's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the iridescent scales trait in bettas:\n\nIn a group of bettas, some individuals have mostly iridescent scales and others have mostly plain scales. In this group, the gene for the iridescent scales trait has two alleles. The allele I is for mostly iridescent scales, and the allele i is for mostly plain scales.\nDory, a betta from this group, has mostly iridescent scales. Dory has one allele for mostly iridescent scales and one allele for mostly plain scales.\n\nChoices:\nA. mostly iridescent scales\nB. Ii\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Dory's observable version of the iridescent scales trait is mostly iridescent scales. So, Dory's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait is mostly iridescent scales."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her narrative voice?\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Felipe suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Hoffman asked him if he was OK, and Felipe said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Felipe finally returned. Coach Hoffman said he was glad Felipe was back, and Felipe said he was happy and relieved.\n\nChoices:\nA. by using active voice\nB. by removing biased language\nC. by adding dialogue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by adding dialogue.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined sentences with exchanges between Coach Hoffman and Felipe.\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Felipe suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Hoffman asked him if he was OK, and Felipe said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Felipe finally returned. Coach Hoffman said he was glad Felipe was back, and Felipe said he was happy and relieved."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Susan rode down the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Susan rode her sled down a big hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Susan started sledding. As Susan rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Susan rode down the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't ever get a ride from Amanda. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Amanda must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Amanda's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Amanda is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the scratchiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. sandpaper\nB. rubber balloons\nC. ceramic tea cup\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the sandpaper is the scratchiest. If you touch a piece of sandpaper, it will feel rough and itchy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Oliver was a fish out of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. Oliver didn't have any friends.\nB. Oliver felt out of place.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Oliver felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full bag of groceries?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 tons\nB. 9 ounces\nC. 9 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 9 pounds.\n9 ounces is too light and 9 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nGarrett put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nGarrett put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Garrett lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. For many sitcoms, sound engineers use a laugh track to simulate the laughter of a live studio audience.\nB. For many sitcoms, they use a laugh track to simulate the laughter of a live studio audience.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with sound engineers.\nFor many sitcoms, sound engineers use a laugh track to simulate the laughter of a live studio audience."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nLexi practices the drums in her family's garage.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, practices. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Norwood Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Norwood Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsilver jewelry tarnishing\nbaking a loaf of bread\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But silver tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Christina did not enter student politics until her junior year.\nB. Christina didn't enter student politics until her junior year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Nellie decides to take a trip to Tennessee. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nNellie is deciding whether to take a trip to Maryland or Tennessee. She wants to enjoy her trip. But she is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nellie will give up the chance to go to Maryland. She would have enjoyed a trip to Maryland more than Tennessee.\nB. Nellie will save some money. Plane tickets for Nellie to get to Tennessee are less expensive than tickets to Maryland.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nellie wants or needs:\nNellie will give up the chance to go to Maryland. She would have enjoyed a trip to Maryland more than Tennessee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Luther acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLuther knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Luther learned history by reading.\nB. Luther is most interested in American history.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The odor emanating from the landfill made Scarlett so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nB. Scarlett couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nScarlett couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Scarlett so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathtub?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 315 milliliters\nB. 315 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 315 liters.\n315 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngeese - gobble\n\nChoices:\nA. giant\nB. grape\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince giant is between the guide words geese - gobble, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word miracle on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmean - mumps\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince miracle is between the guide words mean - mumps, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\ngot\n\nChoices:\nA. open\nB. closed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word got ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. several\nB. some\nC. many\nD. where\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Many, several, and some go together. They are words for more than one. Where is not a word for more than one, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is the Grand Canyon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 275 feet\nB. 275 inches\nC. 275 yards\nD. 275 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of the Grand Canyon is 275 miles.\n275 inches, 275 feet, and 275 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking cookies\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. Hunt,\nB. Dear dr. hunt,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Hunt is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. In most respects, stars are more interesting than planets.\nB. In terms of size and age, the Sun is an average star.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nIn terms of size and age, the Sun is an average star.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about the Sun and other stars.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nIn most respects, stars are more interesting than planets.\nMore interesting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which are more interesting."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cell membrane directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of a plant cell.\nB. In plant cells, chromosomes contain the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\nC. In plant cells, the vacuoles contain the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Javan green magpies get their green color from the food they eat, which includes insects and lizards.\nB. Bee orchid leaves are green because they contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that bee orchids use chlorophyll to capture energy from sunlight. This is evidence that the bee orchid is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the Javan green magpie is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. In 1900, the U.S. state with the largest population was New York.\nB. Rumors about Mayor Schmidt were spreading like wildfire, so she set the record straight at a press conference.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nRumors about Mayor Schmidt were spreading like wildfire, so she set the record straight at a press conference."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Basil has green leaves.\nB. Piranhas eat animals.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.Basil is a plant. It has green leaves.\nBasil leaves are used in cooking.\nA piranha is an animal. It eats other animals.\nPiranhas are fish with sharp teeth. A group of piranhas can eat an animal as large as a cow!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nicholas acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNicholas knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nicholas learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Nicholas can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Dominic are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Dominic?\n\nHint:\nDominic is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Dominic with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Dominic with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Dominic.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Dominic.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Dominic, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Dominic down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Dominic up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Dominic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrom the look on her face, Josie is carrying an albatross around her neck.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word knee on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nkettle - kitten\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince knee is not between the guide words kettle - kitten, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have round peas and others have wrinkled peas. In this group, the gene for the pea shape trait has two alleles. The allele for round peas (E) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled peas (e).\nA certain pea plant from this group has the homozygous genotype EE for the pea shape gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. wrinkled peas\nB. round peas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The pea plant's genotype for the pea shape gene is EE. The pea plant's genotype of EE has only E allelles. The E allele is for round peas. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait must be round peas.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the pea plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for round peas (E) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled peas (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of EE has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait must be round peas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5,030 grams\nB. 5,030 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,030 kilograms.\n5,030 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cypress trees have green leaves.\nB. Lionfish swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A lionfish is an animal. It swims underwater.\nLionfish have poisonous venom on the tips of their fins. This poison helps protect lionfish from predators.\nA cypress tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe leaves of cypress trees are called needles."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Manuel sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. compound-complex\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Manuel sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Kimba's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted coat (a) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (A).\nKimba is a jaguar from this group. Kimba has the homozygous genotype aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black coat\nB. a spotted coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Kimba's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Kimba's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for a spotted coat. So, Kimba's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Kimba's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted coat (a) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nKimba's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Kimba's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe pilot will fly the plane to Lima.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, fly. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. You Can't Make This Stuff Up!\nB. you Can't Make This Stuff Up!\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is You Can't Make This Stuff Up!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. steal something\nB. take something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Steal something has a more negative connotation. If you steal something, you take it without asking."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jeremiah investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJeremiah has a pet lizard. Jeremiah notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Jeremiah wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp\n\nChoices:\nA. Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?\nB. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?\nC. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rumors about Mayor Wilkinson were spreading like wildfire, so she set the record straight at a press conference.\nB. Madison Chock and Gracie Gold were two American figure skaters in the Sochi 2014 Olympics.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nRumors about Mayor Wilkinson were spreading like wildfire, so she set the record straight at a press conference."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Burlington. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Burlington?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Burlington fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Burlington has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDarell can ride a motorcycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI don't trust Professor Silva's findings. Another researcher at her university was caught falsifying data. So, it's likely Professor Silva has, too.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Professor Silva's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 110°F\nB. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 95°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95°F bowl of oatmeal is colder than the 110°F bowl of oatmeal, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Grayson inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGrayson has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Grayson and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\nB. Grayson and his biological father have short hair.\nC. Grayson's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 145kilometers west in 10hours\nB. a ship that moved 340kilometers west in 10hours\nC. a ship that moved 330kilometers east in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 10 hours. The ship that moved 145 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Burnett's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nB. Mr. Burnett's long legs were sunflower stalks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Burnett's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Burnett's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nIn 1996, Death Valley had forty days with temperatures above 120°F!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Wright brothers successfully flew a plane for the first time in 1903.\nB. The airplane was the most exciting invention of the 20th century.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Wright brothers successfully flew a plane for the first time in 1903.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of the Wright brothers.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe airplane was the most exciting invention of the 20 th century.\nMost exciting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an invention exciting."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. News Sun and Evening Star\nB. News Sun and Evening star\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is News Sun and Evening Star."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. When Eva returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Mary with a hug.\nB. Eva greeted Mary with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Eva or Mary.\nEva greeted Mary with a hug when she returned to the apartment that evening.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhen Eva returned to the apartment that evening, she greeted Mary with a hug."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMrs. Beck decided not to argue with the name her daughter had chosen for their new kitten, figuring it was a matter of a rose by any other name.\n\nChoices:\nA. a poem\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.\nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMarco can ride a bicycle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Riding a bike well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Becky investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBecky likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntin - truth\n\nChoices:\nA. toast\nB. tent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince toast is between the guide words tin - truth, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nPete swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Pete swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.\nThe words Pete and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a sandwich a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a sandwich is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a sandwich something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a sandwich a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a sandwich is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. clay\nB. mangrove tree\nC. crayon\nD. mug\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A mug is not a living thing.\nMugs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nClay is not a living thing.\nClay does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It can be formed into different shapes, but it does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA crayon is not a living thing.\nCrayons do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA mangrove tree is a living thing.\nMangrove trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Mangrove trees are made up of many cells.\nMangrove trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nI was incredibly bored at the party; on the other hand, my younger sister had a fabulous time.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nI was incredibly bored at the party; on the other hand, my younger sister had a fabulous time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nile crocodile\nB. cobra\nC. green frog\nD. humpback whale\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A Nile crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.\nA green frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nA cobra is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMost cobras have a wide, flat hood below their head. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator.\nA humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of leather jackets?\n\nHint:\nA store has 20 leather jackets for sale. Each jacket costs $70. At that price, 18 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. surplus\nB. shortage\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are too many jackets for sale. There are 20 jackets for sale, but only 18 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of jackets. The store will not get any money for the leftover jackets."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\nplants making food from sunlight, air, and water\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nA bar magnet is pushing on a disc magnet.\n\nChoices:\nA. The disc magnet is pulling on the bar magnet.\nB. The disc magnet is pushing on the bar magnet.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.The bar magnet is pushing on the disc magnet. So, Newton's third law tells you that the disc magnet is pushing on the bar magnet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27°C\nB. 27°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 27°C.\n27°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Ms. Shah,\nB. Dear ms. Shah,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Shah is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Woodpeckers eat insects, fruit, and nuts.\nB. Fig trees have many leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A woodpecker is an animal. It eats insects, fruit, and nuts.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.\nA fig tree is a plant. It has many leaves.\nFig trees grow in dry, sunny places."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Leo inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLeo has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Leo's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Leo.\nB. Leo's mother cuts his hair every month.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npapoose - pliers\n\nChoices:\nA. pedal\nB. purple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pedal is between the guide words papoose - pliers, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This mattress is as soft as concrete,\" Luke complained as he tested the bed in his hotel room.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word whiskers on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwaste - write\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince whiskers is between the guide words waste - write, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word drought on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndivide - dungeon\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince drought is between the guide words divide - dungeon, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 95°C\nB. a 5-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 50°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two blocks of copper have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 95°C block is hotter than the 50°C block, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word flicker on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfire - fought\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince flicker is between the guide words fire - fought, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Marco feel rather nauseous.\nB. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Marco found the smell rather nauseous.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Marco found the smell rather nauseous.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Marco feel rather nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Mabel enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nB. As a geneticist, Mabel dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Mabel dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Mabel enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich professional objective on a résumé is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. I seek a position in the beauty field with an emphasis on client relations and sales.\nB. I would really enjoy being a makeup artist and selling makeup, too.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second professional objective on a résumé is more formal. It uses more elevated language (a position in the beauty field, an emphasis on client relations). The other professional objective sounds more imprecise (really enjoy) and conversational."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Trumpet of the Swan\"\nB. ***The Trumpet of the Swan***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Trumpet of the Swan**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nKiara felt a roller coaster of emotions when she heard the news.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kiara found the news scary.\nB. Kiara had varied feelings.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Kiara felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Kiara had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Kiara's feelings."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the phase of the Moon shown in the model.\n\nHint:\nThe model below shows the Moon at one position in its orbit around Earth. The white half of the Moon shows the part that is lit up by the Sun.\n\nChoices:\nA. full\nB. first quarter\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAlthough the Moon appears to shine, it does not give off light. Instead, we can see the Moon because it is lit up by the Sun. The part of the Moon that is both lit up by the Sun and facing Earth is called the Moon's phase.\nThe Moon orbits, or goes around, Earth. As it does, the Moon's phase changes. The model below shows the Moon's phase at eight positions in its orbit. The smaller moons closer to Earth show where sunlight hits the Moon. The larger moons farther from Earth show how the Moon will look during that phase.\nTo use the model, first pick one of the eight positions. Then, imagine standing on Earth and looking up at the Moon. Use the dotted white lines in the model to guide you. The picture of the Moon shows its phase for that position. If you are in the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon will appear flipped, left to right."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChristmas is a holiday in which religion?\n\nChoices:\nA. Islam\nB. Judaism\nC. Hinduism\nD. Christianity\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChristmas is a holiday in Christianity.\nPeople who believe in Christianity are called Christians. There are Christians all over the world. Christmas is celebrated in many different countries."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthese - tomato\n\nChoices:\nA. tint\nB. tender\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tint is between the guide words these - tomato, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kelsey acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKelsey has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kelsey's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.\nB. Kelsey's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.\nC. Kelsey's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is snowing in Tanvi's town today.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is snowing in Tanvi's town today.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Tanvi's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nZachary is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pushing on Zachary.\nB. The suitcase is pulling on Zachary.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Zachary is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Zachary."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIn the wild, it's survival of the fittest. Therefore, we should promote fierce competition in school to separate the strong students from the weak.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that schools should promote fierce competition among students because it is allegedly a feature of the natural environment. However, even if fierce competition is common in the wild, that does not necessarily mean it is good for students. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nYesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Ryan playing against his former team captain, Ivan.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone.\nThe allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Elise inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nElise has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Elise's neighbor also has straight hair.\nB. Elise's biological parents have red hair. Elise also has red hair.\nC. Elise's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bottle of hot sauce?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 cups\nB. 5 fluid ounces\nC. 5 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hot sauce is 5 fluid ounces.\n5 cups and 5 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Ruben decides to get the peach ice cream. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nRuben is deciding whether to get peach ice cream or strawberry cheesecake ice cream. He likes peach more than strawberry cheesecake. But a scoop of strawberry cheesecake ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ruben will get to eat the peach ice cream. He likes this flavor more than strawberry cheesecake.\nB. Ruben will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ruben wants or needs:\nRuben will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brooke acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrooke is good at identifying birds from their calls.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brooke was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.\nB. Brooke likes to photograph birds at the zoo.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to mow the lawn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 43 minutes\nB. 43 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 43 minutes.\n43 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hanson inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHanson has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hanson's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Hanson.\nB. Hanson and his father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Atlantic hurricane season starts in June, but most hurricanes happen during the fall.\nB. The skier flew down the mountain at top speed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nAtlantic hurricane season starts in June, but most hurricanes happen during the fall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nplea - prefer\n\nChoices:\nA. purpose\nB. pop\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pop is between the guide words plea - prefer, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe comedy show was a huge success. The audience was dying of laughter the entire time.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nDying of laughter is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the audience did not actually die."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nPotassium bromide is ().\n\nHint:\nIn some countries, potassium bromide can be used as medicine to treat seizures. The chemical formula for potassium bromide is KBr.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether potassium bromide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for potassium bromide, KBr, contains two atomic symbols: K for potassium and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that potassium bromide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince potassium bromide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, potassium bromide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 meters\nB. 27 millimeters\nC. 27 centimeters\nD. 27 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 27 meters.\n27 millimeters and 27 centimeters are too short. 27 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nknitting yarn into a scarf\nusing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nUsing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a physical change. Both the iron and the magnet are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Alfalfa's genotype for the horns gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele H is for not having horns, and the allele h is for having horns.\nAlfalfa, a cow from this group, does not have horns. Alfalfa has two alleles for not having horns.\n\nChoices:\nA. HH\nB. not having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Alfalfa has two alleles for not having horns (H). So, Alfalfa's genotype for the horns gene is HH."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nDevon's foot is pushing on her car's gas pedal.\n\nChoices:\nA. The gas pedal is pulling on Devon's foot.\nB. The gas pedal is pushing on Devon's foot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Devon's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Devon's foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich orange has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo oranges are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the orange with more thermal energy\nB. the orange with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two oranges are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the orange with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Frank inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nFrank has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Frank and his father both have dark hair.\nB. Frank's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Frank.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nAmy noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nAmy noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Amy saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tasmanian devil\nB. bull ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA Tasmanian devil is a mammal. Like other mammals, a Tasmanian devil is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Granite is not a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nB. Syenite is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nC. A marble is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nSyenite is a rock.\nA marble is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a marble is not a rock.\nGranite is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthree - tomato\n\nChoices:\nA. title\nB. terrible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince title is between the guide words three - tomato, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses anaphora.\n\nHint:\nFrom H. Lavinia Baily, \"Myself and You\" and from Ezra Pound, \"The Sea of Glass\"\n\nChoices:\nA. I looked and saw a sea\nroofed over with rainbows,\nIn the midst of each\ntwo lovers met and departed.\nB. There are only myself and you in the world,\nThere are only myself and you;\n'Tis clear, then, that I unto you should be kind,\nAnd that you unto me should be true.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPoets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n—From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n—From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n—From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.This poem uses anaphora. It repeats the same word or words at the beginning of multiple lines or phrases.\nAnd that you unto me should be true."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***A Ball for Daisy***\nB. \"A Ball for Daisy\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **A Ball for Daisy**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFinn dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. This book explains the difference between cattle and buffalo.\nB. It was snowing I wore my black boots.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.It was snowing I wore my black boots is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: It was snowing and I wore my black boots."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sapling on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsnack - synonym\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sapling is not between the guide words snack - synonym, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bicycle that moved 130miles west in 10hours\nB. a bicycle that moved 55miles north in 10hours\nC. a bicycle that moved 170miles west in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 170 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning food on a stove\nwater boiling on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nFood burning on a stove is a chemical change. The type of matter in the food changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater boiling is a physical change. But burning food on a stove is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. But water boiling is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word at on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\narchitect - astound\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince at is not between the guide words architect - astound, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. There are some things that Ms. Stevenson wants to bring up at the next city council meeting.\nB. Ms. Stevenson has several important proposals to discuss at the next city council meeting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Bridgette decides to see the anacondas. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nBridgette is deciding whether to see the lemurs or the anacondas at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bridgette will give up the chance to see the lemurs. She would have enjoyed seeing them more than the anacondas.\nB. Bridgette will save some time. The anacondas are close by, but she would have had to walk to the the other side of the zoo to see the lemurs.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Bridgette wants or needs:\nBridgette will give up the chance to see the lemurs. She would have enjoyed seeing them more than the anacondas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a caterpillar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 49 millimeters\nB. 49 kilometers\nC. 49 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 49 millimeters.\n49 centimeters and 49 kilometers are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Bryant acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBryant knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bryant learned how to knit in an after school program.\nB. Bryant knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word reason on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nravenous - right\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince reason is between the guide words ravenous - right, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMitch's definitely voting for the Conservative Party in the next election because he said there was no way he was voting for the Labour Party.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mitch is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Mitch might be voting for a third party—or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This box weighs a ton!\" Scott panted. \"Irma, would you mind helping me carry it up the stairs?\"\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, or 2000 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nTammy gave me flowers for no reason.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nFish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. European flounders have a flat body and fins. They spend most of their time lying flat on the ocean floor. Both of their eyes are on the top of their head. European flounders have scaly skin and lay eggs with no shells.\nB. American tree sparrows have a beak and lay eggs with shells. They have dark feathers on their wings and lighter feathers on other parts of their bodies. Male tree sparrows sing songs to attract mates.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nFish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn American tree sparrow has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nAn American tree sparrow does not have all of the traits of a fish. An American tree sparrow is a bird.\nA European flounder has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA European flounder has the traits of a fish. A European flounder is a fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Hannah decides to watch the action movie. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHannah is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. She would prefer to watch a comedy. But she also wants to watch a movie with her sister. Hannah's sister will only watch an action movie.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hannah will get to watch a movie with her sister.\nB. Hannah will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hannah wants or needs:\nHannah will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBleaching clothes is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Bleaching clothes is a chemical change. The bleach reacts with dark stains on the clothes. The reaction changes the stains into different types of matter that wash away easily."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 100-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 50°F\nB. a 100-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 75°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°F glass of apple juice is hotter than the 50°F glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a juice box a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a juice box is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a juice box something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a juice box a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a juice box is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Loose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.\nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. having a meal\nB. having a feast\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Having a feast has a more positive connotation. A feast is a large meal that celebrates something."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a brownie at a temperature of 87°F\nB. a brownie at a temperature of 82°F\nC. a brownie at a temperature of 75°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three brownies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 87°F brownie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mecca's a city in Saudi Arabia, and it's an important religious center for Muslims around the world.\nB. Mecca, a city in Saudi Arabia, is a religious center for Muslims around the world.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractions (Mecca's, it's).\nThe second sentence does not use contractions, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich glas of apple juice has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo 250-gram glasses of apple juice are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder glass of apple juice\nB. the hotter glass of apple juice\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two glasses of apple juice are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter glass of apple juice has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paper clip?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 29 millimeters\nB. 29 meters\nC. 29 centimeters\nD. 29 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 29 millimeters.\n29 centimeters, 29 meters, and 29 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 72 pounds\nB. a cart holding 67 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 72 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 67 pounds. So, the cart holding 72 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nchicken cooking in an oven\nmelting glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting glass is a physical change. But cooking chicken is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIt's so sad that Chase's chose not to go to prom. He must not have any friends.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that either Chase is going to prom or he doesn't have any friends. However, Chase might have friends and just not want to go to prom. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Ryan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. simple\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Ryan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dad has a beard, it is black and bushy.\nB. Went to city hall to talk to the mayor.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Went to city hall to talk to the mayor is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe old wooden rocking chair that Lacey brought home from the rummage sale was as comfortable as a bed of nails.\n\nChoices:\nA. alliteration\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Nicholas decides to join the Theater Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nNicholas is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nicholas will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\nB. Nicholas will save some time. He would have spent more time in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nicholas wants or needs:\nNicholas will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. He would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperature shown by this thermometer.\n\nChoices:\nA. 55°F\nB. 75°F\nC. 65°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is °.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80°F.Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid is halfway between 50 and 60. So, the temperature is 55°F."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nQuincy is pushing on his friend's wheelchair.\n\nChoices:\nA. The wheelchair is pushing on Quincy.\nB. The wheelchair is pulling on Quincy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Quincy is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Quincy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a limousine?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 yards\nB. 7 inches\nC. 7 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a limousine is 7 yards.\n7 inches and 7 feet are both too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the student text plagiarized?\n\nHint:\nCompare the student text with the source.\nSource: Suemedha Sood, \"Australia's penal colony roots.\" Published on BBC, 26 Jan. 2012.\nNew South Wales, a state in southeast Australia, was founded by the British as a penal colony in 1788. Over the next 80 years, more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.\nStudent text:\nAccording to Sood, \"more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia\" between 1788 and 1868.\n\nChoices:\nA. Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks.\nB. Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks and fails to cite the source.\nC. No, it is not plagiarized.\nD. Yes, because it fails to cite the source.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, either accidentally or on purpose. When you use an outside source in your own writing, you should make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. Consider the following source:\nFisher, Goddu, and Keil, \"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.\" Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association\nThe results of these experiments suggest that searching the Internet may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. Searching for explanations on the Internet inflates self-assessed knowledge in unrelated domains.\nIf you use a direct quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks around the exact words that were copied from the source, in addition to citing the source.\nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge.\nThis sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without properly citing the source.\nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information \"may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge\" (Fisher, Goddu, and Keil).\nIf you paraphrase a source, or put a source's ideas into your own words, you must still cite the source. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the source in wording or sentence structure is still considered plagiarized.\nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, searching the Internet can lead to a regular failure to perceive the extent to which we rely on outside knowledge.\nThis sentence is plagiarized because it is an insufficient paraphrase. Even though it is properly cited, it borrows too much of the source's wording and sentence structure.\nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, relying on the Internet to look up information can make it difficult for us to estimate how much of our knowledge comes from internal versus external sources.\nThere are different rules about how to format citations, such as when to include page numbers for print sources. Check a style guide, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, for a complete list of these rules.The student text is not plagiarized. It correctly uses quotation marks and properly cites the source.\nAccording to Sood, \"more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia\" between 1788 and 1868.\nSource: Suemedha Sood, \"Australia's penal colony roots.\" Published on BBC, 26 Jan. 2012.\nNew South Wales, a state in southeast Australia, was founded by the British as a penal colony in 1788. Over the next 80 years, more than 160,000 convicts were transported to Australia from England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a diving board?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 yards\nB. 8 inches\nC. 8 miles\nD. 8 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a diving board is 8 feet.\n8 inches is too short. 8 yards and 8 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an adult alligator?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 11 miles\nB. 11 yards\nC. 11 inches\nD. 11 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of an adult alligator is 11 feet.\n11 inches is too short. 11 yards and 11 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full box of cereal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 480 grams\nB. 480 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 480 grams.\n480 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Malik investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMalik is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Malik notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?\nB. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?\nC. Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an ice skate?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 31 centimeters\nB. 31 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 31 centimeters.\n31 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na log decomposing in the woods\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nThe breakdown of plant and animal matter by organisms such as fungi and earthworms is called decomposition. A log decomposing in the woods is a chemical change.\nAs the log breaks down, the type of matter in it changes. Over time, the log becomes softer and has a different smell.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle Ted,\nB. Dear uncle Ted,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Ted is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Evan decides to join the Photography Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nEvan is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Evan will have more fun in the Photography Club than he would have had in the Theater Club.\nB. Evan will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Evan wants or needs:\nEvan will spend more time in the Photography Club than he would have spent in the Theater Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDo you know Jonah from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him?\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. imperative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Jack's genotype for the leg color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white legs, and the allele l is for yellow legs.\nJack, a chicken from this group, has yellow legs. Jack has two alleles for yellow legs.\n\nChoices:\nA. ll\nB. yellow legs\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Jack has two alleles for yellow legs (l). So, Jack's genotype for the leg color gene is ll."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. human\nB. American toad\nC. alpine newt\nD. green frog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.An American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nAn alpine newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.\nA human is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nHumans are a type of animal called a primate. Monkeys and apes are also primates.\nA green frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Student,\nLuke\nB. Your student,\nLuke\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe dense crowd began to part like the Red Sea.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a fairy tale\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion part like the Red Sea is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Moses parts the Red Sea with his staff, forming a clear, dry path for his people to walk along as they escape from Egypt.\nThe allusion part like the Red Sea means to open up a path."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the student text plagiarized?\n\nHint:\nCompare the student text with the source.\nSource: Bob Brooke, \"Oregon Trail: Wagon Tracks West.\" Published in Wild West Apr. 2000.\nBetween 1841 and 1866 about 350,000 people used what had become the most famous wagon route across America. It is no wonder that, in places, ruts along the Oregon Trail are still visible today.\nStudent text:\nRuts from wagon wheels are still visible in the Oregon Trail today, which is not surprising given that \"between 1841 and 1866 about 350,000 people used what had become the most famous wagon route across America.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks.\nB. No, it is not plagiarized.\nC. Yes, because it fails to cite the source.\nD. Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks and fails to cite the source.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, either accidentally or on purpose. When you use an outside source in your own writing, you should make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. Consider the following source:\nFisher, Goddu, and Keil, \"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.\" Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association\nThe results of these experiments suggest that searching the Internet may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. Searching for explanations on the Internet inflates self-assessed knowledge in unrelated domains.\nIf you use a direct quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks around the exact words that were copied from the source, in addition to citing the source.\nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge.\nThis sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without properly citing the source.\nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information \"may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge\" (Fisher, Goddu, and Keil).\nIf you paraphrase a source, or put a source's ideas into your own words, you must still cite the source. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the source in wording or sentence structure is still considered plagiarized.\nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, searching the Internet can lead to a regular failure to perceive the extent to which we rely on outside knowledge.\nThis sentence is plagiarized because it is an insufficient paraphrase. Even though it is properly cited, it borrows too much of the source's wording and sentence structure.\nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, relying on the Internet to look up information can make it difficult for us to estimate how much of our knowledge comes from internal versus external sources.\nThere are different rules about how to format citations, such as when to include page numbers for print sources. Check a style guide, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, for a complete list of these rules.The student text is plagiarized. Although it uses quotation marks around the source's exact words, it fails to cite the source.\nRuts from wagon wheels are still visible in the Oregon Trail today, which is not surprising given that \"between 1841 and 1866 about 350,000 people used what had become the most famous wagon route across America.\"\nSource: Bob Brooke, \"Oregon Trail: Wagon Tracks West.\" Published in Wild West Apr. 2000.\nBetween 1841 and 1866 about 350,000 people used what had become the most famous wagon route across America. It is no wonder that, in places, ruts along the Oregon Trail are still visible today."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWayne described the situation he was facing with his boss as a catch-22.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. stork\nB. bumble bee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A stork is a bird. Like other birds, a stork has a backbone.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. garbage can\nB. water in a bathtub\nC. gold bracelet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Manchester. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Manchester?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nNo one in your family surfs? But I thought you said you lived in California before this.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a person from California must have a surfer in his or her family. However, even though some people in California surf, that doesn't necessarily mean that every family has a surfer. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hematite is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nB. Fluorite is not made by living things. It is a pure substance.\nC. Soap is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nSoap is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, soap is not a mineral.\nHematite is a mineral.\nFluorite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs baking a cake a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether baking a cake is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs baking a cake something you can touch? No.\nIs baking a cake a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, baking a cake is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Raiden's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a black coat, and the allele a is for a spotted coat.\nRaiden, a jaguar from this group, has a black coat. Raiden has two alleles for a black coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. AA\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Raiden's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Raiden's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nkangaroo - kitten\n\nChoices:\nA. kerosene\nB. knight\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince kerosene is between the guide words kangaroo - kitten, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Paul inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPaul has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Paul and his father both have dark hair.\nB. Paul's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Paul.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word unusual on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nup - us\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince unusual is not between the guide words up - us, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntaxi - tie\n\nChoices:\nA. trestle\nB. therefore\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince therefore is between the guide words taxi - tie, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Valeria was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Larsen believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\nB. As a teacher of American history, Mr. Larsen tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Larsen tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Larsen believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Abby acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAbby speaks two languages.\n\nChoices:\nA. Abby's mother speaks one language.\nB. Abby learned to speak two languages in school.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. hummingbird\nB. yo-yo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A yo-yo is not a living thing.\nYo-yos do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA hummingbird is a living thing.\nHummingbirds grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. an odor\nB. a stench\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A stench has a more negative connotation. Stench and odor both denote a smell. However, stench always suggests an unpleasant smell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLouanne's Ice Cream Parlor has the best dessert short of ambrosia!\n\nChoices:\nA. modern history\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion ambrosia is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, ambrosia is the name for the food of the gods.\nThe allusion ambrosia means a heavenly delicacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 40miles east in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 45miles north in 5hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 15miles south in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 45 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. Her laughter was like a bird's song.\nB. Her laughter was a bird's song.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nHer laughter was like a bird's song.\nThe words laughter and bird's song are compared using the word like.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nHer laughter was a bird's song.\nThe words laughter and bird's song are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDo you know Marco from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him?\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn 1940, scientists invented a new form of synthetic, or artificial, rubber. It was cheaper to work with than natural rubber. What happened to the overall supply of rubber tires after 1940?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply went down.\nB. The supply went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Rubber is a resource used to make tires. Synthetic rubber is cheaper to work with than natural rubber.\nWhen synthetic rubber was invented, rubber tires became cheaper to make. Producers could make more synthetic rubber tires for the same cost. So, the supply of rubber tires went up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this tomato plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have smooth fruit and others have fuzzy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for smooth fruit, and the allele f is for fuzzy fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has smooth fruit. This plant has one allele for smooth fruit and one allele for fuzzy fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ff\nB. smooth fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has one allele for smooth fruit (F) and one allele for fuzzy fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Adam inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAdam has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Adam and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\nB. Adam's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\nC. Adam and his biological father have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Bill acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBill is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bill likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\nB. Bill learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 pounds\nB. 4 ounces\nC. 4 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an elephant is 4 tons.\n4 ounces and 4 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDarnel has a scar on his right leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Pamela's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Monroe told her assistant to book a flight to Springtown immediately.\nB. Mrs. Monroe informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Monroe or her assistant.\nMrs. Monroe informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Monroe told her assistant to book a flight to Springtown immediately."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Brendan decides to plant the magnolia tree. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nBrendan is deciding whether to plant lilies or a magnolia tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. The magnolia tree will use up more space than the lilies would have used up.\nB. Brendan will get to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it will look more beautiful than the lilies would have looked.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Brendan wants or needs:\nThe magnolia tree will use up more space than the lilies would have used up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe woman hammers the nails.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, hammers. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 60°C\nB. a 200-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 40°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 60°C cup of black tea is hotter than the 40°C cup of black tea, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of the Statue of Liberty?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 225 tons\nB. 225 pounds\nC. 225 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of the Statue of Liberty is 225 tons.\n225 ounces and 225 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Gruber's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.\n\nChoices:\nA. The snoring is subtle.\nB. The snoring is loud.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Gruber's snoring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Patty acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPatty knows how to grow sunflowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. Patty likes to visit sunflower fields.\nB. Last summer, Patty's neighbor showed her how to grow sunflowers.\nC. Both Patty and her father grow sunflowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBelle has a scar on her right leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na banana getting ripe on the counter\ndeep-frying chicken\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a banana getting ripe is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nPlease take some time to think about my offer before you respond.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMichelle has no school spirit—she never comes to any of our football games.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Michelle doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Michelle doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich body part pulls on bones to move the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. muscles\nB. heart\nC. stomach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Z Is for Moose\"\nB. ***Z Is for Moose***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Z Is for Moose**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDiana has a scar on her left hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mackenzie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMackenzie can play the cello.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mackenzie and her father play the cello together.\nB. Mackenzie learned how to play the cello in music class.\nC. Mackenzie knows how to polish her cello.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe butterflies flitted from flower to flower, ().\n\nChoices:\nA. playing hide-and-seek\nB. floating gently\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase playing hide-and-seek. It describes the butterflies as if they were playful children."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSue can ride a bicycle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Riding a bike well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nTeens shouldn't get cell phones. It's just a matter of time before they'll stop seeing friends in real life—they'll just text each other from their rooms.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that having cell phones will lead to teenagers no longer meeting in real life. However, this argument offers only an extreme outcome and ignores other more likely outcomes. For instance, teenagers may sometimes meet friends in real life and sometimes just text with friends. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperate deciduous forest ecosystem.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\nlong, cold winters and short, cool summers\nmany evergreen trees\nsoil that is poor in nutrients\nB. This ecosystem has:\nyear-round rain and warm temperatures\nsoil that is poor in nutrients\nmany different types of organisms\nC. This ecosystem has:\nwarm, wet summers and cold, wet winters\nsoil that is rich in nutrients\nonly a few types of trees\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live thereA temperate deciduous forest is a type of ecosystem. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters, soil that is rich in nutrients, and only a few types of trees.\nChoice 1 is a temperate deciduous forest ecosystem. It has warm, wet summers and cold, wet winters.\nChoice 2 is a taiga ecosystem. It has many evergreen trees. It also has long, cold winters and short, cool summers.\nChoice 3 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this tomato plant's genotype for the fruit color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have red fruit and others have yellow fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for red fruit, and the allele f is for yellow fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has yellow fruit. This plant has two alleles for yellow fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. yellow fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for yellow fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, hydrogen is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nThe Space Shuttle program sent astronauts on 135 missions using a fleet of five shuttles between 1981 and 2011. The engines of each shuttle, like other modern rocket engines, used liquid hydrogen as fuel. When liquid hydrogen combines with liquid oxygen, an enormous amount of energy is released, along with water vapor. The shuttles used this energy to launch into space.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to hydrogen in this chemical reaction.\nThe Space Shuttle program sent astronauts on 135 missions using a fleet of five shuttles between 1981 and 2011. The engines of each shuttle, like other modern rocket engines, used liquid hydrogen as fuel. When liquid hydrogen combines with liquid oxygen, an enormous amount of energy is released, along with water vapor. The shuttles used this energy to launch into space.\nThe underlined text tells you that when hydrogen and oxygen combine, water is formed. When hydrogen and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form water. Because hydrogen reacts in this chemical reaction, hydrogen is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Patrick's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Patrick and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nPatrick rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Patrick and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Patrick and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Patrick and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Mark lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Mark lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Mark lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Before Janice boiled water for the spaghetti, she made a sauce with onions, garlic, and tomatoes.\nB. On a clear, peaceful morning at Rincon Point, Sally paddled out into the surf.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction before.\nBefore Janice boiled water for the spaghetti, she made a sauce with onions, garlic, and tomatoes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Ernest decides to get the cake batter ice cream. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nErnest is deciding whether to get praline pecan ice cream or cake batter ice cream. He likes praline pecan more than cake batter. But a scoop of cake batter ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ernest will give up the chance to eat the praline pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than cake batter.\nB. Ernest will get a free waffle cone. He will enjoy the waffle cone.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ernest wants or needs:\nErnest will give up the chance to eat the praline pecan ice cream. He likes this flavor more than cake batter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Trent decides to join the Photography Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nTrent is deciding whether to join the Theater Club or the Photography Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trent will save some time. He would have spent more time in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club.\nB. Trent will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Trent wants or needs:\nTrent will give up the chance to be in the Theater Club. He would have had more fun in the Theater Club than in the Photography Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBryan's proclamations earned him a reputation as our neighborhood's own Nostradamus.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Nostradamus is history.\nNostradamus, a sixteenth-century French astrologer and physician, is best known as the author of a book of prophecies.\nThe allusion Nostradamus means a seer or predictor of the future."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two ducks. Which duck was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 550miles in 10hours\nB. a duck that moved 355miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne duck moved 355 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other duck moved 550 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each duck spent the same amount of time moving. The duck that moved 355 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe full moon () down at me from the clear midnight sky.\n\nChoices:\nA. shone\nB. gazed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word gazed. It describes the moon as if it were a person looking back at me."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. rain\nB. coins\nC. apple juice\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.\nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.\nMany gases are invisible. So, you can’t see them. Air is a gas.Rain is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you put rainwater into a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.\nA coin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Many coins are made of solid metal.\nApple juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour apple juice into a different container, the apple juice will take the shape of that container. But the apple juice will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The child chews her food carefully.\nB. The park is a beautiful place, everyone goes there.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The park is a beautiful place, everyone goes there is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: The park is a beautiful place and Everyone goes there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Loons walk, fly, and swim.\nB. Basil has green leaves.\nC. Maple trees have star-shaped leaves.\nD. Mango trees have many leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.\nMaple trees have green leaves in the spring and summer. In the fall, their leaves turn yellow, red, or brown.\nA mango tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nMango trees can grow to over 100 feet tall!\nA loon is an animal. It walks, flies, and swims.\nA loon is a bird. Loons live near lakes and dive in the water to hunt for food.\nBasil is a plant. It has green leaves.\nBasil leaves are used in cooking."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of posters?\n\nHint:\nA poster company printed up 100 posters with its latest design. Posters cost $15 each. At that price, there are 80 people who want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. shortage\nB. surplus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are too many posters for sale. There are 100 posters for sale, but only 80 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of posters. The poster company will not get any money for the leftover posters."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. At lunchtime, John can often be found reading at his favorite café, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills.\nB. At lunchtime, John can often be found reading at his favorite café, where they provide unlimited coffee refills.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the servers.\nAt lunchtime, John can often be found reading at his favorite café, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Gordon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Gordon and Earth () as he hiked toward the summit.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nGordon hiked up a tall mountain. He followed a trail all the way to the summit.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. stayed the same\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Gordon and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Gordon started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Gordon and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Gordon and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Dana acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDana has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dana's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 65kilometers in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 90kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne sailboat moved 65 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other sailboat moved 90 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each sailboat spent the same amount of time moving. The sailboat that moved 65 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Love,\nJosh\nB. love,\nJosh\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nleather - lower\n\nChoices:\nA. little\nB. latitude\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince little is between the guide words leather - lower, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMaya should either stop reading those sappy paranormal romance novels or finally admit that she doesn't believe in empowering women.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Maya either must give up reading a certain type of book or admit she doesn't believe in female empowerment. However, someone can both enjoy reading paranormal romance books and also believe in empowering women. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWanda felt a roller coaster of emotions when she heard the news.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wanda had varied feelings.\nB. Wanda found the news scary.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Wanda felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Wanda had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Wanda's feelings."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the paragraph.\nA volcano is a (). Volcanoes can erupt. During a volcanic eruption, melted rock () the ground.\n\nChoices:\nA. fire below Earth's surface . . . turns solid below\nB. hole in Earth's surface . . . comes out of\nC. type of melted rock . . . flows into\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA volcano is a hole in the ground. During a volcanic eruption, melted rock comes out of the ground through a volcano."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Maori people of New Zealand have the most fascinating culture.\nB. The Maori people are the native people of New Zealand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe Maori people are the native people of New Zealand.\nIt can be proved by reading about New Zealand.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe Maori people of New Zealand have the most fascinating culture.\nMost fascinating shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what culture is the most fascinating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Owen is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word pluck on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npinch - print\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pluck is between the guide words pinch - print, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRiley warned her youngest son not to cry wolf while wrestling with his older brother.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion cry wolf is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf,\" a shepherd boy repeatedly tricks people in his village by falsely claiming that a wolf is coming to eat his flock. When a wolf actually comes and the boy cries for help, nobody believes him or comes to his aid.\nThe allusion cry wolf means to raise a false alarm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nB. Last winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Jordan tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Jordan's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Jordan took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nWater moves loose pieces of rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the action that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. edit\nB. rewrite\nC. multiply\nD. write\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMultiply doesn't belong.\nRewrite, edit, and write all name things you do while writing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Gabe acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGabe is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gabe learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\nB. Gabe likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich professional objective on a résumé is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. I want a job where I can travel a lot and hopefully manage people someday.\nB. I seek a position with opportunities for travel and advancement.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second professional objective on a résumé is more formal. It uses more elevated language (I seek a position, opportunities for travel and advancement). The other professional objective uses casual language (want a job, a lot) and sounds more conversational."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the phase of the Moon shown in the model.\n\nHint:\nThe model below shows the Moon at one position in its orbit around Earth. The white half of the Moon shows the part that is lit up by the Sun.\n\nChoices:\nA. new\nB. full\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAlthough the Moon appears to shine, it does not give off light. Instead, we can see the Moon because it is lit up by the Sun. The part of the Moon that is both lit up by the Sun and facing Earth is called the Moon's phase.\nThe Moon orbits, or goes around, Earth. As it does, the Moon's phase changes. The model below shows the Moon's phase at eight positions in its orbit. The smaller moons closer to Earth show where sunlight hits the Moon. The larger moons farther from Earth show how the Moon will look during that phase.\nTo use the model, first pick one of the eight positions. Then, imagine standing on Earth and looking up at the Moon. Use the dotted white lines in the model to guide you. The picture of the Moon shows its phase for that position. If you are in the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon will appear flipped, left to right."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Peck's genotype for the body feather color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for green body feathers, and the allele b is for blue body feathers.\nPeck, a budgerigar parakeet from this group, has blue body feathers. Peck has two alleles for blue body feathers.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. blue body feathers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Peck has two alleles for blue body feathers (b). So, Peck's genotype for the body feather color gene is bb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Swims happily in the beautiful coral reef.\nB. Emmet's family moved to a different state.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Emmet's family moved to a different state is a complete sentence. The subject is Emmet's family, and the verb is moved."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word prize on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npirate - puppet\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince prize is between the guide words pirate - puppet, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Paula's house.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Paula's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Paula's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid Porter vote for Hazel for school president, or does he hate her for some reason?\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Porter either voted for Hazel or he hates her. However, Porter could have voted for someone he considers a better candidate while still liking Hazel. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the boy's motion?\n\nHint:\nA boy is turning to the left as he rides a merry-go-round at a constant speed.\n\nChoices:\nA. The boy has a constant velocity.\nB. The boy is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The boy is changing direction. So, the boy is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nangle - assign\n\nChoices:\nA. architect\nB. afford\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince architect is between the guide words angle - assign, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Lily exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The Internet connection was very slow.\nB. The Internet connection was very fast.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Lily's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thanks,\nMark\nB. thanks,\nMark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nReggie, the company you work for just filed for bankruptcy! How can I trust you with our money?\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Reggie must be fiscally irresponsible, because he works for a company that went bankrupt. However, even though his company is perceived as fiscally irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Reggie is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear aunt Bella,\nB. Dear Aunt Bella,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Bella is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tulips have a green stem.\nB. Flamingos walk and fly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.\nTulips grow best in cool, dry places.\nA flamingo is an animal. It walks and flies.\nFlamingos live in large groups. These groups are called flocks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the most flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. cardboard\nB. brick path\nC. wood board\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cardboard is the most flexible. If you gently twist cardboard, it will not tear easily."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nLast year, the city of Greenpoint allocated more money to public parks. This year, however, littering increased, so the increase in park funding must have been responsible.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that increased park funding was responsible for an increase in littering. However, even though littering increased after funding to parks was increased, that doesn't necessarily mean that the funding was responsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype for the flower color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of scarlet rosemallow plants, some individuals have red flowers and others have white flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for red flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers.\nA certain scarlet rosemallow plant from this group has red flowers. This plant has two alleles for red flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. red flowers\nB. FF\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The scarlet rosemallow plant has two alleles for red flowers (F). So, the plant's genotype for the flower color gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of an ice cream sandwich?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 36°C\nB. 36°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of an ice cream sandwich is 36°F.\n36°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. An animal cell has chloroplasts but not a cell wall.\nB. Chloroplasts use the energy from sunlight to make sugar for plant cells.\nC. Lysosomes are the sites where ribosomes build proteins in animal cells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that does not have a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. barn owl\nB. saturn butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A barn owl is a bird. Like other birds, a barn owl has a backbone.\nA saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nalley - associate\n\nChoices:\nA. aquarium\nB. absence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince aquarium is between the guide words alley - associate, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a pair of goggles?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 pounds\nB. 4 tons\nC. 4 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a pair of goggles is 4 ounces.\n4 pounds and 4 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The fisherman caught fifteen trout, but they were all too small to keep.\nB. Every month the mayor gives a speech to the citizens.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nThe fisherman caught fifteen trout, but they were all too small to keep."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to the passage, which statement is true?\n\nHint:\nThe Legislative Branch is described in Article I of the United States Constitution. Read Section 1 of Article I. Then answer the question.\nAll legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.\nlegislative: law-making\nvested in: given to\nconsist: be made up of\n\nChoices:\nA. The House of Representatives is a part of Congress.\nB. Congress does not have legislative power.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a duck?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1 yard\nB. 1 foot\nC. 1 inch\nD. 1 mile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a duck is 1 foot.\n1 inch is too short. 1 yard and 1 mile are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bony fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBony fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify bony fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of bone.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Red salamanders do not have lungs! They can breathe through their moist, smooth skin. Adult red salamanders live near rivers or ponds. They lay eggs with no shells under rocks or logs. The baby red salamanders live underwater.\nB. Japanese red rockfish live in the Pacific Ocean. They have a bony skeleton and fins. They hatch from eggs with no shells. Rockfish are carnivorous. Carnivorous animals are adapted to eat other animals.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBony fish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of bone.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA red salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red salamander does not have all of the traits of a bony fish. A red salamander is an amphibian.\nA Japanese red rockfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt lives underwater.\nIt has a skeleton made of bone.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA Japanese red rockfish has the traits of a bony fish. A Japanese red rockfish is a bony fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. an orange at a temperature of 55°F\nB. an orange at a temperature of 80°F\nC. an orange at a temperature of 92°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three oranges have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 92°F orange is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Camille was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI can resist everything except temptation.\n—Oscar Wilde, Lady Windermere's Fan\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nI can resist everything except temptation at first appears to be contradictory, as resisting something requires not giving in to temptation. However, it contains some truth: it's easy to resist doing things that are not tempting in the first place."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nBonnie gave me flowers for no reason.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. ruthenium (Ru)\nB. carbon dioxide (CO2)\nC. dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for rhenium contains one atomic symbol: Re. So, rhenium is composed of only one chemical element. Therefore, rhenium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide contains two atomic symbols: C for carbon and O for oxygen. So, carbon dioxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. Because carbon dioxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, it is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for ruthenium contains one atomic symbol: Ru. So, ruthenium is composed of only one chemical element. Therefore, ruthenium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for dichloromethane contains three atomic symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Cl for chlorine. So, dichloromethane is composed of three chemical elements bonded together. Because dichloromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, it is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nPlant cells do not have chloroplasts.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlant cells do not have chloroplasts.\nThis statement is false. Most plant cells have chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, the green substance that gives plants their color."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Peru's coast is the least interesting part of the country.\nB. A narrow strip of desert runs along Peru's coastline.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nA narrow strip of desert runs along Peru's coastline.\nIt can be proved by looking up Peru's geography.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nPeru's coast is the least interesting part of the country.\nLeast interesting shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is interesting."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Cookie's genotype for the body hair gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nCookie, a cat from this group, has a hairy body. Cookie has two alleles for a hairy body.\n\nChoices:\nA. BB\nB. a hairy body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Cookie has two alleles for a hairy body (B). So, Cookie's genotype for the body hair gene is BB."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Jim joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jim slept well.\nB. Jim slept poorly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jim slept poorly. Jim was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word unite on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\numbrella - usual\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince unite is between the guide words umbrella - usual, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle tony,\nB. Dear Uncle Tony,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Tony is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nZach has a scar on his right ankle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an apple?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 pounds\nB. 6 ounces\nC. 6 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an apple is 6 ounces.\n6 pounds and 6 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is 65°F in Finn's backyard.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is 65°F in Finn's backyard.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature in Finn's backyard right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Naomi investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nNaomi gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nB. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full box of cereal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 475 grams\nB. 475 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 475 grams.\n475 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organizational structure does this text primarily use?\n\nHint:\nRead the text.\nThe males of the Cervidae (deer) family, such as elk, moose, deer, and caribou, grow antlers on their heads. Caribou are the only species in which the females also have antlers. Antlers are branched structures made of bone. Most antlered animals shed them annually in the fall or winter and then grow new antlers in the spring. Horns, unlike antlers, don't fall off but continue to grow throughout the animal's life. Further, horns aren't branched, nor are they made entirely of bone. Horns contain a bony core that is covered with a sheath of keratin, similar to the material of fingernails. Horned animals, which include sheep, cows, bison, and goats, are in the Bovidae family. In many Bovidae species, both females and males have horns.\n\nChoices:\nA. compare-contrast\nB. cause-effect\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAuthors use different text structures to organize their ideas in writing. Learning to identify these structures will help you to understand the relationships between ideas in informational texts. You can also use these structures to organize your own writing.\nA cause-effect structure presents the causes and the effects of a particular event, trend, or situation. This structure often uses words and phrases such as because, since, as a result, due to, or consequently.\nA compare-contrast structure presents similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two or more things. This structure often uses words and phrases such as like, similarly, or in the same way (for comparing) or on the other hand, in contrast, or unlike (for contrasting).\nA problem-solution structure presents a problem and suggests one or more possible solutions. This structure often uses words such as issue, question, puzzle, propose, and answer.\nA sequential structure describes a series of events that happens in a certain order. This structure often uses specific dates and times or words such as first, next, during, finally, and while.The text uses a compare-contrast structure to show differences between antlers and horns. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a compare-contrast structure. Notice the words unlike and nor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Olivia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer.\nB. Olivia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put it in her desk drawer.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the memory card or the digital camera.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the card.\nOlivia took the memory card out of the digital camera and put the card in her desk drawer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last winter, Craig took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nB. Last winter, Craig took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Craig tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Craig took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Craig's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Craig took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe kids will toss the ball to each other.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, toss. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDespite Danielle's insistence that she would raise Cain if we ever got lost, we decided to try taking a shortcut.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.\nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Vicky investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nVicky wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\nB. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\nC. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Malik lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. There was a benefit to Malik's job loss.\nB. Malik felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Malik's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Malik's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMost of the people who knew Mitch considered him to be an unrepentant Casanova.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shakespeare\nB. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Casanova is history.\nThe autobiography of Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, an eighteenth-century Italian adventurer, details and perhaps exaggerates his amorous adventures and success with women.\nThe allusion Casanova means a womanizer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLocal governments serve which places?\n\nChoices:\nA. countries\nB. towns, cities, and counties\nC. states\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nLocal governments serve counties, cities, and towns.\nWhat is a county?\nMost states are divided into areas called counties. For example, here is a map of the counties in Florida:\nTwo states have different names for counties. Louisiana is divided into parishes. Alaska is divided into boroughs.\nIn most states, county governments are the highest level of local government. But some states do not have county governments at all. In these states, town and city governments are the highest level of local government."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a garden snail?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 38 kilometers\nB. 38 millimeters\nC. 38 meters\nD. 38 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 38 millimeters.\n38 centimeters, 38 meters, and 38 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a magazine?\n\nChoices:\nA. where It's At\nB. Where It's At\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is Where It's At."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. rubber balloons\nB. metal flute\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the metal flute is harder. If you press on a metal flute, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear grandma Susan,\nB. Dear Grandma Susan,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Susan is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a banana at a temperature of 65°F\nB. a banana at a temperature of 63°F\nC. a banana at a temperature of 88°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bananas have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 88°F banana is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncareless - counter\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. curly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince climate is between the guide words careless - counter, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore Lily had even met her future husband in person, she knew about his reputation as a Romeo.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Felix inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nFelix has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Felix's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\nB. Felix and his biological father have short hair.\nC. Felix and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nEli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. The cotton gin is a machine that makes it easier to harvest cotton quickly. What happened to the overall supply of cotton after 1793?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply went up.\nB. The supply went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The cotton gin was a new technology that made it possible to harvest cotton much faster than before. Cotton growers were able to produce much more cotton in the same amount of time. So, the supply of cotton went up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water pitcher?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 cups\nB. 10 fluid ounces\nC. 10 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 10 cups.\n10 fluid ounces is too little and 10 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Earth is the most important planet in the solar system.\nB. Our solar system contains eight planets.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nOur solar system contains eight planets.\nIt can be proved by checking a drawing of the solar system.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nEarth is the most important planet in the solar system.\nMost important shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which planet is the most important."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncooking a pancake\nburning food on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two bowhead whales. Which bowhead whale was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowhead whale that moved 15kilometers in 5hours\nB. a bowhead whale that moved 10kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bowhead whale moved 10 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other bowhead whale moved 15 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 10 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich brochure is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Did you know that the right landscaping can make the value of your property go through the roof?\nB. Did you know that a well-designed landscape can significantly increase your property value?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first brochure is more formal. It uses more elevated language (well-designed landscape, significantly increase). The other brochure uses a casual-sounding idiom (through the roof)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBlending a smoothie is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Blending a smoothie is a physical change. The fruit in the smoothie breaks into tiny pieces, but it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a school bus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15 meters\nB. 15 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 15 meters.\n15 centimeters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Nora investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nNora likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na rock heating up in a campfire\ncooking an egg\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. But a rock heating up in a campfire is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJennifer noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nJennifer noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Jennifer saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Matthew's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Matthew and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nMatthew rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. stayed the same\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Matthew and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Matthew and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Matthew and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJane has a scar on her left hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Katy are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Katy?\n\nHint:\nKaty is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Katy with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Katy with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Katy.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Katy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Katy, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Katy down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Katy up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Katy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of tennis rackets?\n\nHint:\nTennis rackets are on sale for $40. The sporting goods store has 50 rackets available for sale. At that price, 65 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. shortage\nB. surplus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are not enough tennis rackets for sale. There are 50 rackets for sale, but 65 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a shortage of tennis rackets."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nEarth is pulling on the Moon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The Moon is pushing on Earth.\nB. The Moon is pulling on Earth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Earth is pulling on the Moon. So, Newton's third law tells you that the Moon is pulling on Earth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich body part works with muscles to move the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. lungs\nB. stomach\nC. skeleton\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. If we hike Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, we won't see Mooney Falls.\nB. Madison Chock and Gracie Gold were two American figure skaters in the Sochi 2014 Olympics.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMadison Chock and Gracie Gold were two American figure skaters in the Sochi 2014 Olympics."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI can be inside or outside.\nI am full of water.\nYou can swim in me.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a pool\nB. rain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pool can be inside or outside.\nA pool is full of water.\nYou can swim in a pool."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Christina investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nChristina has a garden that is sometimes visited by deer. She notices that the deer eat some plants in her garden more than others. She wonders what factors affect which plants the deer eat. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na garlic spray used to keep garden pests away\nfour tomato plants\nfour bean plants\n\nChoices:\nA. Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with garlic spray than from unsprayed bean plants?\nB. Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with coffee spray than from unsprayed bean plants?\nC. Do the deer eat more leaves from tomato plants or from squash plants?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nAt that time Bogotá was a remote, lugubrious city where an insomniac rain had been falling since the beginning of the 16th century.\n—Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Living to Tell the Tale, translated by Edith Grossman\n\nChoices:\nA. It rained in Bogotá for hundreds of years.\nB. It rained frequently and for long periods of time in Bogotá.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole an insomniac rain had been falling since the beginning of the 16 th century suggests that it rained frequently and for long periods of time in Bogotá. It was not literally raining non-stop for centuries."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Nicole investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nNicole wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\nB. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\nC. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 700-gram rock at a temperature of 70°C\nB. a 700-gram rock at a temperature of 45°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 70°C rock is hotter than the 45°C rock, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrom the look on her face, Celine is carrying an albatross around her neck.\n\nChoices:\nA. a poem\nB. Egyptian history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich set of instructions is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Wash hands, utensils, and work surfaces after touching raw meat or poultry.\nB. If you're going to be touching raw meat or poultry, you'd better wash your hands, forks, knives, and cutting boards afterward.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second set of instructions is more formal. It uses more impersonal language and a direct command (wash utensils). The other set of instructions uses more conversational language (if you're going to be touching, you'd better)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Phoenix's phenotype for the cheek color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cockatiels, some individuals have bright orange cheeks and others have pale orange cheeks. In this group, the gene for the cheek color trait has two alleles. The allele R is for bright orange cheeks, and the allele r is for pale orange cheeks.\nPhoenix, a cockatiel from this group, has bright orange cheeks. Phoenix has two alleles for bright orange cheeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. bright orange cheeks\nB. RR\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Phoenix's observable version of the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks. So, Phoenix's phenotype for the cheek color trait is bright orange cheeks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Loons walk, fly, and swim.\nB. Magnolia trees have many leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A loon is an animal. It walks, flies, and swims.\nA loon is a bird. Loons live near lakes and dive in the water to hunt for food.\nA magnolia tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nMagnolia trees have red seeds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Norwood. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Norwood?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Norwood fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Norwood has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs an airplane a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether an airplane is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs an airplane something you can touch? Yes.\nIs an airplane a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, an airplane is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the clown's motion?\n\nHint:\nA clown on a unicycle is riding in a circle at a constant speed.\n\nChoices:\nA. The clown has a constant velocity.\nB. The clown is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The clown is changing direction. So, the clown is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Sophie are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Sophie?\n\nHint:\nSophie is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Sophie with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Sophie with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Sophie.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Sophie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Sophie, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Sophie down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Sophie up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Sophie."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich graduation announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Nicholas Gupta is graduating, and we couldn't be more proud!\nB. We are proud to announce the graduation of Nicholas Gupta.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nReagan has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.\n\nChoices:\nA. Reagan has no time to eat well.\nB. Reagan has many responsibilities.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Reagan has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Those carpenters use wood to build stairways and doorframes.\nB. We asked Andrew to join us, but we couldn't persuade him to go.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nWe asked Andrew to join us, but we couldn't persuade him to go."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gypsum is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nB. Native gold is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nC. Brass is made in a factory. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nNative gold is a mineral.\nGypsum is a mineral.\nBrass is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, brass is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an apple?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 95 kilograms\nB. 95 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an apple is 95 grams.\n95 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Kaylee, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Kaylee wants to protect her possessions.\nB. Kaylee thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Kaylee thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two trains. Which train was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a train that moved 635kilometers in 5hours\nB. a train that moved 605kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne train moved 635 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other train moved 605 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 635 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAlec's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shakespeare\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 19°C\nB. a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 25°C\nC. a 220-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 9°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 9°C bottle of water is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Grand Canyon was carved by the Colorado River.\nB. The Grand Canyon is the most breathtaking place the United States.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Grand Canyon was carved by the Colorado River.\nIt can be proved by visiting the Grand Canyon National Park website.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe Grand Canyon is the most breathtaking place the United States.\nMost breathtaking shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is breathtaking."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bony fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBony fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify bony fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of bone.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wels catfish have a bony skeleton and live in lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. Wels catfish eggs do not have shells for protection. Male catfish guard the eggs until they hatch.\nB. Gray tree frogs hatch from eggs without shells. They live underwater when they are tadpoles. They move onto land when they become adults. The moist skin of adult gray tree frogs can be green or gray. The color of their skin helps them hide on rocks or plants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBony fish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of bone.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA gray tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA gray tree frog does not have all of the traits of a bony fish. A gray tree frog is an amphibian.\nA wels catfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt lives underwater.\nIt has a skeleton made of bone.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA wels catfish has the traits of a bony fish. A wels catfish is a bony fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Albert inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAlbert has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Albert likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Albert's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Albert.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nscene - sped\n\nChoices:\nA. stallion\nB. so\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince so is between the guide words scene - sped, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word lily on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlawn - local\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lily is between the guide words lawn - local, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich stick of butter has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo sticks of butter are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder stick of butter\nB. the hotter stick of butter\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two sticks of butter are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter stick of butter has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthrew - trumpet\n\nChoices:\nA. temper\nB. tilt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tilt is between the guide words threw - trumpet, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning food on a stove\nan iceberg melting slowly\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nAn iceberg melting is a physical change. But burning food on a stove is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. But an iceberg melting is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. In the directions for assembling the bookshelves, Step 8 says to tighten the screws with an Allen wrench.\nB. In the directions for assembling the bookshelves, it says to tighten the screws with an Allen wrench.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with Step 8.\nIn the directions for assembling the bookshelves, Step 8 says to tighten the screws with an Allen wrench."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\nboiling an egg\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nBoiling an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwhisper - wrote\n\nChoices:\nA. warrior\nB. wipe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wipe is between the guide words whisper - wrote, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a guitar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 30 yards\nB. 30 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a guitar is 30 inches.\n30 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two speed walkers. Which speed walker was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speed walker who moved 70kilometers in 10hours\nB. a speed walker who moved 75kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each speed walker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne speed walker moved 70 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other speed walker moved 75 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each speed walker spent the same amount of time moving. The speed walker who moved 70 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that speed walker must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nThe Scythians were nomadic warriors who lived in Central Asia in the ninth century BCE, before disappearing during the second century CE, they had spread westward into Eastern Europe.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nThe Scythians were nomadic warriors who lived in Central Asia in the ninth century BCE, before disappearing during the second century CE, they had spread westward into Eastern Europe.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nThe Scythians were nomadic warriors who lived in Central Asia in the ninth century BCE. Before disappearing during the second century CE, they had spread westward into Eastern Europe."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. ham\nB. hole\nC. role\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words hole and role rhyme. They both end with the ole sound.\nThe word ham does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Javier stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet.\nB. Although she left her house early, Clare barely made it to the train station in time.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nJavier stacked a crate of oranges on top of the crate of lemons and checked both crates off his order sheet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown pelican\nB. spotted dolphin\nC. zebra\nD. great white shark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A brown pelican is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBrown pelicans live near water. They can dive underwater to catch fish.\nA spotted dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.\nA great white shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nGreat white sharks can live for up to 70 years.\nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Clare inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nClare has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Clare's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Clare.\nB. Clare and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ed seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nB. Ed subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nEd seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nEd subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Harper acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHarper knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Harper is most interested in human biology.\nB. Harper learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a warm loaf of bread?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60°C\nB. 60°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a warm loaf of bread is 60°C.\n60°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Rascal's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f).\nRascal is a cat from this group. Rascal has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur length gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. short fur\nB. long fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Rascal's genotype for the fur length gene is ff. Rascal's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for long fur. So, Rascal's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Rascal's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nRascal's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Rascal's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. thanks,\nWendy\nB. Thanks,\nWendy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nIsabelle entered the bustling, aromatic spice market in Istanbul and said to her travel companion, \"We're not in Kansas anymore.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. a movie\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nSamuel opens the big box.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, opens. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Earth is one of eight planets in our solar system.\nB. The company lowered its costs, so it won't have to close.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe company lowered its costs, so it won't have to close."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a spider's leg?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 16 millimeters\nB. 16 kilometers\nC. 16 meters\nD. 16 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 16 millimeters.\n16 centimeters, 16 meters, and 16 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Trevor lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trevor felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.\nB. There was a benefit to Trevor's job loss.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Trevor's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Trevor's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Gina can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nB. If Gina prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nGina can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Gina prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nWater builds up in a city after heavy rain.\n\nChoices:\nA. flood\nB. wildfire\nC. earthquake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the pod shape trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the pod shape trait in pea plants:\n\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have inflated pods and others have constricted pods. In this group, the gene for the pod shape trait has two alleles. The allele for inflated pods (D) is dominant over the allele for constricted pods (d).\nA certain pea plant from this group has the heterozygous genotype Dd for the pod shape gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. constricted pods\nB. inflated pods\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine the pea plant's phenotype for the pod shape trait. First, consider the alleles in the plant's genotype for the pod shape gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for inflated pods (D) is dominant over the allele for constricted pods (d). This means D is a dominant allele, and d is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of Dd has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pod shape trait must be inflated pods."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nBetween June and December in the Philippines, up to 27 centimeters of rain can fall each month.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nBetween June and December in the Philippines, up to 27 centimeters of rain can fall each month.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation in the Philippines. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 375-gram bath towel at a temperature of 4°C\nB. a 375-gram bath towel at a temperature of 20°C\nC. a 375-gram bath towel at a temperature of 25°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bath towels have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 25°C towel is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The director of the community garden says that if we want, we can try to introduce dragonflies into the garden. However, there is no guarantee that the dragonflies won't migrate elsewhere.\nB. Adult dragonflies prey on insects such as flies, moths, midges, and mosquitoes. They can eat hundreds of insects a day, making them attractive to gardeners who want to reduce insect pest populations.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAdult dragonflies prey on insects such as flies, moths, midges, and mosquitoes. They can eat hundreds of insects a day, making them attractive to gardeners who want to reduce insect pest populations.\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nThe director of the community garden says that if we want, we can try to introduce dragonflies into the garden. However, there is no guarantee that the dragonflies won't migrate elsewhere.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Clarke cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Clarke washes the car.\nB. Before practice the basketball players stretch on the floor.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMr. Clarke cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Clarke washes the car."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and gravel\ncracking open a peanut\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Helen collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Helen was out of shape.\nB. Helen felt full of energy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Helen was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Malia's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele for having Thomsen disease (M) is dominant over the allele for not having Thomsen disease (m).\nMalia is a human from this group. Malia has the heterozygous genotype Mm for the Thomsen disease gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having Thomsen disease\nB. having Thomsen disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Malia's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait. First, consider the alleles in Malia's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for having Thomsen disease (M) is dominant over the allele for not having Thomsen disease (m). This means M is a dominant allele, and m is a recessive allele.\nMalia's genotype of Mm has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Malia's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait must be having Thomsen disease."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsnug - spider\n\nChoices:\nA. serve\nB. soon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince soon is between the guide words snug - spider, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Eight Days a Week\"\nB. \"eight Days a Week\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word a is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"Eight Days a Week.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMateo's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthankful - too\n\nChoices:\nA. truant\nB. tickle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tickle is between the guide words thankful - too, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Colin chose to turn the other cheek when Ayana insulted him in a meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. clay ball\nB. metal shield\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the metal shield is harder. If you press on a metal shield, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 250-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 31°C\nB. a 250-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 29°C\nC. a 250-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 53°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 29°C mug of cider is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMiguel returned to the parking lot to find his car somewhat destroyed. Apparently someone had crashed into it while he was working and had broken the entire front windshield.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. yours truly,\nBill\nB. Yours truly,\nBill\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Darell acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDarell knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Darell is most interested in American history.\nB. Darell learned history by reading.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. London is the capital city of England.\nB. The calendar will help her plan ahead, she will circle important days.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.London is the capital city of England is a complete sentence. The subject is London, and the verb is is."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. cardinalfish\nB. wolf spider\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.Like other spiders, a wolf spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nMelted rock comes out of the ground.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nSulfur dioxide is ().\n\nHint:\nSulfur dioxide is a poisonous gas that is released into the atmosphere when volcanoes erupt. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether sulfur dioxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for sulfur dioxide is SO2. This formula contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nKelsey's hand is pushing on a door.\n\nChoices:\nA. The door is pulling on Kelsey's hand.\nB. The door is pushing on Kelsey's hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Kelsey's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Kelsey's hand."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI can't believe you'd hire Jacob Blair to watch your dog! Did you know that his friend adopted a dog but then took it back to the shelter after just one week?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Jacob must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Jacob's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jacob is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe loud thunder will wake the baby.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, wake. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nOn that winter morning, Elizabeth's hands were as cold as ice.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.On that winter morning, Elizabeth's hands were as cold as ice.\nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Princess and the Frog\nB. The princess and the Frog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words and and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Princess and the Frog."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Greg perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nB. Greg perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nGreg perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nGreg perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. Larry's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nB. Larry's eyes are bright green emeralds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nLarry's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nLarry's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Lollipop's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nLollipop is a rabbit from this group. Lollipop has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown fur\nB. black fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Lollipop's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Lollipop's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for brown fur. So, Lollipop's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Lollipop's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nLollipop's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Lollipop's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThey will track the bear through the woods.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, track. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following statements is true?\n\nHint:\nThe Executive Branch of government is described in Article II of the United States Constitution. Read Section 1 of Article II. Then answer the question.\nThe executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice president, chosen for the same term, be elected.\nexecutive: related to the carrying out of laws\nvested in: given to\n\nChoices:\nA. The president of the United States is in charge of carrying out the laws.\nB. The president of the United States makes all laws.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. castor bean tick\nB. zebra dove\nC. Solomon leaf frog\nD. harvest mouse\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A zebra dove is a bird. Like other birds, a zebra dove is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA harvest mouse is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harvest mouse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA Solomon leaf frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a Solomon leaf frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nLaughter is sunshine; it chases winter from the human face.\n—Victor Hugo, Les Misérables\n\nChoices:\nA. Laughter can affect people in different ways.\nB. Laughter can brighten people's moods.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor laughter is sunshine suggests that laughter can brighten people's moods. Sunshine can make a winter day brighter and warmer, and laughter has a similar effect on a bad mood."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe voyage lasted for several months.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, lasted. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. The ripe tomatoes were small red balloons.\nB. The ripe tomatoes were like small red balloons.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nThe ripe tomatoes were like small red balloons.\nThe words tomatoes and balloons are compared using the word like.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe ripe tomatoes were small red balloons.\nThe words tomatoes and balloons are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Vincent decides to take a trip to Tennessee. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nVincent is deciding whether to take a trip to New York or Tennessee. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Vincent will give up the chance to go to New York. He would have enjoyed a trip to New York more than Tennessee.\nB. Vincent will save some money. Plane tickets for Vincent to get to Tennessee are less expensive than tickets to New York.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Vincent wants or needs:\nVincent will give up the chance to go to New York. He would have enjoyed a trip to New York more than Tennessee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMaya gazed at the ancient pug that seemed to sleep all day and noted, \"You're an energetic puppy!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. Return to oz\nB. Return to Oz\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word to is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Return to Oz."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nOzone is ().\n\nHint:\nOzone gas in the atmosphere protects living things on Earth from some of the Sun's harmful rays. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether ozone is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for ozone, O3, contains one atomic symbol: O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that ozone is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince ozone is composed of only one chemical element, ozone is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the shopping cart's motion?\n\nHint:\nA girl is pushing a full shopping cart straight down an aisle with increasing speed.\n\nChoices:\nA. The shopping cart has a constant velocity.\nB. The shopping cart is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The shopping cart is speeding up. So, the shopping cart is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 250-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 45°F\nB. a 250-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 40°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 40°F glass of orange juice is colder than the 45°F glass of orange juice, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Janice acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJanice can play the cello.\n\nChoices:\nA. Janice learned how to play the cello in music class.\nB. Janice and her father play the cello together.\nC. Janice knows how to polish her cello.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a purse a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a purse is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a purse something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a purse a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a purse is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nAfter he finished the marathon, Gordon collapsed into a chair and declared that he could no longer move a single muscle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gordon became paralyzed.\nB. Gordon was very tired and sore.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Gordon was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 45 pounds\nB. a cart holding 87 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 87 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 45 pounds. So, the cart holding 87 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. Green Valley News and Sun\nB. Green valley News and Sun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Green Valley News and Sun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tessa acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTessa knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tessa can cook food over a fire.\nB. Tessa learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThanks to her enduring popularity with employees, Lucy Shepherd is the best-liked CEO in our company's history.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Lucy Shepherd is well-liked, because she's popular. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\noctopus - owl\n\nChoices:\nA. ox\nB. orbit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince orbit is between the guide words octopus - owl, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Jack's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Akira told her brother.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncooking an egg\nburning food on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter.\nFood burning on a stove is a chemical change. The type of matter in the food changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could Vivian have anything insightful to say about foreign affairs? She grew up on a farm.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Vivian cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a thrifty person\nB. a stingy person\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A thrifty person has a more positive connotation. Thrifty and stingy both denote not wanting to spend money. However, thrifty suggests a person spends money carefully, while stingy suggests a person is ungenerous or cheap."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ann acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAnn knows how to fly a plane.\n\nChoices:\nA. A pilot taught Ann how to fly a plane.\nB. Ann is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.\nC. Ann can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich plate of spaghetti has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo plates of spaghetti are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the plate of spaghetti with more thermal energy\nB. the plate of spaghetti with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two plates of spaghetti are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the plate of spaghetti with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Daniel acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDaniel knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Daniel knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\nB. Daniel learned how to knit in an after school program.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Wishes,\nCody\nB. Best wishes,\nCody\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"This morning, the newspaper said that Bella Holland won the mayoral election in Westminster,\" Tim remarked to his sister.\nB. \"This morning, it said that Bella Holland won the mayoral election in Westminster,\" Tim remarked to his sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.\n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Bella Holland won the mayoral election in Westminster,\" Tim remarked to his sister."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMax usually eats oatmeal for breakfast.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Lauren inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLauren has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Lauren's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Lauren.\nB. Lauren and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Belle investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBelle visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\nB. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\nC. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nKaylee was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shakespeare\nB. Greek history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the horse's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the horse and Earth () as the horse ran toward the river.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an animal in motion.\nA horse was grazing at the top of a small hill. The horse got thirsty and ran toward a river at the bottom of the hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. decreased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the horse and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the small hill is lower than the top of the hill. As the horse ran down the hill, the distance between the horse and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the horse and Earth decreased as the horse ran toward the river."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOf course the city is perfectly safe. Look at me—I've been living here for years and I'm fine!\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the city is not dangerous. However, even though the speaker has never been in danger in the city, that doesn't necessarily mean that everyone in the city is always safe. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The American Revolution went on for too many years.\nB. Thousands of people were injured during the American Revolution.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nThousands of people were injured during the American Revolution.\nIt can be proved by researching how many people were injured during the American Revolution.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe American Revolution went on for too many years.\nToo many shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how many years is too many."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chalcopyrite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.\nB. Paint is not a pure substance. It is made in a factory.\nC. Graphite is not made by living things. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nGraphite is a mineral.\nPaint is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nPaint is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, paint is not a mineral.\nChalcopyrite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe farmer will grow corn in that field.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, grow. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 175miles north in 5hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 40miles west in 5hours\nC. a motorboat that moved 195miles north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 40 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't ever get a ride from Tisha. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Tisha must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Tisha's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tisha is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The city manager will run the meeting, she will explain the budget.\nB. All the goats, cows, and horses on the farm.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The city manager will run the meeting, she will explain the budget is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: The city manager will run the meeting and She will explain the budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would smell more?\n\nChoices:\nA. gold nugget\nB. paint\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the paint would smell more. Wet paint has a strong smell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text message is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ms. Davis is already here. She's waiting in the lobby.\nB. Heads up! Davis is here. In the lobby.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Davis). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Lorenzo investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nLorenzo mixes oil and vinegar to make salad dressing. He notices that after a few minutes, the oil and vinegar separate. He wonders what factors affect how quickly liquids separate. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree glass bottles\nolive oil\nvegetable oil\nvinegar\ncold water\n\nChoices:\nA. Does vinegar separate faster when stirred together with olive oil or with coconut oil?\nB. Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with vinegar or with water?\nC. Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with cold water or with hot water?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA () egg can grow into a seed.\n\nChoices:\nA. fertilized\nB. pollinated\nC. germinated\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFertilized eggs grow into seeds. An egg cannot become a seed until after it is fertilized.\nAfter a female cone is pollinated, its eggs can be fertilized. Pollination is what happens when pollen sticks to a female cone. Eggs do not get pollinated.\nA seed can germinate, or begin to grow into a new plant. Eggs do not germinate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 70°F\nB. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 56°F\nC. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 55°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three metal paper clips have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 55°F paper clip is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nTrichlorofluoromethane is ().\n\nHint:\nTrichlorofluoromethane was once used in refrigerators and fire extinguishers. It is no longer used because it harms the atmosphere's ozone layer. The chemical formula for trichlorofluoromethane is CCl3F.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether trichlorofluoromethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3 F, contains three atomic symbols: C for carbon, Cl for chlorine, and F for fluorine. So, the formula tells you that trichlorofluoromethane is composed of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSince trichlorofluoromethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, trichlorofluoromethane is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jacob investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJacob starts to make a sandwich, but he sees mold on the bread! He wonders what factors affect how mold grows on bread. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo loaves of white sandwich bread\na small plastic bag\na large plastic bag\na refrigerator\n\nChoices:\nA. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored in a paper bag or in a plastic bag?\nB. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored inside or outside the refrigerator?\nC. Does white or whole wheat sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe sky is clear right now, so it should be easy to see the stars tonight.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe sky is clear right now, so it should be easy to see the stars tonight.\nThis passage tells you about the cloud cover right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Arietta's genotype for the fur texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for wavy fur.\nArietta, a Syrian hamster from this group, has straight fur. Arietta has one allele for straight fur and one allele for wavy fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ff\nB. straight fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Arietta has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for wavy fur (f). So, Arietta's genotype for the fur texture gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hammer?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 inches\nB. 6 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 6 inches.\n6 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJeanette wants to play a guitar solo on our next recording. Her father is a horrible musician, though, so I doubt that Jeanette's any good either.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Jeanette must be a bad guitar player, because her father is a horrible musician. However, even though Jeanette's father is a horrible musician, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jeanette is as well. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. If Lila's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.\nB. If Lila's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Lila's skirt or the blouse.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.\nIf Lila's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nunhappy - urgent\n\nChoices:\nA. us\nB. upon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince upon is between the guide words unhappy - urgent, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt was the best of times, it was the worst of times.\n—Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nDickens contrasts opposing views of the same time period using the words the best and the worst in parallel clauses."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning food on a stove\ngrilling a hamburger\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. get\nB. meet\nC. feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words feet and meet rhyme. They both end with the eet sound.\nThe word get does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\nwater freezing into ice\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nBoth changes are caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two humpback whales. Which humpback whale was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a humpback whale that moved 15miles in 5hours\nB. a humpback whale that moved 25miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne humpback whale moved 25 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other humpback whale moved 15 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 25 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter opening is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Fred,\nB. Dear Mr. Robinson,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nTanvi asked her mother if she could adopt a cat, and her mother replied, \"It's a definite maybe,\" so Tanvi didn't want to get her hopes up.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe spider skins lie on their sides, translucent and ragged, their legs drying in knots.\n—Annie Dillard, Holy the Firm\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words spider, lie, sides and drying share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Julie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJulie knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Julie is most interested in human biology.\nB. Julie learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Briar's genotype for the fur color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nBriar, a rabbit from this group, has brown fur. Briar has two alleles for brown fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. brown fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Briar has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Briar's genotype for the fur color gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmelting wax\nyour breath becoming visible on a cold day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nYour breath becoming visible on a cold day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in your breath touches the cold air outside and becomes liquid. The water vapor changes state, but it is made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But your breath becoming visible on a cold day is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nYour breath becoming visible on a cold day is caused by cooling. But melting wax is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLee described the situation he was facing with his boss as a catch-22.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nharness - hotel\n\nChoices:\nA. hurdle\nB. himself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince himself is between the guide words harness - hotel, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Mia decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nMia is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mia will save some money by not buying the book.\nB. Mia will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Mia wants or needs:\nMia will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nKinsley's hand is pushing on a door.\n\nChoices:\nA. The door is pushing on Kinsley's hand.\nB. The door is pulling on Kinsley's hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Kinsley's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Kinsley's hand."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the description that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. clever\nB. foolish\nC. friendly\nD. unintelligent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nFriendly doesn't belong.\nFoolish, unintelligent, and clever all describe how smart someone is."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The ancient Maya people believed that chocolate was the food of the gods.\nB. The ancient Maya people of Central America had some peculiar ideas about chocolate.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe ancient Maya people believed that chocolate was the food of the gods.\nIt can be proved by looking in books about Mayan beliefs.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe ancient Maya people of Central America had some peculiar ideas about chocolate.\nPeculiar shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is peculiar."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nAlfred Hitchcock's 1963 horror masterpiece The Birds is based on Daphne du Maurier's novella of the same name. In the film version, a quiet town in northern California is terrorized by birds, however, the book is set in Cornwall, England. Du Maurier was unhappy with the movie, which didn't stick to her original storyline, characters, or setting. Most people, though, still think of the film as a classic, in fact, the American Film Institute ranks it as the seventh most thrilling American film of the twentieth century.\n\nChoices:\nA. by fixing run-on sentences\nB. by fixing sentence fragments\nC. by correcting verb tenses\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing run-on sentences.\nFor example, the writer could revise the underlined text.\nAlfred Hitchcock's 1963 horror masterpiece The Birds is based on Daphne du Maurier's novella of the same name. In the film version, a quiet town in northern California is terrorized by birds, however, the book is set in Cornwall, England. Du Maurier was unhappy with the movie, which didn't stick to her original storyline, characters, or setting. Most people, though, still think of the film as a classic, in fact, the American Film Institute ranks it as the seventh most thrilling American film of the twentieth century."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nDuring this chemical reaction, the air around the reaction becomes ().\n\nHint:\nWhen a chemical reaction absorbs or releases thermal energy, the reaction causes a change in temperature. Read the passage about a chemical reaction that absorbs or releases thermal energy. Then, follow the instructions below.\nSome chemical substances explode under pressure. One such substance, nitrogen triiodide (NI3), explodes at even the lightest touch! When this happens, the nitrogen triiodide breaks down to form nitrogen (N2) and iodine (I2). During this reaction, chemical energy is converted to an enormous amount of thermal energy, which is transferred into the surroundings.\n\nChoices:\nA. colder\nB. warmer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released as heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are everything around the reaction, such as the solution that the reaction takes place in or the air nearby.\nSome reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is provided by the molecules in the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.\nSome reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.To determine whether the air around the reaction becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction.Some chemical substances explode under pressure. One such substance, nitrogen triiodide (NI3), explodes at even the lightest touch! When this happens, the nitrogen triiodide breaks down to form nitrogen (N2) and iodine (I2). During this reaction, chemical energy is converted to an enormous amount of thermal energy, which is transferred into the surroundings.The underlined text tells you that thermal energy is transferred into the surroundings. Because thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.The surroundings include the air around the reaction. So, the air around the reaction becomes warmer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter the stock market crash, many people's financial futures went into free fall.\n\nChoices:\nA. alliteration\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nFinancial futures went into free fall repeats the f sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nWhy is smoking cigarettes bad for your health? Cigarettes contain poisonous substances like carbon monoxide and tar, which can harm every part of your body. Smoking causes heart disease and damages your blood vessels. Eating a diet high in fat, sugar, and salt can also lead to heart disease. A lack of exercise contributes to heart disease, too. Smoking damages your lungs and can cause breathing problems or lung cancer. In fact, it can cause cancer in any organ in your body.\n\nChoices:\nA. by focusing on one main idea\nB. by stating the main idea clearly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by focusing on one main idea.\nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined text to focus only on the reasons why smoking cigarettes is bad for your health.\nWhy is smoking cigarettes bad for your health? Cigarettes contain poisonous substances like carbon monoxide and tar, which can harm every part of your body. Smoking causes heart disease and damages your blood vessels. Eating a diet high in fat, sugar, and salt can also lead to heart disease. A lack of exercise contributes to heart disease, too. Smoking damages your lungs and can cause breathing problems or lung cancer. In fact, it can cause cancer in any organ in your body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Edward inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEdward has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Edward's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Edward.\nB. Edward's mother cuts his hair every month.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 11 millimeters\nB. 11 meters\nC. 11 kilometers\nD. 11 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 11 kilometers.\n11 millimeters, 11 centimeters, and 11 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a paper drinking cup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 110 liters\nB. 110 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 110 milliliters.\n110 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDespite Harper's insistence that she would raise Cain if we ever got lost, we decided to try taking a shortcut.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion raise Cain is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Adam and Eve's son Cain murders his brother in a jealous rage.\nThe allusion raise Cain means to resort to violence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Bryce finally agreed to let his daughter adopt the stray dog, she responded with a smile that was a mile wide.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA smile that was a mile wide is an exaggeration, since it is physically impossible to have a smile that is actually a mile wide."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Toffee's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of deer mice, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b).\nToffee is a deer mouse from this group. Toffee has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairy body\nB. a hairless body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Toffee's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Toffee's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Toffee's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Toffee's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nToffee's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Toffee's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hammer?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 inches\nB. 8 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 8 inches.\n8 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Bambi's phenotype for the wool color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L).\nBambi is a sheep from this group. Bambi has the homozygous genotype LL for the wool color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white wool\nB. black wool\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Bambi's genotype for the wool color gene is LL. Bambi's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for white wool. So, Bambi's phenotype for the wool color trait must be white wool.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Bambi's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nBambi's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Bambi's phenotype for the wool color trait must be white wool."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. yours truly,\nBrandon\nB. Yours truly,\nBrandon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am small.\nI like to play.\nMy mom is a dog.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a puppy\nB. a kitten\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA puppy is small.\nA puppy likes to play.\nA puppy's mom is a dog."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. tomato soup\nB. salt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. The children ran by like a stampede of horses.\nB. The running children are a stampede of horses.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe running children are a stampede of horses.\nThe words children and stampede are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe children ran by like a stampede of horses.\nThe words children and stampede are compared using the word like."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Josiah's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the sickle-cell disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have sickle-cell disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the sickle-cell disease trait has two alleles. The allele A is for not having sickle-cell disease, and the allele a is for having sickle-cell disease.\nJosiah, a human from this group, does not have sickle-cell disease. Josiah has one allele for not having sickle-cell disease and one allele for having sickle-cell disease.\n\nChoices:\nA. Aa\nB. not having sickle-cell disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Josiah's observable version of the sickle-cell disease trait is not having sickle-cell disease. So, Josiah's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait is not having sickle-cell disease."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBryant has a scar on his right leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thanks,\nDana\nB. thanks,\nDana\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also known as the G.I. Bill, gave veterans money to pay college costs and buy books and supplies. Ex-servicemen were also eligible to receive low-interest home loans so that they could afford to buy their own homes, as well as commercial loans to set up their own businesses. One of the more controversial aspects of the bill was the provision of unemployment benefits to the veterans who were unable to find jobs.\n\nChoices:\nA. by stating the main idea clearly\nB. by removing a second main idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by stating the main idea clearly.\nFor example, the writer could add a main idea statement before the underlined sentence, such as The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 was a widely influential bill that helped veterans in many ways.\nThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also known as the G.I. Bill, gave veterans money to pay college costs and buy books and supplies. Ex-servicemen were also eligible to receive low-interest home loans so that they could afford to buy their own homes, as well as commercial loans to set up their own businesses. One of the more controversial aspects of the bill was the provision of unemployment benefits to the veterans who were unable to find jobs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kimi thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.\nB. Kimi was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nKimi was upset about the local news network's coverage of the presidential debates, calling it a travesty of reporting that undermined important issues.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nKimi thought it a travesty that her local news network provided only limited coverage of the presidential debates.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dad took the last chair, so you will have to stand.\nB. The Mississippi River flows from Lake Itasca to the Gulf of Mexico.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nDad took the last chair, so you will have to stand."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na slice of banana turning brown\nburning food on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a slice of banana turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. red-eyed tree frog\nB. eagle ray\nC. red kangaroo\nD. Mojave rattlesnake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nA red-eyed tree frog has sticky pads on its toes. The sticky pads help the red-eyed tree frog hold on to leaves.\nAn eagle ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nRays have a different shape than many other fish. Rays are large and flat. They have wide, triangle-shaped fins that help them swim long distances.\nA red kangaroo is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nKangaroos hop to move around. They use their large tails for balance while hopping.\nA Mojave rattlesnake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nRattlesnakes have fangs they can use to inject venom into their prey."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. thank you,\nSue\nB. Thank you,\nSue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Now You See Me***\nB. \"Now You See Me\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Now You See Me**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsewing an apron\nmixing sand and water\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Colin acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nColin has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Colin's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nTitanium is ().\n\nHint:\nTitanium is a strong, lightweight metal often used to make tennis rackets and golf clubs. The chemical formula for titanium is Ti.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether titanium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for titanium is Ti. This formula contains one symbol: Ti. So, the formula tells you that titanium is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, titanium is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAustin's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shakespeare\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Emmett decides to plant the irises. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nEmmett is deciding whether to plant irises or a magnolia tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. Emmett will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the irises.\nB. He will save some space. The irises will use up less space than the magnolia tree would have used up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Emmett wants or needs:\nEmmett will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the irises."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe giant boulder () budge, no matter how hard we pushed.\n\nChoices:\nA. would not\nB. refused to\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase refused to. It describes the boulder as if it were a stubborn person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Dasher's phenotype for the coat color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a red coat (l).\nDasher is a cow from this group. Dasher has the homozygous genotype ll for the coat color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black coat\nB. a red coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Dasher's genotype for the coat color gene is ll. Dasher's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for a red coat. So, Dasher's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a red coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Dasher's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (L) is dominant over the allele for a red coat (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nDasher's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Dasher's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a red coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sebastian inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSebastian has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sebastian's mother cuts his hair every month.\nB. Sebastian's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Sebastian.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsnowflakes forming in a cloud\nbreaking a piece of glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSnowflakes forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA snowflake begins to form when a tiny drop of liquid water in a cloud freezes. This is caused by cooling. But breaking a piece of glass is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Ariana investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAriana has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?\nB. If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?\nC. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nSeattle, Washington, has over 200 cloudy days every year.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nSeattle, Washington, has over 200 cloudy days every year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds in Seattle. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a walk across Central Park in New York City?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 millimeters\nB. 2 meters\nC. 2 kilometers\nD. 2 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a walk across Central Park in New York City is 2 kilometers.\n2 millimeters, 2 centimeters, and 2 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Danny shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nB. Danny shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nDanny shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nDanny shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRed velvet cupcakes were Jenny's Achilles's heel when she was trying to eat more healthily.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. a movie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Sandy's phenotype for the tail spots trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i).\nSandy is a guppy from this group. Sandy has the homozygous genotype ii for the tail spots gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a spotted tail\nB. an unspotted tail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Sandy's genotype for the tail spots gene is ii. Sandy's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for an unspotted tail. So, Sandy's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Sandy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nSandy's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Sandy's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nKurt seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kurt has a hands-on approach to his work.\nB. Kurt is successful at all that he does.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Kurt is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After scouring the classified ads for days, Paul finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nB. After scouring the classified ads for days, Paul finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sedan or Bluetooth.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Paul finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Paul finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe Fourth Amendment says that the government needs to have a good reason before it can () a person.\n\nChoices:\nA. hire\nB. enslave\nC. tax\nD. search\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nThe Fourth Amendment says that the government needs to have a good reason before it can search a person or his or her property. The Fourth Amendment says that \"unreasonable searches\" are not allowed. It is not always clear what makes a search \"unreasonable.\" But a search for no reason is definitely unreasonable! Police officers and other government employees search people every day. There are many good reasons the government might have to search someone. For example, the person might be acting in a suspicious or strange way. Or a police officer might see something against the law before the search. It is often hard to know if the government has a good enough reason to do a search. Often a judge will have to decide. The full text of the Fourth Amendment is below. How can a police officer or other member of the government get the right to search someone? The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Chad felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJackson has a scar on his left elbow.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Jennifer are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Jennifer?\n\nHint:\nJennifer is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Jennifer with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Jennifer with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Jennifer.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Jennifer.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Jennifer, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Jennifer down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Jennifer up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Jennifer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nHelium is ().\n\nHint:\nHelium is a gas that is less dense than air. So, helium is often used to fill balloons to make them float. The chemical formula for helium is He.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether helium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for helium is He. This formula contains one symbol: He. So, the formula tells you that helium is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, helium is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Love,\nLuna\nB. love,\nLuna\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na penny tarnishing\ncompost rotting\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Cassie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nCassie knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cassie learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\nB. Cassie is most interested in human biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Ant and the Grasshopper\"\nB. The Ant and the Grasshopper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"The Ant and the Grasshopper.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Of all the species of damselfish, the blue chromis is the most striking in terms of color.\nB. The vitamins in a blue chromis's diet can affect how brightly the fish's colors appear.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe vitamins in a blue chromis's diet can affect how brightly the fish's colors appear.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about tropical fish.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nOf all the species of damselfish, the blue chromis is the most striking in terms of color.\nMost striking shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which fish's color is most visually impressive."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. juice\nB. cup\nC. water\nD. milk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Milk, water, and juice go together. They are drinks. Cup is not a drink, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Pedro was a fish out of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pedro didn't have any friends.\nB. Pedro felt out of place.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Pedro felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. shoe\nB. opossum\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A shoe is not a living thing.\nShoes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nAn opossum is a living thing.\nOpossums grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCompost rotting is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Compost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full bag of groceries?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 grams\nB. 2 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 2 kilograms.\n2 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a watermelon at a temperature of 10°C\nB. a watermelon at a temperature of 17°C\nC. a watermelon at a temperature of 29°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three watermelons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10°C watermelon is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nOvercome with joy, Mrs. McBride told her husband the exciting news about her promotion.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nOvercome with joy, Mrs. McBride told her husband the exciting news about her promotion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 265 liters\nB. 265 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 265 milliliters.\n265 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word platform on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npea - pinto\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince platform is not between the guide words pea - pinto, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMrs. Erickson is kind, and her heart is gold.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Mrs. Erickson is kind, and her heart is gold.\nThe words heart and gold are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nOvercome with joy, Mrs. Fischer told her husband the exciting news about her promotion.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nOvercome with joy, Mrs. Fischer told her husband the exciting news about her promotion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a globe a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a globe is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a globe something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a globe a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a globe is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cell membrane stores nutrients, water, and waste in a plant cell.\nB. In animal cells, lysosomes break down waste and worn-out cell parts.\nC. The endoplasmic reticulum breaks down sugar to release energy that an animal cell can use.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. thread\nB. milk\nC. air inside a tire\nD. tortoise shell\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.The air inside a tire is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air in a tire expands to fill all the space inside the tire. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the tire.\nThread is a solid that can be bent or tangled. But it still has a size and shape of its own.\nA tortoise shell is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A tortoise shell is made of a solid called keratin, just like your fingernails!\nMilk is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour milk into a different container, the milk will take the shape of that container. But the milk will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nTiny wildflowers () poked through the cracks in the pavement.\n\nChoices:\nA. slowly\nB. shyly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word shyly. It describes the wildflowers as if they were timid people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Whenever the Duncans visit Florida, they see their relatives.\nB. The Duncans see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they could refer to the Duncans or their relatives.\nThe Duncans see their relatives whenever they visit Florida.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhenever the Duncans visit Florida, they see their relatives."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAnnual plants survive only one season and must be replaced each year, but perennials return each year with new flowers and foliage.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. simple\nC. compound-complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nAnnual plants survive only one season and must be replaced each year, but perennials return each year with new flowers and foliage."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. globe\nB. note\nC. robe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words globe and robe rhyme. They both end with the obe sound.\nThe word note does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"Your new hairstyle is so boring!\" Dean remarked when his sister showed up with a pink-and-blue mohawk.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nBoring shows verbal irony because Dean's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCooking a pancake is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Cooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nSusan's foot is pushing on her car's gas pedal.\n\nChoices:\nA. The gas pedal is pulling on Susan's foot.\nB. The gas pedal is pushing on Susan's foot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Susan's foot is pushing on the gas pedal. So, Newton's third law tells you that the gas pedal is pushing on Susan's foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJen plays hockey.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing hockey takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Somerville. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Somerville?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow do I know that Edna is the most intelligent person in our geometry class? I know because she's so smart.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Edna is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 295kilometers west in 5hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 230kilometers south in 5hours\nC. a speedboat that moved 205kilometers south in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 5 hours. The speedboat that moved 205 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Felicia's phenotype for the fur type trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have straight fur and others have curly fur. In this group, the gene for the fur type trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for curly fur.\nFelicia, a cat from this group, has curly fur. Felicia has two alleles for curly fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. curly fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Felicia's observable version of the fur type trait is curly fur. So, Felicia's phenotype for the fur type trait is curly fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Red Balloon\nB. the Red Balloon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is The Red Balloon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Donald inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDonald has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Donald's biological father has curly hair.\nB. Donald's coworker also has curly hair.\nC. Donald and his biological parents have brown hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nblew - bud\n\nChoices:\nA. boil\nB. bake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince boil is between the guide words blew - bud, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich bath towel has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo 500-gram bath towels are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter bath towel\nB. the colder bath towel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two bath towels are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder bath towel has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nyour breath becoming visible on a cold day\nmixing sand and gravel\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nYour breath becoming visible on a cold day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in your breath touches the cold air outside and becomes liquid. The water vapor changes state, but it is made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nYour breath becoming visible on a cold day is caused by cooling. But mixing sand and gravel is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lions are mammals, we are mammals, too.\nB. This wonderful drink tastes cool and sweet.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Lions are mammals, we are mammals, too is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Lions are mammals and We are mammals, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Banggai cardinalfish\nB. green moray eel\nC. rabbit\nD. arroyo toad\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A green moray eel is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nEels are long and thin. They may have small fins. They look like snakes, but they are fish!\nAn arroyo toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.\nA Banggai cardinalfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nCardinalfish often live near coral reefs. They are nocturnal, which means that they are active mostly at night."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Eve made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. At the grocery store, Eve hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Eve hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nEve made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nTiana put a bandage on my cut.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI'm never setting foot in any seafood restaurant again. We just had a ridiculously overpriced dinner at Cameron's Seafood Hut, and I have no interest in repeating that experience.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Manuel inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nManuel has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Manuel and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\nB. Manuel and his biological father have short hair.\nC. Manuel's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMelissa plays basketball.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing basketball takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI work in a school.\nI help you read and write.\nI give you homework.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a teacher\nB. a friend\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA teacher works in a school.\nA teacher helps you read and write.\nA teacher gives you homework."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nEric took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nEric took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Darren realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nB. Darren's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nDarren's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nDarren realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Carmen and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.\nB. An ostrich cannot fly, so it must run away from danger.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nAn ostrich cannot fly, so it must run away from danger."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. A honeybee can make one-twelfth of a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime.\nB. Bees are especially useful insects because they can make honey.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nA honeybee can make one-twelfth of a teaspoon of honey in its lifetime.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about honeybees.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBees are especially useful insects because they can make honey.\nEspecially useful shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes bees especially useful."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nHow well does Roger play the guitar?\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Goodman told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\nB. Mrs. Goodman told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Goodman or her friend.\nMrs. Goodman told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Goodman told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI understand that you had a medical emergency, but I still cannot accept late homework. If I make an exception for you, I'll have to make exceptions for everybody.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that making an exception for one student because of a medical emergency will lead to making exceptions for all students. However, making an exception for a particular situation does not mean the teacher must make exceptions for all situations. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word mole on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmail - mind\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mole is not between the guide words mail - mind, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Molly looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia, but she has pierced ears.\nB. Molly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Molly or Julia.\nMolly looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia, but she has pierced ears.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMolly has pierced ears, but otherwise she looks almost identical to her twin sister Julia."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a cherry pie?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1 kilogram\nB. 1 gram\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a cherry pie is 1 kilogram.\n1 gram is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBrooke anticipated that the free makeover her friend was promising would turn out to be a Trojan horse.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich soccer ball has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo soccer balls are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the soccer ball with more thermal energy\nB. the soccer ball with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two soccer balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the soccer ball with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nHe reads incessantly; new ideas are food for his mind.\n\nChoices:\nA. He is never satisfied with what he reads.\nB. He is stimulated by new ideas.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor ideas are food suggests that he is stimulated by new ideas. Food is energizing to the body, just as ideas are energizing to the mind."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nat\n\nChoices:\nA. closed\nB. open\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word at ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMilk going sour is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Milk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Las Vegas Sun***\nB. \"Las Vegas Sun\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A newspaper should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Las Vegas Sun**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. trade\nB. slide\nC. fade\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words fade and trade rhyme. They both end with the ade sound.\nThe word slide does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nLucy's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sang on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsincere - sniff\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sang is not between the guide words sincere - sniff, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nidea - inspire\n\nChoices:\nA. issue\nB. immense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince immense is between the guide words idea - inspire, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a clique\nB. a club\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A clique has a more negative connotation. Clique and club both denote a group. However, clique suggests that the group excludes or is unfriendly to others, while club suggests that the group is organized around shared interests."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a bicycle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 grams\nB. 8 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 8 kilograms.\n8 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. robe\nB. globe\nC. plant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words globe and robe rhyme. They both end with the obe sound.\nThe word plant does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Rufus's genotype for the body size gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a normal-sized body, and the allele b is for a dwarf body.\nRufus, a rat from this group, has a normal-sized body. Rufus has two alleles for a normal-sized body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a normal-sized body\nB. BB\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Rufus has two alleles for a normal-sized body (B). So, Rufus's genotype for the body size gene is BB."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jackie Robinson is the greatest baseball player in modern major league baseball history.\nB. Jackie Robinson was the first African American baseball player in modern major league baseball.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe first sentence states a fact.\nJackie Robinson was the first African American baseball player in modern major league baseball.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about the history of baseball.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nJackie Robinson is the greatest baseball player in modern major league baseball history.\nGreatest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a baseball player great."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and gravel\nadding dish soap to water in a sink\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nAdding dish soap to water in a sink is a physical change. Bubbles may appear if air gets trapped in the soapy water, but a different type of matter does not form.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nJayden usually eats oatmeal for breakfast.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwalk - whip\n\nChoices:\nA. week\nB. wipe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince week is between the guide words walk - whip, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Pruitt is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Pruitt lives near his family.\nB. Mr. Pruitt is old.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Pruitt is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Celine investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nCeline leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nC. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Brenna and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.\nB. This loaf of bread is almost stale, but we can make it into bread crumbs for the meatballs.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nThis loaf of bread is almost stale, but we can make it into bread crumbs for the meatballs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. golden frog\nB. Caribbean reef octopus\nC. honey bee\nD. weaver ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A golden frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a golden frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other octopuses, a Caribbean reef octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA honey bee is an insect. Like other insects, a honey bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lucy felt awful after she scolded Erica for missing the deadline.\nB. After Lucy scolded Erica for missing the deadline, she felt awful.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Lucy or Erica.\nAfter Lucy scolded Erica for missing the deadline, she felt awful.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nLucy felt awful after she scolded Erica for missing the deadline."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMay I have a second serving of dessert?\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the description that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. adult\nB. child\nC. aunt\nD. teen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAunt doesn't belong.\nChild, teen, and adult all describe stages of life."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a goose that moved 375miles south in 10hours\nB. a goose that moved 520miles north in 10hours\nC. a goose that moved 495miles west in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 520 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nGive Santiago a tour of the building and then take him to Mr. Hutchinson's office.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large trash can?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 17 fluid ounces\nB. 17 cups\nC. 17 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 17 gallons.\n17 fluid ounces and 17 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe Sixth Amendment lists some of the rights of people who are charged with crimes. Which of these is not a right promised by the amendment?\n\nChoices:\nA. the right to a speedy and public trial\nB. the right to choose the judge for their trial\nC. the right to get help from a lawyer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Sixth Amendment says that anyone charged with a crime has the right to a speedy and public trial and the right to get help from a lawyer. However, it does not say that accused criminals can choose their judge. Part of the text of the Sixth Amendment is below. Notice the phrases \"speedy and public trial\" and \"assistance of counsel.\" Does the text mention any other rules for trials? In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. . .and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Atkinson told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Atkinson is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. iceberg\nB. pushpin\nC. strawberry bush\nD. soap bubble\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.An iceberg is not a living thing.\nAn iceberg does not have all the traits of a living thing. It may grow or melt in response to the world around it, but it does not need food.\nA pushpin is not a living thing.\nPushpins do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA strawberry bush is a living thing.\nStrawberry bushes grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Strawberry bushes are made up of many cells.\nStrawberry bushes are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA soap bubble is not a living thing.\nA soap bubble may grow or pop in response to the world around it. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not need food."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large soup pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 milliliters\nB. 9 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 9 liters.\n9 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a rowboat?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 centimeters\nB. 3 kilometers\nC. 3 meters\nD. 3 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a rowboat is 3 meters.\n3 millimeters and 3 centimeters are too short. 3 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI don't trust Professor Stewart's findings. Another researcher at her university was caught falsifying data. So, it's likely Professor Stewart has, too.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Professor Stewart's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you hear? A bunch of Kamal's friends were at that protest that got out of hand. I had no idea that Kamal was such a troublemaker.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Kamal must be a troublemaker because his friends were at an unruly protest. However, the behavior of Kamal's friends doesn't necessarily determine his own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 fluid ounces\nB. 9 gallons\nC. 9 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 9 fluid ounces.\n9 cups and 9 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nillustrate - irrigation\n\nChoices:\nA. income\nB. ignorant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince income is between the guide words illustrate - irrigation, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bengal tigers are one of the world's largest living cats. They have black, white, and orange fur. Female Bengal tigers feed their offspring milk. Male Bengal tigers can be almost twice as large as females!\nB. Japanese tree frog tadpoles hatch from eggs without shells. The tadpoles live underwater. After some time, they grow legs and crawl onto land. Adult Japanese tree frogs have moist, smooth green skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Bengal tiger is a mammal.\nA Japanese tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA Japanese tree frog has the traits of an amphibian. A Japanese tree frog is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nEveryone agree that recess is important for children in elementary school, but what about middle school students? I believe that students in middle school needs time to relax and have fun during the school day. A period of free time in the afternoons give students the opportunity to go outside and enjoy some fresh air. Studies shows that exercise benefits students' attention spans. Exercise can also reduce stress, which many middle school students face on a daily basis. Therefore, middle school students in our country deserves recess, too.\n\nChoices:\nA. by fixing subject-verb agreement errors\nB. by adding missing commas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing subject-verb agreement errors.\nFor example, the writer could change the first underlined verb to agree with the indefinite pronoun everyone and the others to agree with their simple subjects.\nEveryone agree that recess is important for children in elementary school, but what about middle school students? I believe that students in middle school needs time to relax and have fun during the school day. A period of free time in the afternoons give students the opportunity to go outside and enjoy some fresh air. Studies shows that exercise benefits students' attention spans. Exercise can also reduce stress, which many middle school students face on a daily basis. Therefore, middle school students in our country deserves recess, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a blanket a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a blanket is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a blanket something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a blanket a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a blanket is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nA plant cell has a cell wall.\n\nChoices:\nA. true\nB. false\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA plant cell has a cell wall.\nThis statement is true. Not every cell has a cell wall, but a plant cell has one. The cell wall gives a plant cell its fixed shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSoaking cucumbers in vinegar to make pickles is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Soaking cucumbers in vinegar to make pickles is a chemical change. The vinegar causes the type of matter in the cucumbers to change. The new matter is sour and salty."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a hot day in the desert?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 47°F\nB. 47°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 47°C.\n47°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAubrey has a scar on her right hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nShe has a huge collection of marbles.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Xavier found the smell rather nauseous.\nB. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Xavier feel rather nauseous.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Xavier found the smell rather nauseous.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Xavier feel rather nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJamie has naturally black hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Jamie's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMelting glass is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Melting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. use water\nB. waste water\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Waste water has a more negative connotation. If you waste water, you use it in a bad way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a paper drinking cup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 175 milliliters\nB. 175 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 175 milliliters.\n175 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The researcher diligently perused the ancient manuscript, taking care not to damage the brittle pages as he turned them.\nB. The researcher quickly perused the manuscript descriptions in the collection database until he found the one he was looking for.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nThe researcher diligently perused the ancient manuscript, taking care not to damage the brittle pages as he turned them.\nThe first text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nThe researcher quickly perused the manuscript descriptions in the collection database until he found the one he was looking for.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a car?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 inches\nB. 5 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a car is 5 yards.\n5 inches is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nboiling sugar to make caramel\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nI will forgive Lindsey for the silly mistake.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, forgive. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bruce felt better about collaborating on the research project after Ted talked with him about it.\nB. After Ted talked with Bruce about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Ted or Bruce.\nAfter Ted talked with Bruce about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBruce felt better about collaborating on the research project after Ted talked with him about it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Keith,\nB. Dear Keith,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Keith is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Fairfax Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\nB. The Fairfax Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. The bare tree's branches were as sharp as needles.\nB. The bare tree's branches were sharp needles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nThe bare tree's branches were as sharp as needles.\nThe words branches and needles are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe bare tree's branches were sharp needles.\nThe words branches and needles are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"My Life Has Been the Poem\"\nB. My Life Has Been the Poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"My Life Has Been the Poem.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mr. Livingston,\nB. dear Mr. Livingston,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Livingston is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe city of Oak Grove is currently experiencing a minor crisis. Its sanitation workers are on strike, and the garbage is piling up in the streets.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandpa Gary,\nB. Dear grandpa gary,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Gary is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nEach bus takes the same amount of time to stop. Which school bus needs a larger force to come to a stop?\n\nHint:\nKids from two different schools are riding their school buses home. The buses are the same. They are going the same speed. But different numbers of kids are riding in each bus.\n\nChoices:\nA. a school bus carrying 600 pounds\nB. a school bus carrying 750 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the school bus that is heavier.\nA school bus carrying 750 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 600 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 750 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Diane inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDiane has naturally black hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Diane and her brothers have naturally straight hair.\nB. Both of Diane's biological parents have naturally black hair.\nC. When she was younger, Diane wore ribbons in her naturally black hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rock pocket mice, some individuals have dark fur and others have light fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for dark fur, and the allele f is for light fur.\nNutmeg, a rock pocket mouse from this group, has light fur. Nutmeg has two alleles for light fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. light fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nutmeg's observable version of the fur color trait is light fur. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur color trait is light fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Wishes,\nSandra\nB. Best wishes,\nSandra\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a sofa?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 inches\nB. 9 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a sofa is 9 feet.\n9 inches is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Smith peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections.\nB. Before the performance, Maura tied a satin sash around her waist, and Kimberly braided her hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nBefore the performance, Maura tied a satin sash around her waist, and Kimberly braided her hair."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Clara inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nClara has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Clara and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Clara's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Clara.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nTin is ().\n\nHint:\nTin is a metal used to make cans that hold food. The chemical formula for tin is Sn.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether tin is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for tin is Sn. This formula contains one symbol: Sn. So, the formula tells you that tin is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, tin is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSenator Tyler announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children!\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator Tyler hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Tyler wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclear - crooked\n\nChoices:\nA. chimney\nB. convince\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince convince is between the guide words clear - crooked, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following is an example of technologies?\n\nHint:\nPeople in early China invented many new types of technologies. Today, the word \"technology\" often refers to electronic objects such as computers and cell phones. But technology can be any device or object that helps people solve problems or complete tasks more easily.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compass to show direction\nB. a hurricane that damages homes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you hear? A bunch of Liam's friends were at that protest that got out of hand. I had no idea that Liam was such a troublemaker.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Liam must be a troublemaker because his friends were at an unruly protest. However, the behavior of Liam's friends doesn't necessarily determine his own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this ornamental gourd plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of ornamental gourd plants, some individuals have yellow fruit and others have green fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for yellow fruit, and the allele f is for green fruit.\nA certain ornamental gourd plant from this group has green fruit. This plant has two alleles for green fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. green fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The ornamental gourd plant's observable version of the fruit color trait is green fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait is green fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich soap bubble has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo soap bubbles are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the soap bubble with less thermal energy\nB. the soap bubble with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the soap bubble with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Danville has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Danville's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Danville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sheep eat plants.\nB. Grape vines have wide flat leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A grape vine is a plant. It has wide flat leaves.\nPeople first grew grapes for food over 8,000 years ago.\nA sheep is an animal. It eats plants.\nPeople raise sheep for their fur, meat, and milk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 385 inches\nB. 385 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a soccer field is 385 feet.\n385 inches is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nLeroy always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. compound-complex\nC. complex\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nLeroy always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSadie is good at knitting scarves.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Damon and his brother exercise, they run on the track.\nB. Amazes everyone around him.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Damon and his brother exercise, they run on the track is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Damon and his brother exercise and They run on the track."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. Liv and Maddie\nB. Liv and maddie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Liv and Maddie."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Polly Helps a Friend\"\nB. \"polly Helps a friend\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word a is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"Polly Helps a Friend.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch the most?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon swim shorts\nB. soap bar\nC. glass cup\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon swim shorts would stretch the most. If you pull the leg opening on a pair of nylon swim shorts, it will get wider."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe astronomer uses the telescope only at night.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, uses. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThe author finally received recognition for his great work after his children found his old manuscript in the attic and published it.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAbdul's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.\n\nChoices:\nA. personification\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nAbdul's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tucker investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTucker has a pet lizard. Tucker notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Tucker wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp\n\nChoices:\nA. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?\nB. Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?\nC. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tanvi acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTanvi knows how to grow sunflowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. Both Tanvi and her father grow sunflowers.\nB. Last summer, Tanvi's neighbor showed her how to grow sunflowers.\nC. Tanvi likes to visit sunflower fields.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Wanda's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a golden body (b).\nWanda is a guppy from this group. Wanda has the homozygous genotype bb for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray body\nB. a golden body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Wanda's genotype for the body color gene is bb. Wanda's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a golden body. So, Wanda's phenotype for the body color trait must be a golden body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Wanda's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a golden body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nWanda's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Wanda's phenotype for the body color trait must be a golden body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage.\n—Emperor Hirohito, surrendering in World War II\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. understatement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nNot necessarily to Japan's advantage is an understatement, since Japan had lost the war."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the most flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. ice rink\nB. silk necktie\nC. glass marbles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the silk necktie is the most flexible. If you fold silk fabric, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of scarlet rosemallow plants, some individuals have red flowers and others have white flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for white flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for red flowers (F).\nA certain scarlet rosemallow plant from this group has the homozygous genotype FF for the flower color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. red flowers\nB. white flowers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype for the flower color gene is FF. The scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for red flowers. So, the scarlet rosemallow plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be red flowers.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the scarlet rosemallow plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for white flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for red flowers (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the scarlet rosemallow plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be red flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Before returning to the stockroom, Hakim briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nB. Hakim perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nHakim perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBefore returning to the stockroom, Hakim briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Brock's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.\n\nChoices:\nA. The snoring is subtle.\nB. The snoring is loud.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Brock's snoring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Connor acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nConnor knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Connor knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\nB. Connor learned how to knit in an after school program.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a cup of hot coffee?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 150°C\nB. 150°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot coffee is 150°F.\n150°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 155°C\nB. a 5-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 175°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 155°C block is colder than the 175°C block, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Cupcake's phenotype for the eye color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guinea pigs, some individuals have brown eyes and others have red eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for red eyes (e).\nCupcake is a guinea pig from this group. Cupcake has the homozygous genotype EE for the eye color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown eyes\nB. red eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Cupcake's genotype for the eye color gene is EE. Cupcake's genotype of EE has only E allelles. The E allele is for brown eyes. So, Cupcake's phenotype for the eye color trait must be brown eyes.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Cupcake's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for red eyes (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nCupcake's genotype of EE has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Cupcake's phenotype for the eye color trait must be brown eyes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a hot cup of tea?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60°F\nB. 60°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a hot cup of tea is 60°C.\n60°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncooking an egg\nrust forming on a metal gate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncare - criminal\n\nChoices:\nA. county\nB. curtsy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince county is between the guide words care - criminal, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Benjamin Franklin was smarter than most American presidents.\nB. Benjamin Franklin was never president of the United States.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nBenjamin Franklin was never president of the United States.\nIt can be proved by looking at a list of U.S. presidents.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBenjamin Franklin was smarter than most American presidents.\nSmarter shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one person smarter than another."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCarter has naturally black hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Carter's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch more?\n\nChoices:\nA. glass marbles\nB. rubber balloons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber balloons would stretch more. If you pull on a rubber balloon, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. barrel jellyfish\nB. redback spider\nC. sea turtle\nD. monarch butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other jellyfishes, a barrel jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. concrete sidewalk\nB. linen handkerchief\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the linen handkerchief is smoother. If you touch linen fabric, it will not feel rough."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nThe cell membrane is the outermost layer in a plant cell.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe cell membrane is the outermost layer in a plant cell.\nThis statement is false. A plant cell has a cell wall. The cell wall is outside the cell membrane."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Julian inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJulian has freckles.\n\nChoices:\nA. Julian has freckles on his nose and shoulders.\nB. Julian's biological parents have freckles on their noses just as Julian does.\nC. Julian and his biological mother have pale skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to make a paper airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 40 minutes\nB. 40 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 40 seconds.\n40 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The Golgi directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of an animal cell.\nB. The cell wall makes a plant cell strong and rigid.\nC. An animal cell has a cell wall but not chloroplasts.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Peter remarked after Devon's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cap was too big.\nB. The cap looked nice on Devon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Devon's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The cruise will begin in Florida and will make stops in Puerto Rico, Dominica, and the Bahamas.\nB. The cruise will begin in Florida, and it'll make stops in Puerto Rico, Dominica, and the Bahamas.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (it'll).\nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Friend,\nMaddie\nB. Your friend,\nMaddie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich expression of condolence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. I am sorry to hear that your pet fish died.\nB. I'm sorry your pet fish kicked the bucket.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second expression of condolence is more formal. The other expression of condolence uses a contraction (I'm) and insensitive-sounding slang (kicked the bucket)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Stefan investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nStefan mixes oil and vinegar to make salad dressing. He notices that after a few minutes, the oil and vinegar separate. He wonders what factors affect how quickly liquids separate. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree glass bottles\nolive oil\nvegetable oil\nvinegar\ncold water\n\nChoices:\nA. Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with vinegar or with water?\nB. Does vegetable oil separate faster when stirred together with cold water or with hot water?\nC. Does vinegar separate faster when stirred together with olive oil or with coconut oil?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nA natural area, such as a forest or a grassland, catches fire and burns.\n\nChoices:\nA. earthquake\nB. flood\nC. wildfire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nPaula and Layla will plan their trip together.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, plan. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLillian thinks Mr. Stevenson is a Luddite because he doesn't own a cell phone.\n\nChoices:\nA. British history\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word different on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndemand - drink\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince different is between the guide words demand - drink, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nClare gazed at the ancient pug that seemed to sleep all day and noted, \"You're an energetic puppy!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrecently - ruby\n\nChoices:\nA. rain\nB. root\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince root is between the guide words recently - ruby, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nplants making food from sunlight, air, and water\na piece of avocado turning brown\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward John.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nChristine dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend John, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nJohn was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward John, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward John."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Lillian inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLillian has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Lillian's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Lillian.\nB. Lillian and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two beluga whales. Which beluga whale was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a beluga whale that moved 10miles in 5hours\nB. a beluga whale that moved 15miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each beluga whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne beluga whale moved 15 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other beluga whale moved 10 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each beluga whale spent the same amount of time moving. The beluga whale that moved 15 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that beluga whale must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cherry pie at a temperature of 100°F\nB. a cherry pie at a temperature of 130°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 130°F pie is hotter than the 100°F pie, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 feet\nB. 6 inches\nC. 6 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 6 miles.\n6 inches and 6 feet are both too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sniff on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nscholar - stump\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sniff is between the guide words scholar - stump, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\nmixing glue and laundry powder to create putty\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nMixing glue and laundry powder to create putty is a chemical change. The putty is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But mixing glue and laundry powder to create putty is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that does not have a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. golden frog\nB. bumble bee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A golden frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a golden frog has a backbone.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sit on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshimmer - splinter\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sit is between the guide words shimmer - splinter, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI used to love this TV show, but then I found out that Emir likes it, too. So I changed my opinion—if someone like Emir likes a show, it can't be as good as I thought!\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a television show must be bad because someone the speaker hates enjoys it. However, this is not evidence that the show is bad. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is more flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. ice rink\nB. leather belt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the leather belt is more flexible. If you fold leather, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. game\nB. coat\nC. came\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words came and game rhyme. They both end with the ame sound.\nThe word coat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMy grandfather eats candy all the time, and he's still got all of his teeth! Candy must not really rot people's teeth out.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that eating a lot of candy never causes a person's teeth to rot out. However, even though the speaker's grandfather eats a lot of candy and has healthy teeth, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's true for everyone. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"the fisherman and His Wife\"\nB. \"The Fisherman and His Wife\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"The Fisherman and His Wife.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Apple of an Eye***\nB. \"Apple of an Eye\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Apple of an Eye**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large trash can?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18 gallons\nB. 18 fluid ounces\nC. 18 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a large trash can is 18 gallons.\n18 fluid ounces and 18 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nBoron trichloride is ().\n\nHint:\nBoron trichloride can be used to speed up certain types of chemical reactions. The chemical formula for boron trichloride is BCl3.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether boron trichloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for boron trichloride is BCl3. This formula contains two symbols: B for boron and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that boron trichloride is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, boron trichloride is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word telegraph on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntar - trolley\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince telegraph is between the guide words tar - trolley, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Martin are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Martin?\n\nHint:\nMartin is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Martin with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Martin with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Martin.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Martin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Martin, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Martin down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Martin up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Martin."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Ashley,\nB. dear Ashley,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ashley is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe stars () in the midnight sky.\n\nChoices:\nA. glistened\nB. danced\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word danced. It describes the stars as if they were lively, dancing people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Elijah perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Elijah perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nElijah perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nElijah perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Brazilians spend too much time playing soccer.\nB. Brazil's national soccer team has won the World Cup five times.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nBrazil's national soccer team has won the World Cup five times.\nIt can be proved by checking a list of World Cup champions.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBrazilians spend too much time playing soccer.\nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nArianna put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nArianna put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Arianna lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After scouring the classified ads for days, Rick finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nB. After scouring the classified ads for days, Rick finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sedan or Bluetooth.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Rick finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Rick finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nWe can watch the presidential debate, which will be broadcast at nine o'clock, or we can view the documentary about the greatest innovations of the twenty-first century.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nWe can watch the presidential debate, which will be broadcast at nine o'clock, or we can view the documentary about the greatest innovations of the twenty-first century."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nJackson is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jackson is overweight.\nB. Jackson is tall for his age.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Jackson is overweight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMona will print her name with care.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, print. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 180-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 69°F\nB. a 180-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 63°F\nC. a 180-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 82°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 82°F bottle of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Devin acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDevin knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Devin has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\nB. Devin won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\nC. Devin's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the reptile traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nReptiles are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify reptiles:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cardinalfish have scaly skin and live near coral reefs. Cardinalfish lay eggs with no shells and have fins that help them swim underwater.\nB. American crocodiles often live where rivers flow into the ocean. In these places, the fresh water and salt water mix. This mixing creates the somewhat salty, or brackish, water that these crocodiles prefer. American crocodiles have scaly, waterproof skin and hatch from eggs with shells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn American crocodile has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nAn American crocodile has the traits of a reptile. An American crocodile is a reptile.\nA cardinalfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA cardinalfish does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A cardinalfish is a fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is the Great Wall of China?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 13,000 feet\nB. 13,000 inches\nC. 13,000 yards\nD. 13,000 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of the Great Wall of China is 13,000 miles.\n13,000 inches, 13,000 feet, and 13,000 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAkiko teaches Chloe about customs in Japan.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the pea shape gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have round peas and others have wrinkled peas. In this group, the gene for the pea shape trait has two alleles. The allele E is for round peas, and the allele e is for wrinkled peas.\nA certain pea plant from this group has round peas. This plant has two alleles for round peas.\n\nChoices:\nA. round peas\nB. EE\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for round peas (E). So, the plant's genotype for the pea shape gene is EE."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you know that raspberry-flavored candy used to be made with a liquid secreted by beavers? Candy used to be so much healthier than it is now.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that candy flavored by beaver secretions is healthier. However, a candy isn't necessarily healthy just because it's naturally flavored. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Mixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a kiddie pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 250 gallons\nB. 250 cups\nC. 250 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 250 gallons.\n250 fluid ounces and 250 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"It was my good luck to have to study for a test while all my friends went to the water park,\" Steven remarked.\n\nChoices:\nA. Steven was upset about staying home.\nB. Steven wanted time to catch up on his responsibilities.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Steven was upset about staying home. Steven was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the skydiver's motion?\n\nHint:\nA skydiver is moving downward with decreasing speed as her parachute opens.\n\nChoices:\nA. The skydiver has a constant velocity.\nB. The skydiver is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The skydiver is slowing down. So, the skydiver is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWhy should I listen to your thoughts about lowering my cholesterol? You eat terribly, so what do you know?\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that an unhealthy eater isn't allowed to give advice on someone else's cholesterol. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the advice is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Over the Hedge\"\nB. ***Over the Hedge***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Over the Hedge**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Plagioclase is not made by living things. It is a solid.\nB. Glue is made in a factory. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Graphite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nGraphite is a mineral.\nGlue is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nGlue is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, glue is not a mineral.\nPlagioclase is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncracking open a peanut\nstretching a rubber band\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word pep on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nproof - purify\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pep is not between the guide words proof - purify, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 21 minutes\nB. 21 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 21 seconds.\n21 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter opening is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mr. Boyer,\nB. Dear Andrew,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nRoald Dahl had a great imagination.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 225-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 20°C\nB. a 225-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 15°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20°C glass of orange juice is hotter than the 15°C glass of orange juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe number of off-leash dogs I've seen in Silvergrove is completely unacceptable. Let's make our streets safe again by addressing this dog problem, before our city becomes a haven for criminals.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Silvergrove. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The American red squirrel, or Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, looks graceful as it leaps from tree to tree.\nB. Born blind, baby squirrels depend on their mothers for two to three months after birth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nBorn blind, baby squirrels depend on their mothers for two to three months after birth.\nIt can be proved by searching online for information about how young squirrels develop.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe American red squirrel, or Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, looks graceful as it leaps from tree to tree.\nLooks graceful shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether the American red squirrel looks graceful."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. beads\nB. lemonade\nC. air inside a balloon\nD. empty cup\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.An empty cup is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you fill a cup with water, the cup still has its own shape.\nEach bead in the jar is a solid. If you put many beads into a bottle, they will take the shape of the bottle, as a liquid would. But be careful! Beads are not a liquid. Each bead still has a size and shape of its own.\nThe air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nLemonade is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour lemonade into a cup, the lemonade will take the shape of the cup. But the lemonade will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Melissa inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMelissa has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Melissa's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Melissa.\nB. Melissa and her mother both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nTucker's research on nineteenth-century philosophers led him down the rabbit hole.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.\nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.\nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bears eat honeybees, and some birds eat them, too.\nB. Tomorrow the price of gas may go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nTomorrow the price of gas may go up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI can't believe this is Aisha's first time seeing the Pacific Ocean!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the description that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. slowly\nB. poorly\nC. swiftly\nD. quickly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPoorly doesn't belong.\nSwiftly, slowly, and quickly all describe the speed at which something happens."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nEmmet carefully spelled the word aloud.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, spelled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nEveryone I know is making fruit smoothies for quick, portable meals, so smoothies must be really good for you.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that fruit smoothies are good for you, because many people are drinking them. However, even though some people are drinking them, that doesn't necessarily mean that smoothies are necessarily healthful. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nplants making food from sunlight, air, and water\nrust forming on a metal gate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Marie inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMarie has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Marie and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Marie's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Marie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mark acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMark knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mark won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\nB. Mark has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\nC. Mark's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nWalter can fly an airplane.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly an airplane.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last year the state received more than thirty inches of snow.\nB. We have a spare tire, but it is flat, too.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nWe have a spare tire, but it is flat, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. teddy bear\nB. amoebae\nC. van\nD. kite\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A teddy bear is not a living thing.\nTeddy bears do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA kite is not a living thing.\nA kite does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves fast in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA van is not a living thing.\nA van does not have all the traits of a living thing. Vans need energy, but they do not eat food. They get energy from gasoline or electricity. Vans do not grow.\nAmoebae are living things.\nAmoebae grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water.\nAmoebae are made up of just one cell. Amoebae live in fresh water, in salt water, and in the soil."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Reba inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nReba has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Reba's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Reba.\nB. Reba and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Kimberly decides to make potato soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nKimberly is deciding whether to make potato soup or beef barley soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The potato soup will be tastier than the beef barley soup would have been.\nB. Kimberly will spend more time making the potato soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kimberly wants or needs:\nKimberly will spend more time making the potato soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Beau's phenotype for the cheek color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cockatiels, some individuals have bright orange cheeks and others have pale orange cheeks. In this group, the gene for the cheek color trait has two alleles. The allele for bright orange cheeks (R) is dominant over the allele for pale orange cheeks (r).\nBeau is a cockatiel from this group. Beau has the heterozygous genotype Rr for the cheek color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. bright orange cheeks\nB. pale orange cheeks\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Beau's phenotype for the cheek color trait. First, consider the alleles in Beau's genotype for the cheek color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for bright orange cheeks (R) is dominant over the allele for pale orange cheeks (r). This means R is a dominant allele, and r is a recessive allele.\nBeau's genotype of Rr has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Beau's phenotype for the cheek color trait must be bright orange cheeks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to a recent newspaper story, more Americans own dogs than ever before. As a result, ten new companies start making and selling dog food. What will probably happen to the overall supply of dog food?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Ten new companies started making and selling dog food. The number of producers of dog food went up. So, the supply of dog food will probably go up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 42°F\nB. a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 85°F\nC. a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 56°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°F glass of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nCoconut crabs are the largest terrestrial arthropods on the planet they can weigh up to nine pounds and grow to be up to three feet across.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.\nCoconut crabs are the largest terrestrial arthropods on the planet they can weigh up to nine pounds and grow to be up to three feet across.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nCoconut crabs are the largest terrestrial arthropods on the planet; they can weigh up to nine pounds and grow to be up to three feet across."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an adult alligator?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 inches\nB. 12 yards\nC. 12 miles\nD. 12 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of an adult alligator is 12 feet.\n12 inches is too short. 12 yards and 12 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Fairfax. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Fairfax?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to make a paper airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 55 seconds\nB. 55 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 55 seconds.\n55 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Lollipop's genotype for the fur texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for wavy fur.\nLollipop, a Syrian hamster from this group, has wavy fur. Lollipop has two alleles for wavy fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. wavy fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Lollipop has two alleles for wavy fur (f). So, Lollipop's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. I slept deeply all night long, but this morning I still feel tired.\nB. In 1900, the U.S. state with the largest population was New York.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nIn 1900, the U.S. state with the largest population was New York."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. case\nB. mule\nC. chase\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words chase and case rhyme. They both end with the ase sound.\nThe word mule does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sam acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSam knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sam won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\nB. Sam's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\nC. Sam has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an eraser?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 38 kilograms\nB. 38 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 38 grams.\n38 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 585 milliliters\nB. 585 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 585 milliliters.\n585 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word express on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nentertain - erase\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince express is not between the guide words entertain - erase, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Hansel and Gretel\"\nB. Hansel and Gretel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Hansel and Gretel.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCaden plays golf.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nJulia and Sofia race down the hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, race. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. love,\nGabe\nB. Love,\nGabe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvast - vinegar\n\nChoices:\nA. velvet\nB. volcano\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince velvet is between the guide words vast - vinegar, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nYou may hear me at school.\nYou may see me on a bike.\nI make a ringing noise.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bell\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nYou may hear a bell at school.\nYou may see a bell on a bike.\nA bell makes a ringing noise."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nThese five-inch heels make the perfect accessory for vertically challenged fashionistas.\n\nChoices:\nA. The heels are recommended for people with good balance.\nB. The heels are recommended for short people.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism vertically challenged suggests that the heels are recommended for short people. Vertically challenged is a playful way of referring to someone who is not very tall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nStacy has no school spirit—she never comes to any of our football games.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Stacy doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Stacy doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Niece,\nAmy\nB. Your niece,\nAmy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a guitar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 34 inches\nB. 34 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a guitar is 34 inches.\n34 feet is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nPresident Stewart is an effective communicator, because he has a natural talent for speaking with people.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that President Stewart is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Several competent city council members have been elected in Springtown, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy.\nB. The citizens of Springtown have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or several competent city council members.\nThe citizens of Springtown have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Springtown, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to do the laundry?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 hours\nB. 2 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to do the laundry is 2 hours.\n2 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich cherry pie has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo cherry pies are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder cherry pie\nB. the hotter cherry pie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two cherry pies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder cherry pie has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The rumor will fade away in time, and you won't even remember it.\nB. In June, Colette and Brendan will graduate with honors from Hillsboro High School.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nThe rumor will fade away in time, and you won't even remember it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Molly investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMolly notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?\nB. Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?\nC. Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Stevenson is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Stevenson lives near his family.\nB. Mr. Stevenson is old.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Stevenson is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe birds soared high above the street.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, soared. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe water made a sound like kittens lapping.\n—Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling\n\nChoices:\nA. idiom\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nLike kittens lapping compares the sound of water to the sound of kittens lapping something up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsauce burning on a stove\ncooking a pancake\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSauce burning on a stove is a chemical change. High temperatures case the sauce to react with oxygen in the air. The sauce turns black and no longer tastes good.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Abigail inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAbigail has naturally black hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Both of Abigail's biological parents have naturally black hair.\nB. Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Abigail and her brothers have naturally straight hair.\nC. When she was younger, Abigail wore ribbons in her naturally black hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and water\ncutting your fingernails\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThat's the best bakery in town!\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Pedro's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Pedro and Earth () as he hiked toward the summit.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nPedro hiked up a tall mountain. He followed a trail all the way to the summit.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Pedro and the center of Earth changed.\nThe summit of the mountain was higher than the point where Pedro started hiking. As he hiked toward the summit, the distance between Pedro and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Pedro and Earth increased as he hiked toward the summit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe parents named the baby after his grandpa.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, named. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\ncooking an egg\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But cooking an egg is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a lake is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Jack lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Jack lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Jack lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Pedro acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPedro knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pedro is most interested in American history.\nB. Pedro learned history by reading.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nRosanne's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\n[Pinocchio's] tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these [sobs] could be heard by the faraway hills . . .\n—Carlo Collodi, Pinocchio\n\nChoices:\nA. Pinocchio's sobs were very loud.\nB. Pinocchio's sobs could be heard from several miles away.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could be heard by the faraway hills suggests that Pinocchio's sobs were very loud. It's unlikely that he was sobbing loud enough to be heard from very far away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the personification in this text suggest?\nNathan tried to ignore his unfinished essay, but it glared at him from across the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. It bothered Nathan that the essay wasn't finished.\nB. The essay was printed in large type.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nGlared at him suggests that it bothered Nathan that the essay wasn't finished. The essay is like a person who is bothering Nathan."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. We can pack our bags tonight, or we can wait until morning.\nB. After dinner I brush my teeth very carefully.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nWe can pack our bags tonight, or we can wait until morning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am small and green.\nI live near water.\nI eat flies.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a plant\nB. a frog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA frog is small and green.\nA frog lives near water.\nA frog eats flies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. To succeed here, students are expected to set aside several hours a day for studying.\nB. To succeed here, students are expected to hit the books for several hours a day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (hit the books).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na sidewalk heating up in the sun\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But a puddle freezing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But a sidewalk heating up in the sun is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. swing set\nB. koala\nC. brick wall\nD. bathtub\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA swing set is not a living thing.\nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA bathtub is not a living thing.\nBathtubs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA koala is a living thing.\nKoalas grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Koalas are made up of many cells."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nAccording to one theory, aviator Amelia Earhart may have crash landed on a remote island in the Pacific Ocean rather than crashing into the water as many historians believe.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nAccording to one theory, aviator Amelia Earhart may have crash landed on a remote island in the Pacific Ocean rather than crashing into the water as many historians believe."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Emma and her sister posed for a photograph, but when the flash went off, Emma blinked.\nB. Emma and her sister posed for a photograph, but when the flash went off, she blinked.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Emma or her sister.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. She has been replaced with Emma.\nEmma and her sister posed for a photograph, but when the flash went off, Emma blinked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. love,\nRobert\nB. Love,\nRobert\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nStrips of tinfoil winking like people . . .\n—Sylvia Plath, \"The Bee Meeting\"\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words strips, tinfoil, and winking share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 40°F\nB. 40°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, rainy day is 40°F.\n40°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJill thinks Mr. Hardin is a Luddite because he doesn't own a cell phone.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. British history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Luddite is British history.\nIn the early nineteenth century, factories were replacing the jobs of craftsmen. Some of these craftsmen banded together to destroy the new machinery; those who did so were called Luddites.\nThe allusion Luddite means a person opposed to new technology."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe herd of wild horses will travel together.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, travel. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three blue jays. Which blue jay was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue jay that moved 385kilometers south in 10hours\nB. a blue jay that moved 310kilometers south in 10hours\nC. a blue jay that moved 320kilometers north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each blue jay moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each blue jay moved for 10 hours. The blue jay that moved 385 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nWhite, Julia. \"In My Proud Moments.\" Spread My Soul. Ed. L. Noel Harvey. Santa Fe: Inhstudio, 2002. 38. Print.\n\nChoices:\nA. It has two authors.\nB. It is an online source.\nC. It was published in Santa Fe.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nWhite, Julia. \"In My Proud Moments.\" Spread My Soul. Ed. L. Noel Harvey. Santa Fe: Inhstudio, 2002. 38. Print.\nYou can tell that the cited work was published in Santa Fe by looking at the place of publication, which appears before the publisher name."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Britney investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBritney notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?\nB. Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?\nC. Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Judith inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJudith has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Judith's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Judith.\nB. Judith and her father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Fairview has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Fairview's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Fairview. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jon inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJon has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jon's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Jon.\nB. Jon's mother cuts his hair every month.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dragonflies look like giant wasps, but creepier.\nB. Dragonflies have lived on earth for three hundred million years.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nDragonflies have lived on earth for three hundred million years.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about dragonflies.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nDragonflies look like giant wasps, but creepier.\nCreepier shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether dragonflies look creepy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word pig on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npardon - polish\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pig is between the guide words pardon - polish, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater boiling on a stove\nbreaking a plate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater boiling is caused by heating. But breaking a plate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs babysitting a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether babysitting is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs babysitting something you can touch? No.\nIs babysitting a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, babysitting is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Our cat has been scratching himself more than usual, so I checked him for fleas.\nB. The famous Venus de Milo statue was found on Milos, a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nOur cat has been scratching himself more than usual, so I checked him for fleas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Romeo's genotype for the ear type gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele E is for curled ears, and the allele e is for straight ears.\nRomeo, an American curl cat from this group, has curled ears. Romeo has one allele for curled ears and one allele for straight ears.\n\nChoices:\nA. curled ears\nB. Ee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Romeo has one allele for curled ears (E) and one allele for straight ears (e). So, Romeo's genotype for the ear type gene is Ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nact - ate\n\nChoices:\nA. ability\nB. aquarium\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince aquarium is between the guide words act - ate, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Soapstone is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nB. Paper is made in a factory. It is a solid.\nC. Chert is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nPaper is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, paper is not a rock.\nChert is a rock.\nSoapstone is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Mau's genotype for the fur color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for orange fur, and the allele f is for white fur.\nMau, a Bengal tiger from this group, has white fur. Mau has two alleles for white fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. white fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Mau has two alleles for white fur (f). So, Mau's genotype for the fur color gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAll the joy the world contains\nHas come through wishing happiness for others.\nAll the misery the world contains\nHas come through wanting pleasure for oneself.\n—Shantideva, The Way of the Bodhisattva\n\nChoices:\nA. understatement\nB. antithesis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nShantideva contrasts two parallel phrases, all the joy the world contains and all the misery the world contains."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses anaphora.\n\nHint:\nFrom William Carlos Williams, \"January\" and from Christina Rossetti, \"A Soul\"\n\nChoices:\nA. She stands there like a beacon through the night,\nA pale clear beacon where the storm-drift is—\nShe stands alone, a wonder deathly-white.\nShe stands there patient nerved with inner might.\nB. Again I reply to the triple winds\nrunning chromatic fifths of derision\noutside my window:\nPlay louder.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n—From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n—From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n—From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.This poem uses anaphora. It repeats the same word or words at the beginning of multiple lines or phrases.\nShe stands alone, a wonder deathly-white.\nShe stands there patient nerved with inner might."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Andesite is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\nB. A skull is made by a living thing. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Shale is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nA skull is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a skull is not a rock.\nAndesite is a rock.\nShale is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. red-kneed tarantula\nB. giant octopus\nC. red-tailed hawk\nD. castor bean tick\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other octopuses, a giant octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA red-tailed hawk is a bird. Like other birds, a red-tailed hawk is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwharf - wrestle\n\nChoices:\nA. window\nB. wand\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince window is between the guide words wharf - wrestle, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose John decides to take a trip to Kansas. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJohn is deciding whether to take a trip to Kansas or West Virginia. He wants to enjoy his trip. But he is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. John will spend more money. Plane tickets for John to get to Kansas are more expensive than tickets to West Virginia.\nB. John will enjoy his trip to Kansas more than he would have enjoyed a trip to West Virginia.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that John wants or needs:\nJohn will spend more money. Plane tickets for John to get to Kansas are more expensive than tickets to West Virginia."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Aubrey investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAubrey is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches\n\nChoices:\nA. Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?\nB. Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?\nC. Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this trout's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rainbow trout, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a blue body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a blue body (b) is recessive to the allele for a greenish-brown body (B).\nA certain rainbow trout from this group has the heterozygous genotype Bb for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a greenish-brown body\nB. a blue body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine the rainbow trout's phenotype for the body color trait. First, consider the alleles in the trout's genotype for the body color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a blue body (b) is recessive to the allele for a greenish-brown body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe rainbow trout's genotype of Bb has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the rainbow trout's phenotype for the body color trait must be a greenish-brown body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jayden investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJayden and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\nB. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\nC. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kimberly inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKimberly has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kimberly and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Kimberly's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Kimberly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nRobert is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pushing on Robert.\nB. The suitcase is pulling on Robert.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Robert is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Robert."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Noah attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. compound-complex\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Noah attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. yours truly,\nSanjay\nB. Yours truly,\nSanjay\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 85°C\nB. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 45°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°C pot of spaghetti sauce is hotter than the 45°C pot of spaghetti sauce, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Greenville Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Greenville Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tanvi inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTanvi has naturally black hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. When she was younger, Tanvi wore ribbons in her naturally black hair.\nB. Some people use a hair dryer to straighten their hair. But Tanvi and her brothers have naturally straight hair.\nC. Both of Tanvi's biological parents have naturally black hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Pamela acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPamela is good at identifying birds from their calls.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pamela likes to photograph birds at the zoo.\nB. Pamela was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Salem has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Salem's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Salem. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Grayson decides to make tomato soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nGrayson is deciding whether to make egg drop soup or tomato soup for dinner. He wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But he is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Grayson will save some time. The egg drop soup would have taken longer to make than the tomato soup.\nB. Grayson will give up the chance to eat the egg drop soup, which would have been tastier than the tomato soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Grayson wants or needs:\nGrayson will give up the chance to eat the egg drop soup, which would have been tastier than the tomato soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAnimal cells do not have chloroplasts.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAnimal cells do not have chloroplasts.\nThis statement is true. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts help plant cells make their own food. This food is a type of sugar called glucose. Animal cells cannot make their own food."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMrs. Olson will reply to Carson's question about space.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, reply. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. bull ant\nB. skunk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A skunk is a mammal. Like other mammals, a skunk is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Ms. Perry,\nB. Dear Ms. Perry,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Perry is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Connor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.\nB. Connor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nConnor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Connor's new kitten is not actually just a ball of fluff.\nConnor's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWalter dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. British history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Water vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chloroplasts are outside the nucleus of a plant cell.\nB. The cell membrane breaks down sugar to release energy that an animal cell can use.\nC. The mitochondria of a plant cell use sunlight to make sugar.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nRoger is the best cook I know!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the reptile traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nReptiles are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify reptiles:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Loggerhead sea turtles hatch from eggs with shells. They live in the water, but they lay their eggs on the land. Their scaly, waterproof skin and thick shell help protect them from predators.\nB. Goldfish hatch from eggs with no shells and have scaly skin. They are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China. Goldfish have fins and live underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA goldfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA goldfish does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A goldfish is a fish.\nA sea turtle has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA sea turtle has the traits of a reptile. A sea turtle is a reptile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nweary - win\n\nChoices:\nA. wonder\nB. whale\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince whale is between the guide words weary - win, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDo you know Albert from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Madelyn are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Madelyn?\n\nHint:\nMadelyn is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Madelyn with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Madelyn with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Madelyn.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Madelyn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Madelyn, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Madelyn down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Madelyn up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Madelyn."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Deb inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDeb has brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Deb's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.\nB. Deb's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Deb.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. glass bowl\nB. concrete sidewalk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass bowl is smoother. If you touch a glass bowl, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the pod color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have green pods and others have yellow pods. In this group, the gene for the pod color trait has two alleles. The allele D is for green pods, and the allele d is for yellow pods.\nA certain pea plant from this group has yellow pods. This plant has two alleles for yellow pods.\n\nChoices:\nA. dd\nB. yellow pods\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pod color trait is yellow pods. So, the plant's phenotype for the pod color trait is yellow pods."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nTroy plays baseball.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play baseball. Instead, some people learn how to play baseball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing baseball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word house on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhello - hurl\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince house is between the guide words hello - hurl, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Marlin's phenotype for the eye color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of koi fish, some individuals have red eyes and others have black eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for red eyes, and the allele e is for black eyes.\nMarlin, a koi fish from this group, has black eyes. Marlin has two alleles for black eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. black eyes\nB. ee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Marlin's observable version of the eye color trait is black eyes. So, Marlin's phenotype for the eye color trait is black eyes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nWe called a taxi for Mr. Wells. Whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nWe called a taxi for Mr. Wells. Whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nWe called a taxi for Mr. Wells, whose car was towed from the no-parking zone in front of the firehouse."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 85°F\nB. a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 40°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°F glass of water is hotter than the 40°F glass of water, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Joel acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJoel knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Joel's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\nB. Joel's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\nC. Joel likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word equal on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nenjoy - example\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince equal is between the guide words enjoy - example, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. searching for something\nB. snooping for something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Snooping for something has a more negative connotation. Snooping is looking for something without permission."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a dinner fork?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 70 grams\nB. 70 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 70 grams.\n70 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Reba are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Reba?\n\nHint:\nReba is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Reba with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Reba with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Reba.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Reba.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Reba, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Reba down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Reba up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Reba."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. humpback whale\nB. piranha\nC. zebra\nD. gharial\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.A gharial is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nGharials are a type of crocodile. Gharials live near rivers and eat fish.\nA zebra is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nZebras eat mostly grass. But they sometimes eat other types of plants, such as shrubs or tree bark.\nA humpback whale is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nWhales are mammals that live in the ocean. Humpback whales have small hairs that grow from bumps around their mouth.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nEzra and Florence have trouble working on projects together. Although Florence is very sociable and friendly, she's not exactly a team player.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 310kilometers west in 5hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 380kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a speedboat that moved 415kilometers west in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 5 hours. The speedboat that moved 310 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a parking space?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 inches\nB. 24 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a parking space is 24 feet.\n24 inches is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. bess beetle\nB. Caribbean reef octopus\nC. tiger\nD. metallic tarantula\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A tiger is a mammal. Like other mammals, a tiger is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other octopuses, a Caribbean reef octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nLike other tarantulas, a metallic tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hornblende is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nB. Fluorite is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nC. A turtle shell is made by a living thing. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nFluorite is a mineral.\nA turtle shell is made by a living thing. But minerals are not made by living things.\nA turtle shell is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a turtle shell is not a mineral.\nHornblende is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMy dog, Dusty, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.My dog, Dusty, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.\nThe words Dusty and security guard are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Emilia rode down the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Emilia rode her sled down a big hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Emilia started sledding. As Emilia rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Emilia rode down the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This mattress is as soft as concrete,\" Oscar complained as he tested the bed in his hotel room.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of stuffed elephants?\n\nHint:\nA toy store has 40 stuffed elephants for sale. The elephants cost $25 each. At that price, 60 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. surplus\nB. shortage\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are not enough stuffed elephants for sale. There are 40 elephants for sale, but 60 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a shortage of stuffed elephants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nLena enjoys the cool evening breezes that are common on summer evenings where she lives.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nLena enjoys the cool evening breezes that are common on summer evenings where she lives.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Lena lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jeffrey decides to bake chocolate muffins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJeffrey is deciding whether to bake chocolate muffins or pumpkin muffins. He wants the muffins to be tasty. But he also wants to make a lot of muffins.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jeffrey will give up some muffins. He could have made more pumpkin muffins than chocolate muffins.\nB. Jeffrey will get to eat chocolate muffins. He thinks chocolate muffins are tastier than pumpkin muffins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jeffrey wants or needs:\nJeffrey will give up some muffins. He could have made more pumpkin muffins than chocolate muffins."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Before returning to the stockroom, Marco briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nB. Marco perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nMarco perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBefore returning to the stockroom, Marco briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe sky is clear today. So, Erik thinks the air pressure must be high.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe sky is clear today. So, Erik thinks the air pressure must be high.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is high, the sky is usually clear.\nThis passage tells you about the air pressure right now where Erik is. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich set of instructions is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Enter the applicant's name and address in the spaces provided.\nB. Write down your name and address on the lines.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first set of instructions is more formal. Its uses clear, impersonal language."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a tennis court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 80 feet\nB. 80 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a tennis court is 80 feet.\n80 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Even after Bobby warned Eva to be careful, she dropped his handmade ceramic bowl on her foot and broke it.\nB. Even after Bobby warned Eva to be careful, she broke his handmade ceramic bowl when she dropped it on her foot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to his handmade ceramic bowl or her foot.\nEven after Bobby warned Eva to be careful, she dropped his handmade ceramic bowl on her foot and broke it.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nEven after Bobby warned Eva to be careful, she broke his handmade ceramic bowl when she dropped it on her foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Pablo attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Pablo attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Lost to the Ages\"\nB. Lost to the Ages\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Lost to the Ages.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Luke investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nLuke and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Luke notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\nB. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\nC. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nTara's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Susan decides to join the Photography Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nSusan is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. She wants the club she joins to be fun. But she doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Susan will have more fun in the Photography Club than she would have had in the Theater Club.\nB. Susan will spend more time in the Photography Club than she would have spent in the Theater Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Susan wants or needs:\nSusan will spend more time in the Photography Club than she would have spent in the Theater Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI must have eaten too much of Antonio's homemade chili, because now I'm so full I could explode!\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperature shown by this thermometer.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15°C\nB. 40°C\nC. 55°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is °.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). Celsius is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Celsius scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 30 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 30°C.Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 40. So, the temperature is 40°C."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Chu peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections.\nB. We can install the software now, or we can wait until next week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nWe can install the software now, or we can wait until next week."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a pen?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 kilometers\nB. 20 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a pen is 20 centimeters.\n20 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"the wheels on the Bus\"\nB. \"The Wheels on the Bus\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words on and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"The Wheels on the Bus.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Grace inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGrace has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Grace and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Grace's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Grace.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nLighting a match is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Lighting a match is a chemical change. The match catches fire and turns into ash. Ash is a different type of matter than the match."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an eyelash?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 millimeters\nB. 9 meters\nC. 9 centimeters\nD. 9 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of an eyelash is 9 millimeters.\n9 centimeters, 9 meters, and 9 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The cardboard box gets wet it falls apart.\nB. Leslie spilled apple juice on the carpet.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Leslie spilled apple juice on the carpet is a complete sentence. The subject is Leslie, and the verb is spilled."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Michael's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Carrie told her brother.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWayne remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a metal gate\nmaking jam\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nMaking jam is a chemical change. It involves mixing fruit, sugar, and a substance called pectin.\nWhen these ingredients are mixed and cooked, the chemical bonds in their molecules are broken. The atoms then link together to form different molecules that make up the jam.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nThe reaction that makes jam is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nTracy and Paul skated in the park.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, skated. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. cane toad\nB. ocean sunfish\nC. western gorilla\nD. cobra\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A western gorilla is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nGorillas live in groups called troops. The largest male in the troop is usually the leader.\nAn ocean sunfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nOcean sunfish have a flat body and wide fins. They sometimes swim to the ocean's surface to rest in the sun.\nA cobra is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMost cobras have a wide, flat hood below their head. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator.\nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a vacuum cleaner?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 grams\nB. 8 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 8 kilograms.\n8 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Aunt Kate,\nB. dear Aunt Kate,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Kate is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a piece of candy corn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 kilograms\nB. 2 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a piece of candy corn is 2 grams.\n2 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a peculiar object\nB. a unique object\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A unique object has a more positive connotation. Unique and peculiar both denote unusualness. However, unique suggests something is special, while peculiar suggests something is strange or weird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. something special\nB. something strange\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Something special has a more positive connotation. Something special is unusual, but in a good way. Something strange is unusual, but in a bad way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nJessica is between jobs right now, so she's selling some of her old jewelry to help pay the bills.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jessica is working two different jobs.\nB. Jessica is unemployed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism between jobs means that Jessica is unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Lily investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nLily notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?\nB. Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?\nC. Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Cara's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. history\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMarvin campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nA helium-filled balloon called the Double Eagle II completed the first transatlantic balloon flight in history in 1978, it landed in a barley field near Paris about 140 hours after lifting off from Presque Isle, Maine.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nA helium-filled balloon called the Double Eagle II completed the first transatlantic balloon flight in history in 1978, it landed in a barley field near Paris about 140 hours after lifting off from Presque Isle, Maine.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nA helium-filled balloon called the Double Eagle II completed the first transatlantic balloon flight in history in 1978. It landed in a barley field near Paris about 140 hours after lifting off from Presque Isle, Maine."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could Janelle have anything insightful to say about foreign affairs? She grew up on a farm.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Janelle cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\na banana getting ripe on the counter\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a banana getting ripe is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBelow are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.\n\nHint:\nHumans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nHint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.\n\nChoices:\nA. A pellet stove burned pellets made from wood.\nB. An airplane's engines burned jet fuel made from petroleum oil.\nC. Wind moved a sailboat across the water.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nHumans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.\nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.\nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nice melting in a glass\ngetting a haircut\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made.\nGetting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But getting a haircut is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Arrow's genotype for the fur length gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nArrow, a dog from this group, has short fur. Arrow has one allele for short fur and one allele for long fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. short fur\nB. Ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Arrow has one allele for short fur (F) and one allele for long fur (f). So, Arrow's genotype for the fur length gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nJudith will sweep the sidewalk in front of her store.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sweep. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe movers lift the boxes at the same speed. Which box is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo movers are putting heavy boxes into their truck. The boxes are the same shape and size. Each mover lifts one box up into the truck at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a box holding 23 pounds\nB. a box holding 21 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the box that is heavier.\nA box holding 23 pounds is heavier than a box holding 21 pounds. So, the box holding 23 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nCopper is ().\n\nHint:\nCopper is a metal that is used in electrical wires and in coins. The chemical formula for copper is Cu.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether copper is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for copper is Cu. This formula contains one symbol: Cu. So, the formula tells you that copper is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, copper is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Peaches's phenotype for the leg color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele for white legs (L) is dominant over the allele for yellow legs (l).\nPeaches is a chicken from this group. Peaches has the homozygous genotype ll for the leg color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white legs\nB. yellow legs\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Peaches's genotype for the leg color gene is ll. Peaches's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for yellow legs. So, Peaches's phenotype for the leg color trait must be yellow legs.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Peaches's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for white legs (L) is dominant over the allele for yellow legs (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nPeaches's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Peaches's phenotype for the leg color trait must be yellow legs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nGo back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.\n—Martin Luther King, Jr., \"I Have a Dream\" speech\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nKing repeats the words go back at the beginning of each clause."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word velvet on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvanish - victory\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince velvet is between the guide words vanish - victory, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe Fourth Amendment says that the government needs to have () before it can search a person.\n\nChoices:\nA. a good reason\nB. a declaration of war\nC. proof of a crime\nD. a large army\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe Fourth Amendment says that the government needs to have a good reason before it can search a person or his or her property. The Fourth Amendment says that \"unreasonable searches\" are not allowed. It is not always clear what makes a search \"unreasonable.\" But a search for no reason is definitely unreasonable! However, the government doesn't need proof of a crime before searching someone. The government just has to have a good reason to believe a crime has taken place. Police officers and other government employees search people every day. There are many good reasons the government might have to search someone. For example, the person might be acting in a suspicious or strange way. Or a police officer might see something against the law before the search. It is often hard to know if the government has a good enough reason to do a search. Often a judge will have to decide. The full text of the Fourth Amendment is below. How can a police officer or other member of the government get the right to search someone? The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a bowl of ice cream?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 37°C\nB. 37°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a bowl of ice cream is 37°F.\n37°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the mollusk traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMollusks are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mollusks:\nThey have a soft body.\nThey have a muscular foot or tentacles. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Earthworms live in soil and have no limbs. Their bodies are soft, cylindrical, and made up of many segments.\nB. Banana slugs have a soft body with a flat underside called the foot. Slugs use their muscular foot to move. Banana slugs also have small teeth on their tongue! These file-like teeth help banana slugs eat leaves and dead plants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMollusks have the following traits:\nThey have a soft body.\nThey have a muscular foot or tentacles.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA banana slug has the following traits:\nIt has a soft body.\nIt has a muscular foot.\nA banana slug has the traits of a mollusk. A banana slug is a mollusk.\nAn earthworm has the following traits:\nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.\nIt has no limbs.\nIt is made up of segments.\nAn earthworm does not have all of the traits of a mollusk. An earthworm is a segmented worm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bananas taste great with melted chocolate.\nB. Bananas turn yellow as they become ripe.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nBananas turn yellow as they become ripe.\nIt can be proved by observing bananas as they ripen.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nBananas taste great with melted chocolate.\nGreat shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how bananas with melted chocolate taste."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a magazine?\n\nChoices:\nA. art in America\nB. Art in America\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word in is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Art in America."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMy mother always told me that \"you can't afford cheap shoes.\" After having spent so much money repairing these boots, I'm beginning to believe her.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou can't afford cheap shoes at first appears to be contradictory, as cheap shoes should by definition not be expensive. However, cheap shoes may need to be replaced or repaired more often than expensive shoes, and so may end up being more expensive over time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 32°C\nB. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 24°C\nC. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 19°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three blueberry muffins have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 32°C muffin is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Muffin's genotype for the fur color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nMuffin, a rabbit from this group, has brown fur. Muffin has two alleles for brown fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown fur\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Muffin has two alleles for brown fur (f). So, Muffin's genotype for the fur color gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"About the Teeth of Sharks\"\nB. \"about the teeth of Sharks\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the and of are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"About the Teeth of Sharks.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na sidewalk heating up in the sun\nwater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But water vapor condensing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater vapor condensing is caused by cooling. But a sidewalk heating up in the sun is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore Mona had even met her future husband in person, she knew about his reputation as a Romeo.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Romeo is literature.\nIn William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is known for the eloquent declaration of love with which he woos Juliet.\nThe allusion Romeo means a man who is very romantic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Kiara investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nKiara likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word are on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nalarm - avenge\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince are is between the guide words alarm - avenge, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Denise dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nB. As a geneticist, Denise enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Denise dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Denise enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Monica investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMonica leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\nC. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a garden snail?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 47 millimeters\nB. 47 kilometers\nC. 47 centimeters\nD. 47 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 47 millimeters.\n47 centimeters, 47 meters, and 47 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 23°F\nB. 23°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 23°F.\n23°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Palm trees are commonly found on tropical beaches. Palm trees use carbon dioxide and water to make their food.\nB. Cecropia moth caterpillars eat leaves, but the adult moths never eat. An adult cecropia moth lives just long enough to find a mate and produce eggs.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that palm trees use carbon dioxide and water to make food. This is evidence that the palm tree is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the cecropia moth is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe air in Boulder, Colorado, is often dry in the winter.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe air in Boulder, Colorado, is often dry in the winter.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the usual winter humidity in Boulder. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe violinist made his instrument () the haunting melody.\n\nChoices:\nA. produce\nB. cry out\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase cry out. It describes the violin as if it were a crying person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a dinner fork?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 85 grams\nB. 85 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 85 grams.\n85 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJada and Danny had met before through mutual friends, but they had never been alone together until their first date.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nAlone together is a contradiction, because being alone means by yourself, but together means with someone else."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nangry - awkward\n\nChoices:\nA. around\nB. about\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince around is between the guide words angry - awkward, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mrs. Joyce,\nB. Dear Mrs. joyce,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Joyce is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nGuitar makers use a special kind of wood to build their instruments. But the trees that produce that kind of wood are running out. Over time, what will probably happen to the overall supply of new guitars?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Wood is a resource that is used to make guitars. The trees that produce wood for guitars are running out, so this kind of wood will be harder to get. Since this kind of wood is becoming harder to get, it will be harder to make new guitars. So, over time, the supply of new guitars will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nolan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNolan has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nolan's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Nolan.\nB. Nolan and his father both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, glucose is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nPlants make glucose, a sugar they can use for food, through a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. In the process of making glucose, plants also create most of the oxygen in the air we breathe.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to glucose in this chemical reaction.\nPlants make glucose, a sugar they can use for food, through a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. In the process of making glucose, plants also create most of the oxygen in the air we breathe.\nThe underlined text tells you that glucose forms when water combines with carbon dioxide. Because glucose is produced by this chemical reaction, glucose is a product."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the household item that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. carpet\nB. rug\nC. curtain\nD. mat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nCurtain doesn't belong.\nMat, carpet, and rug all name household items that you put on the floor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kristen acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKristen has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Kristen's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Hanson decides to go as a superhero. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHanson is deciding whether to go as a vampire or a superhero to a costume party. He would rather go as a vampire. But he already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hanson will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about.\nB. Hanson will save some time and money. He won't have to go out and get a new costume.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hanson wants or needs:\nHanson will give up the chance to wear the costume he is more excited about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The forecast for tomorrow calls for strong winds and light rain.\nB. Dancers will often bow or curtsy for the audience before the final curtain comes down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction before.\nDancers will often bow or curtsy for the audience before the final curtain comes down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nColton has naturally dark skin.\n\nHint:\nHint: Humans are born with their skin color.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Colton's skin color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kimi inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKimi has brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kimi's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Kimi.\nB. Kimi's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an adult great white shark?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 inches\nB. 6 yards\nC. 6 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of an adult great white shark is 6 yards.\n6 inches and 6 feet are both too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tara investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTara has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?\nB. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?\nC. If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Reggie investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nReggie enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from\n\nChoices:\nA. Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?\nB. Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?\nC. Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jen investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJen has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?\nB. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?\nC. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Diana claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Diana was trustworthy.\nB. Diana was lying.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Diana was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the part whose main job is to control which substances enter and leave a plant cell.\n\nChoices:\nA. cell membrane\nB. cytoplasm\nC. mitochondria\nD. vacuole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:\nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.\nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.The cell membrane is a thin layer that wraps around the cytoplasm.\nIn a plant cell, the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane. Most substances can pass through the cell wall. But when these substances reach the cell membrane, only some of them are able to enter the cell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Leah said, sweat glistening on her face.\n\nChoices:\nA. The temperature was too warm.\nB. The temperature was too cool.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Leah did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Tucker,\nB. dear Tucker,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Tucker is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 56°C\nB. a 200-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 41°C\nC. a 200-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 39°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 56°C cup of black tea is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn an election, people choose their representatives and leaders by ().\n\nChoices:\nA. passing laws\nB. voting\nC. giving speeches\nD. drawing names randomly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn an election, people choose representatives and leaders by voting. When people vote, they officially make their choice in an important decision. Each person's choice is called a vote. Votes are counted up to decide who wins the election.\nIn the United States, people use elections to choose many of the country's most important leaders. For example, Americans vote to choose the president of the United States every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a cold glass of water?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5°C\nB. 5°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a cold glass of water is 5°C.\n5°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word retreat on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nroll - rust\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince retreat is not between the guide words roll - rust, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ allows nutrients from digested food to be absorbed into the body's blood stream?\n\nChoices:\nA. small intestine\nB. trachea\nC. esophagus\nD. skin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. coffee\nB. stuffed tiger\nC. plate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sack on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsnatch - stem\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sack is not between the guide words snatch - stem, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the scratchiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon shorts\nB. asphalt road\nC. paper tissue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the asphalt road is the scratchiest. If you touch an asphalt road, it will feel rough and itchy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nDuring the Civil War, the Union blocked the port of New Orleans, preventing the shipment of coffee, devoted coffee drinkers began mixing chicory with their coffee to make it last longer.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nDuring the Civil War, the Union blocked the port of New Orleans, preventing the shipment of coffee, devoted coffee drinkers began mixing chicory with their coffee to make it last longer.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nDuring the Civil War, the Union blocked the port of New Orleans, preventing the shipment of coffee. As a result, devoted coffee drinkers began mixing chicory with their coffee to make it last longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the flower position gene?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the flower position trait in pea plants:\n\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have axial flowers and others have terminal flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower position trait has two alleles. The allele F is for axial flowers, and the allele f is for terminal flowers.\nA certain pea plant from this group has axial flowers. This plant has two alleles for axial flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. axial flowers\nB. FF\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for axial flowers (F). So, the plant's genotype for the flower position gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the part whose main job is to break down sugar to release energy that a plant cell can use.\n\nChoices:\nA. endoplasmic reticulum\nB. chloroplasts\nC. mitochondria\nD. vacuole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:\nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.\nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.Mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. Plant and animal cells usually have many mitochondria."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. It was a bad idea for the British to fight in North America during the Revolution.\nB. During the American Revolution, North American colonists fought against British soldiers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nDuring the American Revolution, North American colonists fought against British soldiers.\nIt can be proved by researching the American Revolution.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nIt was a bad idea for the British to fight in North America during the Revolution.\nBad shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether an idea is good or bad."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Edna investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEdna wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\nB. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\nC. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bicycle that moved 75miles south in 10hours\nB. a bicycle that moved 145miles east in 10hours\nC. a bicycle that moved 95miles south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 145 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. comet moth\nB. squirrel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA squirrel is a mammal. Like other mammals, a squirrel has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nThe sunburn was a fire that spread across my back.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.The sunburn was a fire that spread across my back.\nThe words sunburn and fire are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\na piece of apple turning brown\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA flower petal turning brown is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.A flower petal turning brown is a chemical change. As the petal turns brown, the colorful matter in the petal breaks down and changes into a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Larry inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLarry has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Larry's biological parents have wavy hair.\nB. Larry uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.\nC. Larry's biological mother has long hair. Larry also has long hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word rubber on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nremain - ridge\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rubber is not between the guide words remain - ridge, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nrain forming in a cloud\nwater boiling on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRain forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air condenses into tiny droplets of liquid water. These droplets make up a cloud. When there is enough water in the air, the droplets will fall as rain.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater boiling is caused by heating. But rain forming in a cloud is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nRain begins to form when water vapor in the air becomes liquid water. This is caused by cooling. But water boiling is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jill roomed with Leah last year, but Leah's messiness became a point of contention.\nB. Jill roomed with Leah last year, but her messiness became a point of contention.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Jill's or Leah's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Leah's.\nJill roomed with Leah last year, but Leah's messiness became a point of contention."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAll organisms need food for energy. But how does an organism's body actually get energy out of food?\nSelect the true statement.\n\nHint:\nFood supplies an organism with many small, energy-rich molecules. These molecules are taken in by the organism's cells. Inside cells, the molecules from food are broken down to release energy that cells can use. This energy powers cell processes that allow the entire organism to grow and live.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cells usually take in large food molecules.\nB. Molecules from food can provide energy to cells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The sale, which begins Saturday, will have markdowns on stuff for winter.\nB. The sale, which begins Saturday, will feature markdowns on winter jackets, sweaters, and boots.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (have, stuff).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Pamela claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Pamela was lying.\nB. Pamela was goofy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Pamela was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nAs much as we might like to freeze time, it ().\n\nChoices:\nA. cannot be stopped\nB. marches on\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase marches on. It describes time as if it were a person who keeps walking forward."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pyrite is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nB. Native copper is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nC. Molasses is a liquid. It is made by humans.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nNative copper is a mineral.\nMolasses is a liquid. But all minerals are solids.\nMolasses is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, molasses is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear mason,\nB. Dear Mason,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mason is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. My sister is frowning, so she must be sad.\nB. After dinner I brush my teeth very carefully.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nMy sister is frowning, so she must be sad."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word beginner on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbade - butterfly\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince beginner is between the guide words bade - butterfly, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSitting Bull was an important () leader in the 1800s.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mexican American\nB. Native American\nC. Japanese American\nD. German American\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSitting Bull was an important Native American leader in the 1800 s. He was part of the Lakota tribe. The Lakota tribe is part of a larger group of Native Americans called the Sioux.\nWhen was Sitting Bull born?\nHistorians don't know for sure. The Lakota didn't keep many written records. Sitting Bull guessed he was born in 1831."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, sulfur is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nPeople have used gunpowder as an explosive for hundreds of years. Gunpowder is a mixture of three different substances: potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. When these substances are burned together, they release a large amount of heat and gas. In the past, gunpowder was used in muskets and cannons, but today, it is mainly used in fireworks.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to sulfur in this chemical reaction.\nPeople have used gunpowder as an explosive for hundreds of years. Gunpowder is a mixture of three different substances: potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. When these substances are burned together, they release a large amount of heat and gas. In the past, gunpowder was used in muskets and cannons, but today, it is mainly used in fireworks.\nThe underlined text tells you that when potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur combine, a large amount of heat and gas is released. When potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged. Because sulfur reacts in this chemical reaction, sulfur is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI had no idea you played the piano so beautifully!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word adopt on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nabout - ashes\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince adopt is between the guide words about - ashes, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to sing the ABC song?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 minutes\nB. 27 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 27 seconds.\n27 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tim inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTim has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tim's biological mother has long hair. Tim also has long hair.\nB. Tim uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.\nC. Tim's biological parents have wavy hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 150°C\nB. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 155°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 150°C brick is colder than the 155°C brick, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"Your new hairstyle is so boring!\" Eric remarked when his sister showed up with a pink-and-blue mohawk.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nBoring shows verbal irony because Eric's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nslicing cheese\ncarving a piece of wood\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSlicing cheese is a physical change. The cheese changes shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Rebecca,\nB. Dear rebecca,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Rebecca is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two humpback whales. Which humpback whale was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a humpback whale that moved 55kilometers in 10hours\nB. a humpback whale that moved 85kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne humpback whale moved 85 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other humpback whale moved 55 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 85 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, carbon dioxide is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nPlants make glucose, a sugar they can use for food, through a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. In the process of making glucose, plants also create most of the oxygen in the air we breathe.\n\nChoices:\nA. product\nB. reactant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to carbon dioxide in this chemical reaction.\nPlants make glucose, a sugar they can use for food, through a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. In the process of making glucose, plants also create most of the oxygen in the air we breathe.\nThe underlined text tells you that when water and carbon dioxide combine, glucose and oxygen are formed. When water and carbon dioxide react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form glucose and oxygen. Because carbon dioxide reacts in this chemical reaction, carbon dioxide is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nHelsinki, Finland, is developing a \"mobility on demand\" system in which individual can use their smartphones to order trips with various mass transit options, including buses, bicycles, and driverless cars.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nHelsinki, Finland, is developing a \"mobility on demand\" system in which individuals can use their smartphones to order trips with various mass transit options, including buses, bicycles, and driverless cars."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jenna is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nB. Jenna is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nJenna is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nThe first text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nJenna is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\ndry ice sublimating and becoming a gas\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nEating meat can't be wrong. After all, a majority of people in the United States eat meat.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that eating meat must not be wrong because many people eat meat. However, the fact that a practice is widespread does not necessarily make it morally or ethically correct. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sarah asked Erica to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.\nB. Because Erica has a gluten allergy, Sarah asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Sarah or Erica.\nSarah asked Erica to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting because she has a gluten allergy.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBecause Erica has a gluten allergy, Sarah asked her to make a flourless chocolate cake for their book club meeting."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the softest?\n\nChoices:\nA. icicle\nB. nylon shorts\nC. plastic slide\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon shorts are the softest. Nylon fabric changes shape when you press on it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hunter acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHunter has a scar on his left knee.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hunter's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.\nB. Hunter's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.\nC. Hunter's brother has scars on both of his knees.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. yucca\nB. candle\nC. windmill\nD. airplane\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.Yucca is a living thing.\nYucca grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells.\nYucca is a plant. It uses water, air, and sunlight to make food.\nA candle is not a living thing.\nA candle does not have all the traits of a living thing. It gives off light and heat, but it does not need food or water to survive.\nAn airplane is not a living thing.\nAn airplane does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Airplanes get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.\nA windmill is not a living thing.\nA windmill does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in the wind, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBobby spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fairy tale\nB. Greek history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmember - musket\n\nChoices:\nA. mark\nB. mitt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mitt is between the guide words member - musket, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe metal platter landed with a great clang, spraying bits of food across the kitchen floor and cabinets.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nClang represents the sound the metal platter made when it hit the floor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nacid rain weathering a marble statue\ndeep-frying chicken\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.\nDeep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But acid rain weathering a marble statue is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the motorcycle's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth () as Bryan rode up the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nBryan rode his motorcycle from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Bryan rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Bryan rode up the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. birdwing butterfly\nB. dwarf crocodile\nC. rainbow trout\nD. yak\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A yak is a mammal. Like other mammals, a yak is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA birdwing butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a birdwing butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA rainbow trout is a fish. Like other fish, a rainbow trout is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA dwarf crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a dwarf crocodile is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. are You Afraid of the dark?\nB. Are You Afraid of the Dark?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Are You Afraid of the Dark?"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe wind was blowing from the west in Ensenada, Mexico, last week.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe wind was blowing from the west in Ensenada, Mexico, last week.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction in Ensenada last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. caramel sauce\nB. coffee\nC. air from a hair dryer\nD. ring\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.\nCoffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.\nA ring is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A ring keeps its shape, even when you take it off your finger.\nThe air from a hair dryer is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. A hair dryer uses a fan to blow warm air out. When the air leaves the hair dryer, the air expands to fill a much large space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBryce picked up his pace on the trail as his spidey sense began to tingle.\n\nChoices:\nA. a comic book\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion spidey sense is a comic book.\nThe comic book superhero Spider-Man possesses a spidey sense that warns him of impending trouble.\nThe allusion spidey sense means a sense of danger coming."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBen plays baseball.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing baseball takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play baseball. Instead, some people learn how to play baseball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing baseball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a warm swimming pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27°F\nB. 27°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a warm swimming pool is 27°C.\n27°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Sterling's genotype for the coat color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for a black coat, and the allele l is for a reddish-brown coat.\nSterling, a horse from this group, has a black coat. Sterling has two alleles for a black coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. LL\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Sterling has two alleles for a black coat (L). So, Sterling's genotype for the coat color gene is LL."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After discussing the new research methods with Annie, Susan decided to try some of them out.\nB. After Susan discussed the new research methods with Annie, she decided to try some of them out.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Susan or Annie.\nAfter Susan discussed the new research methods with Annie, she decided to try some of them out.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter discussing the new research methods with Annie, Susan decided to try some of them out."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. milk\nB. water in a bathtub\nC. rubber duck\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a test tube?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 liters\nB. 12 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 12 milliliters.\n12 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMax spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek history\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Haley decides to see the leopards. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHaley is deciding whether to see the leopards or the elephants at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Haley will spend more time walking to the leopards. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the elephants are close by.\nB. Haley will enjoy seeing the leopards more than she would have enjoyed seeing the elephants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Haley wants or needs:\nHaley will spend more time walking to the leopards. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the elephants are close by."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word tangle on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthrottle - truth\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tangle is not between the guide words throttle - truth, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. John washed the windshield of his car even though he knew it would just get dirty again.\nB. John washed the windshield of his car even though he knew the car would just get dirty again.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the windshield or the car.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the car.\nJohn washed the windshield of his car even though he knew the car would just get dirty again."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Sophia was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Slate is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\nB. Syenite is formed in nature. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Wool is made by living things. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nSlate is a rock.\nSyenite is a rock.\nWool is made by living things. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, wool is not a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this scarlet rosemallow plant's genotype for the flower color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of scarlet rosemallow plants, some individuals have red flowers and others have white flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for red flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers.\nA certain scarlet rosemallow plant from this group has white flowers. This plant has two alleles for white flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. white flowers\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The scarlet rosemallow plant has two alleles for white flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower color gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndive - dune\n\nChoices:\nA. desk\nB. drape\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince drape is between the guide words dive - dune, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to fly across the United States in an airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 seconds\nB. 6 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to fly across the United States in an airplane is 6 hours.\n6 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the text's most likely purpose?\n\nHint:\nRead the text below.\nDon't get caught in the rain! Buy two umbrellas and get a third for free! You'll love our new colors and patterns.\n\nChoices:\nA. to persuade\nB. to inform\nC. to entertain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAuthors write texts for different purposes, or reasons. Common purposes for writing are to persuade, to inform, or to entertain readers.\nAuthors persuade by convincing readers to believe or do something.\nAn advertisement tries to convince readers to buy a product.\nA political poster tries to convince readers to vote for someone.\nAuthors inform by telling readers about a topic or process.\nA news article explains something that happened.\nA recipe describes how to cook a dish.\nAuthors entertain by giving readers something to enjoy.\nA joke tries to make readers laugh.\nA poem tries to please readers.The text is an advertisement. Its purpose is to persuade."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jonathan perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Jonathan perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nJonathan perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nJonathan perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLooking at his life, we couldn't help but see Pablo as a Job-like figure.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.\nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Marco,\nB. dear Marco,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Marco is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a pair of shoes a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a pair of shoes is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a pair of shoes something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a pair of shoes a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a pair of shoes is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhidden - hurdle\n\nChoices:\nA. haul\nB. hornet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hornet is between the guide words hidden - hurdle, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"This morning, it said that Rachel Navarro won the mayoral election in Fairfax,\" Jack remarked to his sister.\nB. \"This morning, the newspaper said that Rachel Navarro won the mayoral election in Fairfax,\" Jack remarked to his sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.\n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Rachel Navarro won the mayoral election in Fairfax,\" Jack remarked to his sister."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Love,\nShannon\nB. love,\nShannon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. In a beehive, a worker bee's job is more important than the queen's job.\nB. In a beehive, the queen lays eggs while the workers guard the hive.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nIn a beehive, the queen lays eggs while the workers guard the hive.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about bees.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nIn a beehive, a worker bee's job is more important than the queen's job.\nMore important shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which job is more important."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. mole\nB. hissing cockroach\nC. fly\nD. grasshopper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA mole is a mammal. Like other mammals, a mole is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA hissing cockroach is an insect. Like other insects, a hissing cockroach is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Paula finished her book, but she got two more from the library.\nB. The butcher cuts the fat off the meat.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nPaula finished her book, but she got two more from the library."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Brendan remarked after Eliana's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cap was too big.\nB. The cap looked nice on Eliana.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Eliana's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. There are some things that Ms. Campbell wants to bring up at the next city council meeting.\nB. Ms. Campbell has several important proposals to discuss at the next city council meeting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (some things, bring up).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best regards,\nBen\nB. Best Regards,\nBen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nScientists will measure the rainfall in Ashland.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. harbor seal\nB. curlyhair tarantula\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A harbor seal is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harbor seal has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfile - four\n\nChoices:\nA. flea\nB. fatigue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince flea is between the guide words file - four, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. diving beetle\nB. blue jay\nC. harvest mouse\nD. komodo dragon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A diving beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a diving beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA harvest mouse is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harvest mouse is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA blue jay is a bird. Like other birds, a blue jay is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA komodo dragon is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a komodo dragon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text message is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ms. Baxter is already here. She's waiting in the lobby.\nB. Heads up! Baxter is here. In the lobby.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Baxter). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brass is made in a factory. It is a solid.\nB. Dolostone is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Quartzite is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nDolostone is a rock.\nBrass is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, brass is not a rock.\nQuartzite is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the personification in this text suggest?\nThere was never a sound beside the wood but one,\nAnd that was my long scythe whispering to the ground.\n—Robert Frost, \"Mowing\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The scythe gently touched the ground.\nB. The scythe made a soft swishing sound.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nWhispering suggests that the scythe made a soft swishing sound. A whisper is a quiet way of speaking, and a scythe cutting through grass would make a gentle swishing sound similar to a whisper."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.A piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\njingle - judge\n\nChoices:\nA. jog\nB. jaw\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince jog is between the guide words jingle - judge, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater boiling on a stove\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater boiling is caused by heating. But a puddle freezing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But water boiling is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the mammal traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mammals:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gray tree frogs hatch from eggs without shells. They live underwater when they are tadpoles. They move onto land when they become adults. The moist skin of adult gray tree frogs can be green or gray. The color of their skin helps them hide on rocks or plants.\nB. African elephants have thin hair covering their body. Female elephants feed their offspring milk. Elephants live in groups called herds. The oldest female in the herd is usually the leader.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA gray tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA gray tree frog does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A gray tree frog is an amphibian.\nAn African elephant has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nAn African elephant has the traits of a mammal. An African elephant is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 350-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 75°C\nB. a 350-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 54°C\nC. a 350-gram mug of cider at a temperature of 53°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three mugs of cider have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°C mug of cider is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nStudy without thought is vain; thought without study is dangerous.\n—Confucius, Analects\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words study and thought relative to the first half."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Allenville Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Allenville Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nAccording to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the American people or ().\n\nChoices:\nA. the state governments\nB. private businesses\nC. the king or queen of Great Britain\nD. the Canadian government\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to the Tenth Amendment, the Constitution lists all of the powers given to the United States government. Any power not listed in the Constitution belongs to either the American people or the state governments. The full text of the Tenth Amendment is below. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nTyler always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. complex\nC. compound-complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nTyler always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Brody investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBrody went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Brody was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons\n\nChoices:\nA. Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nB. Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nC. Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nchemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight\ncompost rotting\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Jessica exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Jessica was patiently waiting for an Internet connection.\nB. The Internet connection was very slow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Jessica's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word shave on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nscissors - site\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shave is between the guide words scissors - site, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nBrad lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nBrad lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\nThis passage tells you about the usual clouds where Brad lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe old wooden rocking chair that Ling brought home from the rummage sale was as comfortable as a bed of nails.\n\nChoices:\nA. alliteration\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Kingwood has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Kingwood's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Kingwood. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe cook puts beans in the soup.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, puts. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Kent's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nB. Mr. Kent's long legs were sunflower stalks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Kent's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Kent's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Emmet perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Emmet perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nEmmet perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nEmmet perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. speak about something\nB. grumble about something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Grumble about something has a more negative connotation. If you grumble about something, you speak about it in an unhappy, complaining way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. redback spider\nB. flounder\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A flounder is a fish. Like other fish, a flounder has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a redback spider does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 270 liters\nB. 270 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 270 milliliters.\n270 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfact - flood\n\nChoices:\nA. fiery\nB. fox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fiery is between the guide words fact - flood, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Springtown. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Springtown?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your friend,\nZane\nB. Your Friend,\nZane\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the deep sea ecosystem.\n\nHint:\nHint: Deep sea ecosystems are dark and far from the surface of the water.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\nland that is covered with water during most of the year\nsoil that is rich in nutrients\nother water ecosystems nearby\nB. This ecosystem has:\nwater at the bottom of the ocean\nno sunlight\nanimals that crawl or stick to the ground\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn ecosystem is formed when living and nonliving things interact in an environment. There are many types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live thereA deep sea is a type of ecosystem. It has water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and animals that crawl or stick to the ground.\nChoice 1 is a deep sea ecosystem. It is at the bottom of the ocean. It is so far underwater that no sunlight can reach it.\nChoice 2 is a wetland ecosystem. It is covered with water for most of the year. Wetlands also have soil that is rich in nutrients."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nTopeka, Kansas, is located in an open prairie. So, it is windy all year long.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nTopeka, Kansas, is located in an open prairie. So, it is windy all year long.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Topeka. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAnd if you can't be with the one you love, honey,\nLove the one you're with\n—Stephen Stills, \"Love the One You're With\"\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. anaphora\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words with and love relative to the first half."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a walk across Central Park in New York City?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 yards\nB. 3 inches\nC. 3 miles\nD. 3 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a walk across Central Park in New York City is 3 miles.\n3 inches, 3 feet, and 3 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Carly are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Carly?\n\nHint:\nCarly is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Carly with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Carly with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Carly.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Carly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Carly, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Carly down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Carly up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Carly."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. think\nB. pink\nC. bank\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words think and pink rhyme. They both end with the ink sound.\nThe word bank does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Austin inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAustin has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Austin and his father both have dark hair.\nB. Austin's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Austin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Henrietta's phenotype for the body feather color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for green body feathers, and the allele b is for blue body feathers.\nHenrietta, a budgerigar parakeet from this group, has green body feathers. Henrietta has one allele for green body feathers and one allele for blue body feathers.\n\nChoices:\nA. green body feathers\nB. Bb\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Henrietta's observable version of the body feather color trait is green body feathers. So, Henrietta's phenotype for the body feather color trait is green body feathers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a piano a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a piano is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a piano something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a piano a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a piano is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jen decides to take a trip to Oregon. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJen is deciding whether to take a trip to Oregon or Georgia. She wants to enjoy her trip. But she is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jen will enjoy her trip to Oregon more than she would have enjoyed a trip to Georgia.\nB. Jen will spend more money. Plane tickets for Jen to get to Oregon are more expensive than tickets to Georgia.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jen wants or needs:\nJen will spend more money. Plane tickets for Jen to get to Oregon are more expensive than tickets to Georgia."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Hammond wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find them.\nB. Mr. Hammond wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the new employees or their intake forms.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the forms.\nMr. Hammond wanted the new employees to fill out their intake forms, but he couldn't find the forms."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Love,\nConnor\nB. love,\nConnor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nMany pieces of rock fall down a hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. deposition\nC. landslide\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Kenneth investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Kenneth cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\nB. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\nC. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large soup pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 liters\nB. 5 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 5 liters.\n5 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nEmilio returned to the parking lot to find his car somewhat destroyed. Apparently someone had crashed into it while he was working and had broken the entire front windshield.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"It was my good luck to have to study for a test while all my friends went to the water park,\" Leroy remarked.\n\nChoices:\nA. Leroy was upset about staying home.\nB. Leroy wanted time to catch up on his responsibilities.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nGood luck ironically suggests that Leroy was upset about staying home. Leroy was actually unlucky because he couldn't join his friends at the water park."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Wendy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nWendy is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wendy likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\nB. Wendy learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. One fine Day\nB. One Fine Day\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is One Fine Day."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nBridget gazed at the ancient pug that seemed to sleep all day and noted, \"You're an energetic puppy!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hunter inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHunter has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hunter and his father both have short hair.\nB. Hunter's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Hunter.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 23 meters\nB. 23 kilometers\nC. 23 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 23 kilometers.\n23 centimeters and 23 meters are both too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word period on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npity - practice\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince period is not between the guide words pity - practice, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nHayley is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nHayley is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nToby is a real Benedict Arnold. After promising to work on my campaign for class president, he decided to support my opponent.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nBenedict Arnold alludes to the American general during the Revolutionary War who betrayed his country and fought for the British."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word tie on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthrift - tug\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tie is between the guide words thrift - tug, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word rinse on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nroom - rug\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rinse is not between the guide words room - rug, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kinsley made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. At the grocery store, Kinsley hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Kinsley hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nKinsley made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThis herbal supplement is made from a plant that grows in Zambia. It must be healthier than taking that medication, which is full of chemicals I can't pronounce.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that an herbal supplement is healthier than a medication, because the supplement is made from a plant. However, even though something is made from a plant, that doesn't necessarily mean that it is healthy. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a mountain biker who moved 175kilometers in 5hours\nB. a mountain biker who moved 85kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 85 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 175 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 85 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Farmer in the Dell\"\nB. \"Farmer in the dell\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words in and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"Farmer in the Dell.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nEmilia will make a healthy meal for us.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, make. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nOur supervisor is very stressed right now; she has a mountain of paperwork on her desk that she needs to finish by tomorrow.\n\nChoices:\nA. The supervisor's paperwork is stacked precariously on her desk.\nB. The supervisor has a lot of paperwork to do.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole mountain of paperwork suggests that the supervisor has a lot of paperwork to do. The stack of paperwork on the supervisor's desk is not literally as tall as a mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRodrigo's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word dark on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndecision - does\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dark is not between the guide words decision - does, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nTroy can drive a car.\n\nHint:\nHint: Driving well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans are not born knowing how to drive a car. Instead, many people learn how to drive when they are older. So, driving is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nEvan knows how to type.\n\nHint:\nHint: Typing takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nface - fro\n\nChoices:\nA. future\nB. formal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince formal is between the guide words face - fro, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nSmall pieces of rock are carried away by water.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jaden's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nB. Jaden realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nJaden's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nJaden realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\nmixing sand and gravel\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOur family will never eat genetically modified food. It's an abomination created by arrogant human tinkering.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that genetically modified food is bad because it's not natural. However, something isn't necessarily bad simply because it's engineered. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Herman perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Herman perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nHerman perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nHerman perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Asgore's phenotype for the coat color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L).\nAsgore is a horse from this group. Asgore has the heterozygous genotype Ll for the coat color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a reddish-brown coat\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Asgore's phenotype for the coat color trait. First, consider the alleles in Asgore's genotype for the coat color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a reddish-brown coat (l) is recessive to the allele for a black coat (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nAsgore's genotype of Ll has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Asgore's phenotype for the coat color trait must be a black coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Octopuses eat animals that live underwater.\nB. Apple trees can grow fruit.\nC. Cypress trees have green leaves.\nD. Hydrangea bushes can grow colorful flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An octopus is an animal. It eats animals that live underwater.\nAn octopus has two eyes and eight arms.\nAn apple tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.\nPeople have been growing apples for thousands of years. There are more than 7,500 types of apples!\nA cypress tree is a plant. It has green leaves.\nThe leaves of cypress trees are called needles.\nA hydrangea bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nHydrangea bushes can have blue, white, purple, or pink flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jill told her sister that she couldn't go to the film festival because of final exams.\nB. Jill said that she couldn't go to the film festival with her sister because of final exams.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Jill or her sister.\nJill told her sister that she couldn't go to the film festival because of final exams.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nJill said that she couldn't go to the film festival with her sister because of final exams."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full box of cereal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18 tons\nB. 18 ounces\nC. 18 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 18 ounces.\n18 pounds and 18 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. water in a glass\nB. handsaw\nC. air inside a soccer ball\nD. air inside a balloon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.A handsaw is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. The handle of this handsaw is made of wood, and the blade is made of metal. Both wood and metal are solids.\nThe air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nThe air inside a balloon is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a balloon expands to fill all the space in the balloon. If the balloon pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nThe water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSenator King announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children!\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator King hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator King wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nchicken cooking in an oven\nbleaching hair\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nBleaching hair is a chemical change. Hair contains colorful matter called pigment. The bleach reacts with the pigment and turns it into a different type of matter. The new matter gives the hair a lighter color than before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But bleaching hair is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an ear of corn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15 tons\nB. 15 ounces\nC. 15 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 15 ounces.\n15 pounds and 15 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich ping pong ball has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo ping pong balls are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder ping pong ball\nB. the hotter ping pong ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe two ping pong balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter ping pong ball has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"I can't believe I tripped,\" Nicholas remarked. \"The curb must have ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. jumped out in front of me\nB. been higher than I thought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word impolite on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nice - intense\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince impolite is between the guide words ice - intense, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. grass frog\nB. arroyo toad\nC. penguin\nD. coral snake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCoral snakes spend most of their time underground or hiding under leaves.\nA grass frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water.\nAn arroyo toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA penguin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nPenguins live near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This box weighs a ton!\" Juan panted. \"Suzie, do you mind helping me carry it up the stairs?\"\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, which is 2000 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Slim's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nSlim, a cat from this group, has a hairless body. Slim has two alleles for a hairless body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairless body\nB. bb\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Slim's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairless body. So, Slim's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Donald acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDonald knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Donald learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\nB. Donald is most interested in human biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nTwo paper towels have the same temperature but different masses. Which towel has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are made of the same type of matter.\n\nChoices:\nA. the paper towel with less mass\nB. the paper towel with more mass\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two paper towels have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the paper towel with more mass has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. At the grocery store, Erin hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. Erin made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Erin hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe first text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nErin made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMy sister takes the lion's share of the space in our closet.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fable\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion the lion's share is a fable.\nIn one of Aesop's fables, four animals go on a hunt assuming that they will split their prize equally, but the lion, the most powerful animal, takes more than the other members of the group.\nThe allusion the lion's share means the largest portion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Kayla decides to make minestrone soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nKayla is deciding whether to make minestrone soup or cream of mushroom soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The minestrone soup will be tastier than the cream of mushroom soup would have been.\nB. Kayla will spend more time making the minestrone soup than she would have spent making the cream of mushroom soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kayla wants or needs:\nKayla will spend more time making the minestrone soup than she would have spent making the cream of mushroom soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nAn air freshener making a room smell nice is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.An air freshener making a room smell nice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The matter in the air freshener is changing from solid to gas. This is called sublimation.\nThe gas spreads to fill the room and changes the scent of the air. But it does not form a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jared acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJared is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jared likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\nB. Jared learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two ships. Which ship was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 185miles in 5hours\nB. a ship that moved 85miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne ship moved 185 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other ship moved 85 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each ship spent the same amount of time moving. The ship that moved 185 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbending a paper clip\nbutter melting on a hot day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But bending a paper clip is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nchicken cooking in an oven\nwater evaporating from a puddle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But cooking chicken is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ted sent them the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.\nB. Ted sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the registrar's office.\nTed sent the registrar's office the transcript from his old college, but he still wasn't granted an exemption from English 101."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Santiago inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSantiago has hazel eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Santiago wears glasses and so do his sisters.\nB. Santiago's friend also has hazel eyes.\nC. Santiago's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Naomi acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNaomi has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Naomi's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. seahorse\nB. green iguana\nC. green tree frog\nD. bottlenose dolphin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.A green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nA green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.\nA bottlenose dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nOxygen is ().\n\nHint:\nBillions of pounds of oxygen are produced in factories each year. Over half of this oxygen is used to help produce steel. The chemical formula for oxygen is O2.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether oxygen is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for oxygen, O2, contains one atomic symbol: O. So, the formula tells you that oxygen is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince oxygen is composed of only one chemical element, oxygen is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAn animal cell does not have a nucleus.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn animal cell does not have a nucleus.\nThis statement is false. Not every cell has a nucleus, but most plant and animal cells have one."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nYou argue that vegetarianism can have a positive impact on the environment, but why should we believe you? I've seen you eat bacon!\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a person who eats bacon cannot offer a believable argument on vegetarianism. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an earthworm?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 kilograms\nB. 4 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an earthworm is 4 grams.\n4 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. King was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took it away.\nB. Mr. King was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the ladle or the gravy bowl.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the ladle.\nMr. King was reaching for the ladle in the gravy bowl when his wife took the ladle away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nHis dog chased the chipmunk up a tree.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, chased. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this muskmelon plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. The allele F is for sour fruit, and the allele f is for sweet fruit.\nA certain muskmelon plant from this group has sour fruit. This plant has two alleles for sour fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. sour fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The muskmelon plant has two alleles for sour fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ndry ice sublimating and becoming a gas\ngrilling a hamburger\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. Heat from the grill causes the matter in the meat to change. Cooked meat and raw meat are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nDry ice sublimating is a physical change. But grilling a hamburger is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nGrilling a hamburger is a chemical change. But dry ice sublimating is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Boba's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F).\nBoba is a Syrian hamster from this group. Boba has the homozygous genotype FF for the fur length gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. long fur\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Boba's genotype for the fur length gene is FF. Boba's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for short fur. So, Boba's phenotype for the fur length trait must be short fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Boba's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nBoba's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Boba's phenotype for the fur length trait must be short fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Destiny decides to watch the action movie. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nDestiny is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. She would prefer to watch a comedy. But she also wants to watch a movie with her sister. Destiny's sister will only watch an action movie.\n\nChoices:\nA. Destiny will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about.\nB. Destiny will get to watch a movie with her sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Destiny wants or needs:\nDestiny will give up the chance to watch the movie that she is more excited about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsad - sprung\n\nChoices:\nA. stain\nB. shy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shy is between the guide words sad - sprung, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt was August 30, 2005. Hurricane Katrina had come and gone, the levees had been breached, and it was a bit wet in New Orleans.\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. understatement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nIt was a bit wet in New Orleans is an understatement, since nearly eighty percent of the city was under water following the hurricane."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would smell more?\n\nChoices:\nA. silver ring\nB. soap bar\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the soap bar would smell more. A bar of soap has a strong smell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Dirk was a fish out of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dirk felt out of place.\nB. Dirk had not visited that location before.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Dirk felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 180kilometers in 5hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 340kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne motorboat moved 340 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other motorboat moved 180 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 340 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a magazine?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"First for Women\"\nB. ***First for Women***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **First for Women**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAt the party, the sisters danced together.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, danced. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text message is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ms. Ellis is already here. She's waiting in the lobby.\nB. Heads up! Ellis is here. In the lobby.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Ellis). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan engine using gasoline to power a car\nmelting glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn engine using gasoline to power a car is a chemical change. High temperatures in the engine break the chemical bonds in the molecules of gasoline and release energy. The atoms then link together to form new molecules, such as water, carbon dioxide, and other chemicals.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting glass is a physical change. But an engine using gasoline to power a car is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nAn engine using gasoline to power a car is a chemical change. But melting glass is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word down on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndandy - dirty\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince down is not between the guide words dandy - dirty, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Friend,\nGrayson\nB. Your friend,\nGrayson\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRonald persisted despite his friends' attempts to tell him that this was a Gordian knot.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. ancient legend\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, Alexander the Great used his sword to slash an intricate knot by which a chariot was tied to a pole in the city of Gordium.\nThe allusion Gordian knot means a highly complex problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich bowl of cereal has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo bowls of cereal are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the bowl of cereal with less thermal energy\nB. the bowl of cereal with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two bowls of cereal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bowl of cereal with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to cook a turkey in the oven?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 hours\nB. 5 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to cook a turkey in the oven is 5 hours.\n5 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBirds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. American tree sparrows have a beak and lay eggs with shells. They have dark feathers on their wings and lighter feathers on other parts of their bodies. Male tree sparrows sing songs to attract mates.\nB. Florida manatees have hairs on their bodies that are similar to whiskers. These hairs help the manatees feel the water moving around them. Female manatees feed their offspring milk.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn American tree sparrow has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nAn American tree sparrow has the traits of a bird. An American tree sparrow is a bird.\nA Florida manatee has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Florida manatee does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Florida manatee is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLiz plays basketball.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Janice prefer pizza or pasta?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe man glances at his watch.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, glances. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Boyd explained the idea to his son.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, explained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Regards,\nSandra\nB. Best regards,\nSandra\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Chandler sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Chandler sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. The wave was a towering wall rising from the sea.\nB. The wave rose from the sea like a towering wall.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe wave was a towering wall rising from the sea.\nThe words wave and wall are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe wave rose from the sea like a towering wall.\nThe words wave and wall are compared using the word like."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many members of the cat family can purr, but only tigers, lions, jaguars, and leopards can roar.\nB. In June, Tori and Emmet will graduate with honors from Dover High School.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nMany members of the cat family can purr, but only tigers, lions, jaguars, and leopards can roar."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. many\nB. several\nC. count\nD. some\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Some, many, and several go together. They are words for more than one. Count is not a word for more than one, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tulips have a green stem.\nB. Bald eagles walk and fly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.\nTulips grow best in cool, dry places.\nA bald eagle is an animal. It walks and flies.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They eat mostly fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nPlease give me the contact information for that physician you recommended.\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. exclamatory\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMartha can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a bicycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a bicycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that does not have a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. weaver ant\nB. turkey vulture\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A turkey vulture is a bird. Like other birds, a turkey vulture has a backbone.\nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to make a sandwich?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 seconds\nB. 3 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to make a sandwich is 3 minutes.\n3 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBubbles forming when baking soda and vinegar are mixed is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Bubbles forming when baking soda and vinegar are mixed is a chemical change. The baking soda and vinegar change into different types of matter. Some of this matter bubbles up as a gas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Pete attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. simple\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Pete attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. piranha\nB. West African rubber frog\nC. tiger\nD. peacock butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A tiger is a mammal. Like other mammals, a tiger is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA piranha is a fish. Like other fish, a piranha is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA peacock butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a peacock butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA West African rubber frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a West African rubber frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. slam the door\nB. shut the door\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Slam the door has a more negative connotation. If you slam the door, you shut it in a loud and angry way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The typical length of a Burmese python is sixteen to twenty-three feet.\nB. Parents should not allow their children to keep Burmese pythons as pets.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nStatements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.\nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the average length of a Burmese python.\nThe typical length of a Burmese python is sixteen to twenty-three feet.\nThe second sentence states an opinion. Should indicates a personal judgment.\nParents should not allow their children to keep Burmese pythons as pets."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Natalie decides to make potato soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nNatalie is deciding whether to make beef barley soup or potato soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Natalie will save some time. The beef barley soup would have taken longer to make than the potato soup.\nB. Natalie will give up the chance to eat the beef barley soup, which would have been tastier than the potato soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Natalie wants or needs:\nNatalie will give up the chance to eat the beef barley soup, which would have been tastier than the potato soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. We wanted a snack we ate some cherries.\nB. The conductor took tickets from everyone on the train.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.We wanted a snack we ate some cherries is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: We wanted a snack and We ate some cherries."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Amanda decides to go on the pirate ship. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAmanda is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. She can go on either the Ferris wheel or the pirate ship. She wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Amanda will give up the chance to go on the Ferris wheel. She would have had more fun on that ride.\nB. Amanda will save some ride tickets. She needs fewer tickets to go on the pirate ship than on the Ferris wheel.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Amanda wants or needs:\nAmanda will give up the chance to go on the Ferris wheel. She would have had more fun on that ride."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Marcy exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The Internet connection was very slow.\nB. Marcy was patiently waiting for an Internet connection.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Marcy's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Seaside has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Seaside's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Seaside. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of pizza rotting in a trashcan\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. burlap sack\nB. silver ring\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the silver ring is smoother. If you touch a silver ring, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Helen paints in her studio at night, and she paints outside under the oak tree during the day.\nB. Before the race, the athletes enjoyed a healthy breakfast of oatmeal, fruit, and tea.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nHelen paints in her studio at night, and she paints outside under the oak tree during the day."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nDerailed by miscommunication and a lack of funding, Fernando and Cody's new business venture.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nDerailed by miscommunication and a lack of funding, Fernando and Cody's new business venture.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nFernando and Cody's new business venture has been derailed by miscommunication and a lack of funding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nLast August, you could fry an egg on the sidewalk in Austin.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is no longer possible to fry an egg on the sidewalk in Austin.\nB. Austin was extremely hot last August.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole you could fry an egg on the sidewalk suggests that Austin was extremely hot last August. You could not literally fry an egg on the sidewalk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tracy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTracy knows how to make chili.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tracy learned how to make chili from a recipe book.\nB. Tracy's friends like to make chili with her.\nC. When Tracy was young, her grandmother taught her how to cut chili peppers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDon't overlook Jayla when choosing the new principal.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. imperative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to see all the animals at the zoo?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 minutes\nB. 3 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to see all the animals at the zoo is 3 hours.\n3 minutes is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter closing is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sincerely,\nB. Bye,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second letter closing is more formal. The other letter closing is more casual and suggests a familiarity with the person being written to."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nCarrie, I've told you a million times: you need to dry the dishes before you put them away.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Carrie has actually been told this a million times."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Steve gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Jake.\nB. Steve gave Jake a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Steve or Jake.\nSteve gave Jake a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nSteve gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Jake."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 290miles east in 10hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 460miles west in 10hours\nC. a speedboat that moved 645miles north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 10 hours. The speedboat that moved 290 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ostriches run and walk.\nB. Maple trees have star-shaped leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An ostrich is an animal. It runs and walks.\nOstriches are the largest living birds. They cannot fly, but they can run very fast.\nA maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.\nMaple trees have green leaves in the spring and summer. In the fall, their leaves turn yellow, red, or brown."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hardly on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nherring - hump\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hardly is not between the guide words herring - hump, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncandy - course\n\nChoices:\nA. clock\nB. creature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clock is between the guide words candy - course, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nNever reveal the four-digit PIN that you use to make ATM transactions.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence makes a demand, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich ball of clay has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo 200-gram balls of clay are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter ball of clay\nB. the colder ball of clay\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two balls of clay are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter ball of clay has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Jane, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Jane plans to build a boat.\nB. Jane thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Jane thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 150kilometers south in 5hours\nB. a car that moved 330kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a car that moved 250kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 330 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brianna inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrianna has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brianna and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Brianna's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Brianna.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ holds partially-digested food?\n\nChoices:\nA. stomach\nB. lungs\nC. heart\nD. skeleton\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nRomeo, take me somewhere we can be alone.\nI'll be waiting; all that's left to do is run.\n—Taylor Swift, \"Love Story\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The speaker has been waiting for a long time.\nB. The speaker loves someone she is forbidden to see.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion Romeo suggests that the speaker loves someone she is forbidden to see. Shakespeare's Romeo is deeply in love with Juliet, but their warring families try to keep them apart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Sarah's genotype for the Marfan syndrome gene?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Marfan syndrome trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Marfan syndrome and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Marfan syndrome trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Marfan syndrome, and the allele m is for not having Marfan syndrome.\nSarah, a human from this group, has Marfan syndrome. Sarah has two alleles for having Marfan syndrome.\n\nChoices:\nA. having Marfan syndrome\nB. MM\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Sarah has two alleles for having Marfan syndrome (M). So, Sarah's genotype for the Marfan syndrome gene is MM."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAaron has an unconventional swing, but he manages to drive the ball farther than some professional golfers.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. complex\nC. compound-complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nAaron has an unconventional swing, but he manages to drive the ball farther than some professional golfers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. As David was walking with his friend Bob, he tripped on the uneven sidewalk.\nB. As David was walking with his friend Bob, Bob tripped on the uneven sidewalk.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to David or Bob.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Bob.\nAs David was walking with his friend Bob, Bob tripped on the uneven sidewalk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Kyle decides to get the peach ice cream. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nKyle is deciding whether to get peach ice cream or chocolate almond ice cream. He likes peach more than chocolate almond. But a scoop of chocolate almond ice cream comes with a free waffle cone.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kyle will get to eat the peach ice cream. He likes this flavor more than chocolate almond.\nB. Kyle will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kyle wants or needs:\nKyle will give up the chance to get a free waffle cone. He would have enjoyed the waffle cone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe thing that makes Carson stand out as a remarkable cellist is that he's a marvelous musician who plays the cello splendidly.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Carson is a remarkable cellist because he plays the cello well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn 1787, a group of representatives from the states wrote the United States Constitution. What is the Constitution?\n\nChoices:\nA. the announcement of the colonies' independence from Great Britain\nB. a list of the rights and powers that every state constitution must include\nC. the written plan for the government of the United States\nD. the peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThe United States Constitution is the written plan for the government of the United States. It describes the structure and powers of the central government and is one of the country's founding documents.\nHow was the Constitution written?\nThe Constitution was written in 1787 by a group of representatives from the states. Their four-month meeting was later called the Constitutional Convention. The representatives created the government structure that is still in place today, more than 200 years later!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt has not rained in over a week at Laura's house.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt has not rained in over a week at Laura's house.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation last week at Laura's house. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Percy chose to turn the other cheek when Shelby insulted him in a meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many Thanks,\nJoy\nB. Many thanks,\nJoy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dana didn't enter student politics until her junior year.\nB. Dana did not enter student politics until her junior year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a cup of hot coffee?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 155°F\nB. 155°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a cup of hot coffee is 155°F.\n155°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbutter melting on a hot day\nbaking a loaf of bread\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nButter melting on a hot day is a physical change. But baking bread is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking bread is a chemical change. But butter melting on a hot day is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nCarson's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the mammal traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mammals:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Black howler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. The howls can be heard over three miles away! Howler monkeys have fur and feed their offspring milk.\nB. Smooth newts have moist, smooth skin with black spots. Young smooth newts hatch from eggs without shells. They live in streams or ponds until they are about ten weeks old. Then, they crawl onto land.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA smooth newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA smooth newt does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A smooth newt is an amphibian.\nA black howler has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA black howler has the traits of a mammal. A black howler is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. card\nB. yarn\nC. barn\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words yarn and barn rhyme. They both end with the arn sound.\nThe word card does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ provides a barrier against contaminants found in the environment?\n\nChoices:\nA. skin\nB. stomach\nC. brain\nD. muscles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nA rolling pin is pushing on a mound of cookie dough.\n\nChoices:\nA. The mound of cookie dough is pushing on the rolling pin.\nB. The mound of cookie dough is pulling on the rolling pin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.The rolling pin is pushing on the mound of cookie dough. So, Newton's third law tells you that the mound of cookie dough is pushing on the rolling pin."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe archaeologists believe that the bones they found are about fourteen thousand years old, but we won't have an exact estimate until the laboratory tests are complete.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nExact estimate is a contradiction, because an estimate is an inexact or tentative measurement."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ protects the body's other organs?\n\nChoices:\nA. heart\nB. skeleton\nC. brain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nKulligan, Ian K. \"First of Kate Brown's Ethics Bills Sent to Senate Floor.\" The Oregonian 28 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 2 May 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a newspaper article.\nB. It is a short story.\nC. It is a poem.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nKulligan, Ian K. \"First of Kate Brown's Ethics Bills Sent to Senate Floor.\" The Oregonian 28 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 2 May 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work is a newspaper article because of the entry's formatting. Entries for newspaper articles include the author of the article, the article title in quotation marks, the name of the newspaper in italics, the date of publication, and the page number the article appears on."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe wild daisies () the passing hikers.\n\nChoices:\nA. brushed against\nB. nodded at\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase nodded at. It describes the daisies as if they were polite people who greeted others."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMayor Haley wants to create more bicycle lanes in Rockport. Why is he forcing us to give up our cars and bike everywhere?\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that creating more bike lanes means that Mayor Haley thinks that everyone should ride bicycles instead of cars. However, the fact that Mayor Haley wants more bike lanes doesn't necessarily suggest that the mayor is opposed to other forms of transportation. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\n Paul Revere played an important role in ().\n\nChoices:\nA. the American Revolution\nB. the Mayflower voyage\nC. the Civil War\nD. World War II\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPaul Revere played an important role in the American Revolution. The American Revolution took place between 1765 and 1783.\nAmericans fought the revolution to win freedom from Great Britain. Men and women who fought for freedom from British rule were called Patriots. Paul Revere was one of the most famous Patriots."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This box weighs a ton!\" Martin panted. \"Carly, would you mind helping me carry it up the stairs?\"\n\nChoices:\nA. understatement\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, or 2000 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. plastic water pitcher\nB. sandpaper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the plastic water pitcher is smoother. If you touch the side of a plastic water pitcher, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your niece,\nCarla\nB. your niece,\nCarla\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nSeth campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe dry season in Emmett's hometown usually lasts from November to May.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe dry season in Emmett's hometown usually lasts from November to May.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation pattern where Emmett is from. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nThe Sixth Amendment talks about criminal trials. It says that all criminal trials must be speedy and public. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to ().\n\nChoices:\nA. stay at home during his or her trial\nB. pick his or her own judge\nC. lie to the court\nD. get help from a lawyer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nThe Sixth Amendment says that all criminal trials must be speedy and public. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to get help from a lawyer. A lawyer is a person trained in the law. If someone cannot afford to hire a lawyer, the government will pay for one. Usually these lawyers are called public defenders. There are more than 15,000 public defenders in the United States. They defend people in millions of criminal cases every year. Part of the text of the Sixth Amendment is below. Notice the phrases \"speedy and public trial\" and \"assistance of counsel.\" Does the text mention any other rules for trials? In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. . .and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Harper decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHarper is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Harper will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants.\nB. Harper will save some money by not buying the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Harper wants or needs:\nHarper will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Armstrong peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections.\nB. The cats hissed at each other through the screen door, and then the dog scared them both away.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMr. Armstrong peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. After the show, all of the actors bow.\nB. Haru is from Japan I am from China.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.After the show, all of the actors bow is a complete sentence. The subject is all of the actors, and the verb is bow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also known as the G.I. Bill, gave veterans money to pay college costs and buy books and supplies. Ex-servicemen were also eligible to receive low-interest home loans so that they could afford to buy their own homes, as well as commercial loans to set up their own businesses. One of the more controversial aspects of the bill was the provision of unemployment benefits to the veterans who were unable to find jobs.\n\nChoices:\nA. by stating the main idea clearly\nB. by removing a second main idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by stating the main idea clearly.\nFor example, the writer could add a main idea statement before the underlined sentence, such as The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 was a widely influential bill that helped veterans in many ways.\nThe Servicemen's Readjustment Act, also known as the G.I. Bill, gave veterans money to pay college costs and buy books and supplies. Ex-servicemen were also eligible to receive low-interest home loans so that they could afford to buy their own homes, as well as commercial loans to set up their own businesses. One of the more controversial aspects of the bill was the provision of unemployment benefits to the veterans who were unable to find jobs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. human\nB. puffin\nC. golden orb-weaver\nD. cardinalfish\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other spiders, a golden orb-weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA puffin is a bird. Like other birds, a puffin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Becky inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBecky has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Becky's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Becky.\nB. Becky and her mother both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe sisters call their grandfather.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, call. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Delgado argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Delgado's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn 1800, where did most Americans live?\n\nChoices:\nA. near the Atlantic Coast\nB. along the Mississippi River\nC. along the Gulf of Mexico\nD. west of the Appalachian Mountains\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn 1800, the United States looked like this. The western boundary was the Mississippi River.\nHowever, most Americans lived within 50 miles of the Atlantic Coast. The darker parts of the map show where the most people lived. The rest of the country was mostly populated by Native American groups.\nThis map uses census records to show where people lived in the year 1800. In the early 1800 s, the census did not count the Native Americans. This makes it hard for us to know exactly how many Native Americans lived in the western United States."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Arianna inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nArianna has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Arianna and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Arianna's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Arianna.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a goat?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 35 grams\nB. 35 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a goat is 35 kilograms.\n35 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The class chuckles at Ms. Soto's joke.\nB. It is a hot day the breeze feels nice.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.It is a hot day the breeze feels nice is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: It is a hot day and The breeze feels nice."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Josh chose to turn the other cheek when Olivia insulted him in a meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nCows eat the grass on the hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, eat. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Winchester. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Winchester?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is softer?\n\nChoices:\nA. metal trombone\nB. nylon swim shorts\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon swim shorts are softer. Nylon fabric changes shape when you press on it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word who on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwake - wildlife\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince who is between the guide words wake - wildlife, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bison once roamed freely across the Great Plains of the United States.\nB. The umpire called the pitch a strike, so our team lost the game.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe umpire called the pitch a strike, so our team lost the game."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAkiko teaches Audrey about customs in Japan.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntrench - twist\n\nChoices:\nA. toboggan\nB. turban\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince turban is between the guide words trench - twist, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. pelican\nB. bumble bee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A pelican is a bird. Like other birds, a pelican has a backbone.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Lowell has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Lowell's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Lowell. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tennis ball has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo tennis balls are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the tennis ball with less thermal energy\nB. the tennis ball with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two tennis balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the tennis ball with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nThe last time Andrew cleaned his room, dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth.\n\nChoices:\nA. Andrew hates to clean his room.\nB. Andrew hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole dinosaurs were still roaming the Earth suggests that Andrew hasn't cleaned his room in a very long time. He did not actually clean his room millions of years ago when dinosaurs existed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Maya people believed that chocolate was the food of the gods.\nB. The Maya people of Central America had some peculiar ideas about chocolate.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe Maya people believed that chocolate was the food of the gods.\nIt can be proved by looking in books about Mayan beliefs.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe Maya people of Central America had some peculiar ideas about chocolate.\nPeculiar shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is peculiar."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of pear turning brown\nsalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear.\nSalt and vinegar removing tarnish from a penny is a chemical change. The salt and vinegar change the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. This makes the penny look shiny again.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nVince's remark about your new car is clearly a case of sour grapes.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fable\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion sour grapes is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Fox and the Grapes,\" a fox tries unsuccessfully to reach a bunch of grapes. Because he cannot reach them and therefore cannot eat them, he tells himself that they must be sour.\nThe allusion sour grapes means criticizing something because you can't have it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full bag of groceries?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 kilograms\nB. 4 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a full bag of groceries is 4 kilograms.\n4 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nKamal returned to the parking lot to find his car somewhat destroyed. Apparently someone had crashed into it while he was working and had broken the entire front windshield.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this muskmelon plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. The allele F is for sour fruit, and the allele f is for sweet fruit.\nA certain muskmelon plant from this group has sour fruit. This plant has one allele for sour fruit and one allele for sweet fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. sour fruit\nB. Ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The muskmelon plant has one allele for sour fruit (F) and one allele for sweet fruit (f). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hit on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhard - hearth\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hit is not between the guide words hard - hearth, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nLava comes out of the ground.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. wildfire\nC. flood\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses alliteration.\n\nHint:\nFrom Alice Corbin, \"Apparitions\" and from Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, \"Fires\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Snug in my easy chair,\nI stirred the fire to flame.\nFantastically fair\nThe flickering fancies came.\nB. When the cold dawn stood above the house-tops,\nToo late I remembered the cry\nIn the night of a wild bird flying\nThrough the rain-filled sky.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n—From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n—From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n—From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.This poem uses alliteration. It repeats beginning consonant sounds.\nI stirred the fire to flame.\nThe flickering fancies came."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 101°F\nB. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 70°F\nC. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 89°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three blueberry muffins have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 101°F muffin is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCharlie knows how to type.\n\nHint:\nHint: Typing takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\nbuilding a tower out of magnetic blocks\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nBuilding a tower out of magnetic blocks is a physical change. The blocks stick to each other to form a tower. But the blocks are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But building a tower out of magnetic blocks is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Wishes,\nKaren\nB. Best wishes,\nKaren\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a car a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a car is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a car something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a car a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a car is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her academic voice?\nThe Hubble Space Telescope, named for twentieth-century American astronomer Edwin Hubble, is an awesome telescope. NASA began building the telescope in 1977 after Congress gave the go-ahead on the project. In 1990, the space shuttle Discovery crew finally positioned the telescope some 370 miles above Earth. Unfortunately, a defect caused it to produce fuzzy images, but ever since repairs were made by astronauts from the space shuttle Endeavour in 1993, it has taken some pretty great pictures.\n\nChoices:\nA. by avoiding generalizations\nB. by using active voice\nC. by using consistently formal language\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her academic voice by using consistently formal language.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined phrases with more formal ones, such as remarkable, launched into, authorized, and excellent.\nThe Hubble Space Telescope, named for twentieth-century American astronomer Edwin Hubble, is an awesome telescope. NASA began building the telescope in 1977 after Congress gave the go-ahead on the project. In 1990, the space shuttle Discovery crew finally positioned the telescope some 370 miles above Earth. Unfortunately, a defect caused it to produce fuzzy images, but ever since repairs were made by astronauts from the space shuttle Endeavour in 1993, it has taken some pretty great pictures."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nscenery - social\n\nChoices:\nA. stall\nB. smuggle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince smuggle is between the guide words scenery - social, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 90 centimeters\nB. 90 kilometers\nC. 90 meters\nD. 90 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 90 meters.\n90 millimeters and 90 centimeters are too short. 90 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word done on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndetective - drum\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince done is between the guide words detective - drum, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses end rhyme.\n\nHint:\nFrom John Gould Fletcher, \"London Excursion\" and adapted from Robert Southey, \"The Legend of Bishop Hatto\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The summer and autumn had been so wet,\nThat in winter the corn was growing yet:\n'Twas a sorrowful sight to see, all around,\nThe grain lie rotting on the ground.\nB. Black shapes bending,\nTaxicabs crush in the crowd.\nThe tops are each a shining square\nShuttles that steadily press through woolly fabric.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses end rhyme. Its rhymes come at the end of its lines.\nThat in winter the corn was growing yet:\nThe grain lie rotting on the ground."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Papyrus has a long thin stem.\nB. Wombats eat plants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.Papyrus is a plant. It has a long thin stem with green leaves on top.\nYou can make paper out of the stems of papyrus plants!\nA wombat is an animal. It eats plants.\nWombats have strong claws. They use their claws to dig tunnels called burrows."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nHe that is of the opinion money will do everything may well be suspected of doing everything for money.\n—Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard's Almanack\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words money and everything relative to the first half."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. castor bean tick\nB. American crocodile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nAn American crocodile is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an American crocodile has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 2-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 245°F\nB. a 2-kilogram block of copper at a temperature of 215°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two blocks of copper have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 245°F block is hotter than the 215°F block, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Yang mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Yang was already running late.\nB. Mr. Yang was having a bad day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Yang was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\ncooking a pancake\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But cooking a pancake is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a lake is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency?\nOur school needs to serve better food for lunch. Our lunches should be delicious. Our lunches should be nutritious. Our lunches should be satisfying. One way to achieve this would be to have a salad bar available. Salad bars can contain far more than just lettuce. Fresh fruits can be included in a salad bar. Fresh vegetables can be included. Different kinds of meats and cheeses can be included, too. Even pasta can be stocked in a salad bar. With these healthy options, students can make their own tasty lunches.\n\nChoices:\nA. by using shorter sentences\nB. by combining sentences containing related information\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by combining sentences containing related information.\nFor example, the writer could combine the underlined groups of sentences into sentences like Our lunches should be delicious, nutritious, and satisfying and Fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, and different kinds of meats and cheeses can be included in a salad bar.\nOur school needs to serve better food for lunch. Our lunches should be delicious. Our lunches should be nutritious. Our lunches should be satisfying. One way to achieve this would be to have a salad bar available. Salad bars can contain far more than just lettuce. Fresh fruits can be included in a salad bar. Fresh vegetables can be included. Different kinds of meats and cheeses can be included, too. Even pasta can be stocked in a salad bar. With these healthy options, students can make their own tasty lunches."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Gibson told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Gibson is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nLily will print her name with care.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, print. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a guitar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 tons\nB. 7 ounces\nC. 7 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a guitar is 7 pounds.\n7 ounces is too light and 7 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nTrisha swore she would never go back to Oakland, but I told her she should never say never. The city might be a very different place in ten years.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNever say never at first appears to be contradictory: by saying the phrase itself, you have already said never. However, it contains some truth: people often change their minds as they age and so should not rule anything out by saying never."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. cell phone\nB. giant clam\nC. paper airplane\nD. clay\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.Clay is not a living thing.\nClay does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It can be formed into different shapes, but it does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nA giant clam is a living thing.\nGiant clams grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Giant clams are made up of many cells.\nGiant clams are animals. They live in large shells that are attached to the ocean floor.\nA cell phone is not a living thing.\nA cell phone does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA paper airplane is not a living thing.\nPaper airplanes do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nEstelle has naturally straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Some humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.\nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. western toad\nB. coral snake\nC. gray wolf\nD. grass frog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A gray wolf is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf mother, father, and their children travel together.\nA coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCoral snakes spend most of their time underground or hiding under leaves.\nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA grass frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rebecca used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing it away.\nB. Rebecca used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the old broom or the broken glass.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the broken glass.\nRebecca used an old broom to clean up the broken glass before throwing the broken glass away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nNorma submitted her suggestions to Bruce; now the ball is in his court.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bruce has some difficult work to do.\nB. Bruce needs to act next.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Bruce needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. panda\nB. golden orb-weaver\nC. weaver ant\nD. atlas moth\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other spiders, a golden orb-weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn atlas moth is an insect. Like other insects, an atlas moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA panda is a mammal. Like other mammals, a panda is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Harper acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHarper has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Harper's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nQuinn will sweep the sidewalk in front of her store.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sweep. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nHave you ever typed on a typewriter?\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMichael returned to the parking lot to find his car somewhat destroyed. Apparently someone had crashed into it while he was working and had broken the entire front windshield.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSomewhat destroyed is a contradiction, because somewhat means partially or moderately, and destroyed implies totally wrecked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Eve adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nB. Eve adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nEve adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nEve adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Amazon milk frogs have moist skin and live in South American rain forests. They hatch from eggs with no shells and begin their lives in water. As adults, Amazon milk frogs live in trees and eat insects.\nB. Bengal tigers are one of the world's largest living cats. They have black, white, and orange fur. Female Bengal tigers feed their offspring milk. Male Bengal tigers can be almost twice as large as females!\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Bengal tiger is a mammal.\nAn Amazon milk frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nAn Amazon milk frog has the traits of an amphibian. An Amazon milk frog is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter Brianna cooked and served a scrumptious dinner, Dad boasted that she is the Julia Child of our family.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nPlease take the dirty towels outside.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich press release is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. On November 19, the Castroville Amphitheater will host area musicians vying for top honors in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon.\nB. On Nov. 19, musicians from all over town will battle it out in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon, happening at the amphitheater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. chloromethanol (CH3ClO)\nB. sulfur dioxide (SO2)\nC. radon (Rn)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for radon contains one symbol: Rn. So, radon is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, radon is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for chloromethanol contains four symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, Cl for chlorine, and O for oxygen. So, chloromethanol is made of four chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, chloromethanol is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. Penny and Her Doll\nB. penny and Her doll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Penny and Her Doll."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMr. McCall gave a lecture on water conservation, during which he stressed the importance of not watering lawns during a drought.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmarriage - moment\n\nChoices:\nA. mint\nB. museum\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mint is between the guide words marriage - moment, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. With Love,\nKristen\nB. With love,\nKristen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brown-throated sloths are mammals that live in the rainforests of Central and South America. These sloths eat young leaves from rainforest trees.\nB. Kapok trees are found in tropical rainforests. The leaves of these trees use energy from sunlight to make food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that kapok trees use energy from sunlight to make food. This is evidence that the kapok tree is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the brown-throated sloth is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich job does the digestive system do?\n\nChoices:\nA. breaks down food into small particles\nB. helps make food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms need food. Food gives organisms the energy they need to survive.\nAnimals get their food by eating other organisms. An animal's digestive system breaks down food into small particles of fat, protein, sugar, and other nutrients. The blood carries these small particles to cells throughout the animal's body.\nInside cells, nutrient particles can be broken down to release energy. Cells need energy to do their jobs. A cell's job might include sending signals to other cells, rearranging chemicals to make new substances, or moving substances from place to place.\nCells also use nutrient particles as building materials. Cells use building materials to help the animal grow and to replace worn-out parts.The digestive system breaks down food into small particles of nutrients. Cells can get energy and building materials from these small particles.\nThe digestive system does not help make food. Animals cannot make food inside their bodies. They must eat other organisms."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. link\nB. stink\nC. tube\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words link and stink rhyme. They both end with the ink sound.\nThe word tube does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nKaylee's shoes are superior, because they're made from one hundred percent snakeskin, not synthetic materials.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Kaylee's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word his on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhang - heard\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince his is not between the guide words hang - heard, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nAccording to the Ninth Amendment, the Constitution lists () of the rights of the American people.\n\nChoices:\nA. none\nB. some\nC. all\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Ninth Amendment says that the Constitution lists only some of the rights of the American people. In other words, people have rights other than the ones listed in the Constitution. Even if the Constitution doesn't list a right, the right might still exist. The Bill of Rights lists some rights. But it is not meant to be a complete list of all rights. The full text of the Ninth Amendment is below. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear grandpa Nick,\nB. Dear Grandpa Nick,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Nick is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nVictor carefully spelled the word aloud.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, spelled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word mole on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmission - mumble\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mole is between the guide words mission - mumble, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na banana getting ripe on the counter\nnewly poured concrete becoming hard\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nConcrete hardening is a chemical change. The chemicals in the concrete react with each other to form a different type of matter. The new matter is hard and strong.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a sunflower seed?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 14 meters\nB. 14 centimeters\nC. 14 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a sunflower seed is 14 millimeters.\n14 centimeters and 14 meters are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSure, you were only two minutes late for work today—but next week it will be ten minutes, and eventually half an hour. That's not acceptable.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that showing up to work two minutes late will lead to showing up even later in the coming weeks. However, this isn't necessarily true. This argument offers only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Arianna decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.\nB. Arianna made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nArianna decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nArianna made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Levin was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years.\nB. When Mrs. Levin saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Levin or her granddaughter.\nWhen Mrs. Levin saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Levin was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the action that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. chop\nB. carve\nC. slice\nD. measure\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasure doesn't belong.\nCarve, chop, and slice all name ways to cut something."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Do you want biscuits and jam for breakfast, or would you like some scrambled eggs?\nB. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nDo you want biscuits and jam for breakfast, or would you like some scrambled eggs?"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dr. Atkinson and her team took horses and went to a place that had no modern medical services.\nB. Dr. Atkinson and her team traveled by horseback to a remote village that had no modern medical services.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the bumpiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon shorts\nB. bark\nC. rubber ballon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the bark is the bumpiest. If you could touch this tree bark, it would feel lumpy and bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. walnut tree\nB. teddy bear\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A walnut tree is a living thing.\nWalnut trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nWalnut trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA teddy bear is not a living thing.\nTeddy bears do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F).\nNutmeg is a Syrian hamster from this group. Nutmeg has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur length gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. long fur\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Nutmeg's genotype for the fur length gene is ff. Nutmeg's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for long fur. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Nutmeg's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for long fur (f) is recessive to the allele for short fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nNutmeg's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Nutmeg's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word crystal on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncarrot - congress\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince crystal is not between the guide words carrot - congress, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't ever get a ride from Ava. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Ava must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Ava's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Ava is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsaliva breaking down a piece of bread\nsilver jewelry tarnishing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.\nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. black widow spider\nB. blue jay\nC. wombat\nD. common snapping turtle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A blue jay is a bird. Like other birds, a blue jay is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA common snapping turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a common snapping turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA wombat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a wombat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAnimal cells are filled with cytoplasm.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAnimal cells are filled with cytoplasm.\nThis statement is true. All cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm fills and maintains the space inside the cell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. studying someone's outfit\nB. scrutinizing someone's outfit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Scrutinizing someone's outfit has a more negative connotation. Scrutinizing and studying both denote examining something closely. However, scrutinizing suggests looking at something in a critical way, while studying suggests looking at something in order to learn more about it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water bottle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 cups\nB. 2 gallons\nC. 2 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a water bottle is 2 cups.\n2 fluid ounces is too little and 2 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMatt will pop the popcorn.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pop. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbanner - brain\n\nChoices:\nA. bulge\nB. blew\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blew is between the guide words banner - brain, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. sincerely,\nHarry\nB. Sincerely,\nHarry\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWill you be here again next Wednesday?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKenji has five fingers on each hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a potato?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18 centimeters\nB. 18 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a potato is 18 centimeters.\n18 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sung on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshot - stork\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sung is not between the guide words shot - stork, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe wind blew through my hair and () my ears.\n\nChoices:\nA. whispered in\nB. chilled\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase whispered in. It describes the wind as if it were a person speaking quietly."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nNow that I'm an adult, I love my job and work hard at it. But when I was younger, I was a little motivationally challenged. I just couldn't see the payoff that might come from hard work.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nMotivationally challenged is an indirect way of saying lazy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the crustacean traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nCrustaceans are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify crustaceans:\nThey have two pairs of antennae.\nThey have an exoskeleton. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Rock lobsters can live more than 600 feet underwater! They have an exoskeleton and two pairs of antennae.\nB. Trichina worms have soft, thin bodies. They have a cylindrical shape and do not have limbs. Trichina worms are not made up of segments. They can infect and feed off of humans, pigs, and other mammals.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nCrustaceans have the following traits:\nThey have two pairs of antennae.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA rock lobster has the following traits:\nIt has two pairs of antennae.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nA rock lobster has the traits of a crustacean. A rock lobster is a crustacean.\nA trichina worm has the following traits:\nA trichina worm does not have all of the traits of a crustacean. A trichina worm is a roundworm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nLonesome wolf, filling the dark night with your plaintive howl, will you be reunited with your pack before dawn?\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nLonesome wolf is a direct address to a wolf, a nonhuman entity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nOn May 5, 1964, in central Nebraska, there was a tornado with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour!\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nOn May 5, 1964, in central Nebraska, there was a tornado with wind speeds over 200 miles per hour!\nThis passage tells you about the wind speed in central Nebraska on May 5, 1964. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. When it is hot out, a glass of mint lemonade always hits the spot.\nB. On a hot day, mint lemonade is a perfect refreshment.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (hits the spot).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 134°C\nB. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 137°C\nC. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 130°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 137°C brick is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Hawaii is too far from the other states.\nB. The state of Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe state of Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean.\nIt can be proved by finding Hawaii on a world map.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nHawaii is too far from the other states.\nToo far shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how far is too far."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. cent\nB. dollar\nC. penny\nD. buy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Cent, penny, and dollar go together. They are money. Buy is not money, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am wet.\nYou can drink me.\nYou will find me in a lake.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a fish\nB. water\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWater is wet.\nYou can drink water.\nYou will find water in a lake."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Winston inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nWinston has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Winston and his biological father have short hair.\nB. Winston and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\nC. Winston's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a road from one end of a city to the other?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 meters\nB. 10 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 10 kilometers.\n10 meters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nCell phones once cost an arm and a leg, but today the majority of people can afford them.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cell phones were once very expensive.\nB. Cell phones once varied greatly in price.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom an arm and a leg suggests that cell phones were once very expensive. A part of your body would be a high price to pay, so the idiom means that something is very expensive."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to sing the ABC song?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 22 seconds\nB. 22 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 22 seconds.\n22 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. pencil\nB. rain puddle\nC. helium\nD. wet paint\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Helium is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Helium is lighter than air. So, if you fill a balloon with helium, the balloon will rise. If helium leaks out of the balloon, the helium will expand into the space around the balloon.\nA pencil is a solid. You can break a pencil into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nWet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.\nA rain puddle is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect rainwater in a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Jaden lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. There was a benefit to Jaden's job loss.\nB. Jaden felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Jaden's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Jaden's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***When It Passes By***\nB. \"When It Passes By\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **When It Passes By**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nEverything in this room is eatable, even I'm eatable! But that is called cannibalism, my dear children, and is in fact frowned upon in most societies.\n—Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\n\nChoices:\nA. understatement\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nFrowned upon in most societies is an understatement, since cannibalism—the eating of human flesh by another human being—is usually looked upon with horror."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a watermelon at a temperature of 75°F\nB. a watermelon at a temperature of 85°F\nC. a watermelon at a temperature of 83°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three watermelons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°F watermelon is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI ate kielbasa right before my favorite football team won the championship back in 2006. Now, I always eat kielbasa before their games to carry them to victory.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that eating kielbasa before games makes the team win. However, even though the writer ate kielbasa before his or her team won in 2006, that doesn't necessarily mean that the kielbasa was responsible for the team's success. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nBryan's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Silva argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Silva's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The nervous swimmer steps onto the diving platform.\nB. Amy forgot to bring her dictionary, so she will borrow mine.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nAmy forgot to bring her dictionary, so she will borrow mine."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Leah takes yoga classes at Katie's studio, so this yoga mat might be Leah's.\nB. Leah takes yoga classes at Katie's studio, so this yoga mat might be hers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Leah's or Katie's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Hers has been replaced with Leah's.\nLeah takes yoga classes at Katie's studio, so this yoga mat might be Leah's."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this rose plant's phenotype for the flower form trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the flower form trait in rose plants:\n\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have double flowers and others have single flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower form trait has two alleles. The allele F is for double flowers, and the allele f is for single flowers.\nA certain rose plant from this group has single flowers. This plant has two alleles for single flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. single flowers\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rose plant's observable version of the flower form trait is single flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower form trait is single flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Erin acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nErin is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Erin likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\nB. Erin learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Ashley first joined the track team, she was afraid of jumping, but she got over that hurdle.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, nitrogen is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nDid you know that lightning helps provide nutrients to plants on Earth? When lightning strikes, the air around it becomes extremely hot. This leads to the formation of nitric oxide from the nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air. Nitric oxide plays an important role in helping plants grow.\n\nChoices:\nA. product\nB. reactant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to nitrogen in this chemical reaction.\nDid you know that lightning helps provide nutrients to plants on Earth? When lightning strikes, the air around it becomes extremely hot. This leads to the formation of nitric oxide from the nitrogen and oxygen gases in the air. Nitric oxide plays an important role in helping plants grow.\nThe underlined text tells you that when nitrogen and oxygen combine, nitric oxide is formed. When nitrogen and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form nitric oxide. Because nitrogen reacts in this chemical reaction, nitrogen is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am a toy.\nI look like a person.\nYou can dress me up.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a girl\nB. a doll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA doll is a toy.\nA doll looks like a person.\nYou can dress a doll up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Giraffes eat plants.\nB. Chili peppers have green leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A giraffe is an animal. It eats plants.\nGiraffes have very long necks! They mostly eat leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na crayon melting in the sun\nmixing sand and water\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA crayon melting in the sun is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The crayon changes state from solid to liquid. The crayon is still made of wax, even after it melts.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA crayon melting in the sun is caused by heating. But mixing sand and water is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Coffee beans are the seeds of the coffee plant.\nB. You can eat those blueberries, or you can try these cherries.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nCoffee beans are the seeds of the coffee plant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. hair clip\nB. arrowhead\nC. screwdriver\nD. rain puddle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.A hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can use a hair clip to keep your hair out of your face because the hair clip keeps its shape.\nAn arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. An arrowhead is made of rock.\nA screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. This screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids.\nA rain puddle is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect rainwater in a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ stores memories?\n\nChoices:\nA. lungs\nB. skeleton\nC. brain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 90miles west in 10hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 105miles south in 10hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 35miles south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 10 hours. The sailboat that moved 105 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nDad will sew a patch on my pants.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, sew. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brittany inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrittany has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brittany and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Brittany's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Brittany.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Emmett was a fish out of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. Emmett had not visited that location before.\nB. Emmett felt out of place.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Emmett felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The protesters want them to raise salaries and increase employment benefits.\nB. The protesters want the company's executives to raise salaries and increase employment benefits.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the company's executives.\nThe protesters want the company's executives to raise salaries and increase employment benefits."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Syenite is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\nB. Phyllite is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\nC. Burlap is made in a factory. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nSyenite is a rock.\nBurlap is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature.\nSo, burlap is not a rock.\nPhyllite is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the student text plagiarized?\n\nHint:\nCompare the student text with the source.\nSource: Paul Krugman, \"The Big Meh.\" Published in The New York Times 25 May 2015.\nAt this point, the whole digital era, spanning more than four decades, is looking like a disappointment. New technologies have yielded great headlines, but modest economic results.\nStudent text:\nIt has been said that the new technologies of the digital era have yielded great headlines, but modest economic results.\n\nChoices:\nA. Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks.\nB. No, it is not plagiarized.\nC. Yes, because it fails to use quotation marks and fails to cite the source.\nD. Yes, because it fails to cite the source.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlagiarism is the act of taking another person's work or ideas and presenting them as your own, either accidentally or on purpose. When you use an outside source in your own writing, you should make sure to cite the source in order to avoid plagiarism. Consider the following source:\nFisher, Goddu, and Keil, \"Searching for Explanations: How the Internet Inflates Estimates of Internal Knowledge.\" Copyright 2015 by the American Psychological Association\nThe results of these experiments suggest that searching the Internet may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge. Searching for explanations on the Internet inflates self-assessed knowledge in unrelated domains.\nIf you use a direct quotation in your writing, you must use quotation marks around the exact words that were copied from the source, in addition to citing the source.\nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge.\nThis sentence is plagiarized because it uses the source's exact words without quotation marks and without properly citing the source.\nResearchers have found that relying on the Internet for information \"may cause a systematic failure to recognize the extent to which we rely on outsourced knowledge\" (Fisher, Goddu, and Keil).\nIf you paraphrase a source, or put a source's ideas into your own words, you must still cite the source. Even if properly cited, a paraphrase that is too similar to the source in wording or sentence structure is still considered plagiarized.\nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, searching the Internet can lead to a regular failure to perceive the extent to which we rely on outside knowledge.\nThis sentence is plagiarized because it is an insufficient paraphrase. Even though it is properly cited, it borrows too much of the source's wording and sentence structure.\nAccording to Fisher, Goddu, and Keil, relying on the Internet to look up information can make it difficult for us to estimate how much of our knowledge comes from internal versus external sources.\nThere are different rules about how to format citations, such as when to include page numbers for print sources. Check a style guide, such as the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, for a complete list of these rules.The student text is plagiarized. It uses the source's exact words without quotation marks, and it also fails to cite the source.\nIt has been said that the new technologies of the digital era have yielded great headlines, but modest economic results.\nSource: Paul Krugman, \"The Big Meh.\" Published in The New York Times 25 May 2015.\nAt this point, the whole digital era, spanning more than four decades, is looking like a disappointment. New technologies have yielded great headlines, but modest economic results."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a blender?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 50 gallons\nB. 50 cups\nC. 50 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a blender is 50 fluid ounces.\n50 cups and 50 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWith malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in.\n—President Abraham Lincoln, second inaugural address\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. anaphora\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nLincoln repeats the word with at the beginning of each phrase."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nDuring this chemical reaction, the solution becomes ().\n\nHint:\nWhen a chemical reaction absorbs or releases thermal energy, the reaction causes a change in temperature. Read the passage about a chemical reaction that absorbs or releases thermal energy. Then, follow the instructions below.\nDutch chocolate is a special type of chocolate that has a dark color and a mild flavor. It is made by treating chocolate with a solution of water and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). When sodium hydroxide dissolves in water, sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH−) form in the solution. During this process, chemical energy is converted to thermal energy, which flows into the surroundings.\n\nChoices:\nA. colder\nB. warmer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring a chemical reaction, thermal energy is absorbed or released as heat. This transfer of thermal energy changes the temperature of the reaction's surroundings. The surroundings are everything around the reaction, such as the solution that the reaction takes place in or the air nearby.\nSome reactions release thermal energy into the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted from chemical energy, which is provided by the molecules in the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.\nSome reactions absorb thermal energy from the surroundings. This thermal energy is converted into chemical energy during the reaction. As the thermal energy moves out of the surroundings and into the reaction, the temperature of the surroundings decreases.To determine whether the solution becomes warmer or colder, look for the text that describes the movement of thermal energy during the reaction.Dutch chocolate is a special type of chocolate that has a dark color and a mild flavor. It is made by treating chocolate with a solution of water and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). When sodium hydroxide dissolves in water, sodium ions (Na+) and hydroxide ions (OH−) form in the solution. During this process, chemical energy is converted to thermal energy, which flows into the surroundings.The underlined text tells you that thermal energy flows into the surroundings. Because thermal energy moves out of the reaction and into the surroundings, the temperature of the surroundings increases.The surroundings include the solution that the reaction takes place in. So, the solution becomes warmer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDoug has a scar on his left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bruce went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended it.\nB. Bruce went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nBruce went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a guitar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 31 inches\nB. 31 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a guitar is 31 inches.\n31 feet is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nAt a latitude of seventy degrees north, Tromsø is Norway's northernmost city. Moreover, it is one of the best places on the planet to view the northern lights, or aurora borealis.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nAt a latitude of seventy degrees north, Tromsø is Norway's northernmost city. Moreover, it is one of the best places on the planet to view the northern lights, or aurora borealis."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Javier investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJavier went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Javier was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons\n\nChoices:\nA. Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nB. Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nC. Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRussell has a scar on his right hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an eraser?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 39 grams\nB. 39 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 39 grams.\n39 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nLiam seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.\n\nChoices:\nA. Liam is successful at all that he does.\nB. Liam has a hands-on approach to his work.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Liam is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Hermes's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a black coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a spotted coat (a).\nHermes is a jaguar from this group. Hermes has the homozygous genotype aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black coat\nB. a spotted coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Hermes's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Hermes's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for a spotted coat. So, Hermes's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Hermes's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a spotted coat (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nHermes's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Hermes's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Livingston argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Livingston's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tulips have a green stem.\nB. Woodpeckers eat insects, fruit, and nuts.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A woodpecker is an animal. It eats insects, fruit, and nuts.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.\nA tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.\nTulips grow best in cool, dry places."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nThe Fifth Amendment talks about the rights of people who are accused of crimes. It says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to () It also says that a person cannot be put on trial for the same crime more than once.\n\nChoices:\nA. move to another country\nB. remain silent\nC. lie to a judge\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Fifth Amendment says that a person cannot be put on trial for the same crime more than once. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to remain silent. The right to remain silent is important when someone is accused of a crime. A person does not have to answer questions from the police. In fact, the police need to tell a person about the Fifth Amendment before questioning him or her. A person also does not have to speak at his or her own trial. Even if a person does speak, he or she can plead the Fifth to avoid answering any question. Part of the text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It does not use the words \"right to remain silent.\" Where do you think that phrase comes from? Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word steadily on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nscreen - surf\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince steadily is between the guide words screen - surf, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 110 kilometers\nB. 110 meters\nC. 110 centimeters\nD. 110 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 110 meters.\n110 millimeters and 110 centimeters are too short. 110 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nNext winter is expected to be colder and snowier than usual. Producers expect the demand for ski boots to be high. What will probably happen to the overall supply of ski boots?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Producers expect a cold and snowy winter season. They know that people like to ski when there is a lot of snow. They also know that many of these skiers will need to buy ski boots. So, there is an expected change in demand for ski boots. Producers want to sell as many of the ski boots as they can. So, the supply of ski boots will probably go up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nadding dish soap to water in a sink\nshaking up salad dressing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAdding dish soap to water in a sink is a physical change. Bubbles may appear if air gets trapped in the soapy water, but a different type of matter does not form.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\neat - everyday\n\nChoices:\nA. explode\nB. escape\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince escape is between the guide words eat - everyday, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nNatalie's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop.\n\nChoices:\nA. idiom\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a test tube?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18 milliliters\nB. 18 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 18 milliliters.\n18 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Aloe vera has spiny leaves.\nB. Hummingbirds walk and fly.\nC. Mango trees have many leaves.\nD. Giant water lilies can grow big flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.Aloe vera is a plant. It has spiny leaves.\nAloe vera leaves contain a watery liquid. People use this liquid in lotion and medicine.\nA mango tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nMango trees can grow to over 100 feet tall!\nA hummingbird is an animal. It walks and flies.\nA hummingbird can fly backwards and upside-down!\nA giant water lily is a plant. It can grow big flowers.\nGiant water lilies grow in the Amazon river in South America."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nWhen the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta began in 1972, only thirteen hot air balloons took to the sky. The festival drew more than five hundred ballooning teams in 2014.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nWhen the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta began in 1972, only thirteen hot air balloons took to the sky. The festival drew more than five hundred ballooning teams in 2014."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Marco acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMarco knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Marco learned biology by doing experiments.\nB. Marco is most interested in plant biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nTrevor seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trevor has a hands-on approach to his work.\nB. Trevor is successful at all that he does.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Trevor is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. chicken soup\nB. salt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 365°F\nB. a 5-kilogram brick at a temperature of 285°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two bricks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 365°F brick is hotter than the 285°F brick, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the simile in this text suggest?\nBrenda rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brenda's hands were dry and cracked.\nB. Brenda's hands were hot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Brenda's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Ellen investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEllen leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\nB. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\nC. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nEd has a scar on his left hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIn the 1950s, there was great societal pressure on women to stay at home and raise children. Many women enjoyed doing so, but for others home was a prison they yearned to escape.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nHome was a prison compares home to a prison without using like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Brandon investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBrandon is washing dishes after cooking his dinner. He notices that some of the dishes still feel oily after being washed. He wonders what factors affect how clean dishes are after they are washed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\na sponge\nliquid dish detergent\na bar of soap\nhot water\ncold water\na pile of dirty dishes\n\nChoices:\nA. Are dishes washed in a dishwasher cleaner than dishes washed by hand?\nB. Are dishes cleaner when washed with a soapy sponge or with a soapy rag?\nC. Are dishes cleaner when washed with liquid dish detergent or with bar soap?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a skateboard?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 ounces\nB. 7 tons\nC. 7 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a skateboard is 7 pounds.\n7 ounces is too light and 7 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Oliver lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Oliver lives, the wind often blows in from the nearby hills.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Oliver lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ pumps blood through the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. stomach\nB. lungs\nC. heart\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAdam always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. simple\nC. complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAdam always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWe find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.\n—President Richard Nixon, inaugural address\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nNixon contrasts two aspects of the American people, rich in goods and ragged in spirit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nWhen I said that I wanted to take a cooking class, I didn't know what I was getting into. I love cooking, but I'm very shy and hate being in the spotlight. The first time the teacher asked me to do a culinary technique, my hands were sweating profusely. As I held the heavy utility knife in my sweaty hand, it fell to the floor. The class had just started, and I had already made a terrible first impression! My face was red, but I got the knife, put it in the sink, took a clean one, and cut the slab of raw bluefin tuna into paper-thin pieces. Everyone in the class—even the instructor—gave me a round of applause.\n\nChoices:\nA. by adding technical terms\nB. by using more precise verbs\nC. by using words with more appropriate connotations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more precise verbs.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined words with verbs such as announced, realize, adore, abhor, demonstrate, gripped, clanged, retrieved, deposited, selected, and sliced.\nWhen I said that I wanted to take a cooking class, I didn't know what I was getting into. I love cooking, but I'm very shy and hate being in the spotlight. The first time the teacher asked me to do a culinary technique, my hands were sweating profusely. As I held the heavy utility knife in my sweaty hand, it fell to the floor. The class had just started, and I had already made a terrible first impression! My face was red, but I got the knife, put it in the sink, took a clean one, and cut the slab of raw bluefin tuna into paper-thin pieces. Everyone in the class—even the instructor—gave me a round of applause."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hugo inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHugo has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hugo's biological parents have wavy hair.\nB. Hugo's biological mother has long hair. Hugo also has long hair.\nC. Hugo uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBy 1860, there were almost four million enslaved African American people in the United States. What is an enslaved person?\n\nChoices:\nA. a person who works for someone else for 4 to 7 years\nB. a person who is owned by someone else\nC. a person who is a criminal\nD. a person who is drafted into the army\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn enslaved person is a person who is owned by someone else. Slaveholders in the 1800 s had the power to sell, punish, and work an enslaved person.\nBy the antebellum period, or the time period leading up to the Civil War, African American people had been enslaved in North America for over 300 years. By 1860, there were almost four million enslaved African American people in the United States."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. coral snake\nB. monarch butterfly\nC. castor bean tick\nD. black widow spider\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA coral snake is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a coral snake is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a black widow spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Nicole said, sweat glistening on her face.\n\nChoices:\nA. The temperature was just right.\nB. The temperature was too warm.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Nicole did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The weather might be nice, or it could start to rain.\nB. The beavers gnaw on logs by the riverbank.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nThe weather might be nice, or it could start to rain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 miles\nB. 20 yards\nC. 20 feet\nD. 20 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 20 miles.\n20 inches, 20 feet, and 20 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a crayon at a temperature of 26°C\nB. a crayon at a temperature of 22°C\nC. a crayon at a temperature of 30°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three crayons have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 22°C crayon is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the part whose main job is to direct a plant cell's activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.\n\nChoices:\nA. cytoplasm\nB. Golgi\nC. nucleus\nD. cell membrane\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells:\nChloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nIn plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape.\nOn the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.The nucleus is the master control center for cell activities. The nucleus sends signals and instructions to different parts of the cell. Not every cell has a nucleus, but most plant and animal cells have one."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSenator Bowen announced today that she plans to cut funding to early childhood education programs. The last thing we need is a government official who hates children!\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator Bowen hates children, because she wants to cut education funding. However, the fact that Senator Bowen wants to cut education funding doesn't necessarily suggest that she hates children. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 220miles south in 5hours\nB. a car that moved 195miles east in 5hours\nC. a car that moved 210miles east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 195 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Hunt was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years.\nB. When Mrs. Hunt saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Hunt or her granddaughter.\nWhen Mrs. Hunt saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years, she was overjoyed.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Hunt was overjoyed when she saw her granddaughter for the first time in two years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nDale will read his book before bed.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, read. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\nrust forming on a bicycle frame\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a bicycle frame is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a phone a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a phone is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a phone something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a phone a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a phone is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a pencil at a temperature of 58°F\nB. a pencil at a temperature of 67°F\nC. a pencil at a temperature of 64°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three pencils have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 58°F pencil is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 320kilometers east in 5hours\nB. a duck that moved 435kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a duck that moved 470kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 5 hours. The duck that moved 320 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word engine on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\neighty - expert\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince engine is between the guide words eighty - expert, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI can't believe this is Denise's first time seeing the Pacific Ocean!\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Diane inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDiane has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Diane and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Diane's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Diane.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nThe vibrant trumpet-shaped blooms of the trumpet vine make it ideal for attracting hummingbirds.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nThe vibrant trumpet-shaped blooms of the trumpet vine make it ideal for attracting hummingbirds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nShade-grown coffee is better for the environment than coffee grown in full sun. Coffee naturally grows in shade. However, in the 1990s, farmers began cultivating hybrid coffee plants that grew in full sun because they produced higher yields. These sun-loving plants have harmed the environment in many ways. Now there are huge full-sun coffee plantations where small, shady farms once stood.\n\nChoices:\nA. by including more background information on the plantations\nB. by addressing an opposing point of view\nC. by including evidence to support the claim\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by including evidence to support the claim.\nFor example, the writer could support the underlined text with examples that show how shade-grown coffee is better for the environment and sun-grown coffee is damaging.\nShade-grown coffee is better for the environment than coffee grown in full sun. Coffee naturally grows in shade. However, in the 1990 s, farmers began cultivating hybrid coffee plants that grew in full sun because they produced higher yields. These sun-loving plants have harmed the environment in many ways. Now there are huge full-sun coffee plantations where small, shady farms once stood."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jennifer investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJennifer is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Jennifer is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?\nB. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?\nC. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a hot day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 37°C\nB. 37°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a hot day is 37°C.\n37°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nMud is left behind along the sides of a river.\n\nChoices:\nA. erosion\nB. drought\nC. deposition\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 135miles in 10hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 240miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne motorboat moved 240 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other motorboat moved 135 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 240 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of apple turning brown\na banana getting ripe on the counter\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 175-gram baked potato at a temperature of 55°C\nB. a 175-gram baked potato at a temperature of 65°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65°C potato is hotter than the 55°C potato, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nupward - utensil\n\nChoices:\nA. urge\nB. uniform\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince urge is between the guide words upward - utensil, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wool is made by living things. It is a solid.\nB. Chalk is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nC. Soapstone is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nWool is made by living things. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, wool is not a rock.\nChalk is a rock.\nSoapstone is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nCarrie said there's no way Scotland's Loch Ness Monster is real, but she's not even Scottish, so there's no way she could really know.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Carrie's claim that the Loch Ness Monster isn't real is not valid because she's not Scottish. This is a personal attack on Carrie's background that isn't relevant to whether her claim is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't ever get a ride from Alana. Her brother has been driving for only six months, and he's already gotten three speeding tickets.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Alana must be a reckless driver, because her brother is a reckless driver. However, even though Alana's brother is reckless, that doesn't necessarily mean that Alana is, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an adult hippopotamus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 tons\nB. 2 ounces\nC. 2 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an adult hippopotamus is 2 tons.\n2 ounces and 2 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Tammy decides to make onion soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nTammy is deciding whether to make onion soup or egg drop soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The onion soup will be tastier than the egg drop soup would have been.\nB. Tammy will spend more time making the onion soup than she would have spent making the egg drop soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tammy wants or needs:\nTammy will spend more time making the onion soup than she would have spent making the egg drop soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses repetition.\n\nHint:\nFrom Oliver Wendell Holmes, \"The September Gale\" and from Sam Walter Foss, \"He Worried about It\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The sun's heat will give out in ten million years more—\nAnd he worried about it.\nIt will sure give out then, if it doesn't before—\nAnd he worried about it.\nB. I'm not a chicken; I have seen\nFull many a chill September,\nAnd though I was a youngster then,\nThat gale I well remember.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem uses repetition. It repeats words, phrases, or lines.\nAnd he worried about it.\nAnd he worried about it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Brooke couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nB. The odor emanating from the landfill made Brooke so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nBrooke couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Brooke so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLola has two arms and two legs.\n\nHint:\nHint: Lola was born with two arms and two legs.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with two arms and two legs. So, having two arms and two legs is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Mabel investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMabel has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?\nB. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?\nC. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the United States Constitution?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bank that prints American money\nB. a group that makes laws\nC. a government building\nD. a set of rules and laws\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nThe Constitution begins with the famous words \"We the People.\"\nThe United States Constitution is a set of rules and laws. All the rules and laws are part of a single document, or piece of writing.\nThe rules and laws in the Constitution are the most important rules and laws in the United States. No laws are allowed to go against the Constitution. For that reason, the Constitution is often called \"the highest law in the land.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Michelle investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMichelle likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. During the summer months, volleyball is more fun to play than basketball.\nB. A physical fitness teacher came up with the idea for volleyball.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nA physical fitness teacher came up with the idea for volleyball.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about volleyball.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nDuring the summer months, volleyball is more fun to play than basketball.\nMore fun shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which game is more fun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Alvin's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rock pocket mice, some individuals have dark fur and others have light fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for light fur (f) is recessive to the allele for dark fur (F).\nAlvin is a rock pocket mouse from this group. Alvin has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. light fur\nB. dark fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Alvin's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Alvin's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for light fur. So, Alvin's phenotype for the fur color trait must be light fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Alvin's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for light fur (f) is recessive to the allele for dark fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nAlvin's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Alvin's phenotype for the fur color trait must be light fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMom will pitch the ball to Vijay.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Purple Cow\nB. \"The Purple Cow\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"The Purple Cow.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Stefan chose to turn the other cheek when Nicole insulted him in a meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. U.S. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many thanks,\nLeslie\nB. many thanks,\nLeslie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Emilia investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEmilia has a garden that is sometimes visited by deer. She notices that the deer eat some plants in her garden more than others. She wonders what factors affect which plants the deer eat. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na garlic spray used to keep garden pests away\nfour tomato plants\nfour bean plants\n\nChoices:\nA. Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with garlic spray than from unsprayed bean plants?\nB. Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with coffee spray than from unsprayed bean plants?\nC. Do the deer eat more leaves from tomato plants or from squash plants?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rick waved goodbye to Dan as his train pulled out of the station.\nB. As Dan's train pulled out of the station, Rick waved goodbye to him.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Rick or Dan.\nRick waved goodbye to Dan as his train pulled out of the station.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAs Dan's train pulled out of the station, Rick waved goodbye to him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nKenji described the situation he was facing with his boss as a catch-22.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This salsa could use a little more spice,\" Tristan said as he gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. The salsa was too spicy.\nB. The salsa was tasteless.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Tristan gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Nina investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nNina leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nC. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word pulp on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npledge - precious\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pulp is not between the guide words pledge - precious, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Do you want biscuits and jam for breakfast, or would you like some scrambled eggs?\nB. Mr. Swift's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMr. Swift's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tasmanian devil\nB. clownfish\nC. gray crowned crane\nD. robin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A gray crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.\nA clownfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nClownfish live with animals called anemones. In the image of the clownfish, you can see the brown anemone surrounding the clownfish.\nA Tasmanian devil is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nTasmanian devils are meat-eating marsupials. They live on the island of Tasmania, near Australia.\nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nHerman is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department.\n\nChoices:\nA. Herman is overweight.\nB. Herman is tall for his age.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that Herman is overweight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Ken as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Ken can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Ken can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. grasshopper\nB. West African rubber frog\nC. bald eagle\nD. water buffalo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A water buffalo is a mammal. Like other mammals, a water buffalo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA West African rubber frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a West African rubber frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA bald eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a bald eagle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIs this a dagger which I see before me,\nThe handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. . .\n—William Shakespeare, Macbeth\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nCome, let me clutch thee is a direct address to a dagger, a nonhuman entity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBirds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bengal tigers are one of the world's largest living cats. They have black, white, and orange fur. Female Bengal tigers feed their offspring milk. Male Bengal tigers can be almost twice as large as females!\nB. Steller's sea eagles have large wings with white and brown feathers. They use their sharp beaks to eat fish. Sea eagles build large, high nests for their eggs, which have greenish-white shells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Steller's sea eagle has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Steller's sea eagle has the traits of a bird. A Steller's sea eagle is a bird.\nA Bengal tiger has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Bengal tiger does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Bengal tiger is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"What the Bell saw and Said\"\nB. \"What the Bell Saw and Said\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the and and are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"What the Bell Saw and Said.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Scarlett acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nScarlett has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. Scarlett's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.\nB. Scarlett's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.\nC. Scarlett's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle Fred,\nB. dear Uncle Fred,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Fred is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Darrell finally agreed to let his daughter adopt the stray dog, she responded with a smile that was a mile wide.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA smile that was a mile wide is an exaggeration, since it is physically impossible to have a smile that is actually a mile wide."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wombats eat plants.\nB. Wolves eat animals.\nC. Dahlias can grow colorful flowers.\nD. Dung beetles walk and run.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A wombat is an animal. It eats plants.\nWombats have strong claws. They use their claws to dig tunnels called burrows.\nA dung beetle is an animal. It walks and runs.\nDung beetles eat animal waste, which is called dung. They roll the dung into balls to store for later.\nA dahlia is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nDahlia plants grow in the wild in Central America. But people grow dahlias in gardens all over the world!\nA wolf is an animal. It eats other animals.\nWolves often live in family groups. A wolf family group is called a pack."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Alan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAlan has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Alan's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI grow on a tree.\nYou can eat me.\nI may be red, yellow, or green.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. an apple\nB. a leaf\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn apple grows on a tree.\nYou can eat an apple.\nAn apple may be red, yellow, or green."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word began on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nblade - bob\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince began is not between the guide words blade - bob, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. The wave was a towering wall rising from the sea.\nB. The wave rose from the sea like a towering wall.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nThe wave rose from the sea like a towering wall.\nThe words wave and wall are compared using the word like.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe wave was a towering wall rising from the sea.\nThe words wave and wall are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Boxer's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a).\nBoxer is a cow from this group. Boxer has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. solid coloring\nB. white spots\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Boxer's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Boxer's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nBoxer's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Boxer's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be solid coloring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Green frogs have moist skin. Green frog tadpoles hatch from eggs without shells and live underwater. The adult frogs live on land near ponds and rivers. They may jump into the water to hide from predators.\nB. Western gorillas have black, gray, or brown fur. Adult males are sometimes called silverbacks because they have often have gray fur on their backs. Female western gorillas feed their offspring milk.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA green frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA green frog has the traits of an amphibian. A green frog is an amphibian.\nA western gorilla has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA western gorilla does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A western gorilla is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a goose that moved 280kilometers west in 5hours\nB. a goose that moved 350kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a goose that moved 375kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 5 hours. The goose that moved 375 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Ellen's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Thomsen disease, and the allele m is for not having Thomsen disease.\nEllen, a human from this group, has Thomsen disease. Ellen has two alleles for having Thomsen disease.\n\nChoices:\nA. having Thomsen disease\nB. MM\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Ellen has two alleles for having Thomsen disease (M). So, Ellen's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is MM."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhid - hundred\n\nChoices:\nA. horrid\nB. having\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince horrid is between the guide words hid - hundred, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Deb inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDeb has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Deb and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Deb's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Deb.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word capsule on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nchild - curse\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince capsule is not between the guide words child - curse, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the wetland ecosystem.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\ndaily flooding and draining of seawater\nwater that is rich in nutrients\nmany different types of organisms\nB. This ecosystem has:\nland that is covered with water during most of the year\nsoil that is rich in nutrients\nother water ecosystems nearby\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live thereA wetland is a type of ecosystem. It has land that is covered with water during most of the year, soil that is rich in nutrients, and other water ecosystems nearby.\nChoice 1 is a wetland ecosystem. It is covered with water for most of the year. Wetlands also have soil that is rich in nutrients.\nChoice 2 is a tide pool ecosystem. Several times each day, it floods with seawater. Then the water drains back into the ocean."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nninth - numeral\n\nChoices:\nA. nor\nB. nature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nor is between the guide words ninth - numeral, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Owen decides to plant the daffodils. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nOwen is deciding whether to plant daffodils or an elm tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. He will save some space. The daffodils will use up less space than the elm tree would have used up.\nB. Owen will give up the chance to look at the elm tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the daffodils.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Owen wants or needs:\nOwen will give up the chance to look at the elm tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the daffodils."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the smoothest?\n\nChoices:\nA. rock wall\nB. glass marbles\nC. bark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass marbles are the smoothest. Glass marbles do not feel rough or bumpy when you touch them."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow do I know that Karen is the most intelligent person in our geometry class? I know because she's so smart.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Karen is intelligent because she's smart. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Rachel declared when Felix strolled into the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. Rachel had just been speaking about Felix.\nB. Rachel didn't trust Felix.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Rachel had just been speaking about Felix. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAlan has naturally pale skin.\n\nHint:\nHint: Humans are born with their skin color.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Alan's skin color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Silvergrove Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\nB. The Silvergrove Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nEvan campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 175-gram glass of milk at a temperature of 63°F\nB. a 175-gram glass of milk at a temperature of 42°F\nC. a 175-gram glass of milk at a temperature of 51°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three glasses of milk have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 63°F glass of milk is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. tree\nB. save\nC. bee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words tree and bee rhyme. They both end with the ee sound.\nThe word save does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. phosphine (PH3)\nB. zirconium (Zr)\nC. potassium nitrate (KNO3)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for phosphine contains two symbols: P for phosphorus and H for hydrogen. So, phosphine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, phosphine is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for zirconium contains one symbol: Zr. So, zirconium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, zirconium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for potassium nitrate contains three symbols: K for potassium, N for nitrogen, and O for oxygen. So, potassium nitrate is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, potassium nitrate is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ngetting a haircut\ncracking open a peanut\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nGetting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the simile in this text suggest?\nTori rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tori's hands were dry and cracked.\nB. Tori's hands were hot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Tori's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Freedom of speech and trial by jury are two important rights in the United States Constitution.\nB. When the submarine surfaced, a crowd of people on the shore gathered and stared at the rare sight.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.\nWhen the submarine surfaced, a crowd of people on the shore gathered and stared at the rare sight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhen was Harriet Tubman born?\n\nChoices:\nA. the 1820s\nB. the 1610s\nC. the 1910s\nD. the 1490s\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nHarriet Tubman was born in the 1820 s. She was born about 40 years before the Civil War. The Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865.\nDuring the 1820 s, slavery was still allowed. It was also spreading into new parts of the country. Many people worried that it might last forever."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAyana can ride a motorcycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nIf I could invent something, I would create a really nice bicycle. My bike would have a good seat and great tires so that I could ride it anywhere. It would also have a bell and special pockets for carrying things. A special top would be wonderful, so I could ride it in the rain but also enjoy the sun. I would choose a fun color to reflect my personality. Inventing a new bike would be cool.\n\nChoices:\nA. by reducing repetitive language\nB. by using more specific language\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more specific language.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text more descriptive language, such as the perfect bicycle; comfortable; durable; my cell phone, a water bottle, and a snack; foldable, umbrella-like top; unusual color like turquoise or magenta; my own custom bicycle; and thrilling.\nIf I could invent something, I would create a really nice bicycle. My bike would have a good seat and great tires so that I could ride it anywhere. It would also have a bell and special pockets for carrying things. A special top would be wonderful, so I could ride it in the rain but also enjoy the sun. I would choose a fun color to reflect my personality. Inventing a new bike would be cool."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the United States Constitution?\n\nChoices:\nA. a religious text from the Middle Ages\nB. a written plan for the government of the United States\nC. the first law written by English colonists in North America\nD. a list of all the people who have served in the United States government\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Constitution begins with the famous words \"We the People.\"\nThe United States Constitution is a written plan for the government of the United States. The plan is included in a single document, or piece of writing.\n\"The highest law in the land\"\nBecause the Constitution is the plan for the United States government, it includes some of the most important rules and laws in the United States. No laws are allowed to go against the Constitution. For that reason, the Constitution is often called \"the highest law in the land.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI've heard that fast food can lead to health problems, but I don't believe it. My grandpa ate fast food every day of his adult life, and he lived to be ninety-one.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that fast food must not lead to health problems because the speaker's grandfather ate fast food every day and lived to ninety-one. However, one person's experience doesn't disprove a general pattern. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a pair of scissors a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a pair of scissors is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a pair of scissors something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a pair of scissors a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a pair of scissors is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Briar's genotype for the fur texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for wavy fur.\nBriar, a Syrian hamster from this group, has wavy fur. Briar has two alleles for wavy fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. wavy fur\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Briar has two alleles for wavy fur (f). So, Briar's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the penny's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the penny and Earth () as the penny fell toward the bottom of the well.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nSofia dropped a penny in a wishing well. The penny fell to the bottom of the well as she made a wish.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the penny and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the well is lower than the point where Sofia dropped the penny. As it fell toward the bottom of the well, the distance between the penny and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the penny and Earth decreased as the penny fell toward the bottom of the well."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word reverse on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nradar - rubbish\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince reverse is between the guide words radar - rubbish, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAriana parked her scooter in front of the store.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, parked. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. porcupinefish\nB. keel-billed toucan\nC. red-spotted newt\nD. harbor seal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A keel-billed toucan is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nToucans have large beaks. A toucan's beak can be half as long as its body.\nA porcupinefish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPorcupinefish can puff up their bodies with air or water to scare off predators.\nA harbor seal is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSeals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.\nA red-spotted newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the car's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the car and Earth () as the car slowed to a stop.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nHannah was driving her car on a road when she saw a red light ahead. She slowed the car to a stop along the flat road.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the car and the center of Earth changed.\nBecause the road was flat, each point on the road was the same distance from the center of Earth. As the car slowed to a stop, the distance between the car and the center of Earth stayed the same. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the car and Earth stayed the same as the car slowed to a stop."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Martha investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMartha gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nB. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nbe\n\nChoices:\nA. open\nB. closed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word be ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI'm never setting foot in any seafood restaurant again. We just had a ridiculously overpriced dinner at Troy's Seafood Hut, and I have no interest in repeating that experience.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paintbrush?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 centimeters\nB. 27 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 27 centimeters.\n27 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. robin\nB. echidna\nC. western rattlesnake\nD. dung beetle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A western rattlesnake is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a western rattlesnake is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA dung beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a dung beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn echidna is a mammal. Like other mammals, an echidna is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA robin is a bird. Like other birds, a robin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a bike path?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 feet\nB. 3 inches\nC. 3 yards\nD. 3 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a bike path is 3 miles.\n3 inches, 3 feet, and 3 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bottle of nail polish?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 14 liters\nB. 14 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bottle of nail polish is 14 milliliters.\n14 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 140kilometers east in 5hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 235kilometers west in 5hours\nC. a motorboat that moved 205kilometers west in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 140 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Alice Harmon is an excellent reporter, so it came as no surprise when her work was nominated for an award.\nB. Alice Harmon is an ace reporter, so it was not surprising that she was nominated for an award.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (ace).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Salmon swim in the water.\nB. Pumpkin vines have large flat leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A salmon is an animal. It swims in the water.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both freshwater and seawater.\nA pumpkin vine is a plant. It has large flat leaves.\nThe largest pumpkins can be as big as a car!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ryan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRyan knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ryan learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Ryan can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean.\nB. The movie about the sinking of the Titanic is wonderful.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Titanic sank in the Atlantic Ocean.\nIt can be proved by reading a history book about the Titanic.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe movie about the sinking of the Titanic is wonderful.\nWonderful shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether the movie is wonderful."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Kino's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for orange fur, and the allele f is for white fur.\nKino, a Bengal tiger from this group, has orange fur. Kino has two alleles for orange fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. orange fur\nB. FF\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Kino's observable version of the fur color trait is orange fur. So, Kino's phenotype for the fur color trait is orange fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxygen\nB. silver and glass balls\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowl of cereal at a temperature of 40°F\nB. a bowl of cereal at a temperature of 50°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two bowls of cereal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 50°F bowl of cereal is hotter than the 40°F bowl of cereal, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nDale lives on a mountain where the winds are strong most evenings.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nDale lives on a mountain where the winds are strong most evenings.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Dale lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Moles eat insects and worms.\nB. Snowy owls eat small animals.\nC. Almond trees can grow many small flowers.\nD. Manatees swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An almond tree is a plant. It can grow many small flowers.\nAlmonds were first grown by people living near the Mediterranean Sea.\nA snowy owl is an animal. It eats small animals.\nSnowy owls live in cold places. Snowy owls have feathers on their feet to protect them from the cold.\nA mole is an animal. It eats insects and worms.\nMoles live mostly underground.\nA manatee is an animal. It swims underwater.\nManatees eat plants that live underwater."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nHe looked about as inconspicuous as a tarantula on a slice of angel food cake.\n—Raymond Chandler, Farewell, My Lovely\n\nChoices:\nA. He was well hidden.\nB. He stood out.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs inconspicuous as a tarantula on a slice of angel food cake suggests that he stood out. A large spider on a piece of light-colored cake would not be inconspicuous at all; it would be very obvious."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOur competitors use unhealthy sugar substitutes and artificial sweeteners. But Rev-Up Energy Drink contains one hundred percent real cane sugar to fuel your body better.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Rev-Up is healthier than other energy drinks. However, even though Rev-Up contains cane sugar instead of artificial sweeteners, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's better for you. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nIf you have a hankering for a delicious bowl of soup, you should try Mr. Montoya's smoked French onion soup made with Vidalia onions, smoked Gruyère cheese, and fresh thyme.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nIf you have a hankering for a delicious bowl of soup, you should try Mr. Montoya's smoked French onion soup made with Vidalia onions, smoked Gruyère cheese, and fresh thyme."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a tennis racket?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 70 meters\nB. 70 centimeters\nC. 70 millimeters\nD. 70 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 70 centimeters.\n70 millimeters is too short. 70 meters and 70 kilometers are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Hassan as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Hassan can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Hassan can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich kind of place usually has larger yards?\n\nChoices:\nA. an urban area\nB. a suburban area\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPeople around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.Suburban areas usually have larger yards. The buildings are farther apart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmeant - musician\n\nChoices:\nA. mischief\nB. made\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mischief is between the guide words meant - musician, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Hancock argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Hancock's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe movers lift the boxes at the same speed. Which box is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo movers are putting heavy boxes into their truck. The boxes are the same shape and size. Each mover lifts one box up into the truck at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a box holding 39 pounds\nB. a box holding 27 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the box that is heavier.\nA box holding 39 pounds is heavier than a box holding 27 pounds. So, the box holding 39 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIn Miami, Florida, afternoon thunderstorms are common in the late summer months.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIn Miami, Florida, afternoon thunderstorms are common in the late summer months.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation in Miami. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncrushing a mineral into powder\nmixing lettuce and salad dressing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBrett can ride a motorcycle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Riding a motorcycle well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen the vase broke, my notoriously clumsy younger brother served as the scapegoat.\n\nChoices:\nA. British history\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion scapegoat is the Bible.\nThe Bible's book of Leviticus describes a tradition of sacrificing an innocent goat to atone for humanity's sins.\nThe allusion scapegoat means a person who is unjustly blamed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Brenna investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBrenna has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none type of squash seeds\nfour large clay pots\nsoil\na compost pile\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?\nB. Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?\nC. If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a floor lamp?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 kilograms\nB. 4 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a floor lamp is 4 kilograms.\n4 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to mow the lawn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 35 seconds\nB. 35 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 35 minutes.\n35 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hector inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHector has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hector's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Hector.\nB. Hector and his father both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Painted storks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks use their beaks to eat fish, insects, worms, and small animals. They have feathers and two wings. Painted storks lay eggs with shells in nests along the water.\nB. Adult tiger salamanders have moist, smooth skin with stripes. They live in burrows underground, but they begin their lives in water. Young tiger salamanders hatch from eggs with no shells underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA tiger salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA tiger salamander has the traits of an amphibian. A tiger salamander is an amphibian.\nA painted stork has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA painted stork does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A painted stork is a bird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAdam and Lisa will help the neighbors.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, help. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mrs. Erickson,\nB. Dear mrs. erickson,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Erickson is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich kind of place has more restaurants?\n\nChoices:\nA. a rural area\nB. an urban area\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPeople around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.Urban areas have more restaurants. There are more people and businesses in urban areas than in rural areas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Scott inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nScott has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Scott's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Scott.\nB. Scott and his father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Chens' car has a dent in the bumper, but otherwise their car looks just like the Duncans'.\nB. The Chens' car looks just like the Duncans', but theirs has a dent in the bumper.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun theirs could refer to the Chens' or the Duncans'.\nThe Chens' car looks just like the Duncans', but theirs has a dent in the bumper.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe Chens' car has a dent in the bumper, but otherwise their car looks just like the Duncans'."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your niece,\nJeanette\nB. Your Niece,\nJeanette\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. dull\nB. sell\nC. tell\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words sell and tell rhyme. They both end with the ell sound.\nThe word dull does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nnavigate - nice\n\nChoices:\nA. noble\nB. nervous\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince nervous is between the guide words navigate - nice, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4,295 grams\nB. 4,295 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 4,295 kilograms.\n4,295 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan iceberg melting slowly\ncarving a piece of wood\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nAn iceberg melting is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Bullock will deliver the envelope to Rick.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, deliver. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Chloe's phenotype for the ear type trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for straight ears (e) is recessive to the allele for curled ears (E).\nChloe is an American curl cat from this group. Chloe has the homozygous genotype EE for the ear type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. curled ears\nB. straight ears\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Chloe's genotype for the ear type gene is EE. Chloe's genotype of EE has only E allelles. The E allele is for curled ears. So, Chloe's phenotype for the ear type trait must be curled ears.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Chloe's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for straight ears (e) is recessive to the allele for curled ears (E). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nChloe's genotype of EE has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Chloe's phenotype for the ear type trait must be curled ears."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMr. and Mrs. Erickson usually see eye to eye, but not when it comes to the controversial mayoral race.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. and Mrs. Erickson usually agree.\nB. Mr. and Mrs. Erickson are not politically active.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Erickson usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. To Kill a Mockingbird\nB. To kill a mockingbird\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word a is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is To Kill a Mockingbird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tray of lasagna has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo trays of lasagna are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter tray of lasagna\nB. the colder tray of lasagna\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two trays of lasagna are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder tray of lasagna has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 375 feet\nB. 375 inches\nC. 375 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 375 feet.\n375 inches is too short and 375 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a caterpillar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 millimeters\nB. 24 kilometers\nC. 24 meters\nD. 24 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 24 millimeters.\n24 centimeters, 24 meters, and 24 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nNorman, Howard. \"Advice of the Fatherly Sort.\" I Hate to Leave This Beautiful Place. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 1–40. Print.\n\nChoices:\nA. Norman Howard is the publisher.\nB. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is the publisher.\nC. Howard Norman is the publisher.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nNorman, Howard. \"Advice of the Fatherly Sort.\" I Hate to Leave This Beautiful Place. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. 1–40. Print.\nYou can tell that Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is the publisher by looking at the publisher name, which appears after the place of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Dirk acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDirk has a scar on his left knee.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dirk's brother has scars on both of his knees.\nB. Dirk's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.\nC. Dirk's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nRight after Raymond moved into the apartment, our washing machine broke. He'd better tell us how he broke it.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Raymond is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Raymond moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Shawn acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nShawn has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shawn's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nceiling - conquer\n\nChoices:\nA. crust\nB. chop\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chop is between the guide words ceiling - conquer, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. opossum\nB. bess beetle\nC. rock lobster\nD. fireworm\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA rock lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a rock lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn opossum is a mammal. Like other mammals, an opossum is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA fireworm is a worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. desk\nB. shovel\nC. saw\nD. hammer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Saw, hammer, and shovel go together. They are tools. Desk is not a tool, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sugar cube has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo sugar cubes are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter sugar cube\nB. the colder sugar cube\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two sugar cubes are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter sugar cube has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 3-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 275°F\nB. a 3-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 270°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 270°F block is colder than the 275°F block, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Johnson welcomes us to his home.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, welcomes. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Gavin investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nGavin and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\nB. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\nC. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Logan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLogan has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Logan's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Logan.\nB. Logan likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. He showed the officers a hotel receipt and an airplane ticket as proof of his time in Buenos Aires.\nB. Lucy accidentally spilled her glass of juice, but luckily it didn't get on the white sofa.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nLucy accidentally spilled her glass of juice, but luckily it didn't get on the white sofa."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nShelley is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nShelley is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 gallons\nB. 10 fluid ounces\nC. 10 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 10 fluid ounces.\n10 cups and 10 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nA modern-day Icarus, Maddie launched into the first stretch of the marathon at a breakneck pace.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Icarus is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Icarus's father Daedalus built wings for his son but warned him not to fly too high. Too excited to heed his father's advice, Icarus flew so close to the sun that his wings melted and he fell from the sky.\nThe allusion Icarus means an overconfident person who ignores his or her limitations."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsaliva breaking down a piece of bread\na banana getting ripe on the counter\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSaliva breaking down a piece of bread is a chemical change. Bread is made up mostly of a chemical called starch. Saliva breaks the bonds between atoms in the starch molecules.\nThe atoms then link together to form smaller, simpler molecules of sugar. The sugar is a different type of matter than the starch.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nWalter always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nWalter always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nKathleen's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAmanda's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nPlop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is more flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. silk necktie\nB. wood bat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the silk necktie is more flexible. If you fold silk fabric, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Harmon's class is so boring! Why are all literature classes so dull?\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a single boring class indicates that all classes on the same topic are dull. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two fish. Which fish was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a fish that moved 10miles in 10hours\nB. a fish that moved 30miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each fish moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne fish moved 10 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other fish moved 30 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each fish spent the same amount of time moving. The fish that moved 10 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that fish must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word address on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nache - age\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince address is between the guide words ache - age, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Celestine is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nB. A sunflower seed is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\nC. Pyrite is a solid. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nA sunflower seed is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a sunflower seed is not a mineral.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nCelestine is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Greg inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGreg has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greg likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Greg's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Greg.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. See you soon,\nAva\nB. see you soon,\nAva\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI had to speak out against the proposed noise pollution ordinance. Citizens would obviously prefer a thriving city over a silent, stagnant one.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that either a city allows noise pollution or it is silent and stagnant. However, it is possible for a city to reduce noise pollution and still thrive. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nAn igneous rock becoming a metamorphic rock is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.An igneous rock becoming a metamorphic rock is a chemical change. Over millions of years, heat and pressure can break the chemical bonds in the molecules of the igneous rock.\nWhen this happens, a new rock with different molecules is formed. The metamorphic rock is made up of a different type of matter than the igneous rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nchemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight\nan old sandwich rotting in a trashcan\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb.\nA sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich soap bubble has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo soap bubbles are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter soap bubble\nB. the colder soap bubble\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two soap bubbles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter soap bubble has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAccording to the commercial, four out of five people surveyed said that they use Twinkle Bright toothpaste, so it must be the best.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Twinkle Bright is the best, because many people use it. However, even though lots of people use Twinkle Bright, that doesn't necessarily mean that it's the best. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. complain about something\nB. talk about something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Complain about something has a more negative connotation. If you complain about something, you talk about it in a whiny way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this trout's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rainbow trout, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a blue body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a greenish-brown body (B) is dominant over the allele for a blue body (b).\nA certain rainbow trout from this group has the homozygous genotype bb for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue body\nB. a greenish-brown body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The rainbow trout's genotype for the body color gene is bb. The rainbow trout's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a blue body. So, the rainbow trout's phenotype for the body color trait must be a blue body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the rainbow trout's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a greenish-brown body (B) is dominant over the allele for a blue body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe rainbow trout's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the rainbow trout's phenotype for the body color trait must be a blue body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Loki's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of leopards, some individuals have a spotted coat and others have a black coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a black coat (a).\nLoki is a leopard from this group. Loki has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a spotted coat\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Loki's phenotype for the coat pattern trait. First, consider the alleles in Loki's genotype for the coat pattern gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a spotted coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a black coat (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nLoki's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Loki's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI got hit in the head by a can of soda. Luckily it was a soft drink.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nSoft drink refers to a carbonated beverage such as a soda. It also suggests that the can is soft and thus doesn't cause too much pain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Peanut's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nPeanut, a rabbit from this group, has black fur. Peanut has two alleles for black fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. black fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Peanut's observable version of the fur color trait is black fur. So, Peanut's phenotype for the fur color trait is black fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndessert - drift\n\nChoices:\nA. dip\nB. dug\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince dip is between the guide words dessert - drift, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following parts does an animal cell have?\n\nChoices:\nA. cytoplasm\nB. cell wall\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.\nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cell\ncell wall | yes | no\ncell membrane | yes | yes\ncytoplasm | yes | yes\nmitochondria | yes | yes\nvacuole | yes | yes\nchloroplasts | yes | no\nnucleus | yes | yes\nchromosomes | yes | yes\nThink about how plant and animal cells are different:\nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.\nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nOne concern in sports is the risk of concussion, or brain injury. If you hit your head on the field, how do you know whether you have a concussion? Some possible signs are feeling dizzy or headachy for more than a few minutes, having blurred vision, and barfing or feeling like barfing. You might also have trouble thinking or concentrating, feel spaced out or unusually blubbery, or jabber in a way that doesn't make sense. If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away.\n\nChoices:\nA. by including more figurative language\nB. by fixing misused words\nC. by avoiding overly informal language\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by avoiding overly informal language.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text with more formal words, such as vomiting, confused, emotional, and talk.\nOne concern in sports is the risk of concussion, or brain injury. If you hit your head on the field, how do you know whether you have a concussion? Some possible signs are feeling dizzy or headachy for more than a few minutes, having blurred vision, and barfing or feeling like barfing. You might also have trouble thinking or concentrating, feel spaced out or unusually blubbery, or jabber in a way that doesn't make sense. If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking cookies\na piece of pizza rotting in a trashcan\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nA piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But a piece of pizza rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nReality leaves a lot to the imagination.\n—attributed to John Lennon\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nReality leaves a lot to the imagination at first appears to be contradictory, as reality and imagination are opposites. However, it contains some truth: what we see as real often employs our ability to imagine things."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The Golgi directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of an animal cell.\nB. The nucleus of an animal cell does not have chromosomes.\nC. The cytoplasm fills and maintains the space inside an animal cell.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last winter, Ted took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nB. Last winter, Ted took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Ted tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Ted took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe second text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Ted's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Ted took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe mouse nibbles on the bread.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, nibbles. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Ben.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nKari dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Ben, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. decreased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nBen was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Ben, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Ben."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Angie wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.\nB. Angie made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nAngie made all of her daughter's baby clothes by hand, including a unique hand-knitted romper that she designed herself.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Angie may have been looking for an unusual name, but if she found it on a baby name website, it is not actually one of a kind.\nAngie wanted her daughter to have a unique name, so she browsed baby name websites for months to find the perfect one.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, fructose is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nHoneybees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. Nectar is a clear liquid that contains a sugar called sucrose. After a bee collects nectar from a flower, chemicals in the bee's body break down the sucrose into a mixture of fructose and glucose, two simpler sugars. The bee then deposits this mixture into a honeycomb and seals the honeycomb with wax.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to fructose in this chemical reaction.\nHoneybees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. Nectar is a clear liquid that contains a sugar called sucrose. After a bee collects nectar from a flower, chemicals in the bee's body break down the sucrose into a mixture of fructose and glucose, two simpler sugars. The bee then deposits this mixture into a honeycomb and seals the honeycomb with wax.\nThe underlined text tells you that fructose forms when sucrose breaks down. Because fructose is produced by this chemical reaction, fructose is a product."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 105°F\nB. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 75°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 105°F bowl of oatmeal is hotter than the 75°F bowl of oatmeal, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. woodpecker\nB. castor bean tick\nC. grasshopper\nD. red-spotted purple butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A woodpecker is a bird. Like other birds, a woodpecker is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a wild animal\nB. a savage animal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A savage animal has a more negative connotation. A savage animal is a wild animal that is fierce and scary."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nresist - ruby\n\nChoices:\nA. range\nB. rough\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rough is between the guide words resist - ruby, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. banana slug\nB. zebra dove\nC. lion's mane jellyfish\nD. monarch butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A zebra dove is a bird. Like other birds, a zebra dove is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other slugs, a banana slug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nLike other jellyfishes, a lion's mane jellyfish is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. A reporter for the Princeton Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Princeton's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nB. The Princeton Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Princeton's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe Princeton Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Princeton's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nA reporter for the Princeton Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Princeton's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nHe wanted his friends to realize that life is a journey and not a destination.\n—Lynn H. Hough\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nLife is a journey compares life to a journey without using like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBen has a scar on his left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. stork\nB. cork\nC. rock\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words stork and cork rhyme. They both end with the ork sound.\nThe word rock does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. black\nB. back\nC. duck\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words back and black rhyme. They both end with the ack sound.\nThe word duck does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe janitor will clean the floors in the evening.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, clean. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of tickets?\n\nHint:\nThere are 300 concert tickets for sale. Tickets cost $20 each. At that price, there are 200 people who want to buy a ticket.\n\nChoices:\nA. surplus\nB. shortage\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are too many tickets for sale. There are 300 tickets for sale, but only 200 people want to buy a ticket.\nSo, there is a surplus of tickets. The ticket seller will not get any money for the leftover tickets."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Michael decides to go on the flying bobsled. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nMichael is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. He can go on either the super starship or the flying bobsled. He wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Michael will give up the chance to go on the super starship. He would have had more fun on that ride.\nB. Michael will save some ride tickets. He needs fewer tickets to go on the flying bobsled than on the super starship.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Michael wants or needs:\nMichael will give up the chance to go on the super starship. He would have had more fun on that ride."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich bowl of cereal has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo bowls of cereal are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder bowl of cereal\nB. the hotter bowl of cereal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two bowls of cereal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter bowl of cereal has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Ian investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nIan and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\nB. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\nC. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Cameron decides to plant the amaryllises. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nCameron is deciding whether to plant amaryllises or a magnolia tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cameron will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the amaryllises.\nB. He will save some space. The amaryllises will use up less space than the magnolia tree would have used up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cameron wants or needs:\nCameron will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the amaryllises."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a tennis racket?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 25 feet\nB. 25 yards\nC. 25 inches\nD. 25 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 25 inches.\n25 feet, 25 yards, and 25 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nI will move the boxes myself.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, move. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbadger - bright\n\nChoices:\nA. burglar\nB. bead\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bead is between the guide words badger - bright, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to do ten jumping jacks?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 21 minutes\nB. 21 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to do ten jumping jacks is 21 seconds.\n21 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthin - trouble\n\nChoices:\nA. tug\nB. to\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince to is between the guide words thin - trouble, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Bobby's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Bobby and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nBobby rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Bobby and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Bobby and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Bobby and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Medicine's Search for Meaning\"\nB. Medicine's Search for Meaning\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Medicine's Search for Meaning.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a kiddie pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1,170 milliliters\nB. 1,170 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 1,170 liters.\n1,170 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nBefore I refute my opponent's argument, I would like to draw attention to the fact that he is sweating and clearly does not have much experience on the debate team.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the speaker's debate opponent is sweaty and inexperienced. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the opponent's argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJulia gazed at the ancient pug that seemed to sleep all day and noted, \"You're an energetic puppy!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. idiom\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a ball a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a ball is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a ball something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a ball a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a ball is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Michelle rode down the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Michelle rode her sled down a big hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. decreased\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Michelle started sledding. As Michelle rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Michelle rode down the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tasmanian devil\nB. green sea turtle\nC. turkey vulture\nD. praying mantis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A Tasmanian devil is a mammal. Like other mammals, a Tasmanian devil is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA green sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA praying mantis is an insect. Like other insects, a praying mantis is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA turkey vulture is a bird. Like other birds, a turkey vulture is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBirds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Green violetears are a type of hummingbird. Hummingbirds can use their wings to fly backward and upside-down! Green violetears also have a beak and feathers. Their eggs have shells and are the size of jellybeans.\nB. Cobras hatch from eggs with shells. They have a wide, flat hood. A cobra can display its hood to scare away a predator. Like the rest of its body, the hood is covered in waterproof scales.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA green violetear has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA green violetear has the traits of a bird. A green violetear is a bird.\nA cobra has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA cobra does not have all of the traits of a bird. A cobra is a reptile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brass is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.\nB. Shale is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Granodiorite is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nBrass is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, brass is not a rock.\nGranodiorite is a rock.\nShale is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter opening is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mr. Tran,\nB. Dear Dan,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Kimi lives.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Kimi lives.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds where Kimi lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kathleen inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKathleen has brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kathleen's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.\nB. Kathleen's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Kathleen.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. sea otter\nB. western toad\nC. salmon\nD. common crane\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A sea otter is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSea otters have very thick fur. Their fur keeps them warm in cold water.\nA western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA common crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.\nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Coleman signed his name on the letter.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nIn the darkness, Rose strained her eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, strained. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Moxie's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a).\nMoxie is a cow from this group. Moxie has the homozygous genotype aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. solid coloring\nB. white spots\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Moxie's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Moxie's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for white spots. So, Moxie's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be white spots.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Moxie's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for solid coloring (A) is dominant over the allele for white spots (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nMoxie's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Moxie's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be white spots."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nKenny always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nKenny always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. A plain omelet takes one or two minutes to cook on top of a stove.\nB. An omelet is worth the effort needed to make it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nA plain omelet takes one or two minutes to cook on top of a stove.\nIt can be proved by looking up instructions for making an omelet.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nAn omelet is worth the effort needed to make it.\nWorth the effort shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether an omelet is worth the effort."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 95 pounds\nB. a cart holding 61 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 95 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 61 pounds. So, the cart holding 95 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nStefan can play the clarinet.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play the clarinet. Instead, some people learn how to play. So, playing the clarinet is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Post and mail\nB. The Post and Mail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Post and Mail."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this Channel catfish's genotype for the body color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Channel catfish, some individuals have a brown body and others have a white body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a brown body, and the allele b is for a white body.\nA certain Channel catfish from this group has a brown body. This catfish has two alleles for a brown body.\n\nChoices:\nA. BB\nB. a brown body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The Channel catfish has two alleles for a brown body (B). So, the catfish's genotype for the body color gene is BB."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nKaylee and Eddie had met before through mutual friends, but they had never been alone together until their first date.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nAlone together is a contradiction, because being alone means by yourself, but together means with someone else."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word iodine on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nintend - its\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince iodine is between the guide words intend - its, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nOliver dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.\n\nChoices:\nA. British history\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word spent on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsignal - stern\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince spent is between the guide words signal - stern, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. golden orb-weaver\nB. trapdoor spider\nC. Pacific octopus\nD. echidna\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other spiders, a golden orb-weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a trapdoor spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn echidna is a mammal. Like other mammals, an echidna is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other octopuses, a Pacific octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following statements is true?\n\nHint:\nThe Executive Branch of government is described in Article II of the United States Constitution. Read Section 1 of Article II. Then answer the question.\nThe executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice president, chosen for the same term, be elected.\nexecutive: related to the carrying out of laws\nvested in: given to\n\nChoices:\nA. The president and the vice president of the United States are elected.\nB. The president of the United States makes all laws.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Lacey investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nLacey gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the pea shape gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have round peas and others have wrinkled peas. In this group, the gene for the pea shape trait has two alleles. The allele E is for round peas, and the allele e is for wrinkled peas.\nA certain pea plant from this group has wrinkled peas. This plant has two alleles for wrinkled peas.\n\nChoices:\nA. ee\nB. wrinkled peas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for wrinkled peas (e). So, the plant's genotype for the pea shape gene is ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Jefferson is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nceiling - claim\n\nChoices:\nA. car\nB. chick\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chick is between the guide words ceiling - claim, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. coconut tree\nB. piano\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A coconut tree is a living thing.\nCoconut trees grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nCoconut trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA piano is not a living thing.\nPianos do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncause - clump\n\nChoices:\nA. cork\nB. cent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince cent is between the guide words cause - clump, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Most of the apartments in New York City's Upper West Side are extremely expensive.\nB. Most of the apartments in New York City's Upper West Side cost an arm and a leg.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (cost an arm and a leg).\nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 50kilometers north in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 70kilometers west in 5hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 25kilometers east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 25 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Molina will teach a math lesson the children will take notes.\nB. An empty silver bucket.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Mr. Molina will teach a math lesson the children will take notes is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mr. Molina will teach a math lesson and The children will take notes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Betty investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBetty visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\nB. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\nC. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word raven on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nreality - rob\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince raven is not between the guide words reality - rob, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Charlotte decides to go on the roller coaster. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nCharlotte is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. She can go on either the flying bobsled or the roller coaster. She wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Charlotte will save some ride tickets. She needs fewer tickets to go on the roller coaster than on the flying bobsled.\nB. Charlotte will give up the chance to go on the flying bobsled. She would have had more fun on that ride.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Charlotte wants or needs:\nCharlotte will give up the chance to go on the flying bobsled. She would have had more fun on that ride."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nPreston's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.\n\nChoices:\nA. personification\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nPreston's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe headline read: \"Smart Phones Becoming Big Brother.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Big Brother is literature.\nGeorge Orwell's novel 1984 focuses on a totalitarian society in which the citizens are frequently reminded that their leader, Big Brother, is always watching.\nThe allusion Big Brother means a threatening power that monitors all aspects of people's lives."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the most flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. paper crane\nB. bone\nC. rock wall\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the paper crane is the most flexible. If you bend paper, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a kiddie pool?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 285 fluid ounces\nB. 285 gallons\nC. 285 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 285 gallons.\n285 fluid ounces and 285 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. frown at someone\nB. scowl at someone\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Scowl at someone has a more negative connotation. If you scowl at someone, you frown in a mean or angry way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nHassan noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nHassan noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Hassan was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear grandma rebecca,\nB. Dear Grandma Rebecca,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Rebecca is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Beth's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Georgetown Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"\nB. Each vase and bowl in Beth's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nEach vase and bowl in Beth's collection of handmade pottery is unique. The colors and designs reflect both her cultural heritage and her individual artistic style.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Beth is a distinctive artist, but might not be one of a kind. It may be helpful to remember that if unique is modified by an adverb—as in most unique, very unique, or quite unique—it is probably being used nontraditionally.\nBeth's collection of handmade pottery was featured in last week's edition of the Georgetown Journal, which identified her as \"one of the most unique young artists to debut this year.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lucy asked Rachel to volunteer at the event, so Rachel's absence today is a surprise.\nB. Lucy asked Rachel to volunteer at the event, so her absence today is a surprise.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Lucy's or Rachel's.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Rachel's.\nLucy asked Rachel to volunteer at the event, so Rachel's absence today is a surprise."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a puddle\ndry ice sublimating and becoming a gas\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBurning a piece of wood is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Burning a piece of wood is a chemical change. When the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and gives off smoke."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word go on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngiven - guest\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince go is between the guide words given - guest, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs cold weather approaches, you must protect your water pipes against freezing, or they can rupture and cause significant damage to your home.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs cold weather approaches, you must protect your water pipes against freezing, or they can rupture and cause significant damage to your home."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of an eyedropper?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 liters\nB. 4 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of an eyedropper is 4 milliliters.\n4 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Betty acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBetty knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Betty is most interested in plant biology.\nB. Betty learned biology by doing experiments.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a rubber band a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a rubber band is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a rubber band something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a rubber band a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a rubber band is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandma Carly,\nB. Dear grandma Carly,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Carly is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word from on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfled - fool\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince from is not between the guide words fled - fool, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nBlake, William. The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake. Ed. David V. Erdman. New York: Anchor, 1988. Print.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a book.\nB. It is a short story.\nC. It is a poem.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nBlake, William. The Complete Poetry and Prose of William Blake. Ed. David V. Erdman. New York: Anchor, 1988. Print.\nYou can tell that the cited work is a book because of the entry's formatting. Book entries always include the book title in italics followed by the place of publication, the publisher name, and the year of publication. (There may be additional information between the book title and the place of publication, such as an editor or translator name.)"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nErica has naturally brown hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Erica's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sincerely,\nJason\nB. sincerely,\nJason\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe trucks begin to move at the same speed. Which truck needs a larger force to start moving?\n\nHint:\nTwo mail trucks are loaded with mail. The trucks are the same. But they are carrying different amounts of mail.\n\nChoices:\nA. a mail truck carrying 350 pounds of mail\nB. a mail truck carrying 500 pounds of mail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the mail truck that is heavier.\nA mail truck carrying 500 pounds of mail is heavier than a mail truck carrying 350 pounds of mail. So, the mail truck carrying 500 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other mail truck."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Kylie, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Kylie wants to protect her possessions.\nB. Kylie thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Kylie thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nKrysta was known among her coworkers for her spartan ways.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion spartan is Greek history.\nSoldiers from the city of Sparta in ancient Greece were known for their self-restraint, self-discipline, and indifference to luxury.\nThe allusion spartan means simple and austere."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKaty plays soccer.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing soccer takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sidney acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSidney knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sidney is most interested in American history.\nB. Sidney learned history by reading.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nElderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.\n—Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nLike towers of Pisa compares elderly ladies to the Leaning Tower of Pisa."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a box crammed with documents\nB. a box filled with documents\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A box crammed with documents has a more negative connotation. Crammed and filled both denote being full. However, crammed suggests something has been overfilled or filled in a hasty, disorderly way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"This morning, it said that Leah Scott won the mayoral election in Yardley,\" Steven remarked to his sister.\nB. \"This morning, the newspaper said that Leah Scott won the mayoral election in Yardley,\" Steven remarked to his sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the newspaper.\n\"This morning, the newspaper said that Leah Scott won the mayoral election in Yardley,\" Steven remarked to his sister."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After scouring the classified ads for days, Greg finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nB. After scouring the classified ads for days, Greg finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sedan or Bluetooth.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Greg finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan had Bluetooth, but it needed to be fixed.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter scouring the classified ads for days, Greg finally found a used car that fit his budget. The sedan needed to be fixed, but it had Bluetooth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Some nice women and their young children.\nB. The people march through the streets, they want to be heard.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The people march through the streets, they want to be heard is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: The people march through the streets and They want to be heard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwillow - wreath\n\nChoices:\nA. wedding\nB. wobble\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wobble is between the guide words willow - wreath, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Taylor told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Taylor is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAndrew plays baseball.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play baseball. Instead, some people learn how to play baseball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing baseball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI get my drinking water from a well in my backyard. I don't trust tap water, because it has been treated with chemicals.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that tap water isn't safe because it has been chemically treated. However, something isn't necessarily more dangerous just because it has been chemically treated. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. When the U.S. government borrows money, the national debt grows.\nB. The United States borrows too much money from foreign countries.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nWhen the U.S. government borrows money, the national debt grows.\nIt can be proved by reading a book or an article about economics.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe United States borrows too much money from foreign countries.\nToo much shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how much is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Levi inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLevi has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Levi's biological mother has long hair. Levi also has long hair.\nB. Levi's biological parents have wavy hair.\nC. Levi uses a headband to keep his wavy hair out of his face.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to sing the ABC song?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 26 seconds\nB. 26 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to sing the ABC song is 26 seconds.\n26 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Paul decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nPaul is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. He would like to be able to keep the book as long as he wants, but buying the book would cost money. He could borrow the book for free, but he would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Paul will give up the chance to keep the book as long as he wants.\nB. Paul will save some money by not buying the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Paul wants or needs:\nPaul will give up the chance to keep the book as long as he wants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCarving a piece of wood is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Carving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the action that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. roast\nB. boil\nC. bake\nD. wash\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nWash doesn't belong.\nBake, roast, and boil all name ways to cook things."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhen is Thanksgiving celebrated in the United States?\n\nChoices:\nA. on January 12\nB. on the second Sunday of September\nC. on the fourth Thursday of November\nD. on December 5\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThis is a symbol of the harvest. It shows fruits and vegetables that are picked in the fall.\nIn the United States, Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November.\nIn the past, Thanksgiving celebrated the harvest. It celebrated the food that was picked in the fall. So, Thanksgiving is celebrated in the fall, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Maria enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nB. As a geneticist, Maria dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Maria dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Maria enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich press release is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. On Nov. 19, musicians from all over town will battle it out in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon, happening at the amphitheater.\nB. On November 19, the Centerville Amphitheater will host area musicians vying for top honors in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The baseball player swings wildly at the baseball.\nB. The campers quietly watched the animals, but the shy deer ran away.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nThe baseball player swings wildly at the baseball."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a goose that moved 675miles north in 10hours\nB. a goose that moved 575miles west in 10hours\nC. a goose that moved 765miles north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 765 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nFiring a clay pot in a hot kiln is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Firing a clay pot in a hot kiln is a chemical change. High temperatures cause the clay to slowly harden. After several hours in the kiln, the clay will have changed into a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nRed velvet cupcakes were Carrie's Achilles's heel when she was trying to eat more healthily.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him.\nThe allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a bench?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 yards\nB. 12 feet\nC. 12 miles\nD. 12 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a bench is 12 feet.\n12 inches is too short. 12 yards and 12 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Megan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMegan knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Megan learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Megan can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBobby got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a movie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nIan will pitch the ball quickly.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Rosa's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBirds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Common ostriches have a beak and feathers. They also have two wings, but they cannot fly. Ostriches lay the biggest eggs of any bird. The shell of an ostrich egg is so hard that you can stand on the egg without breaking it!\nB. Florida manatees have hairs on their bodies that are similar to whiskers. These hairs help the manatees feel the water moving around them. Female manatees feed their offspring milk.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Florida manatee has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has hair.\nA Florida manatee does not have all of the traits of a bird. A Florida manatee is a mammal.\nA common ostrich has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA common ostrich has the traits of a bird. A common ostrich is a bird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nMartina is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. complex\nC. compound-complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nMartina is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jon acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJon is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jon learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\nB. Jon likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Peanut's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nPeanut, a rabbit from this group, has brown fur. Peanut has two alleles for brown fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. brown fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Peanut's observable version of the fur color trait is brown fur. So, Peanut's phenotype for the fur color trait is brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSo we beat on . . . borne back ceaselessly into the past.\n—F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby\n\nChoices:\nA. alliteration\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses alliteration, the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nBeat on . . . borne back repeats the b sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The forecast for tomorrow calls for strong winds and light rain.\nB. Reba was stung by a bee, so her finger is slightly swollen.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so.\nReba was stung by a bee, so her finger is slightly swollen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. cat\nB. bess beetle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA cat is a mammal. Like other mammals, a cat is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Hancock told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\nB. Mrs. Hancock told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Hancock or her friend.\nMrs. Hancock told her friend that she needs to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Hancock told her friend to exercise on a regular basis and get more sleep in order to have more energy throughout the day."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wool is made by living things. It is not a pure substance.\nB. Scoria is formed in nature. It is a solid.\nC. Obsidian is a solid. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nObsidian is a rock.\nScoria is a rock.\nWool is made by living things. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, wool is not a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a toothbrush a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a toothbrush is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a toothbrush something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a toothbrush a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a toothbrush is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. redback spider\nB. curlyhair tarantula\nC. harbor seal\nD. honey bee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA honey bee is an insect. Like other insects, a honey bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA harbor seal is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harbor seal is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nI saw a movie called Blob Invasion. It was really good. It was about a weird guy who was into science. He worked on bugs and small animals. He made a machine that did things to the bugs and the animals. They became big weird things. One day he transformed himself by accident. He became a big blob! He went around doing bad things to the city. In the end, a boy figured out how to change the blob back into a man. I would recommend this movie to everyone who likes fun science movies.\n\nChoices:\nA. by using more specific language\nB. by reducing repetitive language\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by using more specific language.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined text with more specific language, such as incredibly entertaining, strange scientist, experimented, invented, transformed, giant slimy blobs, morphed into, giant, oozed, horrible, and all science fiction fans.\nI saw a movie called Blob Invasion. It was really good. It was about a weird guy who was into science. He worked on bugs and small animals. He made a machine that did things to the bugs and the animals. They became big weird things. One day he transformed himself by accident. He became a big blob! He went around doing bad things to the city. In the end, a boy figured out how to change the blob back into a man. I would recommend this movie to everyone who likes fun science movies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. fruit punch\nB. carbon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe Third Amendment says that the government cannot force people to keep soldiers in their () during a time of peace.\n\nChoices:\nA. homes\nB. towns\nC. militias\nD. states\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe Third Amendment says that the government can't force people to keep soldiers in their homes during a time of peace. The amendment says that no soldier shall be \"quartered in any house.\" In this case, \"quartered\" means \"given a place to stay.\" The complete text of the Third Amendment is below. Are there any times when an American might have to let a soldier stay in his or her house? No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jayce acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJayce knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jayce is most interested in American history.\nB. Jayce learned history by reading.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fruit fly's genotype for the body color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a black body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a black body.\nA certain fruit fly from this group has a gray body. This fly has two alleles for a gray body.\n\nChoices:\nA. BB\nB. a gray body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has two alleles for a gray body (B). So, the fly's genotype for the body color gene is BB."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to cook a turkey in the oven?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 seconds\nB. 4 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to cook a turkey in the oven is 4 hours.\n4 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe man will type the note on his computer.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, type. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have round peas and others have wrinkled peas. In this group, the gene for the pea shape trait has two alleles. The allele for round peas (E) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled peas (e).\nA certain pea plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ee for the pea shape gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. round peas\nB. wrinkled peas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The pea plant's genotype for the pea shape gene is ee. The pea plant's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for wrinkled peas. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait must be wrinkled peas.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the pea plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for round peas (E) is dominant over the allele for wrinkled peas (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nThe pea plant's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the pea plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait must be wrinkled peas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSteven's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the pea color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have yellow peas and others have green peas. In this group, the gene for the pea color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for yellow peas, and the allele e is for green peas.\nA certain pea plant from this group has green peas. This plant has two alleles for green peas.\n\nChoices:\nA. ee\nB. green peas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has two alleles for green peas (e). So, the plant's genotype for the pea color gene is ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 465 milliliters\nB. 465 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 465 milliliters.\n465 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Mariana claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Mariana was goofy.\nB. Mariana was lying.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Mariana was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Dan graduates, he plans to travel around Europe with his brother.\nB. Dan plans to travel around Europe with his brother after he graduates.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Dan or his brother.\nDan plans to travel around Europe with his brother after he graduates.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter Dan graduates, he plans to travel around Europe with his brother."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a bicycle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 tons\nB. 24 pounds\nC. 24 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 24 pounds.\n24 ounces is too light and 24 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. montoya,\nB. Dear Dr. Montoya,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Montoya is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nJust about every channel on television today offers some kind of reality TV show. These reality TV shows can often be entertaining and addictive to watch, but they are hardly ever really showing \"reality.\" Participants on reality TV shows often follow a script, and the reality TV shows are often based around artificial scenarios that create conflict. In addition, when people are being filmed, they often act differently from the way they would if they weren't being observed.\n\nChoices:\nA. by fixing misused words\nB. by reducing repetitive language\nC. by replacing vague language\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by reducing repetitive language.\nFor example, the writer could reduce the use of reality TV shows by using pronouns such as they or phrases such as these programs. Similarly, the writer could reduce the use of often by using synonyms such as frequently.\nJust about every channel on television today offers some kind of reality TV show. These reality TV shows can often be entertaining and addictive to watch, but they are hardly ever really showing \"reality.\" Participants on reality TV shows often follow a script, and the reality TV shows are often based around artificial scenarios that create conflict. In addition, when people are being filmed, they often act differently from the way they would if they weren't being observed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBaking an apple pie is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Baking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an ice skate?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 28 meters\nB. 28 millimeters\nC. 28 centimeters\nD. 28 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 28 centimeters.\n28 millimeters is too short. 28 meters and 28 kilometers are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the activity that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. sweep\nB. scrub\nC. swing\nD. wipe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSwing doesn't belong.\nSweep, wipe, and scrub all name ways to clean."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an eraser?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 46 grams\nB. 46 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 46 grams.\n46 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMaria, please stay away from the ocean. You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nYou shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim at first appears to be contradictory, because it is impossible to learn how to swim without going in the water. However, it contains some truth: you should not go into deep or dangerous water without first knowing how to swim."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSandra has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Sandra's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\nbutter melting on a hot day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Ben are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Ben?\n\nHint:\nBen is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Ben with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Ben with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Ben.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Ben.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Ben, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Ben down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Ben up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Ben."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Alice declared when Richard strolled into the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. Alice thought Richard was a troublemaker.\nB. Alice had just been speaking about Richard.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Alice had just been speaking about Richard. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Brad attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. simple\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Brad attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAnimals tread softly upon the earth without shoes, so all other living beings should follow suit.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that people shouldn't wear shoes, because animals don't wear shoes. However, even though animals don't wear shoes, that doesn't necessarily mean that people shouldn't, either. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDeb is good at knitting hats.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Joy declared when Kenneth strolled into the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. Joy didn't trust Kenneth.\nB. Joy had just been speaking about Kenneth.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Joy had just been speaking about Kenneth. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word vicious on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvariety - volley\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince vicious is between the guide words variety - volley, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word appoint on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nanxious - ask\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince appoint is between the guide words anxious - ask, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nMany tropical rain forests get about 15 feet of rain each year.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nMany tropical rain forests get about 15 feet of rain each year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation in a tropical rain forest. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nNorma wants to play a guitar solo on our next recording. Her father is a horrible musician, though, so I doubt that Norma's any good either.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Norma must be a bad guitar player, because her father is a horrible musician. However, even though Norma's father is a horrible musician, that doesn't necessarily mean that Norma is as well. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hugo inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHugo has hazel eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hugo's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.\nB. Hugo wears glasses and so do his sisters.\nC. Hugo's friend also has hazel eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 600 milliliters\nB. 600 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 600 milliliters.\n600 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npalm - poster\n\nChoices:\nA. prowl\nB. pearl\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pearl is between the guide words palm - poster, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a company's spoils\nB. a company's profits\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A company's spoils has a more negative connotation. Spoils and profits both denote material gains. However, spoils suggests things of value that were unfairly taken from others, while profits suggests money that was earned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three cars. Which car was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a car that moved 130kilometers west in 5hours\nB. a car that moved 485kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a car that moved 460kilometers east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each car moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each car moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each car moved for 5 hours. The car that moved 130 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that car must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nden - dream\n\nChoices:\nA. doing\nB. dance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince doing is between the guide words den - dream, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Alana investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAlana is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Alana is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?\nB. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?\nC. When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nIn 2014, researchers discovered forgotten satellite images of Earth from the early 1960s that, when compared with recent satellite photographs, reveal how humans have altered the face of the planet.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nIn 2014, researchers discovered forgotten satellite images of Earth from the early 1960 s that, when compared with recent satellite photographs, reveal how humans have altered the face of the planet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brenna acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrenna knows how to make chili.\n\nChoices:\nA. When Brenna was young, her grandmother taught her how to cut chili peppers.\nB. Brenna learned how to make chili from a recipe book.\nC. Brenna's friends like to make chili with her.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nHydrazine is ().\n\nHint:\nHydrazine is used in some types of rocket fuels. The chemical formula for hydrazine is N2H4.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether hydrazine is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for hydrazine is N2 H4. This formula contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that hydrazine is made of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSubstances made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrazine is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBirds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Red salamanders do not have lungs! They can breathe through their moist, smooth skin. Adult red salamanders live near rivers or ponds. They lay eggs with no shells under rocks or logs. The baby red salamanders live underwater.\nB. Greater flameback woodpeckers have feathers and two wings. They use their strong beaks to make holes in trees. The woodpeckers use these holes as nests for their eggs, which have white shells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA red salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red salamander does not have all of the traits of a bird. A red salamander is an amphibian.\nA greater flameback woodpecker has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA greater flameback woodpecker has the traits of a bird. A greater flameback woodpecker is a bird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the ladybug's motion?\n\nHint:\nA ladybug is walking straight across a flat leaf at a steady pace.\n\nChoices:\nA. The ladybug has a constant velocity.\nB. The ladybug is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The ladybug is moving in a straight line at a constant speed. So, the ladybug has a constant velocity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Massey told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.\n\nChoices:\nA. personification\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Massey is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nPhilip swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Philip swam with ease across the swimming pool, like a dolphin.\nThe words Philip and dolphin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandma Emily,\nB. dear Grandma Emily,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Emily is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Dolly's genotype for the myotonia congenita gene?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the myotonia congenita trait in goats:\n\nIn a group of goats, some individuals have myotonia congenita and others do not. In this group, the gene for the myotonia congenita trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having myotonia congenita, and the allele m is for not having myotonia congenita.\nDolly, a goat from this group, has myotonia congenita. Dolly has one allele for having myotonia congenita and one allele for not having myotonia congenita.\n\nChoices:\nA. having myotonia congenita\nB. Mm\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Dolly has one allele for having myotonia congenita (M) and one allele for not having myotonia congenita (m). So, Dolly's genotype for the myotonia congenita gene is Mm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the softest?\n\nChoices:\nA. cotton head band\nB. brick path\nC. glass window\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton head band is the softest. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Danielle inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDanielle has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Danielle's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Danielle.\nB. Danielle and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!\n—John Keats, \"Ode to a Nightingale\"\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. antithesis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nImmortal Bird is a direct address to the bird, a nonhuman entity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Juan decides to bake coffee cake muffins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJuan is deciding whether to bake apple muffins or coffee cake muffins. He wants the muffins to be tasty. But he also wants to make a lot of muffins.\n\nChoices:\nA. Juan will get to eat more muffins. He can make more coffee cake muffins than apple muffins.\nB. Juan will give up the chance to eat apple muffins. He thinks apple muffins are tastier than coffee cake muffins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Juan wants or needs:\nJuan will give up the chance to eat apple muffins. He thinks apple muffins are tastier than coffee cake muffins."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three blue jays. Which blue jay was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue jay that moved 400kilometers west in 10hours\nB. a blue jay that moved 405kilometers south in 10hours\nC. a blue jay that moved 335kilometers east in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each blue jay moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each blue jay moved for 10 hours. The blue jay that moved 335 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Native gold is not made by living things. It is a pure substance.\nB. Diamond is formed in nature. It is a solid.\nC. Paper is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPaper is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nPaper is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, paper is not a mineral.\nDiamond is a mineral.\nNative gold is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mossy frogs get the energy they need to live by eating insects. The frogs capture insects with their tongues.\nB. Sphagnum mosses get the energy they need to live from sugars. The mosses make these sugars from carbon dioxide and water.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Because producers make their own food, they typically do not eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts, which are cell structures where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll captures light energy from the Sun to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they produce during photosynthesis as food. This food provides energy that helps the organisms live, grow, and reproduce.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that Sphagnum mosses get energy from the sugars they make using carbon dioxide and water. This is evidence that the Sphagnum moss is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the mossy frog is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nIn honor of Washington Irving's famous tale, the town of North Tarrytown, New York, voted to rename itself Sleepy Hollow in 1996.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nIn honor of Washington Irving's famous tale, the town of North Tarrytown, New York, voted to rename itself Sleepy Hollow in 1996."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nI will try the chicken soup for lunch.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, try. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to knit a scarf?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 minutes\nB. 8 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to knit a scarf is 8 hours.\n8 minutes is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Lamar inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLamar has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Lamar's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Lamar.\nB. Lamar and his father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. When Kate was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child.\nB. When Kate was researching the lives of famous scientists, it said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with one source.\nWhen Kate was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nBryan has never tried chocolate ice cream before, which I find astounding!\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMom will pitch the ball to Mitchell.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text structure does the text use?\n\nHint:\nRead the text.\nKhodr Farhat is a Michigan man on a mission. When he eats out at a restaurant, he faces an issue that most people don't. Khodr can't see well enough to read the menu. He usually has friends read menus aloud to him. However, this strategy doesn't let him take his time with the menu or dine independently. So, he has worked with restaurants to create menus in braille. Braille is a system of writing that uses raised dots. Braille menus allow many customers who are blind to read their own menus.\n\nChoices:\nA. problem-solution\nB. descriptive\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWriters can organize their ideas in different ways. These ways of organizing writing are called text structures. When you can tell how a text is organized, it's easier to understand how the writer's ideas go together. You can also use these text structures to organize your own writing.\n | Text structure | Where you might find it | Words and phrases to look for\nA sequential structure tells you about events that happen in a certain order. | a recipe for how to make a blueberry pie | first, until, second, after, next, then, before, finally, during\nA cause-effect structure shows the causes and the effects, or results, of an event. | an essay about how recycling helps the environment | because, led to, since, as a result, due to, so, reason\nA problem-solution structure explains a problem and offers possible solutions. | an article about ways to get more people to vote | issue, suggest, question, puzzle, fix, answer\nA compare-contrast structure shows how two (or more) things are the same or different. | a chapter about the differences between whales and sharks | like, unlike, too, on the other hand, both, while, same, instead, common, different, as well as, however\nA descriptive structure tells you a list of details about an object, scene, or topic. | a paragraph about what Tyrannosaurus rex looked like| for example, near, for instance beside, such as, most important, alsoThe text uses a problem-solution structure to show how Khodr Farhat has worked to get braille menus into restaurants. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a problem-solution structure. Notice the words issue, strategy, help, and allow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word variety on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvelvet - voyage\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince variety is not between the guide words velvet - voyage, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn the 1970s, very few companies made and sold personal computers. Nobody knew if consumers would want to buy them. But when computers turned out to be popular with consumers, more companies started making and selling them.\nWhat happened to the overall supply of personal computers?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply went down.\nB. The supply went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Some of the first computer companies became successful quickly. Other companies saw that a lot of people wanted to buy personal computers. So more companies started selling them. The number of producers went up. So, the supply of personal computers went up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Horton Hears a Who***\nB. \"Horton Hears a Who!\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Horton Hears a Who**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ian acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nIan knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ian can cook food over a fire.\nB. Ian learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thanks,\nShannon\nB. thanks,\nShannon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Gabriel acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGabriel knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gabriel has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\nB. Gabriel's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\nC. Gabriel won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Brennan is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two bats. Which bat was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bat that moved 95kilometers in 5hours\nB. a bat that moved 115kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bat moved 95 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other bat moved 115 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bat spent the same amount of time moving. The bat that moved 95 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bat must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Kelly dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nB. As a geneticist, Kelly enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Kelly dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Kelly enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\nmixing sand and gravel\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But mixing sand and gravel is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nA Good Samaritan identified only as Mr. Li captured the world's attention in May 2014 when he rushed across a street in China to catch a baby falling from a window.\n\nChoices:\nA. The man generously helped a stranger.\nB. The man was hoping for a reward.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion Good Samaritan suggests that the man generously helped a stranger. It refers to a biblical parable in which a Samaritan stops to help a stranger who has been beaten and left lying in the road."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gneiss is formed in nature. It is a solid.\nB. A turtle shell is made by a living thing. It is formed in nature.\nC. Trachyte is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nTrachyte is a rock.\nGneiss is a rock.\nA turtle shell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a turtle shell is not a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Felix decides to buy a copy of the book. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nFelix is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. He would like to be able to keep the book as long as he wants, but buying the book would cost money. He could borrow the book for free, but he would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Felix will get to keep the book as long as he wants.\nB. Felix will spend money to buy the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Felix wants or needs:\nFelix will spend money to buy the book."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lions deserve to live in the wild and not in zoos.\nB. In the wild, lions hunt zebra and other large prey.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nIn the wild, lions hunt zebra and other large prey.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about lions.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nLions deserve to live in the wild and not in zoos.\nDeserve shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what lions deserve."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nOvercome with joy, Mrs. Cohen told her husband the exciting news about her promotion.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nOvercome with joy, Mrs. Cohen told her husband the exciting news about her promotion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Island of the Blue Dolphins***\nB. \"Island of the Blue Dolphins\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Island of the Blue Dolphins**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Cells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nNicholas's remark about your new car is clearly a case of sour grapes.\n\nChoices:\nA. British history\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion sour grapes is a fable.\nIn the fable \"The Fox and the Grapes,\" a fox tries unsuccessfully to reach a bunch of grapes. Because he cannot reach them and therefore cannot eat them, he tells himself that they must be sour.\nThe allusion sour grapes means criticizing something because you can't have it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWhat made Maggie so upset?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an ice skate?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 14 yards\nB. 14 miles\nC. 14 inches\nD. 14 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 14 inches.\n14 feet, 14 yards, and 14 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. wolf spider\nB. red kangaroo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A red kangaroo is a mammal. Like other mammals, a red kangaroo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a wolf spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Preston acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPreston can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Preston's friend showed him how to ride a bicycle.\nB. Preston rides his bicycle to school.\nC. Preston and his mother both ride bicycles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. box turtle\nB. painted stork\nC. robin\nD. sugar glider\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day.\nA painted stork is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nStorks wade in shallow water to look for food. Storks eat fish, insects, worms, and other small animals.\nA sugar glider is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSugar gliders can jump long distances from tree to tree. They have flaps of loose skin on their sides. These flaps help them stay in the air.\nA box turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nBox turtles can live to be over 100 years old!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have bumpy fruit and others have smooth fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele for smooth fruit (f) is recessive to the allele for bumpy fruit (F).\nA certain cucumber plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the fruit texture gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. bumpy fruit\nB. smooth fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is ff. The cucumber plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for smooth fruit. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait must be smooth fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the cucumber plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for smooth fruit (f) is recessive to the allele for bumpy fruit (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe cucumber plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait must be smooth fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a stick of butter at a temperature of 11°C\nB. a stick of butter at a temperature of 6°C\nC. a stick of butter at a temperature of 8°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three sticks of butter have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 6°C stick of butter is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Every month the mayor gives a speech to the citizens.\nB. Mr. Garza sent the email yesterday, but no one received it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nMr. Garza sent the email yesterday, but no one received it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Amos's phenotype for the body size trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele for a dwarf body (b) is recessive to the allele for a normal-sized body (B).\nAmos is a rat from this group. Amos has the heterozygous genotype Bb for the body size gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a normal-sized body\nB. a dwarf body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Amos's phenotype for the body size trait. First, consider the alleles in Amos's genotype for the body size gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a dwarf body (b) is recessive to the allele for a normal-sized body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nAmos's genotype of Bb has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Amos's phenotype for the body size trait must be a normal-sized body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chalk is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nB. A nutshell is made by a living thing. It is a solid.\nC. Quartzite is a solid. It is not a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nQuartzite is a rock.\nA nutshell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a nutshell is not a rock.\nChalk is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing lettuce and salad dressing\nice crystals forming on a window\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing lettuce and salad dressing is a physical change. Together, the salad and dressing make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nIce crystals forming on a window is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air can change directly into ice when it touches a very cold window! A change of state from a gas to a solid is called depositing.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nIce crystals form on a window when water vapor in the air becomes ice. This is caused by cooling. But mixing lettuce and salad dressing is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWe can't let Governor Merritt impose regulations on gas-guzzling cars! Soon enough, he'll start trying to ban all cars!\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that banning cars with low fuel efficiency would lead to a ban on all cars. However, this argument offers only an extreme outcome and ignores other possible outcomes. For instance, the law may be limited to cars with low fuel efficiency. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich orange has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo oranges are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder orange\nB. the hotter orange\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two oranges are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder orange has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. an excuse\nB. a reason\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.An excuse has a more negative connotation. An excuse is usually not a very good reason."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nFor the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore . . .\n—Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words rare, radiant, maiden, angels, and name share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. manta ray\nB. computer\nC. soap\nD. yo-yo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A computer is not a living thing.\nA computer does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does many useful things, and even responds to the world around it. But it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA yo-yo is not a living thing.\nYo-yos do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nSoap is not a living thing.\nSoap does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It may change shape or become foamy, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water.\nA manta ray is a living thing.\nManta rays grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Manta rays are made up of many cells.\nManta rays are animals. They use their wide, flat fins to swim."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na slice of banana turning brown\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA slice of banana turning brown is a chemical change. The part of the banana in contact with the air reacts with oxygen and turns into a different type of matter.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a slice of banana turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could Mia have anything insightful to say about foreign affairs? She grew up on a farm.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mia cannot be insightful about foreign affairs because she grew up on a farm. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether she knows about foreign affairs. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thank you,\nMia\nB. Thank You,\nMia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nTamir's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 1,030kilometers west in 10hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 1,055kilometers south in 10hours\nC. a speedboat that moved 955kilometers north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 10 hours. The speedboat that moved 955 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jane had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.\nB. Jane had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. They promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the operator.\nJane had witnessed a crime, so she made a call to report it. The operator promptly dispatched police to investigate the scene."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word fifty on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfelt - foster\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fifty is between the guide words felt - foster, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Lillian's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Helen have any hobbies?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMaddie insisted that her dog wasn't fat; she said that he was merely well-fed.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Whitney acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nWhitney knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Whitney learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Whitney can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 300-gram glass of water at a temperature of 75°F\nB. a 300-gram glass of water at a temperature of 80°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 75°F glass of water is colder than the 80°F glass of water, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. pushpin\nB. robin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A pushpin is not a living thing.\nPushpins do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA robin is a living thing.\nRobins grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Franklin's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for solid coloring, and the allele a is for white spots.\nFranklin, a cow from this group, has solid coloring. Franklin has one allele for solid coloring and one allele for white spots.\n\nChoices:\nA. solid coloring\nB. Aa\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Franklin's observable version of the coat pattern trait is solid coloring. So, Franklin's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is solid coloring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nThe ground in an area shakes and trembles.\n\nChoices:\nA. earthquake\nB. flood\nC. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJanice entered the bustling, aromatic spice market in Istanbul and said to her travel companion, \"We're not in Kansas anymore.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. a movie\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion We're not in Kansas anymore is a movie.\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy, a young farm girl from Kansas, finds herself in Oz, an unusual place that looks nothing like her home. She says to her dog, \"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.\"\nThe allusion We're not in Kansas anymore means we're in an unfamiliar place."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nScarlett felt intimidated by the steep cliff that she faced on her first rock-climbing adventure.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the mole's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the mole and Earth () as the mole dug toward the surface.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an animal in motion.\nA mole dug a path from its underground burrow directly to the surface of the ground above its burrow.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. stayed the same\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the mole and the center of Earth changed.\nThe surface of the ground is higher than the underground burrow. As the mole dug toward the surface, the distance between the mole and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the mole and Earth increased as the mole dug toward the surface."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nA plant cell does not have a nucleus.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA plant cell does not have a nucleus.\nThis statement is false. Not every cell has a nucleus, but most plant and animal cells have one."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a plate\nmolding clay into the shape of a pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. In a plant cell, the endoplasmic reticulum contains the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\nB. Chloroplasts break down sugar to release energy that a plant cell can use.\nC. The cell wall is outside the cell membrane of a plant cell.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Dale acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDale knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dale can cook food over a fire.\nB. Dale learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best wishes,\nMarie\nB. Best Wishes,\nMarie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a bike path?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 kilometers\nB. 4 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a bike path is 4 kilometers.\n4 centimeters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear mr. hurst,\nB. Dear Mr. Hurst,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Hurst is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paintbrush?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 30 meters\nB. 30 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a paintbrush is 30 centimeters.\n30 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nYou should pay a visit to Great-Aunt Gertrude, the Solomon of our family.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Solomon is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Solomon, a king of Israel, is an extremely wise person whom many regard as a prophet.\nThe allusion Solomon means a person who gives good advice."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Marie & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen he was eighteen, in what he always called his \"Horatio Alger moment,\" my grandfather boarded a bus to New York City with twenty dollars in his pocket and a plan to start his own business.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Horatio Alger is literature.\nIn the novels of nineteenth-century American author Horatio Alger, protagonists invariably rose from poverty to wealth through hard work and honesty.\nThe allusion Horatio Alger means rags-to-riches."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The butcher cuts the fat off the meat.\nB. Pedro can iron this shirt, or he can wear a different one.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nPedro can iron this shirt, or he can wear a different one."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nTaylor, David A. \"Homestay among the Ruins in Cambodia.\" The Washington Post 23 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. Taylor is the author's first name.\nB. It doesn't have page numbers.\nC. It is a short story.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nTaylor, David A. \"Homestay among the Ruins in Cambodia.\" The Washington Post 23 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work has no available page numbers because the entry contains the abbreviation n. pag, which means no pages."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCutting a piece of rope is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Cutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope is shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut rope."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 15°C\nB. a 200-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 10°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 15°C glass of apple juice is hotter than the 10°C glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am white.\nI am very cold.\nI fall from the sky.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. rain\nB. snow\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSnow is white.\nSnow is very cold.\nSnow falls from the sky."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kenny picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red.\nB. In June, Sue and Mitchell will graduate with honors from Clarksville High School.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction until.\nKenny picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nHanson enjoys the cool evening breezes that are common on summer evenings where he lives.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nHanson enjoys the cool evening breezes that are common on summer evenings where he lives.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind patterns where Hanson lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Turner investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Turner cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nB. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\nC. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Squeaky's phenotype for the albinism trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the albinism trait in rats:\n\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have albinism and others do not. In this group, the gene for the albinism trait has two alleles. The allele for having albinism (a) is recessive to the allele for not having albinism (A).\nSqueaky is a rat from this group. Squeaky has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the albinism gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. having albinism\nB. not having albinism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Squeaky's phenotype for the albinism trait. First, consider the alleles in Squeaky's genotype for the albinism gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for having albinism (a) is recessive to the allele for not having albinism (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nSqueaky's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Squeaky's phenotype for the albinism trait must be not having albinism."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA () can grow into a new plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. petal\nB. leaf\nC. seed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMany plants have flowers. These plants can use their flowers to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do plants use their flowers to reproduce?\nFirst, the male part of the flower makes pollen, and the female part makes eggs. Animals, wind, or water can move pollen. Pollination is what happens when pollen is moved to the female part of the flower.\nAfter pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with the eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds. The fruit grows around the seeds. Later, a seed can fall out of the fruit. It can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.A seed can germinate and grow into a new plant.\nPlants can grow leaves and petals. But leaves and petals cannot grow into a new plant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. Vacuoles are outside the nucleus of an animal cell.\nB. Mitochondria direct cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of a plant cell.\nC. Animal cells can have chloroplasts but do not have a nucleus.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich kind of place has more open space?\n\nChoices:\nA. a suburban area\nB. a rural area\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPeople around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.Rural areas have more open space. There aren't as many people or buildings in a rural area."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to go for a walk with a dog?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15 minutes\nB. 15 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to go for a walk with a dog is 15 minutes.\n15 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. plane\nB. grade\nC. made\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words grade and made rhyme. They both end with the ade sound.\nThe word plane does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word compass on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncabin - crate\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince compass is between the guide words cabin - crate, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. Swims happily in the beautiful coral reef.\nB. The car needed gas, Dad went to the gas station.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Swims happily in the beautiful coral reef is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nshaking up salad dressing\nmixing sand and gravel\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJeffrey lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nJeffrey lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Jeffrey lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The camera isn't working, so the battery must be dead.\nB. The artist prepared a canvas for a new oil painting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe camera isn't working, so the battery must be dead."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDenise told her friends that Cole was a typical Peter Pan type.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Zach acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nZach can ride a bicycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Zach's friend showed him how to ride a bicycle.\nB. Zach and his mother both ride bicycles.\nC. Zach rides his bicycle to school.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Koalas eat leaves.\nB. Lavender bushes have many purple flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A lavender bush is a plant. It has many purple flowers.\nLavender has a sweet smell. Some people use the oil from lavender bushes for perfume.\nA koala is an animal. It eats leaves.\nKoalas spend most of their time in trees. They sleep for up to 20 hours a day!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the softest?\n\nChoices:\nA. wood canoe\nB. styrofoam packing peanuts\nC. plastic ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the styrofoam packing peanuts are the softest. If you squeeze styrofoam packing peanuts, they will change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Rain, Shine, or Snow\"\nB. ***Rain, Shine, or Snow***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Rain, Shine, or Snow**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Jamie is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe shopper lifts each bag at the same speed. Which bag is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nA shopper is buying food at the store. He fills two shopping bags. The shopping bags are the same size and shape.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bag holding 6 pounds of food\nB. a bag holding 8 pounds of food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.\nA shopping bag holding 8 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 6 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 8 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Maple trees have star-shaped leaves.\nB. Mosquitoes can walk and fly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.\nMaple trees have green leaves in the spring and summer. In the fall, their leaves turn yellow, red, or brown.\nA mosquito is an animal. It drinks nectar and fruit juice.\nA mosquito is an insect. Only female mosquitoes drink blood."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter closing is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best regards,\nB. Cheers,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second letter closing is more formal. The other letter closing is more casual and suggests a familiarity with the person being written to."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The final challenge of the contest was really random: participants had to choose three restaurants in town and serenade diners as they ate.\nB. For the final challenge of the contest, participants had to choose three random restaurants in town and serenade diners as they ate.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nFor the final challenge of the contest, participants had to choose three random restaurants in town and serenade diners as they ate.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nThe final challenge of the contest was really random: participants had to choose three restaurants in town and serenade diners as they ate.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 55miles south in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 20miles north in 5hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 45miles south in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 55 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit sheen trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cucumber plants, some individuals have dull fruit and others have glossy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit sheen trait has two alleles. The allele for dull fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for glossy fruit (f).\nA certain cucumber plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the fruit sheen gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. glossy fruit\nB. dull fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The cucumber plant's genotype for the fruit sheen gene is ff. The cucumber plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for glossy fruit. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit sheen trait must be glossy fruit.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the cucumber plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dull fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for glossy fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe cucumber plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the cucumber plant's phenotype for the fruit sheen trait must be glossy fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mr. keller,\nB. Dear Mr. Keller,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Keller is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Times of Earth\nB. the Times of earth\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Times of Earth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI can't believe you'd hire Tyler Khan to watch your dog! Did you know that his friend adopted a dog but then took it back to the shelter after just one week?\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Tyler must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Tyler's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Tyler is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nbeg\n\nChoices:\nA. closed\nB. open\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word beg ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nGavin has a scar on his right ankle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthroat - torpedo\n\nChoices:\nA. tiger\nB. trample\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tiger is between the guide words throat - torpedo, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear ms. Allen,\nB. Dear Ms. Allen,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Allen is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nSam and Annie will swim in the warm pool.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, swim. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nWe watched through the window as the autumn wind () the withered leaves about the yard.\n\nChoices:\nA. chased\nB. scattered\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word chased. It describes the wind as if it were a person who was running and playing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Austen inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAusten has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Austen's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Austen.\nB. Austen likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmilk going sour\nrust forming on a metal gate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Livingston will deliver the envelope to Rob.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, deliver. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Elizabeth investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nElizabeth likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\nC. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hunger on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nharness - holly\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hunger is not between the guide words harness - holly, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Paul shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nB. Paul shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nPaul shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nPaul shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hammer?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 feet\nB. 10 miles\nC. 10 inches\nD. 10 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a hammer is 10 inches.\n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat.\n\nChoices:\nA. Within a green and shady bed\nA modest violet grew;\nIts stalk was bent, it hung its head,\nAs if to hide from view.\nB. It was all so dull—\nExcept a few gray legs under shiny black umbrellas\nRunning along the gray shiny sidewalks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPoetry is a special kind of writing. It has many elements that make it different from ordinary writing. Knowing these elements can help you talk about poetry, understand it better, and enjoy it more.\nA poem rhymes when it has a pattern of words that end in the same sound.\nEnd rhyme is when the rhymes appear at the end of a poem's lines.\nLittle Betty Blue,\nLost her holiday shoe.\n—From Mother Goose\nInternal rhyme is when at least one of the rhyming words appears inside the poem's lines.\nSweet dreams of pleasant streams.\n—From William Blake, \"A Cradle Song\"\nRhythm is the pattern of strong and weak syllables, or stress, in a poem. You can recognize rhythm in a poem by listening to how it sounds. Poems with regular rhythm have a beat, like in music.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. We say them with more force than the other syllables. In this poem, every weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Each line sounds like da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM. To better hear the rhythm, try reading it aloud while clapping on each strong syllable.\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.\nRepetition is when words, phrases, or whole lines are repeated.\nThe dainty flying squirrel\nIn vest of shining white,\nIn coat of silver gray,\nAnd vest of shining white.\n—Adapted from Mary E. Burt, \"The Flying Squirrel\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"This poem has a regular rhythm, or a pattern of sound like a beat. The parts in bold show the strong syllables. The pattern is a weak syllable followed by a strong syllable. It sounds like da-DUM da-DUM.\nAs if to hide from view."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThanks to her enduring popularity with employees, Mia Durham is the best-liked CEO in our company's history.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mia Durham is well-liked, because she's popular. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Anita investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAnita is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches\n\nChoices:\nA. Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?\nB. Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?\nC. Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Before Melissa's birthday party, Franklin wrapped her present with delicate silver tissue paper.\nB. Johnny picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction until.\nJohnny picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. boxwood shrub\nB. swing set\nC. house\nD. helicopter\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A boxwood shrub is a living thing.\nBoxwood shrubs grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Boxwood shrubs are made up of many cells.\nPeople cut bushes and shrubs into decorative shapes called topiaries. Topiaries can be cut to look like animals, patterns, or other designs.\nA helicopter is not a living thing.\nA helicopter does not have all the traits of a living thing. It needs energy to fly, but it does not eat food. Helicopters get energy from gasoline or other fuel. They do not grow.\nA house is not a living thing.\nHouses do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA swing set is not a living thing.\nSwing sets do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Helen inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHelen has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Helen's neighbor also has straight hair.\nB. Helen's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail.\nC. Helen's biological parents have red hair. Helen also has red hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Darnell realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nB. Darnell's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nDarnell's ill-researched essay about the Space Race received a poor grade because it presented such a travesty of the actual historical events.\nThe second text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nDarnell realized that his essay about the Space Race was a bit inaccurate, but he still thought it a travesty that such an entertaining essay should receive a poor grade.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Burlington Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Burlington Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the robin's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the robin and Earth () as the robin flew to the tree branch.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an animal in motion.\nA robin was standing on flat land below a maple tree. Then, the robin flew directly to a branch high in the tree.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. decreased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the robin and the center of Earth changed.\nThe tree branch is higher than the land below the tree. As the robin flew toward the tree branch, the distance between the robin and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the robin and Earth increased as the robin flew to the tree branch."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. hissing cockroach\nB. mosquito\nC. forest scorpion\nD. cardinalfish\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A mosquito is an insect. Like other insects, a mosquito is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other scorpions, a forest scorpion is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA cardinalfish is a fish. Like other fish, a cardinalfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA hissing cockroach is an insect. Like other insects, a hissing cockroach is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich ping pong ball has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo ping pong balls are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the ping pong ball with more thermal energy\nB. the ping pong ball with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two ping pong balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the ping pong ball with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe washing machine () when Fernando ran an oversized load of laundry.\n\nChoices:\nA. complained\nB. broke\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word complained. It describes the washing machine as if it were a grumpy, overworked person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Polar bears are generally cuter than black bears.\nB. Black bears are generally smaller than polar bears.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nBlack bears are generally smaller than polar bears.\nIt can be proved by comparing the sizes of black bears and polar bears.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nPolar bears are generally cuter than black bears.\nCuter shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is cute."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Paul beat Aaron in tennis, he asked for a rematch.\nB. Aaron asked for a rematch after Paul beat him in tennis.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Paul or Aaron.\nAfter Paul beat Aaron in tennis, he asked for a rematch.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAaron asked for a rematch after Paul beat him in tennis."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't be deceived by Beth Everett's articles on rural, blue-collar workers. Her husband is a fancy investment banker, so she can't possibly understand their situation.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Beth Everett can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Beth works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Niece,\nAmelia\nB. Your niece,\nAmelia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jackie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJackie knows how to fly a plane.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jackie can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night.\nB. A pilot taught Jackie how to fly a plane.\nC. Jackie is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the personification in this text suggest?\nTen thousand daffodils saw I at a glance,\nTossing their heads in sprightly dance.\n—William Wordsworth, \"I wandered lonely as a Cloud\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The daffodils were moving in the wind.\nB. The daffodils were bent over.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nTossing their heads in sprightly dance suggests that the daffodils were moving in the wind. The poet describes flowers blowing around on their stems as dancers tossing their heads."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Brian investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBrian and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\nB. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\nC. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. to use something\nB. to exploit something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.To exploit something has a more negative connotation. Exploit and use both denote using something. However, exploit suggests selfish use."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Conglomerate is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nB. An antler is made by a living thing. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Slate is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nAn antler is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, an antler is not a rock.\nConglomerate is a rock.\nSlate is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Sammy's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nSammy, a dog from this group, has short fur. Sammy has two alleles for short fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Sammy's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Sammy's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a puddle\nburning a piece of wood\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. When the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But burning wood does not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your friend,\nCarla\nB. Your friend,\nCarla\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on the train are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on the train?\n\nHint:\nA train is sitting on a magnetic track. Earth's gravity is pulling down on the train with a force of 200,000N. The magnetic track is pushing up on the train with a force of 200,000N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the train.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the train.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on the train, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling the train down with a force of 200,000 N.\nThe magnetic track is pushing the train up with a force of 200,000 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 200,000 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the train."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nshe\n\nChoices:\nA. open\nB. closed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word she ends with a vowel and has a long vowel sound. So, it has an open syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dean bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Georgetown.\nB. Dean custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Georgetown.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nDean custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Georgetown.\nThe first text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Dean's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.\nDean bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Georgetown.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Layla collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Layla plans to run more.\nB. Layla was out of shape.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Layla was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe air was muggy and humid today where Bill lives.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe air was muggy and humid today where Bill lives.\nHumidity is the amount of water in the air.\nThis passage tells you about the humidity today where Bill lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the place that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. shop\nB. meadow\nC. store\nD. market\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeadow doesn't belong.\nStore, shop, and market all name places that sell things."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nSodium hydroxide is ().\n\nHint:\nSodium hydroxide is used to help produce paper and bars of soap. The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide is NaOH.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether sodium hydroxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for sodium hydroxide, NaOH, contains three atomic symbols: Na for sodium, O for oxygen, and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that sodium hydroxide is composed of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSince sodium hydroxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, sodium hydroxide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMr. Copeland has a reputation as a Scrooge, so our club has stopped asking him for donations.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Scrooge is literature.\nThe novella A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, tells the story of the penny-pinching and bitter Ebenezer Scrooge, who values money more than people.\nThe allusion Scrooge means a person who isn't generous."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kylie bought a red belt and a pink scarf.\nB. Her comfortable clothing and her warm coat.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Kylie bought a red belt and a pink scarf is a complete sentence. The subject is Kylie, and the verb is bought."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore\nB. winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words the, and, a, and for are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the text's most likely purpose?\n\nHint:\nRead the text below.\nThe men looked over the edge of the cliff. \"How in the world are we going to get down there?\" one asked.\n\nChoices:\nA. to persuade\nB. to entertain\nC. to inform\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAuthors write texts for different purposes, or reasons. Common purposes for writing are to persuade, to inform, or to entertain readers.\nAuthors persuade by convincing readers to believe or do something.\nAn advertisement tries to convince readers to buy a product.\nA political poster tries to convince readers to vote for someone.\nAuthors inform by telling readers about a topic or process.\nA news article explains something that happened.\nA recipe describes how to cook a dish.\nAuthors entertain by giving readers something to enjoy.\nA joke tries to make readers laugh.\nA poem tries to please readers.The text is a part of a story. Its purpose is to entertain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npail - planned\n\nChoices:\nA. pilgrim\nB. pudding\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pilgrim is between the guide words pail - planned, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ gives the body its shape?\n\nChoices:\nA. skeleton\nB. lungs\nC. heart\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe friends collect old baseball cards.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, collect. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nperson - plug\n\nChoices:\nA. pity\nB. preserve\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pity is between the guide words person - plug, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAva said there's no way Scotland's Loch Ness Monster is real, but she's not even Scottish, so there's no way she could really know.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Ava's claim that the Loch Ness Monster isn't real is not valid because she's not Scottish. This is a personal attack on Ava's background that isn't relevant to whether her claim is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Melissa investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMelissa wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\nB. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\nC. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJaylen spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek history\nB. a fairy tale\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a tennis racket?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 feet\nB. 24 inches\nC. 24 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 24 inches.\n24 feet and 24 yards are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Letters and packages were sent to the mail room from a chute on the fourth floor.\nB. Although I would rather visit Italy, I'm excited about going to Panama this summer.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nLetters and packages were sent to the mail room from a chute on the fourth floor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. monarch butterfly\nB. clownfish\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA clownfish is a fish. Like other fish, a clownfish has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter to the editor is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. I'm writing because I'm fed up about our library not staying open like it used to.\nB. I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the library's reduced hours.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second letter to the editor is more formal. It uses more elevated language (writing to express my dissatisfaction, reduced hours). The other letter to the editor uses contractions (I'm) and slang (fed up)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Carmen made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. At the grocery store, Carmen hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Carmen hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nCarmen made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nJenna put a bandage on my cut.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nHow many articles did Oliver write before his publisher offered him a book contract?\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. exclamatory\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvariety - visible\n\nChoices:\nA. voyage\nB. veil\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince veil is between the guide words variety - visible, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nfrost\n\nChoices:\nA. open\nB. closed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word frost ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAlthough Zach hasn't worked in years, his mother prefers to say that he's between jobs right now.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nBromomethane is ().\n\nHint:\nBromomethane was once used by farmers to kill harmful organisms in soil. It is no longer used because it damages the atmosphere's ozone layer. The chemical formula for bromomethane is CH3Br.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether bromomethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for bromomethane, CH3 Br, contains three atomic symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Br for bromine. So, the formula tells you that bromomethane is composed of three chemical elements bonded together.\nSince bromomethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, bromomethane is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and gravel\nwater evaporating from a lake\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and gravel is a physical change. Together, the sand and gravel make a mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But mixing sand and gravel is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. yours truly,\nGabby\nB. Yours truly,\nGabby\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Cotton's phenotype for the fur texture trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F).\nCotton is a Syrian hamster from this group. Cotton has the heterozygous genotype Ff for the fur texture gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. wavy fur\nB. straight fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Cotton's phenotype for the fur texture trait. First, consider the alleles in Cotton's genotype for the fur texture gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for wavy fur (f) is recessive to the allele for straight fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nCotton's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Cotton's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be straight fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jon investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Jon cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\nB. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\nC. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nIn the morning, Mrs. Petersen shoveled the snow.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, shoveled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an ice skate?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 kilometers\nB. 27 centimeters\nC. 27 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 27 centimeters.\n27 meters and 27 kilometers are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kevin showed them the error on his receipt, and he received a refund.\nB. Kevin showed the customer service representatives the error on his receipt, and he received a refund.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the customer service representatives.\nKevin showed the customer service representatives the error on his receipt, and he received a refund."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a nosy person\nB. an inquisitive person\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.An inquisitive person has a more positive connotation. Inquisitive and nosy both denote taking an interest in something. However, inquisitive suggests a healthy interest in learning more, while nosy suggests an inappropriate interest in other people's affairs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear aunt Katie,\nB. Dear Aunt Katie,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Katie is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 100-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 47°C\nB. a 100-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 62°C\nC. a 100-gram cup of black tea at a temperature of 56°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three cups of black tea have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 62°C cup of black tea is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFor several years, Dora Maar was Pablo Picasso's muse.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fairy tale\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion muse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the muses are nine sister goddesses who embody and inspire song, poetry, art, and science.\nThe allusion muse means a source of artistic motivation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nall - aunt\n\nChoices:\nA. age\nB. animal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince animal is between the guide words all - aunt, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Will attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. compound-complex\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Will attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. redback spider\nB. human\nC. grasshopper\nD. saturn butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Odette's phenotype for the leg color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white legs, and the allele l is for yellow legs.\nOdette, a chicken from this group, has white legs. Odette has one allele for white legs and one allele for yellow legs.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ll\nB. white legs\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Odette's observable version of the leg color trait is white legs. So, Odette's phenotype for the leg color trait is white legs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Josiah shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nB. Josiah shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nJosiah shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nJosiah shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this Cepaea snail's phenotype for the shell banding trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the shell banding trait in Cepaea snails:\n\nIn a group of Cepaea snails, some individuals have a banded shell and others have an unbanded shell. In this group, the gene for the shell banding trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a banded shell, and the allele b is for an unbanded shell.\nA certain Cepaea snail from this group has a banded shell. This snail has two alleles for a banded shell.\n\nChoices:\nA. BB\nB. a banded shell\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The Cepaea snail's observable version of the shell banding trait is a banded shell. So, the snail's phenotype for the shell banding trait is a banded shell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Mr. Bug Goes to Town***\nB. \"Mr. Bug Goes to Town\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Mr. Bug Goes to Town**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 20kilometers north in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 40kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 30kilometers east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 20 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three geese. Which goose was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a goose that moved 780miles west in 10hours\nB. a goose that moved 805miles south in 10hours\nC. a goose that moved 700miles south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each goose moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each goose moved for 10 hours. The goose that moved 700 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathtub?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 375 milliliters\nB. 375 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 375 liters.\n375 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the mammal traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nMammals are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify mammals:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Canadian lynx have furry, padded feet that help them walk on snow. Canadian lynx feed their offspring milk.\nB. Common snapping turtles hatch from eggs with shells. They have powerful beaks. When a snapping turtle is threatened by a predator, it snaps its beak! Snapping turtles have scaly, waterproof skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nMammals have the following traits:\nThey feed their offspring milk.\nThey have fur or hair.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA common snapping turtle has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA common snapping turtle does not have all of the traits of a mammal. A common snapping turtle is a reptile.\nA Canadian lynx has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA Canadian lynx has the traits of a mammal. A Canadian lynx is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nKaren felt a roller coaster of emotions when she heard the news.\n\nChoices:\nA. Karen had varied feelings.\nB. Karen found the news scary.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Karen felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Karen had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Karen's feelings."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nUsing a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Using a large magnet to remove pieces of iron from a junkyard is a physical change. Both the iron and the magnet are still made of the same type of matter as before."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4,590 grams\nB. 4,590 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 4,590 kilograms.\n4,590 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThe boys picked apples in the orchard.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\ncompost rotting\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of washing machines?\n\nHint:\nA store has 20 washing machines for sale. The machines cost $600 each. At that price, 30 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. shortage\nB. surplus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are not enough washing machines for sale. There are 20 machines for sale, but 30 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a shortage of washing machines."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paper clip?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 26 millimeters\nB. 26 centimeters\nC. 26 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 26 millimeters.\n26 centimeters and 26 meters are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Clare inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nClare has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Clare and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Clare's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Clare.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Pam, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Pam wants to protect her possessions.\nB. Pam thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Pam thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tucker acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTucker knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tucker is most interested in human biology.\nB. Tucker learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nTrudy felt a roller coaster of emotions when she heard the news.\n\nChoices:\nA. Trudy had varied feelings.\nB. Trudy felt delighted about the news.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Trudy felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Trudy had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Trudy's feelings."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Common ostriches have a beak and feathers. They also have two wings, but they cannot fly. Ostriches lay the biggest eggs of any bird. The shell of an ostrich egg is so hard that you can stand on the egg without breaking it!\nB. Great crested newts have moist brown skin with black spots. Adult great crested newts mostly live on land, but young newts live underwater. Great crested newt eggs do not have shells. The female newts wrap their eggs in leaves for protection.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA common ostrich has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA common ostrich does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A common ostrich is a bird.\nA great crested newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA great crested newt has the traits of an amphibian. A great crested newt is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nKatie has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.\n\nChoices:\nA. Katie has many responsibilities.\nB. Katie has no time to eat well.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Katie has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Pete inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPete has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pete and his biological parents have brown hair.\nB. Pete's coworker also has curly hair.\nC. Pete's biological father has curly hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word red on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrank - ripple\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince red is between the guide words rank - ripple, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKendra has a scar on her right leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBrittany has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nPoniewozik, James. \"TV Makes a Too-Close Call.\" Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70–71. Print.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a book.\nB. It appears on pages 70–71.\nC. Time is the publisher.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nPoniewozik, James. \"TV Makes a Too-Close Call.\" Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70–71. Print.\nYou can tell that the cited work appears on pages 70–71 by looking at the page numbers, which appear after the date of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Computers make life better for people.\nB. Bill Gates was a founder of Microsoft.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nBill Gates was a founder of Microsoft.\nIt can be proved by reading about the history of Microsoft.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nComputers make life better for people.\nBetter shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes life better or worse."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the sled's motion?\n\nHint:\nA sled is slowing down at the bottom of a snowy hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. The sled has a constant velocity.\nB. The sled is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The sled is slowing down. So, the sled is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Acid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 40°F\nB. a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 65°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65°F glass of grape juice is hotter than the 40°F glass of grape juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Shelley inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nShelley has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shelley and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Shelley's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Shelley.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Billy was a fish out of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. Billy didn't have any friends.\nB. Billy felt out of place.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Billy felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the softest?\n\nChoices:\nA. metal trombone\nB. cotton shirt\nC. bone\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cotton shirt is the softest. If you squeeze cotton fabric, it will change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Allie exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Allie was patiently waiting for an Internet connection.\nB. The Internet connection was very slow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Allie's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Russell acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRussell knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Russell learned biology by doing experiments.\nB. Russell is most interested in plant biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nill - inspector\n\nChoices:\nA. is\nB. impose\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince impose is between the guide words ill - inspector, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nThe production of a single pound of honey requires nectar from approximately two million flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. complex\nC. compound-complex\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nThe production of a single pound of honey requires nectar from approximately two million flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her narrative voice?\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Andy suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Becker asked him if he was OK, and Andy said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Andy finally returned. Coach Becker said he was glad Andy was back, and Andy said he was happy and relieved.\n\nChoices:\nA. by removing biased language\nB. by adding dialogue\nC. by using active voice\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by adding dialogue.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined sentences with exchanges between Coach Becker and Andy.\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Andy suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Becker asked him if he was OK, and Andy said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Andy finally returned. Coach Becker said he was glad Andy was back, and Andy said he was happy and relieved."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncutting a piece of rope\nwater evaporating from a puddle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope is shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut rope.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWater evaporating is caused by heating. But cutting a piece of rope is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear ms. ryan,\nB. Dear Ms. Ryan,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Ryan is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe Mannings argue we should eat our pizza with a fork and knife because it's less messy, but what do they know? Have you seen their house? It's a disaster!\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the Mannings' opinion on eating pizza is invalid because their house is messy. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether the argument is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word material on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmidst - mosquito\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince material is not between the guide words midst - mosquito, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Chandler acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nChandler knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chandler knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\nB. Chandler learned how to knit in an after school program.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a hot day in the desert?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 46°C\nB. 46°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a hot day in the desert is 46°C.\n46°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Keller's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.\nB. I can review the draft of your story unless you're still editing it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMr. Keller's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich invitation is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. We invite you to celebrate with us.\nB. Come join us.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second invitation is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (invite you to celebrate) instead of the conversational language of the other invitation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Zack finally agreed to let his daughter adopt the stray dog, she responded with a smile that was a mile wide.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA smile that was a mile wide is an exaggeration, since it is physically impossible to have a smile that is actually a mile wide."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word bare on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbent - burn\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bare is not between the guide words bent - burn, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 61 pounds\nB. a cart holding 66 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 66 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 61 pounds. So, the cart holding 66 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ken's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nB. Ken's eyes are bright green emeralds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nKen's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nKen's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word tack on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthroat - toy\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tack is not between the guide words throat - toy, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAfter a long second half full of sound and fury, the soccer game concluded in a tie.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shakespeare\nB. French history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion sound and fury is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Macbeth, when Macbeth learns that his wife has died, he laments in his grief that life is nothing more than a \"meaningless tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury.\"\nThe allusion sound and fury means activity that amounts to nothing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich pot of spaghetti sauce has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo pots of spaghetti sauce are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the pot of spaghetti sauce with more thermal energy\nB. the pot of spaghetti sauce with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the pot of spaghetti sauce with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"The Old Pond\"\nB. \"The Old pond\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is \"The Old Pond.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nKendrick's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. glass marbles\nB. paper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass marbles are harder. If you squeeze glass marbles, they will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Rhianna investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nRhianna visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\nB. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\nC. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndecorate - dynamite\n\nChoices:\nA. dawn\nB. diesel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince diesel is between the guide words decorate - dynamite, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA banana getting ripe on the counter is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.A banana getting ripe on the counter is a chemical change. As a banana ripens, the type of matter in it changes. The peel changes color and the inside becomes softer and sweeter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nSlowly, a renewed sense of dread () her mind.\n\nChoices:\nA. invaded\nB. filled\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word invaded. It describes dread as if it were a person who is barging in or taking over."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a trumpet?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 grams\nB. 2 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a trumpet is 2 kilograms.\n2 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a potato?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15 meters\nB. 15 kilometers\nC. 15 centimeters\nD. 15 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a potato is 15 centimeters.\n15 millimeters is too short. 15 meters and 15 kilometers are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBobby has a scar on his left leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, charcoal is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nPeople have used gunpowder as an explosive for hundreds of years. Gunpowder is a mixture of three different substances: potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. When these substances are burned together, they release a large amount of heat and gas. In the past, gunpowder was used in muskets and cannons, but today, it is mainly used in fireworks.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to charcoal in this chemical reaction.\nPeople have used gunpowder as an explosive for hundreds of years. Gunpowder is a mixture of three different substances: potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. When these substances are burned together, they release a large amount of heat and gas. In the past, gunpowder was used in muskets and cannons, but today, it is mainly used in fireworks.\nThe underlined text tells you that when potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur combine, a large amount of heat and gas is released. When potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged. Because charcoal reacts in this chemical reaction, charcoal is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nEthane is ().\n\nHint:\nEthane is used to make plastic bags. The chemical formula for ethane is C2H6.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether ethane is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for ethane, C2 H6, contains two atomic symbols: C for carbon and H for hydrogen. So, the formula tells you that ethane is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince ethane is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, ethane is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nSmall pieces of dust and rock are blown away by wind.\n\nChoices:\nA. erosion\nB. deposition\nC. meteorite crash\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word income on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\niodine - its\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince income is not between the guide words iodine - its, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Abraham Lincoln was one of the greatest American presidents.\nB. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, was elected in 1860.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nAbraham Lincoln, the 16 th president of the United States, was elected in 1860.\nIt can be proved by looking up the year that Abraham Lincoln was elected president.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nAbraham Lincoln was one of the greatest American presidents.\nGreatest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a president great at his or her job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Avalanches can reach speeds of eighty miles per hour within five seconds.\nB. I slept deeply all night long, but this morning I still feel tired.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nI slept deeply all night long, but this morning I still feel tired."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a cool glass of milk?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 55°C\nB. 55°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a cool glass of milk is 55°F.\n55°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter Gabrielle cooked and served a scrumptious dinner, Dad boasted that she is the Julia Child of our family.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. Be Glad Your Nose Is on Your Face\nB. \"Be Glad Your Nose Is on Your Face\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Be Glad Your Nose Is on Your Face.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nOn average, office workers spend more than five hours sitting at their desks, researchers believe that extended periods of sitting can have a negative impact on overall health.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nOn average, office workers spend more than five hours sitting at their desks, researchers believe that extended periods of sitting can have a negative impact on overall health.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nOn average, office workers spend more than five hours sitting at their desks. Researchers believe that extended periods of sitting can have a negative impact on overall health."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs laying carpet a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether laying carpet is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs laying carpet something you can touch? No.\nIs laying carpet a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, laying carpet is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. saturn butterfly\nB. metallic tarantula\nC. sunfish\nD. weaver ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA weaver ant is an insect. Like other insects, a weaver ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA sunfish is a fish. Like other fish, a sunfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a metallic tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ethan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEthan has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ethan's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\nB. Ethan and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\nC. Ethan and his biological father have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA piece of pizza rotting in a trashcan is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.A piece of pizza rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the pizza breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nErin Brockovich, a single mother with no legal training, helped win a daunting court battle against a Goliath energy company.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nGoliath alludes to the giant warrior in the Bible who was defeated by a much smaller opponent, David."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Kenji felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe sleek new race car () its driver.\n\nChoices:\nA. appealed to\nB. grinned at\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase grinned at. It describes the race car as if it were a happy person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbond - business\n\nChoices:\nA. broken\nB. beach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince broken is between the guide words bond - business, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the gas.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxygen\nB. hammer\nC. ruler\nD. clothespin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Oxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Oxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank.\nA clothespin is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can open or close a clothespin. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA ruler is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a ruler in a box, the ruler will keep its shape.\nA hammer is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A hammer is made of iron and wood. Both iron and wood are solids."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The park is a beautiful place, everyone goes there.\nB. Jordan's family moved to a different state.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Jordan's family moved to a different state is a complete sentence. The subject is Jordan's family, and the verb is moved."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Erin's phenotype for the Huntington's disease trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Huntington's disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Huntington's disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Huntington's disease trait has two alleles. The allele for having Huntington's disease (H) is dominant over the allele for not having Huntington's disease (h).\nErin is a human from this group. Erin has the homozygous genotype HH for the Huntington's disease gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having Huntington's disease\nB. having Huntington's disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Erin's genotype for the Huntington's disease gene is HH. Erin's genotype of HH has only H allelles. The H allele is for having Huntington's disease. So, Erin's phenotype for the Huntington's disease trait must be having Huntington's disease.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Erin's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Huntington's disease (H) is dominant over the allele for not having Huntington's disease (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nErin's genotype of HH has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Erin's phenotype for the Huntington's disease trait must be having Huntington's disease."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDenise considers Paris the most romantic city in the world.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word ostrich on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nof - oh\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ostrich is not between the guide words of - oh, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. water in a glass\nB. sand\nC. rain puddle\nD. air inside a bubble\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Sand is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. Sand is made of many small pieces of rocks and minerals, called grains. Imagine putting many grains of sand into a bucket. The sand takes the shape of the bucket, as a liquid would. But be careful! Sand is not a liquid. Each grain of sand still has a size and shape of its own. So, sand is a solid.\nThe air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will expand to fill a much larger space.\nA rain puddle is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect rainwater in a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe water in a glass is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a glass into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tisha investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTisha gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hydrangea bushes can grow colorful flowers.\nB. Maple trees have star-shaped leaves.\nC. Snowy owls eat small animals.\nD. Rose bushes can grow colorful flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A rose bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nMost rose bushes have sharp thorns. The thorns help protect the rose bush from being eaten by animals.\nA snowy owl is an animal. It eats small animals.\nSnowy owls live in cold places. Snowy owls have feathers on their feet to protect them from the cold.\nA maple tree is a plant. It has star-shaped leaves.\nMaple trees have green leaves in the spring and summer. In the fall, their leaves turn yellow, red, or brown.\nA hydrangea bush is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nHydrangea bushes can have blue, white, purple, or pink flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Dan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Dan sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. pushpin\nB. stop sign\nC. boulder\nD. barnacle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A pushpin is not a living thing.\nPushpins do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA boulder is not a living thing.\nBoulders do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA stop sign is not a living thing.\nStop signs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA barnacle is a living thing.\nBarnacles grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Barnacles are made up of many cells.\nBarnacles are animals. They are related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles attach to rocks, boats, and other animals."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nPlease take the garbage out.\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The president said some surprising things in his speech.\nB. In his speech, the president made several surprising statements.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (said, things).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Meyer buys a new coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, buys. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Whales live in the water, but they breathe air.\nB. The skier flew down the mountain at top speed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nWhales live in the water, but they breathe air."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cherry trees can grow white or pink flowers.\nB. Tortoises eat plants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A tortoise is an animal. It eats plants.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators.\nA cherry tree is a plant. It can grow white or pink flowers.\nMany types of cherry trees come from Japan. Some of these trees have flowers, but no cherries!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. an eager person\nB. an impatient person\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.An impatient person has a more negative connotation. An impatient person is often rude, pushy, or demanding. An eager person is excited and happy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Amanda investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAmanda visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\nB. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\nC. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the part whose main job is to control which substances enter and leave an animal cell.\n\nChoices:\nA. mitochondria\nB. cell membrane\nC. vacuoles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment.\nThe cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm.\nThe mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use.\nThe vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell.\nThe chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus.The cell membrane is a thin layer that wraps around the cytoplasm.\nEvery cell has a cell membrane. In an animal cell, the cell membrane is the outer layer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe old wooden rocking chair that Judy brought home from the rummage sale was as comfortable as a bed of nails.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs comfortable as a bed of nails shows verbal irony because sitting on nails would not be comfortable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAdele never lies. She told me herself, so it must be true.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Adele is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Tom, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?\nB. Tom, did you ask them if the flu vaccination is available yet?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the nurses.\nTom, did you ask the nurses if the flu vaccination is available yet?"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Mitchell literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nB. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Mitchell's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Mitchell literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Mitchell's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Mitchell's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. An email from my friend in Italy.\nB. Mr. Soto will teach a math lesson the children will take notes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Mr. Soto will teach a math lesson the children will take notes is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Mr. Soto will teach a math lesson and The children will take notes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfashion - fleece\n\nChoices:\nA. frantic\nB. fifth\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fifth is between the guide words fashion - fleece, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Harper told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.\n\nChoices:\nA. personification\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Harper is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Down by the River\"\nB. ***Down by the River***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Down by the River**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nAfter he finished the marathon, Jacob collapsed into a chair and declared that he could no longer move a single muscle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jacob was very tired and sore.\nB. Jacob became paralyzed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Jacob was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brandon inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrandon has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brandon's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Brandon.\nB. Brandon's mother cuts his hair every month.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Tracy is from Dover now she lives in Ashland.\nB. The explorers nervously entered the dark cave.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Tracy is from Dover now she lives in Ashland is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Tracy is from Dover and Now she lives in Ashland."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have smooth fruit and others have fuzzy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for smooth fruit, and the allele f is for fuzzy fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has smooth fruit. This plant has two alleles for smooth fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. smooth fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The tomato plant's observable version of the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit. So, the plant's phenotype for the fruit texture trait is smooth fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nplants making food from sunlight, air, and water\ncooking a pancake\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPlants making food is a chemical change. Plants use energy from sunlight to change air and water into food. The food is sugar. Sugar is a different type of matter than air or water.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But plants making food is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sheep eat plants.\nB. Octopuses eat animals that live underwater.\nC. Raspberry bushes have green leaves.\nD. Bumble bees drink nectar from flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A bumble bee is an animal. It drinks nectar from flowers.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Bumble bees have soft hairs that make them look fuzzy.\nAn octopus is an animal. It eats animals that live underwater.\nAn octopus has two eyes and eight arms.\nA sheep is an animal. It eats plants.\nPeople raise sheep for their fur, meat, and milk.\nA raspberry bush is a plant. It has green leaves.\nMost raspberries are red. But raspberries can also be purple or yellow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nBrittany put a bandage on my cut.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\n\"Mango Nutrition.\" www.mango.org. National Mango Board, 2014. Web. 10 May 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is an email.\nB. It was accessed on May 10, 2015.\nC. It was published by Mango Nutrition.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\n\"Mango Nutrition.\" www.mango.org. National Mango Board, 2014. Web. 10 May 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work was accessed on May 10, 2000, by looking at the date of access, which appears after the medium of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nate inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNate has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nate likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Nate's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Nate.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 375kilometers north in 5hours\nB. a duck that moved 495kilometers west in 5hours\nC. a duck that moved 315kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 5 hours. The duck that moved 495 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word admiral on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nabsorb - art\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince admiral is between the guide words absorb - art, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Pam decides to bake bran muffins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nPam is deciding whether to bake apple muffins or bran muffins. She wants the muffins to be tasty. But she also wants to make a lot of muffins.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pam will get to eat more muffins. She can make more bran muffins than apple muffins.\nB. Pam will give up the chance to eat apple muffins. She thinks apple muffins are tastier than bran muffins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pam wants or needs:\nPam will give up the chance to eat apple muffins. She thinks apple muffins are tastier than bran muffins."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Jasmine's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for white fur (f) is recessive to the allele for orange fur (F).\nJasmine is a Bengal tiger from this group. Jasmine has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white fur\nB. orange fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Jasmine's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Jasmine's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for white fur. So, Jasmine's phenotype for the fur color trait must be white fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Jasmine's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for white fur (f) is recessive to the allele for orange fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nJasmine's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Jasmine's phenotype for the fur color trait must be white fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. green sea turtle\nB. salmon\nC. green tree frog\nD. anchovy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A green sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land.\nA salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.\nAn anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nAn anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools.\nA green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nInvestors should have seen the writing on the wall.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fairy tale\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion the writing on the wall is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Daniel accurately translates mysterious writing that appears on a wall, and in doing so, he predicts the death of a king.\nThe allusion the writing on the wall means a clear indication of how something will turn out."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nJohn Deere was a famous ().\n\nChoices:\nA. inventor\nB. pilot\nC. astronaut\nD. writer\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nJohn Deere was a famous American inventor. An inventor is someone who comes up with items or ideas that have never been made before.\nJohn Deere was born in 1804."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Elizabeth acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nElizabeth knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Elizabeth learned how to knit in an after school program.\nB. Elizabeth knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Salmon swim in the water.\nB. Daffodils have a green stem.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A salmon is an animal. It swims in the water.\nUnlike most other fish, salmon can live in both freshwater and seawater.\nA daffodil is a plant. It has a green stem.\nMost daffodil plants grow a single flower."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. An animal cell has both a cell wall and chloroplasts.\nB. The nucleus of a plant cell has chromosomes.\nC. The cell membrane of an animal cell uses sunlight to make sugar.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Aubrey inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAubrey has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Aubrey's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Aubrey.\nB. Aubrey and her father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nIn the 1970s, Asian carp were imported to clean ponds on aquaculture farms in the South; they are believed to have escaped and spread, negatively affecting fish populations as far north as the Great Lakes.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nIn the 1970 s, Asian carp were imported to clean ponds on aquaculture farms in the South; they are believed to have escaped and spread, negatively affecting fish populations as far north as the Great Lakes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmixing sand and water\npicking up a paper clip with a magnet\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mrs. Wong,\nB. Dear Mrs. wong,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Wong is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Carter's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.\n\nChoices:\nA. The snoring occurs in bursts.\nB. The snoring is loud.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Carter's snoring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\"\nB. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word blouse on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nboard - bundle\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blouse is not between the guide words board - bundle, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rattlesnakes are the most dangerous reptiles.\nB. Rattlesnakes use their rattles to warn other animals.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nRattlesnakes use their rattles to warn other animals.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about rattlesnakes.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nRattlesnakes are the most dangerous reptiles.\nMost dangerous shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which reptiles are the most dangerous."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is bumpier?\n\nChoices:\nA. rock wall\nB. rubber ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rock wall is bumpier. If you touch a rock wall, it will feel bumpy and lumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a potato?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 17 millimeters\nB. 17 kilometers\nC. 17 centimeters\nD. 17 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a potato is 17 centimeters.\n17 millimeters is too short. 17 meters and 17 kilometers are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe broken-down car () oil onto the concrete driveway.\n\nChoices:\nA. bled\nB. leaked\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word bled. It describes the broken-down car as if it were a person who was bleeding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Bridgette acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBridgette knows how to fly a plane.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bridgette is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.\nB. Bridgette can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night.\nC. A pilot taught Bridgette how to fly a plane.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. A shark's skeleton is made of cartilage, not bone.\nB. Sharks are the most savage hunters in all of nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nA shark's skeleton is made of cartilage, not bone.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about sharks.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nSharks are the most savage hunters in all of nature.\nMost savage shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes an animal savage."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of a cool glass of milk?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 45°C\nB. 45°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of a cool glass of milk is 45°F.\n45°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your student,\nNora\nB. your student,\nNora\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich blueberry muffin has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo blueberry muffins are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the blueberry muffin with less thermal energy\nB. the blueberry muffin with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two blueberry muffins are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the blueberry muffin with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Cara adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nB. Cara adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nCara adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally hundreds of years old.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). The bridge is old, but it is not actually a million years old.\nCara adores the classic Renaissance style of the Rialto Bridge in Venice. She was surprised to learn that the bridge remains functional even though it is literally a million years old.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nchute - crush\n\nChoices:\nA. comic\nB. cubic\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince comic is between the guide words chute - crush, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Vicky inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nVicky has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Vicky's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Vicky.\nB. Vicky and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDid you knit that sweater yourself?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nFinn is pushing on his friend's wheelchair.\n\nChoices:\nA. The wheelchair is pulling on Finn.\nB. The wheelchair is pushing on Finn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Finn is pushing on the wheelchair. So, Newton's third law tells you that the wheelchair is pushing on Finn."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Apple trees can grow fruit.\nB. Anteaters walk and run.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An apple tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.\nPeople have been growing apples for thousands of years. There are more than 7,500 types of apples!\nAn anteater is an animal. It walks and runs.\nAnteaters mostly eat ants. They also eat other insects."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a tray of lasagna at a temperature of 100°F\nB. a tray of lasagna at a temperature of 110°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two trays of lasagna have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 110°F tray of lasagna is hotter than the 100°F tray of lasagna, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a road from one end of a city to the other?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 centimeters\nB. 8 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 8 kilometers.\n8 centimeters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to slide down a slide?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 seconds\nB. 5 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to slide down a slide is 5 seconds.\n5 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. led\nB. wed\nC. seat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words led and wed rhyme. They both end with the ed sound.\nThe word seat does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word sweat on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshell - sick\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince sweat is not between the guide words shell - sick, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBecky has a scar on her right knee.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. I don't believe in superstitions, but my mother takes them quite seriously.\nB. He showed the officers a hotel receipt and an airplane ticket as proof of his time in Buenos Aires.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nI don't believe in superstitions, but my mother takes them quite seriously."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater boiling on a stove\nboiling sugar to make caramel\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater boiling on the stove is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater boiling is a physical change. But boiling sugar to make caramel is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. But water boiling is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe car engine () as Mr. Harding tried to start it in the freezing cold.\n\nChoices:\nA. failed\nB. coughed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word coughed. It describes the engine as if it were a person who is sick."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA fossil is ().\n\nChoices:\nA. a body part of a living organism\nB. the preserved remains of an ancient organism\nC. a model of an organism made by humans\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFossils are preserved remains of the body parts or activities of ancient organisms.\nSome fossils show the body parts of organisms. Bones and shells are two body parts that are commonly preserved in fossils.\nSome fossils show traces of an organism's activities. Footprints and burrows are two examples of traces that can be preserved in fossils. A burrow is a hole dug by an animal.\nAll fossils are formed in nature. They take thousands of years to form."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Hampton. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Hampton?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Workers used drills, chisels, and even dynamite to carve the four faces on Mount Rushmore.\nB. The design of Mount Rushmore shows that sculptor Gutzon Borglum was a talented artist.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nWorkers used drills, chisels, and even dynamite to carve the four faces on Mount Rushmore.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about Mount Rushmore.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe design of Mount Rushmore shows that sculptor Gutzon Borglum was a talented artist.\nTalented shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes someone a talented artist."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sunrise on the Shutdown\nB. \"Sunrise on the Shutdown\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"An article should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Sunrise on the Shutdown.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nToby took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nToby took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nactually - attach\n\nChoices:\nA. alphabet\nB. awe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince alphabet is between the guide words actually - attach, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe weather forecast called for clear skies, making my grandfather look like Chicken Little.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Chicken Little is a fable.\nIn a well-known folktale, Chicken Little is accidentally hit by something and jumps to the conclusion that the sky is falling and that she must spread the news of imminent disaster.\nThe allusion Chicken Little means a person who spreads alarming news of imminent disaster."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nerosion caused by wind\nbreaking a piece of glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nErosion caused by wind is a physical change. The wind carries away tiny pieces of rock. But the pieces of rock do not become a different type of matter.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Brookfield Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Brookfield's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nB. A reporter for the Brookfield Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Brookfield's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nThe Brookfield Daily Mail was forced to issue a retraction after printing a factoid about Brookfield's founder. It turned out that the reporter had written the article based on local legend rather than researching the actual history.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nA reporter for the Brookfield Daily Mail dug up an amusing factoid about Brookfield's founder while researching for an article about the town's early years.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Robert returned to his hometown when he started his own family.\nB. The detour took us across the bridge and along the one-lane road by the river.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when.\nRobert returned to his hometown when he started his own family."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jeffrey inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJeffrey has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jeffrey's coworker also has curly hair.\nB. Jeffrey's biological father has curly hair.\nC. Jeffrey and his biological parents have brown hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Kyle investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nKyle has a pet lizard. Kyle notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Kyle wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp\n\nChoices:\nA. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?\nB. Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?\nC. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe passengers will give Derek their tickets.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, give. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to drink a small glass of water?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 45 seconds\nB. 45 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 45 seconds.\n45 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAkiko teaches Lindsey about customs in Japan.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best regards,\nEmmy\nB. best regards,\nEmmy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Danny peeled the wrappers off of the blueberry muffins and then set them aside.\nB. Danny peeled the wrappers off of the blueberry muffins and then set the wrappers aside.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the wrappers or the blueberry muffins.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the wrappers.\nDanny peeled the wrappers off of the blueberry muffins and then set the wrappers aside."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 25°C\nB. 25°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a warm, sunny day is 25°C.\n25°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The region north of the Arctic Circle is the most miserable place on earth.\nB. North of the Arctic Circle, there are days each year when the sun does not completely rise or set.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nNorth of the Arctic Circle, there are days each year when the sun does not completely rise or set.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about the Arctic Circle.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe region north of the Arctic Circle is the most miserable place on earth.\nMost miserable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a place miserable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\n\"Sid Fernandez Calls It Quits After 14 Years.\" The Seattle Times 2 Aug. 1997: n. pag. Web. 10 July 2000.\n\nChoices:\nA. It was accessed on August 2, 1997.\nB. It was written by Sid Fernandez.\nC. The Seattle Times is the newspaper.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\n\"Sid Fernandez Calls It Quits After 14 Years.\" The Seattle Times 2 Aug. 1997: n. pag. Web. 10 July 2000.\nYou can tell that The Seattle Times is the name of the newspaper because it appears in italics."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch more?\n\nChoices:\nA. brick path\nB. wool hat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wool hat would stretch more. If you pull the sides of a wool hat, it will get wider."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Tyler felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncrushing a mineral into powder\nbreaking a ceramic plate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nBreaking a ceramic plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter Carla cooked and served a scrumptious dinner, Dad boasted that she is the Julia Child of our family.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nJulia Child alludes to the famous chef who is known for popularizing French cuisine in the United States."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The fleece jacket that Amy saw on the bench looked like Katie's.\nB. Amy told Katie that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Amy's or Katie's.\nAmy told Katie that the fleece jacket on the bench looked like hers.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe fleece jacket that Amy saw on the bench looked like Katie's."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hickory on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhead - hurry\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hickory is between the guide words head - hurry, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nonly - over\n\nChoices:\nA. own\nB. orchard\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince orchard is between the guide words only - over, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Booster's phenotype for the horns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H).\nBooster is a cow from this group. Booster has the homozygous genotype hh for the horns gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. having horns\nB. not having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Booster's genotype for the horns gene is hh. Booster's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for having horns. So, Booster's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Booster's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nBooster's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Booster's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the personification in this text suggest?\nIt was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it.\n—Katherine Mansfield, \"How Pearl Button Was Kidnapped\"\n\nChoices:\nA. There was very little wind.\nB. There were occasional gusts of wind.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nLittle winds playing hide-and-seek suggests that there were occasional gusts of wind. It brings to mind children alternately disappearing and reappearing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Gina decides to eat the almonds. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nGina is deciding whether to eat almonds or fudge for an afternoon snack. She would like to eat something tasty, but she is also trying to be healthier.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gina will give up the chance to eat the fudge. Gina thinks fudge would have tasted better than almonds will.\nB. Gina will get to eat the almonds. The almonds will be healthier than the fudge would have been.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Gina wants or needs:\nGina will give up the chance to eat the fudge. Gina thinks fudge would have tasted better than almonds will."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fly's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a black body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a black body (b).\nA certain fruit fly from this group has the homozygous genotype bb for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray body\nB. a black body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The fruit fly's genotype for the body color gene is bb. The fruit fly's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a black body. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the body color trait must be a black body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the fruit fly's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a gray body (B) is dominant over the allele for a black body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the body color trait must be a black body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Malia acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMalia knows how to fly a plane.\n\nChoices:\nA. Malia is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.\nB. A pilot taught Malia how to fly a plane.\nC. Malia can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nThe ground in an area shakes.\n\nChoices:\nA. earthquake\nB. erosion\nC. wildfire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Tanvi, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Tanvi plans to build a boat.\nB. Tanvi thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Tanvi thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Because the leaves blocked the intense sun, it was cool underneath the forest canopy.\nB. Her dog happily fetched his tennis ball from the muddy puddle and eagerly waited for her to throw it again.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction because.\nBecause the leaves blocked the intense sun, it was cool underneath the forest canopy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Gwen's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. Roman mythology\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Dylan lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Dylan lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Dylan lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Pandora's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for a black coat, and the allele a is for a spotted coat.\nPandora, a jaguar from this group, has a black coat. Pandora has one allele for a black coat and one allele for a spotted coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black coat\nB. Aa\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Pandora's observable version of the coat pattern trait is a black coat. So, Pandora's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is a black coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. Zeke's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nB. Zeke's eyes are bright green emeralds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nZeke's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nZeke's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Abby spilled apple juice on the carpet.\nB. The cardboard box gets wet, it falls apart.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Abby spilled apple juice on the carpet is a complete sentence. The subject is Abby, and the verb is spilled."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Dan investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nDan and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Dan notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\nB. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\nC. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hansen acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHansen has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hansen's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bubble gum was first made in 1928.\nB. Chewing bubble gum in class is not polite.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nBubble gum was first made in 1928.\nIt can be proved by looking up the history of bubble gum.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nChewing bubble gum in class is not polite.\nNot polite shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what is polite."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nBrandon, you drive a beat-up car from the 1980s. For this reason, we can never allow you to be a lifeguard at the community pool.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that people who drive old cars are likely to be poor lifeguards. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to someone's qualifications to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Derek's favorite season is fall, it is cool outside.\nB. Darkness comes quickly on long winter nights.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Derek's favorite season is fall, it is cool outside is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Derek's favorite season is fall and It is cool outside."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word unique in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Alan custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Allenville.\nB. Alan bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Allenville.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses unique in its traditional sense: being the only one of its kind.\nAlan custom ordered his unique coffee table from a master craftsman in Allenville.\nThe second text uses unique in its nontraditional sense: interesting or unusual. Alan's coffee table is an interesting style, but it was made in a factory and is probably not actually one of a kind.\nAlan bought his unique coffee table from a factory outlet store in Allenville.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word unique because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. If you thought that dish was spicy, this dish will set your mouth on fire.\nB. Avalanches can reach speeds of eighty miles per hour within five seconds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction if.\nIf you thought that dish was spicy, this dish will set your mouth on fire."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of avocado turning brown\nburning a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of avocado turning brown is a chemical change. The avocado reacts with oxygen in the air to form a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the avocado, the inside will still be green. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the avocado.\nBurning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But a piece of avocado turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two humpback whales. Which humpback whale was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a humpback whale that moved 20miles in 10hours\nB. a humpback whale that moved 25miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne humpback whale moved 20 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other humpback whale moved 25 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 20 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Kevin investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nKevin enjoys feeding the squirrels in his backyard. He notices that they spend a lot of time collecting seeds and nuts. He wonders about what factors affect which foods squirrels choose to collect. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical squirrel feeders\na bag of sunflower seeds\na bag of walnuts\na tree to hang the feeders from\n\nChoices:\nA. Which type of tree do the squirrels feed from most often?\nB. Do the squirrels eat walnuts from large feeders more often than from small feeders?\nC. Do the squirrels select sunflower seeds or walnuts more often?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nChristine is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nChristine is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dr. Alexander and her team traveled by horseback to a remote village that had no modern medical services.\nB. Dr. Alexander and her team took horses and went to a place that had no modern medical services.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went).\nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Petunia's phenotype for the wool color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L).\nPetunia is a sheep from this group. Petunia has the homozygous genotype LL for the wool color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. black wool\nB. white wool\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Petunia's genotype for the wool color gene is LL. Petunia's genotype of LL has only L allelles. The L allele is for white wool. So, Petunia's phenotype for the wool color trait must be white wool.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Petunia's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for black wool (l) is recessive to the allele for white wool (L). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nPetunia's genotype of LL has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Petunia's phenotype for the wool color trait must be white wool."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the scoop of ice cream's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the scoop of ice cream and Earth () as the ice cream dropped toward the ground.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nJason was holding an ice cream cone with two scoops of mint chip ice cream. When he licked the ice cream, a scoop fell off and dropped to the ground.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the scoop of ice cream and the center of Earth changed.\nThe ground was lower than the ice cream cone. As the scoop of ice cream fell toward the ground, the distance between the scoop and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the scoop of ice cream and Earth decreased as the ice cream dropped toward the ground."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. How are they working to improve technologies that turn the sun's energy directly into electricity?\nB. How are scientists working to improve technologies that turn the sun's energy directly into electricity?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with scientists.\nHow are scientists working to improve technologies that turn the sun's energy directly into electricity?"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathroom sink?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 milliliters\nB. 12 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 12 liters.\n12 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Unless the weather forecast is wrong, you'll probably need an umbrella tomorrow.\nB. Babe Ruth hit 714 home runs during his baseball career but struck out 1,330 times.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction unless.\nUnless the weather forecast is wrong, you'll probably need an umbrella tomorrow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nScientists will measure the rainfall in Allenville.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, measure. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Astro's phenotype for the horns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H).\nAstro is a cow from this group. Astro has the heterozygous genotype Hh for the horns gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. having horns\nB. not having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Astro's phenotype for the horns trait. First, consider the alleles in Astro's genotype for the horns gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nAstro's genotype of Hh has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Astro's phenotype for the horns trait must be not having horns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the simile in this text suggest?\nA simple change of scenery can be like an ice-cold lemonade on a warm summer day.\n\nChoices:\nA. Spending time in a different place is refreshing.\nB. A cold climate is invigorating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like an ice-cold lemonade suggests that spending time in a different place is refreshing. An ice-cold lemonade can make you feel better, and so can a change of scenery."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncompost rotting\ncooking a pancake\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nCooking a pancake is a chemical change. Pancakes are made from pancake batter. A cooked pancake is a different type of matter than pancake batter. Pancake batter is wet and slippery. Cooked pancakes are fluffy and can be good to eat!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But compost rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Candice declared when Johnny strolled into the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. Candice had just been speaking about Johnny.\nB. Candice thought Johnny was a troublemaker.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Candice had just been speaking about Johnny. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Crawford sent the email yesterday, but no one received it.\nB. The tailor measures the length of the pant leg.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nMr. Crawford sent the email yesterday, but no one received it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her academic voice?\nThe belly produces acid to break down food. In patients who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, more commonly known as GERD or acid reflux, the acid moves backward into the eating tube. Most often, GERD occurs because the lower esophageal sphincter, the thing at the junction of the eating tube and the belly, doesn't close the way it should or opens at the wrong time.\n\nChoices:\nA. by using unbiased language\nB. by avoiding first-person pronouns\nC. by using more technical terms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her academic voice by using more technical terms.\nFor example, the writer could use technical terms for the underlined words: stomach, esophagus, and valve.\nThe belly produces acid to break down food. In patients who suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease, more commonly known as GERD or acid reflux, the acid moves backward into the eating tube. Most often, GERD occurs because the lower esophageal sphincter, the thing at the junction of the eating tube and the belly, doesn't close the way it should or opens at the wrong time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 180kilometers east in 5hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 360kilometers south in 5hours\nC. a motorboat that moved 90kilometers east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each motorboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each motorboat moved for 5 hours. The motorboat that moved 360 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bottle of hot sauce?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 cups\nB. 2 gallons\nC. 2 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bottle of hot sauce is 2 fluid ounces.\n2 cups and 2 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a vacuum cleaner?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 kilograms\nB. 7 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 7 kilograms.\n7 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an ice skate?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 33 meters\nB. 33 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of an ice skate is 33 centimeters.\n33 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nEach time she attempted the seemingly impossible task, frustration () all over again.\n\nChoices:\nA. returned to her\nB. kicked her in the stomach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase kicked her in the stomach. It describes frustration as if it were a violent person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nIn the early 1800s, yellow fever, a viral disease spread by mosquitoes, not by unsanitary conditions as was believed at the time.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nIn the early 1800 s, yellow fever, a viral disease spread by mosquitoes, not by unsanitary conditions as was believed at the time.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nIn the early 1800 s, yellow fever, a viral disease, was spread by mosquitoes, not by unsanitary conditions as was believed at the time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Bugs in My Hair\"\nB. ***Bugs in My Hair***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Bugs in My Hair**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue.\n—Barry Goldwater, in his acceptance speech at the 1964 Republican National Convention\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nGoldwater contrasts two parallel clauses, extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice and moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"How Do Planets Get Their Names?\"\nB. \"How Do Planets Get their Names?\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is \"How Do Planets Get Their Names?\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich drop of dish soap has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo drops of dish soap are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the drop of dish soap with more thermal energy\nB. the drop of dish soap with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two drops of dish soap are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the drop of dish soap with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nSand is dropped by wind in a desert.\n\nChoices:\nA. meteorite crash\nB. erosion\nC. deposition\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Paula's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Roman mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nHarold's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nHarold's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's genotype for the pea color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have yellow peas and others have green peas. In this group, the gene for the pea color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for yellow peas, and the allele e is for green peas.\nA certain pea plant from this group has yellow peas. This plant has one allele for yellow peas and one allele for green peas.\n\nChoices:\nA. yellow peas\nB. Ee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The pea plant has one allele for yellow peas (E) and one allele for green peas (e). So, the plant's genotype for the pea color gene is Ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ uses acid to break down food?\n\nChoices:\nA. brain\nB. stomach\nC. muscles\nD. skin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. fork\nB. grape juice\nC. air inside a bubble\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.\nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.\nMany gases are invisible. So, you can’t see them. Air is a gas.The air inside a bubble is a gas. A gas spreads out to fill a space. The air inside a bubble fills all the space in the bubble. If the bubble pops, the air will spread out to fill a much larger space.\nA fork is a solid. You can bend a fork. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nGrape juice is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour grape juice into a different container, the grape juice will take the shape of that container. But the grape juice will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Cindy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nCindy knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cindy knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\nB. Cindy learned how to knit in an after school program.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a guitar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 35 inches\nB. 35 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a guitar is 35 inches.\n35 feet is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nFish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Great crested newts have moist brown skin with black spots. Adult great crested newts mostly live on land, but young newts live underwater. Great crested newt eggs do not have shells. The female newts wrap their eggs in leaves for protection.\nB. Common clownfish are marine animals that have fins. They lay eggs with no shells. Many clownfish live within the tentacles of animals called anemones. The clownfish keeps the anemone healthy, while the anemone protects the clownfish from its predators.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nFish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA great crested newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA great crested newt does not have all of the traits of a fish. A great crested newt is an amphibian.\nA common clownfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA common clownfish has the traits of a fish. A common clownfish is a fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nready - romantic\n\nChoices:\nA. right\nB. ravine\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince right is between the guide words ready - romantic, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Evan, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nB. As they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Evan, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Evan, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Evan, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBy the time Evelyn had finished explaining to Mr. Scott what had happened, her friends were laughingly referring to her as Scheherazade.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek history\nB. ancient legend\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Scheherazade is ancient legend.\nThe Arabian Nights presents the ancient legend of how Scheherazade successfully postpones her imminent death by mesmerizing her captor with a thousand and one fascinating tales.\nThe allusion Scheherazade means a person who uses his or her arts to distract someone and avoid consequences."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. manta ray\nB. emerald hummingbird\nC. grass frog\nD. green iguana\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A green iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nAn emerald hummingbird is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nHummingbirds can fly backwards and upside-down!\nA manta ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nRays have a different shape than many other fish. Rays are large and flat. They have wide, triangle-shaped fins that help them swim long distances.\nA grass frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich graduation announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Shawn Morton is graduating, and we couldn't be more proud!\nB. We are proud to announce the graduation of Shawn Morton.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWe held our breath as the basketball made an arc toward the basket and then sunk into the net with a satisfying whoosh.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nWhoosh represents the sound of the basketball going through the net."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't let your children stay up till midnight on New Year's Eve. Before you know it, they'll be demanding to stay up till midnight every night.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that allowing your children to stay up late one night will lead to them demanding to stay up late every night. However, this isn't necessarily true. This argument offers only one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOfficer, I was only driving as fast as everyone around me. I'm sure I wasn't speeding.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the speaker wasn't driving over the speed limit, because she was driving at the same speed as those around her. However, even though everyone was driving the same speed, that doesn't necessarily mean that they weren't driving over the speed limit. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich job does the digestive system do?\n\nChoices:\nA. helps cells get energy from food\nB. helps make food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms need food. Food gives organisms the energy they need to survive.\nAnimals get their food by eating other organisms. An animal's digestive system breaks down food into small particles of fat, protein, sugar, and other nutrients. The blood carries these small particles to cells throughout the animal's body.\nInside cells, nutrient particles can be broken down to release energy. Cells need energy to do their jobs. A cell's job might include sending signals to other cells, rearranging chemicals to make new substances, or moving substances from place to place.\nCells also use nutrient particles as building materials. Cells use building materials to help the animal grow and to replace worn-out parts.The digestive system breaks down food into small particles of nutrients. Cells can get energy and building materials from these small particles.\nThe digestive system does not help make food. Animals cannot make food inside their bodies. They must eat other organisms."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Monica investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMonica notices that her cell phone charges more quickly sometimes and more slowly other times. She wonders what factors affect how quickly a phone charges. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none cell phone\na two-foot-long charging cable\na five-foot-long charging cable\na stopwatch\na wall outlet\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a tablet charge faster with a two-foot-long charging cable or a five-foot-long charging cable?\nB. Does a cell phone charge more quickly when it is turned on or when it is turned off?\nC. Does a cell phone charge faster when plugged into a wall outlet or into a computer?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nimpose - issue\n\nChoices:\nA. ill\nB. increase\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince increase is between the guide words impose - issue, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a coffee pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 cups\nB. 10 gallons\nC. 10 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 10 cups.\n10 fluid ounces is too little and 10 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a can of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 pounds\nB. 10 tons\nC. 10 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 10 ounces.\n10 pounds and 10 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of hats?\n\nHint:\nA store has 20 new hats for sale. The hats cost $35 each. At that price, 15 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. shortage\nB. surplus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are too many hats for sale. There are 20 hats for sale, but only 15 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a surplus of hats. The store will not get any money for the leftover hats."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this Nile tilapia fish's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Nile tilapia fish, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a pink body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a greenish-brown body, and the allele b is for a pink body.\nA certain Nile tilapia fish from this group has a pink body. This fish has two alleles for a pink body.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. a pink body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The Nile tilapia fish's observable version of the body color trait is a pink body. So, the fish's phenotype for the body color trait is a pink body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. polar bear\nB. redback spider\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A polar bear is a mammal. Like other mammals, a polar bear is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown pelican\nB. fly\nC. banana slug\nD. redback spider\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA brown pelican is a bird. Like other birds, a brown pelican is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other slugs, a banana slug is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich cookie has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo cookies are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder cookie\nB. the hotter cookie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two cookies are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter cookie has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hammer?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 23 centimeters\nB. 23 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 23 centimeters.\n23 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The lightning frightened the horses, but they calmed down after the storm.\nB. Bison once roamed freely across the Great Plains of the United States.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nThe lightning frightened the horses, but they calmed down after the storm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. bait\nB. mail\nC. wait\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words bait and wait rhyme. They both end with the ait sound.\nThe word mail does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nplus - puff\n\nChoices:\nA. patrol\nB. poke\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince poke is between the guide words plus - puff, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI'm never setting foot in any seafood restaurant again. We just had a ridiculously overpriced dinner at Max's Seafood Hut, and I have no interest in repeating that experience.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nEmmet took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. complex\nC. compound\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nEmmet took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich important period in American history began in 1929?\n\nChoices:\nA. World War II\nB. the Civil War\nC. the Great Depression\nD. the civil rights movement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThe Great Depression began in 1929 when the stock market crashed.\nA depression is a long period of time when the economy does much worse than usual. During a depression, businesses close, people lose their jobs, and life becomes harder. The Great Depression lasted for more than a decade."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sebastian acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSebastian knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sebastian's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\nB. Sebastian's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\nC. Sebastian likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMayor Goodman wants to create more bicycle lanes in Milford. However, many citizens of Milford live far from work. It would not be realistic to force us to give up our cars and bike everywhere.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mayor Goodman wants people to give up their cars. However, this misrepresents Mayor Goodman's argument. Mayor Goodman only wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to go for a walk with a dog?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 11 seconds\nB. 11 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to go for a walk with a dog is 11 minutes.\n11 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word animal on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nalas - armistice\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince animal is between the guide words alas - armistice, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. spotted dolphin\nB. western toad\nC. Hermann's tortoise\nD. whale shark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nFish live underwater. They have fins, not limbs.A western toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA whale shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nWhale sharks are the largest fish in the world! Adult whale sharks can weigh over 21 tons—as much as seven elephants!\nA spotted dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.\nA Hermann's tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAlthough Josh hasn't worked in years, his mother prefers to say that he's between jobs right now.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear uncle scott,\nB. Dear Uncle Scott,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Scott is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSally never lies. She told me herself, so it must be true.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Sally is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLooking at his life, we couldn't help but see Mitch as a Job-like figure.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.\nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Kingwood. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Kingwood?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Kingwood fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Kingwood has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nScott got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a movie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the antenna type trait in fruit flies:\n\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have mutated antennae and others have normal antennae. In this group, the gene for the antenna type trait has two alleles. The allele for normal antennae (a) is recessive to the allele for mutated antennae (A).\nA certain fruit fly from this group has the homozygous genotype aa for the antenna type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. mutated antennae\nB. normal antennae\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The fruit fly's genotype for the antenna type gene is aa. The fruit fly's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for normal antennae. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait must be normal antennae.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the fruit fly's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for normal antennae (a) is recessive to the allele for mutated antennae (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait must be normal antennae."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na sidewalk heating up in the sun\npouring milk on oatmeal\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA sidewalk heating up in the sun is a physical change. The temperature of the sidewalk goes up, but the sidewalk is still made of the same type of matter.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA sidewalk getting warm in the sun is caused by heating. But pouring milk on oatmeal is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her academic voice?\nCloning has come a long way since a sheep named Dolly was successfully cloned in 1996. Now it is becoming possible to use cloning for a variety of purposes. For example, cloning technology could be used to grow stem cells from which replacement organs, such as hearts and livers, could be grown. If a person became ill and needed an organ transplant, cloning could provide the answer. With advances in technology, even cloning humans has become a distinct possibility. Scientists, bioethicists, and governments are all exploring this, even though it is clearly unnatural and unethical.\n\nChoices:\nA. by avoiding subjective statements\nB. by avoiding first-person pronouns\nC. by including technical terms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her academic voice by avoiding subjective statements.\nFor example, the writer could cut the underlined text to maintain an objective discussion of human cloning.\nCloning has come a long way since a sheep named Dolly was successfully cloned in 1996. Now it is becoming possible to use cloning for a variety of purposes. For example, cloning technology could be used to grow stem cells from which replacement organs, such as hearts and livers, could be grown. If a person became ill and needed an organ transplant, cloning could provide the answer. With advances in technology, even cloning humans has become a distinct possibility. Scientists, bioethicists, and governments are all exploring this, even though it is clearly unnatural and unethical."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the hardest?\n\nChoices:\nA. wood ruler\nB. soap\nC. cotton towel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wood ruler is the hardest. If you press on a piece of wood, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. That musician is sick today, so Jeremiah will fill in on guitar.\nB. My stepsister decorated her folder with glitter.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThat musician is sick today, so Jeremiah will fill in on guitar."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a metal gate\nburning a candle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nYour breath becoming visible on a cold day is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Your breath becoming visible on a cold day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in your breath touches the cold air outside and becomes liquid. The water vapor changes state, but it is made of water. A different type of matter is not formed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 500 liters\nB. 500 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 500 milliliters.\n500 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich bowl of cereal has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo bowls of cereal are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder bowl of cereal\nB. the hotter bowl of cereal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two bowls of cereal are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder bowl of cereal has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBoiling an egg is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Boiling an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked eggs and raw eggs are made of different types of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 460miles in 10hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 555miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne speedboat moved 460 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other speedboat moved 555 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each speedboat spent the same amount of time moving. The speedboat that moved 460 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. plan\nB. ran\nC. rain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words ran and plan rhyme. They both end with the an sound.\nThe word rain does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmelting wax\nsnowflakes forming in a cloud\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nSnowflakes forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But snowflakes forming in a cloud is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA snowflake begins to form when a tiny drop of liquid water in a cloud freezes. This is caused by cooling. But melting wax is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Caden inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nCaden has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Caden's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Caden.\nB. Caden likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Akira is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nB. Akira is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nAkira is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nThe first text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nAkira is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Butch's genotype for the coat color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of horses, some individuals have a black coat and others have a reddish-brown coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for a black coat, and the allele l is for a reddish-brown coat.\nButch, a horse from this group, has a black coat. Butch has two alleles for a black coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. LL\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Butch has two alleles for a black coat (L). So, Butch's genotype for the coat color gene is LL."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is an ice skate?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 feet\nB. 10 yards\nC. 10 inches\nD. 10 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of an ice skate is 10 inches.\n10 feet, 10 yards, and 10 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. sweet\nB. ride\nC. meet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words sweet and meet rhyme. They both end with the eet sound.\nThe word ride does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nBob stirred the sauce on the stove.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, stirred. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. cent\nB. dollar\nC. penny\nD. sell\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Dollar, cent, and penny go together. They are money. Sell is not money, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. flower pot\nB. crocodile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A flower pot is not a living thing.\nFlower pots do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA crocodile is a living thing.\nCrocodiles grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. air inside a soccer ball\nB. vinegar\nC. water in a sink\nD. ruler\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.A ruler is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a ruler in a box, the ruler will keep its shape.\nThe air inside a soccer ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the soccer ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball.\nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe water in a sink is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you move the water from a sink into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 180miles in 5hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 285miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne speedboat moved 285 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other speedboat moved 180 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each speedboat spent the same amount of time moving. The speedboat that moved 285 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Howie's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nHowie, a Labrador retriever from this group, has brown fur. Howie has two alleles for brown fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown fur\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Howie's observable version of the fur color trait is brown fur. So, Howie's phenotype for the fur color trait is brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe real estate agent said the house was a real fixer-upper, and the price reflected just how much fixing up might be involved.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nFixer-upper is an indirect way of saying that something is in poor condition and needs a lot of work."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Gina investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nGina visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\nB. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\nC. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. best regards,\nLara\nB. Best regards,\nLara\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Jaylen joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jaylen slept well.\nB. Jaylen slept poorly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Jaylen slept poorly. Jaylen was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThere was a clear consensus in the Hampton family that they should put their dog to sleep, rather than let him continue to suffer.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPut their dog to sleep is a more indirect way of saying have the veterinarian kill their dog."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. The ripe tomatoes were like small red balloons.\nB. The ripe tomatoes were small red balloons.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe ripe tomatoes were small red balloons.\nThe words tomatoes and balloons are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nThe ripe tomatoes were like small red balloons.\nThe words tomatoes and balloons are compared using the word like."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nBen's definitely voting for the Conservative Party in the next election because he said there was no way he was voting for the Labour Party.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Ben is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Ben might be voting for a third party—or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Newport. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Newport?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Newport fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Newport has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Alvin sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. simple\nC. compound\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Alvin sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you really vote for Jim as class treasurer? Didn't you hear that his uncle was imprisoned for embezzling $1.5 million?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Jim can't be trusted with money, because his uncle embezzled money. However, even though his uncle couldn't be trusted with money, that doesn't necessarily mean that Jim can't be trusted with it. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Vivian's phenotype for the Marfan syndrome trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Marfan syndrome trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Marfan syndrome and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Marfan syndrome trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Marfan syndrome, and the allele m is for not having Marfan syndrome.\nVivian, a human from this group, does not have Marfan syndrome. Vivian has two alleles for not having Marfan syndrome.\n\nChoices:\nA. mm\nB. not having Marfan syndrome\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Vivian's observable version of the Marfan syndrome trait is not having Marfan syndrome. So, Vivian's phenotype for the Marfan syndrome trait is not having Marfan syndrome."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. piranha\nB. emerald tree boa\nC. ostrich\nD. red salamander\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.An ostrich is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nThe ostrich is the largest bird alive today. Ostriches cannot fly, but they can run very fast.\nA piranha is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nPiranhas have sharp teeth. Piranhas hunt in groups. A group of piranhas can eat a large animal.\nAn emerald tree boa is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nTree boas eat small mammals, birds, lizards, and frogs. Tree boas only need to eat once every few months!\nA red salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nRed salamanders do not have lungs. They breathe through their skin!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAll of my friends are coming to my birthday party. If Tisha doesn't, she might as well tell me that she doesn't like me.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that if Tisha doesn't go to the speaker's birthday party, it means that she hates the speaker. However, there may be a number of reasons why Tisha wouldn't go to the party. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a car's gas tank?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 37 liters\nB. 37 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a car's gas tank is 37 liters.\n37 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air inside of a freezer?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18°F\nB. 18°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air inside of a freezer is 18°F.\n18°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. ran\nB. man\nC. had\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words ran and man rhyme. They both end with the an sound.\nThe word had does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Liam acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLiam knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Liam has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\nB. Liam won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\nC. Liam's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAlthough the researchers did produce statistically significant results, their sample size was small. They seemed to be slightly economical with the truth when they claimed that their study was generalizable to the greater population.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nEconomical with the truth is an indirect way of indicating that someone is lying or misrepresenting the truth."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrat - rigid\n\nChoices:\nA. rehearse\nB. roast\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rehearse is between the guide words rat - rigid, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 280-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 40°F\nB. a 280-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 72°F\nC. a 280-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 45°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 72°F bottle of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nCulture plays an important role for orcas they communicate with distinct calls and live in small, intimate groups led by older females that teach the younger orcas.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is formed from two sentences run together, joined without punctuation.\nCulture plays an important role for orcas they communicate with distinct calls and live in small, intimate groups led by older females that teach the younger orcas.\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nCulture plays an important role for orcas; they communicate with distinct calls and live in small, intimate groups led by older females that teach the younger orcas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Cole decides to eat the cupcakes. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nCole is deciding whether to eat crackers or cupcakes for an afternoon snack. He would like to eat something tasty, but he is also trying to be healthier.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cole will give up the chance to eat the crackers. The crackers would have been healthier than the cupcakes.\nB. Cole will get to eat the cupcakes. Cole thinks cupcakes will taste better than crackers would have.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Cole wants or needs:\nCole will give up the chance to eat the crackers. The crackers would have been healthier than the cupcakes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Wishes,\nCarson\nB. Best wishes,\nCarson\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Stacy's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the sickle-cell disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have sickle-cell disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the sickle-cell disease trait has two alleles. The allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) is dominant over the allele for having sickle-cell disease (a).\nStacy is a human from this group. Stacy has the homozygous genotype aa for the sickle-cell disease gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having sickle-cell disease\nB. having sickle-cell disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Stacy's genotype for the sickle-cell disease gene is aa. Stacy's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for having sickle-cell disease. So, Stacy's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait must be having sickle-cell disease.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Stacy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having sickle-cell disease (A) is dominant over the allele for having sickle-cell disease (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nStacy's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Stacy's phenotype for the sickle-cell disease trait must be having sickle-cell disease."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. In an animal cell, the mitochondria contain the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\nB. Chloroplasts store nutrients, water, and waste in a plant cell.\nC. The nucleus of an animal cell has chromosomes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a bowl a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a bowl is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a bowl something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a bowl a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a bowl is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 81°F\nB. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 89°F\nC. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 90°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three metal paper clips have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 90°F paper clip is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMy dentist recommends this toothpaste brand, but I'm reluctant to take the advice of someone with such bad taste. He has truly ugly art on the office walls, and the upholstery in his waiting room is atrocious.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the dentist's professional recommendation is questionable because of his taste in art and furniture. This is a personal attack on the dentist that isn't relevant to whether his professional advice is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word neck on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nninety - noon\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince neck is not between the guide words ninety - noon, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\npicking up a paper clip with a magnet\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Turkeys are large birds that eat nuts, berries, and insects. Turkeys use these foods to get energy.\nB. Avocado trees make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. These trees use the sugars as food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that avocado trees make sugars from carbon dioxide and water, and then use these sugars for food. This is evidence that the avocado tree is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the turkey is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nColton has five fingers on each hand.\n\nHint:\nHint: Colton was born with five fingers on each hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ntearing a piece of paper\nshaking up salad dressing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.\nShaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe drought is worsening, and the state politicians are fiddling while Rome burns!\n\nChoices:\nA. a poem\nB. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion fiddling while Rome burns is history.\nAccording to some accounts, the Roman emperor Nero stood by and did nothing while Rome burned. He is said to have played the fiddle while the crisis unfolded.\nThe allusion fiddling while Rome burns means ignoring a critical situation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Brad felt better about collaborating on the research project after Eric talked with him about it.\nB. After Eric talked with Brad about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Eric or Brad.\nAfter Eric talked with Brad about the research project, he felt better about collaborating on it.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nBrad felt better about collaborating on the research project after Eric talked with him about it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nRoger noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nRoger noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Roger saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the tundra ecosystem.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\nhot summers and cool winters\na medium amount of rain\nsoil that is rich in nutrients\nB. This ecosystem has:\nlong, cold winters and short, cold summers\nmostly small plants\nsoil that is frozen year-round\nC. This ecosystem has:\nwarm summers and warm winters\na rainy season and a dry season\nsoil that is poor in nutrients\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live thereA tundra is a type of ecosystem. It has long, cold winters and short, cold summers, mostly small plants, and soil that is frozen year-round.\nChoice 1 is a tundra ecosystem. It is cold, dry, and rocky. Tundras have permafrost, or soil that is frozen year-round.\nChoice 2 is a prairie grassland ecosystem. It has hot summers with some rain and cool winters with some snow.\nChoice 3 is a savanna grassland ecosystem. It is covered in grasses and has a dry season and a wet season."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Regan investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nRegan visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm\na wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm\ntwo identical rubber balls\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?\nB. Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?\nC. Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Albert decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAlbert is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. He would like to be able to keep the book as long as he wants, but buying the book would cost money. He could borrow the book for free, but he would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Albert will give up the chance to keep the book as long as he wants.\nB. Albert will save some money by not buying the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Albert wants or needs:\nAlbert will give up the chance to keep the book as long as he wants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch more?\n\nChoices:\nA. rock\nB. nylon swim shorts\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon swim shorts would stretch more. If you pull the leg opening on a pair of nylon swim shorts, it will get wider."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMalik's research on nineteenth-century philosophers led him down the rabbit hole.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion down the rabbit hole is literature.\nLewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland tells the story of a young girl who follows a white rabbit down a rabbit hole and finds herself in a series of adventures in a surreal world.\nThe allusion down the rabbit hole means on a strange or difficult exploration."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncatch - clench\n\nChoices:\nA. chatter\nB. crowd\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince chatter is between the guide words catch - clench, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Zachary inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nZachary has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Zachary's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Zachary.\nB. Zachary likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBelow are three examples of using energy from natural resources. Select the use of energy that did not add to air pollution.\n\nHint:\nHumans have invented many ways to use energy from natural resources. Some of these uses of energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nHint: Burning a material such as wood, oil, or coal releases chemicals that add to air pollution.\n\nChoices:\nA. A torch burned natural gas, making a flame hot enough to melt glass.\nB. The engine on a container ship burned fuel made from petroleum oil.\nC. Wind moved a hang glider through the air.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nHumans have invented many ways to use natural resources. We use energy from natural resources in our daily activities, including cooking food, moving objects, and powering machines.\nSome ways of using natural resources for energy add to air pollution, and others do not.\nWood, oil, and coal are examples of natural resources that are fuels. Burning a fuel provides energy. But it also releases chemicals that can be harmful to our health and to the environment. These chemicals add to air pollution.\nSunlight, wind, and water are natural resources that can provide energy. Using energy from the Sun, wind, or water does not burn material. These uses of energy do not release chemicals that add to air pollution."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe economist had been quietly publishing articles about the future of the housing market like a dutiful Cassandra.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Cassandra is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, Cassandra is blessed with the power of prophecy; however, she is unable to convince others of her dire predictions due to a curse from the god Apollo.\nThe allusion Cassandra means a person who makes unheeded predictions of disaster."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. hockey puck\nB. cane toad\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A hockey puck is not a living thing.\nHockey pucks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water.\nA cane toad is a living thing.\nCane toads grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nThe Carlson family donated a number of gently loved books and toys to a local shelter.\n\nChoices:\nA. The items were precious.\nB. The items were not new.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism gently loved means the items were not new. Gently loved is a nicer way of referring to used items."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathtub?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 230 milliliters\nB. 230 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 230 liters.\n230 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Vicky investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nVicky leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\nB. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\nC. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nSasha is completely soaked!\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror\nsediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater vapor condensing on a bathroom mirror is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes state from gas in the air to liquid water on the mirror. But the water vapor and the liquid water are both made of water.\nLoose matter such as sand and dirt is called sediment. Sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is a physical change.\nThe sediment sinks, and the water above becomes clearer. This separates the water from the sediment. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater vapor condensing is caused by cooling. But sediment settling to the bottom of a muddy puddle is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a human front tooth?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 millimeters\nB. 12 kilometers\nC. 12 centimeters\nD. 12 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 12 millimeters.\n12 centimeters, 12 meters, and 12 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npatient - poet\n\nChoices:\nA. plump\nB. preach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince plump is between the guide words patient - poet, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word got on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngirl - gnaw\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince got is not between the guide words girl - gnaw, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nBraden and Leah have trouble working on projects together. Although Leah is very sociable and friendly, she's not exactly a team player.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nNot exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Centerville Law Firm is so happy to tell you . . .\nB. The Centerville Law Firm is pleased to announce . . .\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The first announcement is more formal. It uses more elevated language (pleased to announce). The other announcement sounds more conversational (so happy)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word ironic in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last winter, Derek took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nB. Last winter, Derek took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses ironic in its traditional sense: contrary to what was intended, often in an amusing way. It's ironic because Derek tried to get away from the snow but found himself in a snowstorm regardless.\nLast winter, Derek took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, a rare snowstorm happened to hit Florida that week.\nThe first text uses ironic in its nontraditional sense: marked by coincidence. It was a coincidence that Derek's friends were in Florida the week before.\nLast winter, Derek took a vacation to Florida to escape Boston's cold, snowy weather. In an ironic twist, he just missed a few of his college friends, who had been in Florida the previous week.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word ironic because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ian acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nIan knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ian is most interested in American history.\nB. Ian learned history by reading.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. rope\nB. ice cube\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ice cube is harder. If you squeeze an ice cube, it will not change shape, unless it starts to melt!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nTiana is between jobs right now, so she's selling some of her old jewelry to help pay the bills.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tiana is unemployed.\nB. Tiana is short on cash.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism between jobs means that Tiana is unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a vacuum cleaner?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 17 ounces\nB. 17 tons\nC. 17 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 17 pounds.\n17 ounces is too light and 17 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nRoasting a marshmallow over a campfire is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Roasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the balloon and Earth () as the balloon floated toward the sky.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nIrma was walking with a helium balloon when the balloon's string slipped out of her hand. The balloon floated toward the sky.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nThe balloon moved higher after its string slipped out of Irma's hand. As the balloon floated toward the sky, the distance between the balloon and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the balloon and Earth increased as the balloon floated toward the sky."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Hoppy's phenotype for the eye color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guinea pigs, some individuals have brown eyes and others have red eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for red eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for brown eyes (E).\nHoppy is a guinea pig from this group. Hoppy has the homozygous genotype EE for the eye color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. red eyes\nB. brown eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Hoppy's genotype for the eye color gene is EE. Hoppy's genotype of EE has only E allelles. The E allele is for brown eyes. So, Hoppy's phenotype for the eye color trait must be brown eyes.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Hoppy's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for red eyes (e) is recessive to the allele for brown eyes (E). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nHoppy's genotype of EE has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Hoppy's phenotype for the eye color trait must be brown eyes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mike acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMike has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Mike's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMr. and Mrs. Hartman usually see eye to eye, but not when it comes to the controversial mayoral race.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. and Mrs. Hartman are not politically active.\nB. Mr. and Mrs. Hartman usually agree.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Hartman usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Before returning to the stockroom, Finn briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nB. Finn perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nFinn perused the nails in the hardware aisle for almost an hour, trying to figure out which type would be best for his project.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nBefore returning to the stockroom, Finn briefly perused the nails in the hardware aisle to see if anything needed to be restocked.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word partner on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nplastic - prance\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince partner is not between the guide words plastic - prance, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nGraphite is ().\n\nHint:\nGraphite is used to make pencil lead. The chemical formula for graphite is C.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether graphite is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for graphite is C. This formula contains one symbol: C for carbon. So, the formula tells you that graphite is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, graphite is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nZoe is good at knitting hats.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIn January, we opened a new prison in town. By May, criminal activity had dropped. So, the new prison must have been the reason for the drop in crime.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the new prison led to less criminal activity. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, there might have been other factors that affected criminal activity, which were unrelated to the opening of the new prison. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nterritory - tissue\n\nChoices:\nA. tarpaulin\nB. thrown\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince thrown is between the guide words territory - tissue, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Dakota acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDakota has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dakota's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.\nB. Dakota's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.\nC. Dakota's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nThe colorful, blooming flowers of spring are nature's grandest artwork.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.The colorful, blooming flowers of spring are nature's grandest artwork.\nThe words flowers and artwork are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncutting your fingernails\nstretching a rubber band\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting your fingernails is a physical change. Your fingernails are shorter after you cut them. But the pieces are still made of the same type of matter as the uncut fingernails.\nStretching a rubber band is a physical change. The rubber band gets longer. But it is still made of the same type of matter as before.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSnails growing shells is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Snails growing shells is a chemical change. A snail's body uses calcium from its food to make a new molecule called calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate is used to grow the shell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA seedling is ().\n\nChoices:\nA. a young plant\nB. a plant that makes seeds\nC. a part of a seed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.A seedling is a young plant. A seedling will grow into an adult plant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Mabel's phenotype for the leg color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele for white legs (L) is dominant over the allele for yellow legs (l).\nMabel is a chicken from this group. Mabel has the homozygous genotype ll for the leg color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. white legs\nB. yellow legs\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Mabel's genotype for the leg color gene is ll. Mabel's genotype of ll has only l alleles. The l allele is for yellow legs. So, Mabel's phenotype for the leg color trait must be yellow legs.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Mabel's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for white legs (L) is dominant over the allele for yellow legs (l). This means L is a dominant allele, and l is a recessive allele.\nMabel's genotype of ll has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Mabel's phenotype for the leg color trait must be yellow legs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Joel acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJoel knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Joel learned how to knit in an after school program.\nB. Joel knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Miranda investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMiranda is sledding with her friends. She notices that some of them go faster down the sledding hill. She wonders what factors affect sledding speed. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\naccess to a small snow-covered hill at the park\na small plastic sled\na large plastic sled\na rubber inner tube sled\na stopwatch\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a rubber inner tube sled or a plastic sled go faster down a hill?\nB. Does a plastic sled or a wooden sled go down a hill faster?\nC. Does a rubber inner tube sled go faster down a small hill or down a big hill?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nJanelle baked banana bread with nuts.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. past tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, baked. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe Kramer family is going to spend two weeks in Ocean City, but for Jim it will be a working vacation, since he'll be checking in with the office every day.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMia has a scar on her right leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Molding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nMatthew always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nMatthew always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Squirt's phenotype for the tail spots trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i).\nSquirt is a guppy from this group. Squirt has the heterozygous genotype Ii for the tail spots gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a spotted tail\nB. an unspotted tail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Squirt's phenotype for the tail spots trait. First, consider the alleles in Squirt's genotype for the tail spots gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nSquirt's genotype of Ii has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Squirt's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be a spotted tail."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word bright on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeat - blessing\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bright is not between the guide words beat - blessing, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. curlyhair tarantula\nB. emerald tree boa\nC. red-spotted purple butterfly\nD. bess beetle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.An emerald tree boa is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an emerald tree boa is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Truffle's phenotype for the fur texture trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for wavy fur.\nTruffle, a Syrian hamster from this group, has straight fur. Truffle has one allele for straight fur and one allele for wavy fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. straight fur\nB. Ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Truffle's observable version of the fur texture trait is straight fur. So, Truffle's phenotype for the fur texture trait is straight fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Gold is a deep yellow metal, and silver is a white metal.\nB. The butcher cuts the fat off the meat.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nGold is a deep yellow metal, and silver is a white metal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word pea on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npaid - powder\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pea is between the guide words paid - powder, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. My grandfather was born in Germany, and my grandmother is from Virginia.\nB. Before practice the basketball players stretch on the floor.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nBefore practice the basketball players stretch on the floor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIn May 2014, when wildfires threatened parts of San Diego County in California, firefighters worked around the clock in an effort to control the blaze.\n\nChoices:\nA. idiom\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nAround the clock means all day and night without stopping."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. fruit punch\nB. garbage can\nC. wet paint\nD. vinegar\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Wet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.\nFruit punch is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour fruit punch into a cup, the punch will take the shape of the cup. But the punch will still take up the same amount of space.\nA garbage can is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can open or close a garbage can. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nVinegar is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour vinegar into a different container, the vinegar will take the shape of that container. But the vinegar will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Audrey lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Audrey lives, winter is the rainiest season of the year.\nThis passage tells you about the usual precipitation where Audrey lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a teacher of American history, Mr. Ferguson tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\nB. As an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Ferguson believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nAs a teacher of American history, Mr. Ferguson tries to remain disinterested when discussing controversial issues, giving equal attention and consideration to each major viewpoint.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nAs an experienced teacher of American history, Mr. Ferguson believes that playing history-based trivia games will revive even the most disinterested of students.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nCrickets live in the tall grass out back.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, live. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. If Ron doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook.\nB. If Ron doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find it in the cookbook.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the recipe.\nIf Ron doesn't know how to make homemade waffles, he can find the recipe in the cookbook."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is softer?\n\nChoices:\nA. nylon track suit\nB. diamond\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when you press on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the nylon track suit is softer. If you squeeze nylon, it will change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nerosion - eyebrow\n\nChoices:\nA. exert\nB. enrage\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince exert is between the guide words erosion - eyebrow, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Finn inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nFinn has freckles.\n\nChoices:\nA. Finn's biological parents have freckles on their noses just as Finn does.\nB. Finn and his biological mother have pale skin.\nC. Finn has freckles on his nose and shoulders.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many thanks,\nPeter\nB. Many Thanks,\nPeter\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lester bought a program for the opera without realizing that it was in Russian.\nB. Lester bought a program for the opera without realizing that the program was in Russian.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the program or the opera.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the program.\nLester bought a program for the opera without realizing that the program was in Russian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMackenzie gave me flowers for no reason.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Anna separated the walnuts from the shells, she placed them in a wooden bowl.\nB. Anna placed the walnuts in a wooden bowl after she separated them from the shells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the walnuts or the shells.\nAfter Anna separated the walnuts from the shells, she placed them in a wooden bowl.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAnna placed the walnuts in a wooden bowl after she separated them from the shells."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the hardest?\n\nChoices:\nA. ice rink\nB. linen handkerchief\nC. silk kimono\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ice rink is the hardest. If you step on the ice at an ice rink, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Steven acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSteven has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Steven's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Logan are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Logan?\n\nHint:\nLogan is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Logan with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Logan with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Logan.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Logan.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Logan, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Logan down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Logan up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Logan."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two runners. Which runner was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a runner who moved 35miles in 5hours\nB. a runner who moved 25miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each runner moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne runner moved 25 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other runner moved 35 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each runner spent the same amount of time moving. The runner who moved 25 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that runner must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Blake counseled, \"but time ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. affects everyone\nB. creeps up on you\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. John gave Fred a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book.\nB. John gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Fred.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to John or Fred.\nJohn gave Fred a beautifully bound copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude, which is his favorite book.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nJohn gave a beautifully bound copy of his favorite book, One Hundred Years of Solitude, to Fred."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe salesperson tried hard to convince Edgar that the jacket was a good buy; after all, it was made of genuine imitation leather.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nGenuine imitation is a contradiction, because genuine means real, and imitation means fake or synthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Helen's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. history\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. In 2015, more than 13% of the people in the United States lived in poverty.\nB. Growing poverty is a problem in the United States.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nIn 2015, more than 13% of the people in the United States lived in poverty.\nIt can be proved by researching the number of people who live in poverty.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nGrowing poverty is a problem in the United States.\nProblem shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether or not something is a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nShivani's hand is pushing on a door.\n\nChoices:\nA. The door is pushing on Shivani's hand.\nB. The door is pulling on Shivani's hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Shivani's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Shivani's hand."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nElena has five toes on each foot.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Tamir are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Tamir?\n\nHint:\nTamir is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Tamir with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Tamir with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Tamir.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Tamir.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Tamir, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Tamir down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Tamir up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Tamir."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. tree frog\nB. orb weaver\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A tree frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a tree frog has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, an orb weaver does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Edgar investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Edgar cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nB. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\nC. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***A Boat to Nowhere***\nB. \"A Boat to Nowhere\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **A Boat to Nowhere**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Brennan joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brennan finds roosters amusing.\nB. Brennan slept poorly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Brennan slept poorly. Brennan was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Jeanette first joined the track team, she was afraid of jumping, but she got over that hurdle.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word darn on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndeserve - dog\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince darn is not between the guide words deserve - dog, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This mattress is as soft as concrete,\" Tyler complained as he tested the bed in his hotel room.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs soft as concrete shows verbal irony because concrete is not soft."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of muskmelon plants, some individuals have sour fruit and others have sweet fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit taste trait has two alleles. The allele for sour fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for sweet fruit (f).\nA certain muskmelon plant from this group has the heterozygous genotype Ff for the fruit taste gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. sweet fruit\nB. sour fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine the muskmelon plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait. First, consider the alleles in the plant's genotype for the fruit taste gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for sour fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for sweet fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe muskmelon plant's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the muskmelon plant's phenotype for the fruit taste trait must be sour fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nIodine is ().\n\nHint:\nIodine is found in some types of disinfectants. The chemical formula for iodine is I2.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether iodine is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for iodine, I2, contains one atomic symbol: I. So, the formula tells you that iodine is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince iodine is composed of only one chemical element, iodine is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. My pen pal and I have corresponded with each other for almost ten years, but we have never met in person.\nB. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nMy pen pal and I have corresponded with each other for almost ten years, but we have never met in person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The farmer needs to plow his fields, but his tractor is broken.\nB. You can make a quill pen with a goose feather.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nThe farmer needs to plow his fields, but his tractor is broken."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a piece of glass\nslicing cheese\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nSlicing cheese is a physical change. The cheese changes shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Kamal is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. They have discovered that sleep has more than just restorative functions. For example, it plays a significant role in strengthening and solidifying memories.\nB. Neuroscientists have discovered that sleep has more than just restorative functions. For example, it plays a significant role in strengthening and solidifying memories.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with neuroscientists.\nNeuroscientists have discovered that sleep has more than just restorative functions. For example, it plays a significant role in strengthening and solidifying memories."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Beth acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBeth knows how to make chili.\n\nChoices:\nA. When Beth was young, her grandmother taught her how to cut chili peppers.\nB. Beth learned how to make chili from a recipe book.\nC. Beth's friends like to make chili with her.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs mowing grass a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether mowing grass is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs mowing grass something you can touch? No.\nIs mowing grass a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, mowing grass is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nPlant cells do not have cytoplasm.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlant cells do not have cytoplasm.\nThis statement is false. All cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm fills and maintains the space inside the cell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The curious girl looked into the damp cellar.\nB. Our car was stuck in traffic, we were late.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Our car was stuck in traffic, we were late is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Our car was stuck in traffic and We were late."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nCindy has five toes on each foot.\n\nHint:\nHint: Cindy was born with five toes on each foot.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five toes on each foot. So, having five toes is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Anne inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAnne has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Anne and her father both have dark hair.\nB. Anne's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Anne.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nphotosynthesis\ncooking an egg\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.\nCooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But photosynthesis is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nEmmet always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. simple\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nEmmet always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMom, of course you can trust me to stay home alone while you go out of town. I mean, did you raise a good kid, or one who can't be trusted?\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the speaker's mom raised either a good child or one who can't be trusted. However, it's not a black-and-white situation. For instance, a good kid can still make mistakes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a test tube?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 milliliters\nB. 20 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a test tube is 20 milliliters.\n20 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chromosomes are inside the nucleus of an animal cell.\nB. The cell membrane stores nutrients, water, and waste in a plant cell.\nC. Plant cells can have mitochondria but do not have vacuoles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a walk across Central Park in New York City?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 feet\nB. 2 miles\nC. 2 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a walk across Central Park in New York City is 2 miles.\n2 inches and 2 feet are both too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Kyle,\nB. Dear kyle,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Kyle is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Peter had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.\nB. Peter's brother wasn't feeling well, so Peter had to stay home with him.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Peter or his brother.\nPeter had to stay home with his brother because he wasn't feeling well.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nPeter's brother wasn't feeling well, so Peter had to stay home with him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Fieval's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nFieval is a rabbit from this group. Fieval has the heterozygous genotype Ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown fur\nB. black fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Fieval's phenotype for the fur color trait. First, consider the alleles in Fieval's genotype for the fur color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nFieval's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Fieval's phenotype for the fur color trait must be black fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 65kilometers west in 10hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 55kilometers north in 10hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 90kilometers east in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 10 hours. The sailboat that moved 55 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a road from one end of a city to the other?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 miles\nB. 2 feet\nC. 2 yards\nD. 2 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 2 miles.\n2 inches, 2 feet, and 2 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nNatalie has a scar on her left knee.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word tub on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntax - theory\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tub is not between the guide words tax - theory, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nIn the game today, Norma hit a home run with bases loaded!\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. After dinner I brush my teeth very carefully.\nB. The train conductor will take your tickets, or his helper will.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nThe train conductor will take your tickets, or his helper will."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a paper clip?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 34 millimeters\nB. 34 kilometers\nC. 34 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a paper clip is 34 millimeters.\n34 meters and 34 kilometers are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nHunter remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.\n\nChoices:\nA. alliteration\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Merritt Electronics has a reputation for responding real quick to customer concerns and questions.\nB. Merritt Electronics has a reputation for responding quickly to all customer concerns and questions.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real quick).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The sitting U.S. president's airplane, Air Force One, is the most important symbol of the American government.\nB. It costs over two hundred thousand dollars per hour to fly Air Force One, the official airplane of the President of the United States.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nIt costs over two hundred thousand dollars per hour to fly Air Force One, the official airplane of the President of the United States.\nIt can be proved by reading about Air Force One on the White House website.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe sitting U.S. president's airplane, Air Force One, is the most important symbol of the American government.\nMost shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which symbol of the American government is most important."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a piece of glass\ntying a shoelace\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nTying a shoelace is a physical change. The shoelace gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nA river dries up after a few years of no rain.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. flood\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Tim's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Thomsen disease, and the allele m is for not having Thomsen disease.\nTim, a human from this group, has Thomsen disease. Tim has one allele for having Thomsen disease and one allele for not having Thomsen disease.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mm\nB. having Thomsen disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Tim has one allele for having Thomsen disease (M) and one allele for not having Thomsen disease (m). So, Tim's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is Mm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmaking paper from wood\nsilver jewelry tarnishing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMaking paper from wood is a chemical change. Paper is made by mixing tiny pieces of wood with special chemicals. The wood reacts with the chemicals to form pulp. Wood and pulp are different types of matter.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. Silver jewelry tarnishing is a chemical change. The silver reacts with sulfur in the air to form black tarnish. The tarnish is a different type of matter that was not there before the change.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 26 kilometers\nB. 26 millimeters\nC. 26 centimeters\nD. 26 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 26 kilometers.\n26 millimeters, 26 centimeters, and 26 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Even after Tim warned Julia to be careful, she broke his handmade ceramic bowl when she dropped it on her foot.\nB. Even after Tim warned Julia to be careful, she dropped his handmade ceramic bowl on her foot and broke it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to his handmade ceramic bowl or her foot.\nEven after Tim warned Julia to be careful, she dropped his handmade ceramic bowl on her foot and broke it.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nEven after Tim warned Julia to be careful, she broke his handmade ceramic bowl when she dropped it on her foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a rowboat?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 centimeters\nB. 4 kilometers\nC. 4 millimeters\nD. 4 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a rowboat is 4 meters.\n4 millimeters and 4 centimeters are too short. 4 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbasket - breathe\n\nChoices:\nA. began\nB. burn\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince began is between the guide words basket - breathe, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. surprise someone\nB. startle someone\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.Startle someone has a more negative connotation. If you startle someone, you surprise them in a bad way."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRuben has a scar on his left elbow.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a leather belt?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 90 meters\nB. 90 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 90 centimeters.\n90 meters is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nled - log\n\nChoices:\nA. laugh\nB. lime\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lime is between the guide words led - log, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Isabella decides to take a trip to Mississippi. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nIsabella is deciding whether to take a trip to Montana or Mississippi. She wants to enjoy her trip. But she is also trying to save money.\n\nChoices:\nA. Isabella will save some money. Plane tickets for Isabella to get to Mississippi are less expensive than tickets to Montana.\nB. Isabella will give up the chance to go to Montana. She would have enjoyed a trip to Montana more than Mississippi.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Isabella wants or needs:\nIsabella will give up the chance to go to Montana. She would have enjoyed a trip to Montana more than Mississippi."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Wyatt,\nB. Dear wyatt,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Wyatt is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. fluoromethane (CH3F)\nB. copper (Cu)\nC. hydrogen sulfide (H2S)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for fluoromethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and F for fluorine. So, fluoromethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, fluoromethane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and S for sulfur. So, hydrogen sulfide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen sulfide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for copper contains one symbol: Cu. So, copper is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, copper is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nPresident Zimmerman is an effective communicator, because he has a natural talent for speaking with people.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that President Zimmerman is an effective communicator because he communicates well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Austin are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Austin?\n\nHint:\nAustin is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Austin with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Austin with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Austin.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Austin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Austin, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Austin down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Austin up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Austin."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Nate.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nMariana dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Nate, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nNate was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Nate, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Nate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Scott washed the windshield of his car even though he knew it would just get dirty again.\nB. Scott washed the windshield of his car even though he knew the car would just get dirty again.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the windshield or the car.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the car.\nScott washed the windshield of his car even though he knew the car would just get dirty again."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Isaac inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nIsaac has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Isaac and his father both have short hair.\nB. Isaac's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Isaac.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Five South American countries border Peru: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.\nB. Of the five South American countries that border Peru, Brazil is the most important.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nFive South American countries border Peru: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.\nIt can be proved by checking a map of South America.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nOf the five South American countries that border Peru, Brazil is the most important.\nMost important shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a country important."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ controls what the body's organs do?\n\nChoices:\nA. skin\nB. lungs\nC. brain\nD. heart\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Richard literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nB. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Richard's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Richard literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Richard's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Richard's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Catfish swim underwater.\nB. Oleander trees can grow colorful flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A catfish is an animal. It swims underwater.\nA catfish is a fish. Unlike most other fish, catfish do not have scales! They have slimy skin.\nAn oleander tree is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nThere are over 400 different types of oleander plants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nTear it down, my wife said. Tear it down, my friends said. Tear it down, the neighbors said. But I did not tear it down; I renovated that shed and made it my own personal music studio.\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. anaphora\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses anaphora, the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nThe words tear it down are repeated at the beginning of each sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nCole reads an exciting mystery story.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, reads. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nVicky asked her mother if she could adopt a cat, and her mother replied, \"It's a definite maybe,\" so Vicky didn't want to get her hopes up.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJacob got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nBill Gates is a business leader. He became famous for ().\n\nChoices:\nA. playing sports\nB. making movies\nC. running for president\nD. working with computers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nBill Gates is most famous for working with computers. He first became interested in computers when he was 13 years old.\nWhat were computers like when Bill Gates was 13?\nBill Gates was 13 in 1969. Back then, computers were much larger and more expensive than they are today. A computer could take up a whole room!\nMost schools did not have enough money for one of these big computers. But Bill Gates's school had a machine called a Teletype. The Teletype connected to a computer located far away. Bill Gates had to use the Teletype to send messages to the computer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nAl Gore had a long career in politics as a congressman and vice president, but he met his Waterloo in the 2000 presidential election, when he lost to George W. Bush.\n\nChoices:\nA. He suffered a crushing defeat.\nB. He had his finest moment.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion met his Waterloo suggests that he suffered a crushing defeat. It refers to the French emperor Napoleon, who suffered his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The queen was invited to the ball, so she bought a new dress.\nB. Every month the mayor gives a speech to the citizens.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe queen was invited to the ball, so she bought a new dress."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Potassium feldspar is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\nB. Burlap is not a pure substance. It is made in a factory.\nC. Turquoise is formed in nature. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nTurquoise is a mineral.\nPotassium feldspar is a mineral.\nBurlap is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nBurlap is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSo, burlap is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Wildgrove has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Wildgrove's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Wildgrove. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the bird traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nBirds are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify birds:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Great crested newts have moist brown skin with black spots. Adult great crested newts mostly live on land, but young newts live underwater. Great crested newt eggs do not have shells. The female newts wrap their eggs in leaves for protection.\nB. Great blue herons have two wings with bluish-gray feathers. Their eggs also have bluish shells. Great blue herons use their beaks to catch and eat small fish, crabs, and other small animals.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nBirds have the following traits:\nThey have feathers.\nThey have wings.\nThey have a beak.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA great crested newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA great crested newt does not have all of the traits of a bird. A great crested newt is an amphibian.\nA great blue heron has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA great blue heron has the traits of a bird. A great blue heron is a bird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. A lichen is composed of an alga and a fungus. They name lichens based on the species of fungus.\nB. A lichen is composed of an alga and a fungus. Biologists name lichens based on the species of fungus.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with biologists.\nA lichen is composed of an alga and a fungus. Biologists name lichens based on the species of fungus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmilk going sour\na copper statue turning green\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMilk going sour is a chemical change. The type of matter in the milk slowly changes. The new matter that is formed gives the milk its sour taste.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the gas.\n\nChoices:\nA. marbles\nB. air inside a beach ball\nC. pipe cleaner\nD. baseball cap\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.A baseball cap is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a baseball cap on your head, the baseball cap will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA pipe cleaner is a solid. You can easily bend a pipe cleaner. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA marble is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. A marble can be made of clear or colored glass.\nThe air inside a beach ball is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. The air fills all the space inside the beach ball. If air leaks out, it will expand into the space around the ball."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. an 800-gram rock at a temperature of 31°C\nB. an 800-gram rock at a temperature of 24°C\nC. an 800-gram rock at a temperature of 20°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 31°C rock is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Mei's genotype for the whisker type gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight whiskers and others have curved whiskers. In this group, the gene for the whisker type trait has two alleles. The allele H is for straight whiskers, and the allele h is for curved whiskers.\nMei, a Syrian hamster from this group, has curved whiskers. Mei has two alleles for curved whiskers.\n\nChoices:\nA. hh\nB. curved whiskers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Mei has two alleles for curved whiskers (h). So, Mei's genotype for the whisker type gene is hh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a leather belt?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 32 feet\nB. 32 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a leather belt is 32 inches.\n32 feet is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 100-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 119°F\nB. a 100-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 126°F\nC. a 100-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 107°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 126°F mug of cocoa is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Felipe inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nFelipe has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Felipe's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Felipe.\nB. Felipe and his father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best regards,\nCooper\nB. best regards,\nCooper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe wind rarely blows from the east in Idaho Falls, Idaho.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe wind rarely blows from the east in Idaho Falls, Idaho.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Idaho Falls, Idaho. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater freezing into ice\ndry ice sublimating and becoming a gas\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nDry ice sublimating is caused by heating. But water freezing into ice is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater freezing is caused by cooling. But dry ice sublimating is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a TV show?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Pinky and the Brain***\nB. \"Pinky and the Brain\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, or article should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A TV show should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Pinky and the Brain**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two blue jays. Which blue jay was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue jay that moved 175kilometers in 5hours\nB. a blue jay that moved 205kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne blue jay moved 175 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other blue jay moved 205 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each blue jay spent the same amount of time moving. The blue jay that moved 175 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWould you like bacon with your eggs?\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na copper statue turning green\na log decomposing in the woods\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nThe breakdown of plant and animal matter by organisms such as fungi and earthworms is called decomposition. A log decomposing in the woods is a chemical change.\nAs the log breaks down, the type of matter in it changes. Over time, the log becomes softer and has a different smell.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Frankie's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f).\nFrankie is a cat from this group. Frankie has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur length gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. long fur\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Frankie's genotype for the fur length gene is ff. Frankie's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for long fur. So, Frankie's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Frankie's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nFrankie's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Frankie's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The American Philatelic Society is a group for stamp collectors.\nB. Canadian geese are flying south, so winter must be coming.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nCanadian geese are flying south, so winter must be coming."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 300-gram glass of water at a temperature of 55°F\nB. a 300-gram glass of water at a temperature of 45°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 45°F glass of water is colder than the 55°F glass of water, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Chad inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nChad has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chad's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Chad.\nB. Chad and his father both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Fieval's genotype for the fur texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for wavy fur.\nFieval, a Syrian hamster from this group, has straight fur. Fieval has one allele for straight fur and one allele for wavy fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ff\nB. straight fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Fieval has one allele for straight fur (F) and one allele for wavy fur (f). So, Fieval's genotype for the fur texture gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeetle - black\n\nChoices:\nA. bid\nB. back\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bid is between the guide words beetle - black, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDoes Jeanette prefer pizza or pasta?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Serena Williams was too young when she started playing tennis.\nB. Serena Williams began playing tennis when she was four years old.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nSerena Williams began playing tennis when she was four years old.\nIt can be proved by reading a book or an article about Serena Williams.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nSerena Williams was too young when she started playing tennis.\nToo young shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about how young is too young."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWould you mind lending me your pencil? I tried using mine, but it's pointless.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nIt's pointless means that there is no purpose in doing something. It also means that the pencil won't work because it doesn't have a sharpened point."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nBy the time the Guerra Bianca, or White War, ended in 1917, Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fighting for three years in extreme conditions at altitudes of up to twelve thousand feet.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is a sentence fragment. It does not express a complete thought.\nBy the time the Guerra Bianca, or White War, ended in 1917, Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers fighting for three years in extreme conditions at altitudes of up to twelve thousand feet.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nBy the time the Guerra Bianca, or White War, ended in 1917, Italian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers had been fighting for three years in extreme conditions at altitudes of up to twelve thousand feet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a tennis racket?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 inches\nB. 27 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a tennis racket is 27 inches.\n27 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a can of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 500 kilograms\nB. 500 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a can of soup is 500 grams.\n500 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Johnny is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nDissolving fruit punch mix into water is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Dissolving fruit punch mix into water is a physical change. The fruit punch mix breaks into tiny pieces that are too small to see. But both the fruit punch mix and water are still made of the same type of matter as before the change."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI couldn't believe how talented those trapeze artists were!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nWhen a dog wags its tail, it doesn't always mean the dog is happy or friendly, a wag that is slow and restrained may convey a warning to \"back off.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is a run-on sentence. It is a comma splice formed from two sentences run together, joined by just a comma.\nWhen a dog wags its tail, it doesn't always mean the dog is happy or friendly, a wag that is slow and restrained may convey a warning to \"back off.\"\nHere is one way to fix the run-on sentence:\nWhen a dog wags its tail, it doesn't always mean the dog is happy or friendly. A wag that is slow and restrained may convey a warning to \"back off.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMom, I know you're upset that I went over my cell limit this month. The important issue here, though, is that I got an A on my algebra exam.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that performance on an exam and cell phone usage are associated events. However, these two events are not actually related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Ellen investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEllen is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Ellen is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?\nB. When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?\nC. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a news magazine?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 ounces\nB. 10 pounds\nC. 10 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a news magazine is 10 ounces.\n10 pounds and 10 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nBarbara gave me flowers for no reason.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe mayor argued that we need to reduce funding for the animal shelter in order to balance the budget. Don't vote for someone who doesn't think the government should care about animals.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the mayor doesn't think the government should care about animals. However, the mayor only argued that funding for the animal shelter needs to be reduced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word boil on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbarge - birch\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince boil is not between the guide words barge - birch, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nTwo bath towels have the same temperature but different masses. Which towel has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are made of the same type of matter.\n\nChoices:\nA. the bath towel with less mass\nB. the bath towel with more mass\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two bath towels have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the bath towel with more mass has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Annie scolded Amy for missing the deadline, she felt awful.\nB. Annie felt awful after she scolded Amy for missing the deadline.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Annie or Amy.\nAfter Annie scolded Amy for missing the deadline, she felt awful.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAnnie felt awful after she scolded Amy for missing the deadline."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. I pretend to be a knight, and Brenna pretends to be an astronaut.\nB. Tomorrow the actors will practice their lines onstage.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nI pretend to be a knight, and Brenna pretends to be an astronaut."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nErik seems to have the Midas touch. Without any special experience or training, he launched a thriving business and then established a well-respected charity.\n\nChoices:\nA. Erik is successful at all that he does.\nB. Erik is lazy and uninformed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion the Midas touch suggests that Erik is successful at all that he does. In Greek mythology, King Midas has the power to turn anything he touches into gold, easily creating value from nothing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. eagle ray\nB. dwarf crocodile\nC. California newt\nD. harbor seal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.An eagle ray is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nRays have a different shape than many other fish. Rays are large and flat. They have wide, triangle-shaped fins that help them swim long distances.\nA harbor seal is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nSeals have flippers instead of arms! They use their flippers to swim underwater or to crawl on the beach.\nA dwarf crocodile is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCrocodiles hunt their prey in or near water.\nA California newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Fang's phenotype for the coat pattern trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of jaguars, some individuals have a black coat and others have a spotted coat. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele for a black coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a spotted coat (a).\nFang is a jaguar from this group. Fang has the homozygous genotype aa for the coat pattern gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a spotted coat\nB. a black coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Fang's genotype for the coat pattern gene is aa. Fang's genotype of aa has only a alleles. The a allele is for a spotted coat. So, Fang's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Fang's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a black coat (A) is dominant over the allele for a spotted coat (a). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nFang's genotype of aa has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Fang's phenotype for the coat pattern trait must be a spotted coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Anna said, sweat glistening on her face.\n\nChoices:\nA. The temperature was too warm.\nB. The temperature was just right.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Anna did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Harper informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\nB. Mrs. Harper told her assistant to book a flight to Cedarburg immediately.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mrs. Harper or her assistant.\nMrs. Harper informed her assistant that she had to book a flight to Seoul immediately.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nMrs. Harper told her assistant to book a flight to Cedarburg immediately."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tisha inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTisha has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tisha's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Tisha.\nB. Tisha and her father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nWhen I'm asked to name my favorite teacher, I immediately think of Mr. Sweeney. In fifth grade, Mr. Sweeney taught us all about architecture he had the class start by learning to measure things very accurately. We studied environmentally friendly building methods, and we designed and built our own homes of the future. Mr. Sweeney was always fun and interesting, he believed that we could do more than we thought we could do. He helped me break boundaries in my life, he was a positive influence on me and will always be one of the most inspirational people in my life.\n\nChoices:\nA. by using correct verb tenses\nB. by fixing run-on sentences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by fixing run-on sentences.\nFor example, the writer could divide each of the underlined run-on sentences into two complete sentences.\nWhen I'm asked to name my favorite teacher, I immediately think of Mr. Sweeney. In fifth grade, Mr. Sweeney taught us all about architecture he had the class start by learning to measure things very accurately. We studied environmentally friendly building methods, and we designed and built our own homes of the future. Mr. Sweeney was always fun and interesting, he believed that we could do more than we thought we could do. He helped me break boundaries in my life, he was a positive influence on me and will always be one of the most inspirational people in my life."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 70°C\nB. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 80°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80°C pot of spaghetti sauce is hotter than the 70°C pot of spaghetti sauce, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Paula investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nPaula is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches\n\nChoices:\nA. Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?\nB. Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?\nC. Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the prairie grassland ecosystem.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\nhot summers and cool winters\na medium amount of rain\nsoil that is rich in nutrients\nB. This ecosystem has:\nlong, cold winters and short, cold summers\nmostly small plants\nsoil that is frozen year-round\nC. This ecosystem has:\nyear-round rain and warm temperatures\nsoil that is poor in nutrients\nmany different types of organisms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of terrestrial, or land-based, ecosystems. Here are some ways in which terrestrial ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil\nthe organisms that live thereA prairie grassland is a type of ecosystem. It has hot summers and cool winters, a medium amount of rain, and soil that is rich in nutrients.\nChoice 1 is a prairie grassland ecosystem. It has hot summers with some rain and cool winters with some snow.\nChoice 2 is a tropical rain forest ecosystem. It has year-round rain and soil that is poor in nutrients.\nChoice 3 is a tundra ecosystem. It is cold, dry, and rocky. Tundras have permafrost, or soil that is frozen year-round."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Wanda inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nWanda has brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wanda's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Wanda.\nB. Wanda's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 20°C\nB. a 200-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 10°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 10°C glass of grape juice is colder than the 20°C glass of grape juice, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"To Build a Fire\"\nB. To Build a Fire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"To Build a Fire.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. I sent an email to my teacher she wrote me back.\nB. The three explorers in the big forest.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The three explorers in the big forest is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Jake feel rather nauseous.\nB. Everyone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Jake found the smell rather nauseous.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but Jake found the smell rather nauseous.\nThe first text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nEveryone seemed to enjoy the magnolia-scented candle, but it made Jake feel rather nauseous.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmelting wax\nbaking an apple pie\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes when it is baked. The crust turns brown, and the apples become soft.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nMelting wax is a physical change. But baking a pie is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking a pie is a chemical change. But melting wax is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a walk across Central Park in New York City?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 centimeters\nB. 3 millimeters\nC. 3 kilometers\nD. 3 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a walk across Central Park in New York City is 3 kilometers.\n3 millimeters, 3 centimeters, and 3 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 30 seconds\nB. 30 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 30 seconds.\n30 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nClosed to visitors since the 1960s, the prehistoric cave paintings in Lascaux, France, are between fifteen thousand and seventeen thousand years old.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nClosed to visitors since the 1960 s, the prehistoric cave paintings in Lascaux, France, are between fifteen thousand and seventeen thousand years old."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. clownfish\nB. fireworm\nC. macaw\nD. common snapping turtle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A macaw is a bird. Like other birds, a macaw is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA clownfish is a fish. Like other fish, a clownfish is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA fireworm is a worm. Like other worms, a fireworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA common snapping turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a common snapping turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs grooming a dog a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether grooming a dog is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs grooming a dog something you can touch? No.\nIs grooming a dog a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, grooming a dog is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Isabelle said, sweat glistening on her face.\n\nChoices:\nA. The temperature was too warm.\nB. The temperature was just right.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Isabelle did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Clyde's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Tobiano patterning trait in horses:\n\nIn a group of horses, some individuals have Tobiano patterning and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Tobiano patterning trait has two alleles. The allele for having Tobiano patterning (B) is dominant over the allele for not having Tobiano patterning (b).\nClyde is a horse from this group. Clyde has the homozygous genotype bb for the Tobiano patterning gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. having Tobiano patterning\nB. not having Tobiano patterning\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Clyde's genotype for the Tobiano patterning gene is bb. Clyde's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for not having Tobiano patterning. So, Clyde's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait must be not having Tobiano patterning.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Clyde's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Tobiano patterning (B) is dominant over the allele for not having Tobiano patterning (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nClyde's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Clyde's phenotype for the Tobiano patterning trait must be not having Tobiano patterning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word migrate on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmaterial - mourn\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince migrate is between the guide words material - mourn, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nkeep - knives\n\nChoices:\nA. king\nB. kangaroo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince king is between the guide words keep - knives, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 230miles east in 5hours\nB. a duck that moved 225miles west in 5hours\nC. a duck that moved 255miles east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 5 hours. The duck that moved 255 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two speed walkers. Which speed walker was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speed walker who moved 50miles in 10hours\nB. a speed walker who moved 25miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each speed walker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne speed walker moved 50 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other speed walker moved 25 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each speed walker spent the same amount of time moving. The speed walker who moved 50 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that speed walker must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlens - lonesome\n\nChoices:\nA. layer\nB. limit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince limit is between the guide words lens - lonesome, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Beauty's phenotype for the coat color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for a black coat, and the allele l is for a red coat.\nBeauty, a cow from this group, has a red coat. Beauty has two alleles for a red coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. ll\nB. a red coat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Beauty's observable version of the coat color trait is a red coat. So, Beauty's phenotype for the coat color trait is a red coat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Scott investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Scott cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nB. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\nC. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nCommon sense is not so common.\n—attributed to Voltaire\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nCommon sense is not so common at first appears to be contradictory, as common sense refers to basic good judgment shared by most people. However, it contains some truth: many people do not use good sense or judgment in their actions."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mom drank coffee and milk, I had tea.\nB. Over the summer, my cousin Debbie visited many times.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Over the summer, my cousin Debbie visited many times is a complete sentence. The subject is my cousin Debbie, and the verb is visited."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Steve acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSteve is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Steve likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\nB. Steve learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tanvi acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTanvi knows how to fly a plane.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tanvi can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night.\nB. A pilot taught Tanvi how to fly a plane.\nC. Tanvi is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncouch - cupboard\n\nChoices:\nA. crane\nB. chilly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince crane is between the guide words couch - cupboard, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Isabelle acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nIsabelle knows how to fly a plane.\n\nChoices:\nA. Isabelle is in the Air Force. She flies a plane almost every day.\nB. Isabelle can fly a plane on cloudy days and at night.\nC. A pilot taught Isabelle how to fly a plane.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Customers should respond to this email ASAP.\nB. Customers should respond to this email at their earliest convenience.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses abbreviated language (ASAP).\nThe first sentence does not use abbreviated language, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nill - its\n\nChoices:\nA. insect\nB. icicle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince insect is between the guide words ill - its, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word crude on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncarton - cuff\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince crude is between the guide words carton - cuff, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen the coach asked whether we wanted to try out the new trampoline, we jumped at the chance.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nJumped means showed eagerness. It also refers to what people do on a trampoline."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nRight after Vince moved into the apartment, our washing machine broke. He'd better tell us how he broke it.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Vince is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Vince moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Someone had better turn on the heat,\" Cassie said, sweat glistening on her face.\n\nChoices:\nA. The temperature was too warm.\nB. The temperature was too cool.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSomeone had better turn on the heat ironically suggests that the temperature was too warm. Cassie did not think that more heat was needed; she was already sweating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater freezing into ice\nmelting wax\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But water freezing into ice is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater freezing is caused by cooling. But melting wax is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich job does the circulatory system do?\n\nChoices:\nA. It brings oxygen to cells.\nB. It breaks down food into small pieces.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nTo stay alive, animal cells must get water and oxygen. Animal cells also produce carbon dioxide, a waste that must be removed. An animal's respiratory and circulatory systems work together to do these jobs.\nAn animal's respiratory system is made up of organs that work together to bring in oxygen gas from the environment. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide gas from the animal's body. Some animals have lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air. Other animals have gills to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with water.\nAn animal's circulatory system is made up of organs that work together to move blood through its body. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels throughout the body. As blood moves through blood vessels, it delivers oxygen, nutrients from food, and water to cells. Blood also absorbs waste, including carbon dioxide. When the blood is pumped into the lungs or gills, it releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen.The circulatory system brings oxygen, nutrients, and water to cells. It also helps remove carbon dioxide waste.\nThe circulatory system does not break down food into small pieces. This job is done by the digestive system. After the digestive system breaks down food, blood vessels in the intestines absorb the nutrients from the food. The blood then carries the nutrients to cells throughout the body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Gwen & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich water balloon has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo water balloons are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the water balloon with less thermal energy\nB. the water balloon with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two water balloons are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the water balloon with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRyan has a scar on his right knee.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nacid rain weathering a marble statue\ncompost rotting\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAcid rain weathering a marble statue is a chemical change. The acid rain reacts with the outside of the statue and breaks it down into a different type of matter. This new matter is then washed away by the rain. Acid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when smoke from automobiles and factories mixes with water in clouds.\nAcid rain is a type of pollution. It forms when automobiles and factories release smoke containing sulfur or nitrogen. Some of these chemicals react with water in the atmosphere. The reaction forms droplets of water that can fall back to the ground as acid rain.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency?\nIf I became student council president, I would make significant changes at my school. I would help my fellow students by being the voice of the student body and communicating openly and effectively with the principal, board of education, school faculty and staff, and parents. For example, I would make every effort to represent students' interests on issues such as mobile phones in the classroom, healthy lunch options in the cafeteria, and improved showers and lockers in our gymnasium. In addition, I would focus on organizing more social events for students, including talent shows, sports tournaments, fashion shows, dances with exciting themes, and battle of the band competitions.\n\nChoices:\nA. by combining sentences containing related information\nB. by varying sentence length\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by varying sentence length.\nFor example, the writer could shorten the underlined sentences to make the text read more smoothly.\nIf I became student council president, I would make significant changes at my school. I would help my fellow students by being the voice of the student body and communicating openly and effectively with the principal, board of education, school faculty and staff, and parents. For example, I would make every effort to represent students' interests on issues such as mobile phones in the classroom, healthy lunch options in the cafeteria, and improved showers and lockers in our gymnasium. In addition, I would focus on organizing more social events for students, including talent shows, sports tournaments, fashion shows, dances with exciting themes, and battle of the band competitions."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking cookies\nburning food on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nBurning food on a stove is a chemical change. When the food burns, the type of matter in it changes. The food turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on the television are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on the television?\n\nHint:\nLuke is trying to lift a heavy old television. He is pulling up on the television with a force of 500N. Earth's gravity is pulling down on the television with a force of 500N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the television.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the television.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on the television, look at the forces:\nLuke is pulling the television up with a force of 500 N.\nEarth's gravity is pulling the television down with a force of 500 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 500 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the television."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJonathan can fly an airplane.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly an airplane.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nEllie has naturally curly hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Human hair can be naturally curly or naturally straight. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.\nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDo you know Bernard from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him?\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. redback spider\nB. common octopus\nC. birdwing butterfly\nD. asp viper\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other octopuses, a common octopus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nLike other spiders, a redback spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA birdwing butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a birdwing butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn asp viper is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an asp viper is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. All fish use gills for breathing underwater.\nB. Grandpa teaches us how to play the fiddle it isn't easy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Grandpa teaches us how to play the fiddle it isn't easy is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Grandpa teaches us how to play the fiddle and It isn't easy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Raymond joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Raymond slept poorly.\nB. Raymond finds roosters amusing.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Raymond slept poorly. Raymond was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nDue to warmer winters, the population of brown tawny owls in Finland has increased dramatically. With less snow on the ground, brown owls can better blend in with the environment, evading predators.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nDue to warmer winters, the population of brown tawny owls in Finland has increased dramatically. With less snow on the ground, brown owls can better blend in with the environment, evading predators."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Greg investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nGreg went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Greg was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons\n\nChoices:\nA. Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nB. Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nC. Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Audrey's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele M is for having Thomsen disease, and the allele m is for not having Thomsen disease.\nAudrey, a human from this group, has Thomsen disease. Audrey has two alleles for having Thomsen disease.\n\nChoices:\nA. having Thomsen disease\nB. MM\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Audrey has two alleles for having Thomsen disease (M). So, Audrey's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is MM."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Duran mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Duran liked fixing cars.\nB. Mr. Duran was having a bad day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Duran was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"I can't believe I tripped,\" Austin remarked. \"The curb must have ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. jumped out in front of me\nB. been higher than I thought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich press release is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. On Nov. 19, musicians from all over town will battle it out in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon, happening at the amphitheater.\nB. On November 19, the Springdale Amphitheater will host area musicians vying for top honors in the fourth annual Jam-a-thon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second press release is more formal. It uses more elevated language (area musicians, top honors). The other press release uses idioms (battle it out) and abbreviations (Nov.)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large soup pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 liters\nB. 7 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 7 liters.\n7 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. dog\nB. curlyhair tarantula\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A dog is a mammal. Like other mammals, a dog has a backbone.\nLike other tarantulas, a curlyhair tarantula does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ariana inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAriana has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ariana's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Ariana.\nB. Ariana and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nSummer () this year; I'm not ready for it to be this hot!\n\nChoices:\nA. came early\nB. sneaked up on me\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase sneaked up on me. It describes summer as if it were a sneaky person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmayor - mist\n\nChoices:\nA. mosquito\nB. mechanic\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mechanic is between the guide words mayor - mist, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI can't believe you'd hire Mike Campbell to watch your dog! Did you know that his friend adopted a dog but then took it back to the shelter after just one week?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mike must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Mike's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Mike is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMaura has naturally red hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Maura's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hector inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHector has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hector's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Hector.\nB. Hector likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. chalk\nB. water in a sink\nC. flower petals\nD. stuffed rabbit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.A flower petal is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a butterfly lands on a flower petal, the petal may bend. But the petal will still have its own shape.\nChalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA stuffed rabbit is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you hold a stuffed rabbit in your hands, the stuffed rabbit still has a size and shape of its own.\nThe water in a sink is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you move the water from a sink into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a small candy bar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60 grams\nB. 60 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a small candy bar is 60 grams.\n60 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandma Bella,\nB. Dear grandma Bella,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Bella is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word grunt on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngenerous - glitter\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince grunt is not between the guide words generous - glitter, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two blue jays. Which blue jay was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue jay that moved 330kilometers in 10hours\nB. a blue jay that moved 315kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne blue jay moved 330 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other blue jay moved 315 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each blue jay spent the same amount of time moving. The blue jay that moved 330 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word travesty in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Because the bank robbers were acquitted on a technicality, many people called the trial's outcome a travesty of justice.\nB. Although no one was injured in the bank robbery, the event was a travesty for the bank.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses travesty in its traditional sense: a ridiculous imitation; a parody.\nBecause the bank robbers were acquitted on a technicality, many people called the trial's outcome a travesty of justice.\nThe first text uses travesty in its nontraditional sense: a disappointment or a tragedy.\nAlthough no one was injured in the bank robbery, the event was a travesty for the bank.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word travesty because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nJoy lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nJoy lives in a town with hot summers and freezing cold winters.\nThis passage tells you about the usual temperatures where Joy lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe shopper lifts each bag at the same speed. Which bag is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nA shopper is buying food at the store. He fills two shopping bags. The shopping bags are the same size and shape.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bag holding 6 pounds of food\nB. a bag holding 3 pounds of food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the shopping bag that is heavier.\nA shopping bag holding 6 pounds of food is heavier than a shopping bag holding 3 pounds of food. So, the bag holding 6 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other bag."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMrs. Randolph decided not to argue with the name her daughter had chosen for their new kitten, figuring it was a matter of a rose by any other name.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shakespeare\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion a rose by any other name is Shakespeare.\nIn Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the two central characters are denied their love because they belong to warring families, the Montagues and Capulets. Juliet wonders how a mere family name can make someone an enemy, observing that a rose would smell sweet no matter what its name.\nThe allusion a rose by any other name means something so special that what it's called seems unimportant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Perfume is not a pure substance. It is made by humans.\nB. Gypsum is a solid. It is formed in nature.\nC. Sphalerite is not made by living things. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nGypsum is a mineral.\nPerfume is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nPerfume is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, perfume is not a mineral.\nSphalerite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Emilia didn't enter student politics until her junior year.\nB. Emilia did not enter student politics until her junior year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Nick waved goodbye to Tyler as his train pulled out of the station.\nB. As Tyler's train pulled out of the station, Nick waved goodbye to him.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Nick or Tyler.\nNick waved goodbye to Tyler as his train pulled out of the station.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAs Tyler's train pulled out of the station, Nick waved goodbye to him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chromosomes store nutrients, water, and waste in an animal cell.\nB. The vacuoles of an animal cell use sunlight to make sugar.\nC. In a plant cell, the endoplasmic reticulum helps ribosomes build proteins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. comet moth\nB. European green toad\nC. sparrow\nD. panda\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA sparrow is a bird. Like other birds, a sparrow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA European green toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a European green toad is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA panda is a mammal. Like other mammals, a panda is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich graduation announcement is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Fred Levin is graduating, and we couldn't be more proud!\nB. We are proud to announce the graduation of Fred Levin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second graduation announcement is more formal. It uses more ceremonious language (proud to announce). The other graduation announcement uses more conversational language (we couldn't be more proud!)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAisha is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. simple\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which.\nAisha is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsame - shriek\n\nChoices:\nA. sudden\nB. scythe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince scythe is between the guide words same - shriek, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word daddy on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndesign - disease\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince daddy is not between the guide words design - disease, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Though Mr. Murphy loved the old house's charming kitchen, it was in serious need of repair.\nB. The old house was in serious need of repair, but Mr. Murphy loved its charming kitchen.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the house or the kitchen.\nThough Mr. Murphy loved the old house's charming kitchen, it was in serious need of repair.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe old house was in serious need of repair, but Mr. Murphy loved its charming kitchen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. great crested newt\nB. robin\nC. blue-footed booby\nD. helmeted iguana\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.A great crested newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water.\nA blue-footed booby is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nBlue-footed boobies live on tropical islands in the Pacific Ocean.\nA helmeted iguana is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIguanas are a type of lizard. Iguanas eat plants and fruit.\nA robin is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nA robin is a songbird. It sings different songs at different times of the day."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Megan are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Megan?\n\nHint:\nMegan is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Megan with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Megan with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Megan.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Megan.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Megan, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Megan down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Megan up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Megan."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Wikipedia offers articles in close to three hundred languages, including Zulu, Cherokee, and Samoan.\nB. Wikipedia has articles in a bunch of languages, including Zulu, Cherokee, and Samoan.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (has, a bunch of).\nThe second sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kwanzaa celebrations last one week.\nB. Kwanzaa is the most enjoyable holiday.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nKwanzaa celebrations last one week.\nIt can be proved by looking up the traditions of Kwanzaa.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nKwanzaa is the most enjoyable holiday.\nMost enjoyable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a holiday enjoyable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Raymond's phenotype for the Huntington's disease trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Huntington's disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Huntington's disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Huntington's disease trait has two alleles. The allele for having Huntington's disease (H) is dominant over the allele for not having Huntington's disease (h).\nRaymond is a human from this group. Raymond has the homozygous genotype HH for the Huntington's disease gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having Huntington's disease\nB. having Huntington's disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Raymond's genotype for the Huntington's disease gene is HH. Raymond's genotype of HH has only H allelles. The H allele is for having Huntington's disease. So, Raymond's phenotype for the Huntington's disease trait must be having Huntington's disease.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Raymond's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having Huntington's disease (H) is dominant over the allele for not having Huntington's disease (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nRaymond's genotype of HH has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Raymond's phenotype for the Huntington's disease trait must be having Huntington's disease."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more negative connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a meticulous editor\nB. a nitpicky editor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A nitpicky editor has a more negative connotation. Nitpicky and meticulous both denote paying attention to small details. However, nitpicky suggests a person is overly critical about unimportant things, while meticulous suggests a person is careful and methodical."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Darell decides to join the Theater Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nDarell is deciding whether to join the Theater Club or the Photography Club at school. He wants the club he joins to be fun. But he doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Darell will have more fun in the Theater Club than he would have had in the Photography Club.\nB. Darell will spend more time in the Theater Club than he would have spent in the Photography Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Darell wants or needs:\nDarell will spend more time in the Theater Club than he would have spent in the Photography Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Belmont has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Belmont's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Belmont. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe movers lift the boxes at the same speed. Which box is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo movers are putting heavy boxes into their truck. The boxes are the same shape and size. Each mover lifts one box up into the truck at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a box holding 35 pounds\nB. a box holding 50 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the box that is heavier.\nA box holding 50 pounds is heavier than a box holding 35 pounds. So, the box holding 50 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the deep sea ecosystem.\n\nChoices:\nA. This ecosystem has:\nwater at the bottom of the ocean\nno sunlight\norganisms that crawl or stick to the ground\nB. This ecosystem has:\nshallow, salty water\nbright sunlight\nmany different types of organisms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn environment includes all of the biotic, or living, and abiotic, or nonliving, things in an area. An ecosystem is created by the relationships that form among the biotic and abiotic parts of an environment.\nThere are many different types of ecosystems. Here are some ways in which these ecosystems can differ from each other:\nthe pattern of weather, or climate\nthe type of soil or water\nthe organisms that live thereA deep sea is a type of ecosystem. It has water at the bottom of the ocean, no sunlight, and organisms that crawl or stick to the ground.\nChoice 1 is a deep sea ecosystem. It is at the bottom of the ocean. It is so far underwater that no sunlight can reach it.\nChoice 2 is a tropical coral reef ecosystem. It has shallow water and many different types of organisms."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Debbie,\nB. Dear Debbie,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Debbie is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Bagheera's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for orange fur, and the allele f is for white fur.\nBagheera, a Bengal tiger from this group, has white fur. Bagheera has two alleles for white fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. white fur\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Bagheera's observable version of the fur color trait is white fur. So, Bagheera's phenotype for the fur color trait is white fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBurning a marshmallow over a campfire is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Burning a marshmallow is a chemical change. The heat from the fire causes the type of matter in the marshmallow to change. The marshmallow becomes black and crispy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mabel inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMabel has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mabel and her mother both have short hair.\nB. Mabel's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Mabel.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. wood bat\nB. rubber band\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the wood bat is harder. If you squeeze a piece of wood, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. chair\nB. blur\nC. spur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words spur and blur rhyme. They both end with the ur sound.\nThe word chair does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Molina is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nJain, Nikhil. \"The Ten Most Important Young Artists of the Year.\" Message to Zachary Gorski. 11 Feb. 2015. E-mail.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a web page.\nB. It is an email.\nC. It is a magazine article.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nJain, Nikhil. \"The Ten Most Important Young Artists of the Year.\" Message to Zachary Gorski. 11 Feb. 2015. E-mail.\nYou can tell that the cited work is an email because \"E-mail\" is listed as the medium of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5,325 kilograms\nB. 5,325 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 5,325 kilograms.\n5,325 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhair - holly\n\nChoices:\nA. humble\nB. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince history is between the guide words hair - holly, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Steve acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSteve knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Steve can cook food over a fire.\nB. Steve learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a short story?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Gift of the Magi\nB. \"The Gift of the Magi\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A short story should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"The Gift of the Magi.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nThe ground in an area shakes.\n\nChoices:\nA. earthquake\nB. wildfire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAfter a jog around the block, Alice collapsed on the couch and declared with a wheeze, \"Well, I'm ready to run a marathon.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Alice was out of shape.\nB. Alice felt full of energy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nReady to run a marathon ironically suggests that Alice was out of shape. She was actually far from ready to run a marathon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nnewly poured concrete becoming hard\na copper statue turning green\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nConcrete hardening is a chemical change. The chemicals in the concrete react with each other to form a different type of matter. The new matter is hard and strong.\nA copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nMegan put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nMegan put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Megan lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 9-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 175°C\nB. a 9-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 165°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 175°C block is hotter than the 165°C block, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nspeed - sworn\n\nChoices:\nA. step\nB. sank\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince step is between the guide words speed - sworn, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBert has a scar on his left knee.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fly's phenotype for the eye color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have red eyes and others have brown eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele for red eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for brown eyes (e).\nA certain fruit fly from this group has the homozygous genotype ee for the eye color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown eyes\nB. red eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The fruit fly's genotype for the eye color gene is ee. The fruit fly's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for brown eyes. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the eye color trait must be brown eyes.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the fruit fly's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for red eyes (E) is dominant over the allele for brown eyes (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the eye color trait must be brown eyes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word muzzle on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmar - moon\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince muzzle is not between the guide words mar - moon, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Rice is super important for billions of people around the world.\nB. Rice is the staple food for billions of people around the world.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (super).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJada has naturally curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Some humans are born with naturally curly hair. Others are born with naturally straight hair. Curly and straight are examples of hair texture.\nSome people decide to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally curly hair is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am a pet.\nI like to wag my tail.\nI bark.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a cat\nB. a dog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA dog is a pet.\nA dog likes to wag its tail.\nA dog barks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the scratchiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. burlap sack\nB. nylon swim shorts\nC. wax seal\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Scratchy is a property. A scratchy material is rough and itchy against your skin.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the burlap sack is the scratchiest. If you touch burlap, it will feel rough and itchy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. pink\nB. think\nC. glad\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words pink and think rhyme. They both end with the ink sound.\nThe word glad does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Shivani couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nB. The odor emanating from the landfill made Shivani so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nShivani couldn't tolerate the nauseous odor emanating from the landfill, so she rolled up her car windows as she drove past.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nThe odor emanating from the landfill made Shivani so nauseous that she had to roll up the car windows as she drove past.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Oscar subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nB. Oscar seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nOscar seemed to know a lot about African wildlife, but it turned out that his knowledge was mostly based on factoids gleaned from unreliable websites.\nThe first text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nOscar subscribed to an online newsletter about African wildlife; he enjoyed receiving daily factoids about the wild animals' natural habitats and behavior.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich metal paper clip has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo metal paper clips are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the metal paper clip with more thermal energy\nB. the metal paper clip with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two metal paper clips are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the metal paper clip with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Edna investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEdna gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nB. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Kathleen is such a Pollyanna!\" Aaron announced with a sigh.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a fable\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Pollyanna is literature.\nThe character Pollyanna, from Eleanor Porter's children's book, is a young girl who finds good in everything and everyone.\nThe allusion Pollyanna means an overly optimistic person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mrs. Wagner plants flower seeds, and they blossom in the spring.\nB. Fresh English peas are delicious with butter and salt.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMrs. Wagner plants flower seeds, and they blossom in the spring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Mona first joined the track team, she was afraid of jumping, but she got over that hurdle.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nHurdle refers to an obstacle that one must overcome. It also refers to an object that a runner jumps over."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter spending weeks in New York City, Olivia was a bit unnerved by the deafening silence of her small hometown.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDeafening silence is a contradiction, because deafening describes something extremely loud, and silence is the absence of sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLarry has naturally blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\nChildren get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Larry's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The artist prepared a canvas for a new oil painting.\nB. Devon shot the arrow, but she missed the target.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nDevon shot the arrow, but she missed the target."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 32 miles\nB. 32 feet\nC. 32 yards\nD. 32 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 32 yards.\n32 inches and 32 feet are too short. 32 miles is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Felicia's genotype for the ear type gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele E is for curled ears, and the allele e is for straight ears.\nFelicia, an American curl cat from this group, has straight ears. Felicia has two alleles for straight ears.\n\nChoices:\nA. straight ears\nB. ee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Felicia has two alleles for straight ears (e). So, Felicia's genotype for the ear type gene is ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have round peas and others have wrinkled peas. In this group, the gene for the pea shape trait has two alleles. The allele E is for round peas, and the allele e is for wrinkled peas.\nA certain pea plant from this group has round peas. This plant has two alleles for round peas.\n\nChoices:\nA. round peas\nB. EE\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pea shape trait is round peas. So, the plant's phenotype for the pea shape trait is round peas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Several competent city council members have been elected in Newport, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy.\nB. The citizens of Newport have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the citizens or several competent city council members.\nThe citizens of Newport have elected several competent city council members, but the mayor's office has prevented them from significantly influencing policy.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nSeveral competent city council members have been elected in Newport, but the mayor's office has prevented the council members from significantly influencing policy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe anthropologists will go into the canyon.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, go. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Millersburg has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Millersburg's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Millersburg. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The company mostly just wants to serve its locals.\nB. The company's main goal is to serve the local community.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (locals).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Marina's phenotype for the tail spots trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i).\nMarina is a guppy from this group. Marina has the homozygous genotype ii for the tail spots gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a spotted tail\nB. an unspotted tail\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Marina's genotype for the tail spots gene is ii. Marina's genotype of ii has only i alleles. The i allele is for an unspotted tail. So, Marina's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Marina's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a spotted tail (I) is dominant over the allele for an unspotted tail (i). This means I is a dominant allele, and i is a recessive allele.\nMarina's genotype of ii has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Marina's phenotype for the tail spots trait must be an unspotted tail."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two trains. Which train was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a train that moved 405kilometers in 5hours\nB. a train that moved 540kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each train moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne train moved 540 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other train moved 405 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each train spent the same amount of time moving. The train that moved 540 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that train must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Lopez mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Lopez liked fixing cars.\nB. Mr. Lopez was having a bad day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Lopez was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a mountain biker who moved 150miles in 10hours\nB. a mountain biker who moved 170miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 150 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 170 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 150 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would smell more?\n\nChoices:\nA. soap\nB. icicle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the soap would smell more. Dish soap has a strong smell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bicycle that moved 35miles east in 5hours\nB. a bicycle that moved 70miles north in 5hours\nC. a bicycle that moved 135miles north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 135 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 26°C\nB. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 18°C\nC. a blueberry muffin at a temperature of 25°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three blueberry muffins have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 18°C muffin is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nIn such an unfamiliar environment, Xavier was a fish out of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. Xavier didn't have any friends.\nB. Xavier felt out of place.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a fish out of water suggests that Xavier felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na piece of apple turning brown\nboiling sugar to make caramel\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple.\nBoiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoiling sugar is caused by heating. But a piece of apple turning brown is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Cindy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nCindy knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cindy learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\nB. Cindy is most interested in human biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 15miles north in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 40miles north in 5hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 45miles west in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 45 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nRhenium is ().\n\nHint:\nRhenium is a rare and expensive metal used to make jet engines. The chemical formula for rhenium is Re.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether rhenium is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for rhenium is Re. This formula contains one symbol: Re. So, the formula tells you that rhenium is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, rhenium is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could you be disappointed in the show Paranormal Proms? Over a million people watch that show every single week!\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a television show can't be disappointing to someone because over a million people watch it every week. However, this isn't necessarily true. How someone feels may not be affected by how popular the show is. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nup\n\nChoices:\nA. open\nB. closed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word up ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen Donald finally agreed to let his daughter adopt the stray dog, she responded with a smile that was a mile wide.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA smile that was a mile wide is an exaggeration, since it is physically impossible to have a smile that is actually a mile wide."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Colin perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nB. Colin perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nColin perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe first text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nColin perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Kinsley & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. In the Middle Ages, knights rode horses and wore armor made of metal.\nB. Knights during the Middle Ages were really just bullies on horseback.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nIn the Middle Ages, knights rode horses and wore armor made of metal.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about knights.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nKnights during the Middle Ages were really just bullies on horseback.\nBully shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether knights were bullies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on the dresser are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on the dresser?\n\nHint:\nSophie is sliding a heavy dresser across the carpeted floor of her apartment. She is pushing the dresser forward with a force of 350N. The carpet is pushing the dresser backward with a force of 380N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the dresser.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on the dresser.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on the dresser, look at the forces:\nSophie is pushing the dresser forward with a force of 350 N.\nThe carpet is pushing the dresser backward with a force of 380 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 350 N and 380 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on the dresser."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cherry pie at a temperature of 30°C\nB. a cherry pie at a temperature of 40°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 30°C pie is colder than the 40°C pie, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe elaborate monument () the attention of everyone who came near it.\n\nChoices:\nA. got\nB. demanded\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word demanded. It describes the monument as if it were a bossy, demanding person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Zack acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nZack has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Zack's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three sailboats. Which sailboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a sailboat that moved 55kilometers north in 5hours\nB. a sailboat that moved 40kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a sailboat that moved 45kilometers east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each sailboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each sailboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each sailboat moved for 5 hours. The sailboat that moved 40 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that sailboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Nothing Gold Can Stay\"\nB. \"Nothing gold Can Stay\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe correct title is \"Nothing Gold Can Stay.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Jonathan investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nJonathan has a pet lizard. Jonathan notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Jonathan wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp\n\nChoices:\nA. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?\nB. Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?\nC. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Desmond's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.\nB. Desmond's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nDesmond's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally the size of a softball; it could just about fit in the palm of his hand.\nThe first text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Desmond's new kitten is not actually just a ball of fluff.\nDesmond's new kitten—barely three weeks old—was literally just a ball of fluff in the palm of his hand.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMaking whipped cream is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Making whipped cream is a physical change. Whipped cream is a mixture of cream and air. But making a mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nAs cream is whipped, its molecules begin to stick together. But the bonds between the atoms in the molecules do not change. Air gets trapped between the molecules in the cream. This makes the cream fluffy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Alexander Graham Bell invented the electric telephone in the 1870s.\nB. The telephone was the greatest invention of its time.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nAlexander Graham Bell invented the electric telephone in the 1870 s.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about Alexander Graham Bell.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe telephone was the greatest invention of its time.\nGreatest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what the greatest invention was."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to mow the lawn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 38 minutes\nB. 38 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 38 minutes.\n38 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmama - mirror\n\nChoices:\nA. message\nB. mole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince message is between the guide words mama - mirror, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the arachnid traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nArachnids are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify arachnids:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. White-spotted octopuses have tentacles, which are also called arms. White-spotted octopuses can use their tentacles to reach between corals and grab fish. These octopuses have a soft red body with white spots.\nB. Leaf-curling spiders spin webs with a leaf at the center. These spiders have an exoskeleton and eight legs, but no antennae.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nArachnids have the following traits:\nThey have eight legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have no antennae.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA leaf-curling spider has the following traits:\nIt has eight legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt has no antennae.\nA leaf-curling spider has the traits of an arachnid. A leaf-curling spider is an arachnid.\nA white-spotted octopus has the following traits:\nIt has a soft body.\nIt has tentacles.\nA white-spotted octopus does not have all of the traits of an arachnid. A white-spotted octopus is a mollusk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. sea star\nB. backpack\nC. the Statue of Liberty\nD. iceberg\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A backpack is not a living thing.\nBackpacks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nA sea star is a living thing.\nSea stars grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Sea stars are made up of many cells.\nSea stars are animals. They can use their arms to walk on the ocean floor.\nAn iceberg is not a living thing.\nAn iceberg does not have all the traits of a living thing. It may grow or melt in response to the world around it, but it does not need food.\nThe Statue of Liberty is not a living thing.\nThe Statue of Liberty is shaped like a person. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. It does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRoxanne can ride a motorcycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nElizabeth claims that the Kensington Ferrets' new quarterback is better than their old one. I think Elizabeth is being unfair: the Ferrets' old quarterback wasn't a terrible player.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Elizabeth thinks the Ferrets' old quarterback was a terrible player. But this misrepresents Elizabeth's argument. Elizabeth only claims that the Ferrets' new quarterback is better. This argument doesn't necessarily imply that the old quarterback was a bad player. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nEmmy's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe Patton family is going to spend two weeks in Ocean City, but for Xavier it will be a working vacation, since he'll be checking in with the office every day.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word rob on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nreap - ruin\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince rob is between the guide words reap - ruin, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Fido's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nFido, a dog from this group, has long fur. Fido has two alleles for long fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. long fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Fido's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Fido's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 10-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 225°F\nB. a 10-kilogram block of iron at a temperature of 210°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two blocks of iron have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 210°F block is colder than the 225°F block, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI can't believe this is Trisha's first time seeing the Pacific Ocean!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nWe will wait outside for Katie.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, wait. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Though Mr. Landry loved the old house's charming kitchen, it was in serious need of repair.\nB. The old house was in serious need of repair, but Mr. Landry loved its charming kitchen.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the house or the kitchen.\nThough Mr. Landry loved the old house's charming kitchen, it was in serious need of repair.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe old house was in serious need of repair, but Mr. Landry loved its charming kitchen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nFrank is good at cooking.\n\nHint:\nHint: Cooking well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nEllie gazed at the ancient pug that seemed to sleep all day and noted, \"You're an energetic puppy!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. idiom\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAn energetic puppy shows verbal irony because an old, exhausted dog is far from an energetic puppy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAriana's shoes are superior, because they're made from one hundred percent snakeskin, not synthetic materials.\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Ariana's shoes are the best, because they're made with snakeskin rather than synthetic materials. However, even though the shoes are made from snakes, that doesn't necessarily mean that they are better. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Fred inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nFred has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Fred's coworker also has curly hair.\nB. Fred and his biological parents have brown hair.\nC. Fred's biological father has curly hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word wardrobe on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwharf - wisdom\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince wardrobe is not between the guide words wharf - wisdom, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nTara never lies. She told me herself, so it must be true.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Tara is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"I can't believe I tripped,\" Darrell remarked. \"The curb must have ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. jumped out in front of me\nB. had an uneven surface\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase jumped out in front of me. It describes the curb as if it were a mischievous, unpredictable person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jenna inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJenna has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jenna's biological parents have red hair. Jenna also has red hair.\nB. Jenna's neighbor also has straight hair.\nC. Jenna's biological mother often wears her straight hair in a ponytail.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word turn on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntangerine - thy\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince turn is not between the guide words tangerine - thy, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Ms. Chang,\nB. Dear Ms. Chang,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Chang is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word grief on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngenerally - good\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince grief is not between the guide words generally - good, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nAbigail's hand is pushing on a door.\n\nChoices:\nA. The door is pulling on Abigail's hand.\nB. The door is pushing on Abigail's hand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Abigail's hand is pushing on the door. So, Newton's third law tells you that the door is pushing on Abigail's hand."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The modern trumpet is an instrument made of brass.\nB. Music from a trumpet sounds more pleasant than music from a flute.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe modern trumpet is an instrument made of brass.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about music instruments.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nMusic from a trumpet sounds more pleasant than music from a flute.\nMore pleasant shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what sounds pleasant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the reptile traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nReptiles are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify reptiles:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dwarf crocodiles are the smallest crocodiles alive today. They grow to be about five feet long and have scaly, waterproof skin. Dwarf crocodiles live in Central Africa and hatch from eggs with shells.\nB. Western gorillas have black, gray, or brown fur. Adult males are sometimes called silverbacks because they have often have gray fur on their backs. Female western gorillas feed their offspring milk.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA dwarf crocodile has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA dwarf crocodile has the traits of a reptile. A dwarf crocodile is a reptile.\nA western gorilla has the following traits:\nIt feeds its offspring milk.\nIt has fur.\nA western gorilla does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A western gorilla is a mammal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWhich of these professions do you think requires more formal education—being a lawyer or being a college professor?\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\nC. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Millie's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B).\nMillie is a cat from this group. Millie has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairless body\nB. a hairy body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Millie's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Millie's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Millie's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Millie's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nMillie's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Millie's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA penny tarnishing is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Metal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Lisa asked Annie to volunteer at the event, so her absence today is a surprise.\nB. Lisa asked Annie to volunteer at the event, so Annie's absence today is a surprise.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Lisa's or Annie's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Annie's.\nLisa asked Annie to volunteer at the event, so Annie's absence today is a surprise."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This is the best day of my life,\" Mr. Mercado mumbled after his car broke down on the way to an important job interview.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Mercado was already running late.\nB. Mr. Mercado was having a bad day.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nThe best day of my life ironically suggests that Mr. Mercado was having a bad day. He was having the opposite of a good day because his car broke down when he needed to be on time."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. See You Soon,\nTammy\nB. See you soon,\nTammy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nThe air pressure is often low in Copenhagen, Denmark.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nThe air pressure is often low in Copenhagen, Denmark.\nAir pressure is caused by the weight of the air in the atmosphere. When the air pressure is low, the sky is usually cloudy.\nThe passage tells you about the usual air pressure in Copenhagen. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Andy.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nHazel dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Andy, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. increased\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nAndy was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Andy, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Andy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nTrevor always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. complex\nC. simple\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nTrevor always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fish's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Nile tilapia fish, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a pink body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a greenish-brown body (B) is dominant over the allele for a pink body (b).\nA certain Nile tilapia fish from this group has the homozygous genotype BB for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a greenish-brown body\nB. a pink body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The Nile tilapia fish's genotype for the body color gene is BB. The Nile tilapia fish's genotype of BB has only B allelles. The B allele is for a greenish-brown body. So, the Nile tilapia fish's phenotype for the body color trait must be a greenish-brown body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the Nile tilapia fish's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a greenish-brown body (B) is dominant over the allele for a pink body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe Nile tilapia fish's genotype of BB has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the Nile tilapia fish's phenotype for the body color trait must be a greenish-brown body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nAn area becomes less wet and less green after years with no rain.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. drought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nWilliam is big-boned, so despite being in middle school, he often shops in the men's department.\n\nChoices:\nA. William is tall for his age.\nB. William is overweight.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism big-boned suggests that William is overweight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sphalerite is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nB. Steel is made in a factory. It is not a pure substance.\nC. Pyrite is formed in nature. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nSteel is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nSteel is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, steel is not a mineral.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nSphalerite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nGary lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nGary lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\nThis passage tells you about the usual clouds where Gary lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. First, Leo planted the geraniums in a clay pot, and then he placed the pot on a sunny windowsill in his kitchen.\nB. Babe Ruth hit 714 home runs during his baseball career but struck out 1,330 times.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nBabe Ruth hit 714 home runs during his baseball career but struck out 1,330 times."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word coyote on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclutch - crude\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince coyote is between the guide words clutch - crude, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Alice and her husband met Jill for lunch at a small café around the block from her office.\nB. Alice and her husband met Jill for lunch at a small café around the block from Jill's office.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun her could refer to Alice or Jill.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Her has been replaced with Jill's.\nAlice and her husband met Jill for lunch at a small café around the block from Jill's office."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nThe area around a lake gets covered by water after heavy rain.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. wildfire\nC. flood\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nThe Sixth Amendment talks about criminal trials. It says that anyone charged with a crime has a right to get help from a lawyer. It also says that all criminal trials must be () and ().\n\nChoices:\nA. long . . . private\nB. speedy . . . public\nC. cheap . . . easy\nD. secret . . . safe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Sixth Amendment says that anyone charged with a crime has a right to get help from a lawyer. It also says that all criminal trials must be speedy and public. Speedy means that the government must be ready for the trial as quickly as possible. A judge can decide that the government is taking too long. If that happens, the accused criminal is let go. Public means that a trial can never be secret. Usually, anyone can go see a trial take place. Part of the text of the Sixth Amendment is below. What other rules do criminal trials have to follow? In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed. . .and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAlexa has naturally red hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Alexa's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nFred plays baseball.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing baseball takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play baseball. Instead, some people learn how to play baseball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing baseball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncedar - craft\n\nChoices:\nA. court\nB. cannon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince court is between the guide words cedar - craft, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a poem?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Casey at the Bat\"\nB. Casey at the Bat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A poem should be in quotation marks.\nThe correct title is \"Casey at the Bat.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDon't overlook Samantha when choosing the new principal.\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. exclamatory\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence makes a request, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best wishes,\nLucy\nB. best wishes,\nLucy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ernest inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nErnest has freckles.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ernest has freckles on his nose and shoulders.\nB. Ernest's biological parents have freckles on their noses just as Ernest does.\nC. Ernest and his biological mother have pale skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThey will fix the car engine.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, fix. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ndust settling out of the air\na puddle freezing into ice on a cold night\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nDust settling out of the air is a physical change. As the dust settles, or falls, it might land on furniture or the ground. This separates dust particles from the air, but does not form a different type of matter.\nA puddle freezing into ice on a cold night is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA puddle freezing is caused by cooling. But dust settling out of the air is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSince Emma Wilkinson became vice president of the parent-teacher association, student performance has declined and teacher morale is down. We on the school board believe that Wilkinson bears sole responsibility for the downtrend.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Emma Wilkinson is responsible for the decline in student performance and teacher morale. However, even though things declined after Wilkinson became vice president of the parent-teacher association, that doesn't necessarily mean that she caused the downturn. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle adam,\nB. Dear Uncle Adam,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Adam is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Clayton remarked after Marcy's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cap was too big.\nB. The cap looked nice on Marcy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Marcy's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nAkiko teaches Rosanne about customs in Japan.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, teaches. The verb ends in -es and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a pen?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 feet\nB. 8 yards\nC. 8 miles\nD. 8 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a pen is 8 inches.\n8 feet, 8 yards, and 8 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI won't even bother to respond to Isaiah's comment on my op-ed. His profile picture is a duck wearing a top hat—he's clearly incapable of thoughtful debate.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Isaiah's comment should not be taken seriously because he has a silly profile picture. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether his comment is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMom will pitch the ball to Fred.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, pitch. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chili peppers have green leaves.\nB. Apple trees can grow fruit.\nC. Brown pelicans eat fish.\nD. Cedar trees have small leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor.\nA cedar tree is a plant. It has small leaves.\nCedar trees grow in many parts of the world. Many cedar trees grow on mountains.\nA brown pelican is an animal. It eats fish.\nA brown pelican is a bird. Brown pelicans live near water and dive to catch fish.\nAn apple tree is a plant. It can grow fruit.\nPeople have been growing apples for thousands of years. There are more than 7,500 types of apples!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Duran peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections.\nB. Pam and her brother rummaged through the boxes in the attic, but they couldn't find their father's childhood baseball glove.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nPam and her brother rummaged through the boxes in the attic, but they couldn't find their father's childhood baseball glove."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAbdul can fly a helicopter.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly a helicopter.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nThe trees in a forest catch fire and burn.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. wildfire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathroom sink?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 11 milliliters\nB. 11 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 11 liters.\n11 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nZachary always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nZachary always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a teakettle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 cups\nB. 9 gallons\nC. 9 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a teakettle is 9 cups.\n9 fluid ounces is too little and 9 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch more?\n\nChoices:\nA. rubber ballon\nB. steel beam\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber ballon would stretch more. If you gently pull on a rubber balloon, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJack knows how to type.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to type. Instead, many people learn how to type. So, typing is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a dinner fork?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 80 kilograms\nB. 80 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 80 grams.\n80 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a leather belt?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 26 feet\nB. 26 yards\nC. 26 inches\nD. 26 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 26 inches.\n26 feet, 26 yards, and 26 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDevon had her fifteen minutes when her video of kayaking with dolphins went viral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek history\nB. modern history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.\nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.\nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 27 seconds\nB. 27 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 27 seconds.\n27 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nBoron nitride is ().\n\nHint:\nBoron nitride is about as hard as diamond, one of the hardest substances on Earth. The chemical formula for boron nitride is BN.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether boron nitride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for boron nitride, BN, contains two atomic symbols: B for boron and N for nitrogen. So, the formula tells you that boron nitride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince boron nitride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, boron nitride is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Sean investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nSean starts to make a sandwich, but he sees mold on the bread! He wonders what factors affect how mold grows on bread. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo loaves of white sandwich bread\na small plastic bag\na large plastic bag\na refrigerator\n\nChoices:\nA. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored inside or outside the refrigerator?\nB. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored in a paper bag or in a plastic bag?\nC. Does white or whole wheat sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nEvery Sunday, that popular farmers' market is like a zoo.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Every Sunday, that popular farmers' market is like a zoo.\nThe words farmers' market and zoo are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhere have you gone, Joe DiMaggio?\nA nation turns its lonely eyes to you . . .\n—Paul Simon, \"Mrs. Robinson\"\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nJoe DiMaggio is a direct address to former baseball star Joe DiMaggio, an absent person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbitter - buffalo\n\nChoices:\nA. bound\nB. bed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince bound is between the guide words bitter - buffalo, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMolly submitted her suggestions to Eddie; now the ball is in his court.\n\nChoices:\nA. Eddie feels like playing or relaxing, not working.\nB. Eddie needs to act next.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom the ball is in his court suggests that Eddie needs to act next. In tennis, when the ball is in a player's court, it is that person's turn."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nPolly felt intimidated by the steep cliff that she faced on her first rock-climbing adventure.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe movers lift the boxes at the same speed. Which box is lifted with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo movers are putting heavy boxes into their truck. The boxes are the same shape and size. Each mover lifts one box up into the truck at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a box holding 44 pounds\nB. a box holding 38 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the box that is heavier.\nA box holding 44 pounds is heavier than a box holding 38 pounds. So, the box holding 44 pounds needs a larger force to start moving upward at the same speed as the other box."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDeion has naturally pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Deion's skin color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHazel never lies. She told me herself, so it must be true.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Hazel is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe heavy door () as Edna pushed it open.\n\nChoices:\nA. protested\nB. creaked\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word protested. It describes the door as if it were a person who didn't want to obey."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA conifer's cones make ().\n\nChoices:\nA. seeds\nB. flowers\nC. needles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nConifers are plants that grow cones. Conifers use their cones to reproduce, or make new plants like themselves. How do conifers use their cones to reproduce?\nConifers can grow male and female cones. Male cones make pollen, and female cones make eggs. Pollination is what happens when wind blows pollen from male cones onto female cones. After pollination, sperm from the pollen can combine with eggs. This is called fertilization. The fertilized eggs grow into seeds.\nThe seeds can fall out of the cones and land on the ground. When a seed lands on the ground, it can germinate, or start to grow into a new plant.Conifers use their cones to make seeds. Seeds grow inside the female cones.\nMany conifers have thin pointed leaves called needles. Cones do not make needles.\nConifers do not have flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Madelyn's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the Thomsen disease trait in humans:\n\nIn a group of humans, some individuals have Thomsen disease and others do not. In this group, the gene for the Thomsen disease trait has two alleles. The allele for not having Thomsen disease (m) is recessive to the allele for having Thomsen disease (M).\nMadelyn is a human from this group. Madelyn has the homozygous genotype MM for the Thomsen disease gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having Thomsen disease\nB. having Thomsen disease\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Madelyn's genotype for the Thomsen disease gene is MM. Madelyn's genotype of MM has only M allelles. The M allele is for having Thomsen disease. So, Madelyn's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait must be having Thomsen disease.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Madelyn's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having Thomsen disease (m) is recessive to the allele for having Thomsen disease (M). This means M is a dominant allele, and m is a recessive allele.\nMadelyn's genotype of MM has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Madelyn's phenotype for the Thomsen disease trait must be having Thomsen disease."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMs. Novak has suggested that our schools let students take statistics instead of algebra to graduate. Frankly, it is puzzling to me that she thinks algebra is a useless subject.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Ms. Novak thinks algebra is useless because she would let students take statistics instead. However, Ms. Novak only claimed that students should be allowed to take statistics instead of algebra. She did not suggest that algebra is a useless subject. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word going on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nglove - guitar\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince going is between the guide words glove - guitar, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a run-on sentence?\nAfter playing an hour-long set for nearly one hundred cheering fans, Hunter's band returned to the stage and delivered a stellar encore performance.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA run-on sentence is formed when two sentences are run together, joined by just a comma or by no punctuation at all. If only a comma is used, the run-on is called a comma splice.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, we have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily we have a concert in two weeks.\nThere are several ways to fix a run-on sentence:\nUse stronger punctuation, such as a period or a semicolon.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily. We have a concert in two weeks.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily; we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a comma and a coordinating conjunction to create a compound sentence. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, and so.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily, and we have a concert in two weeks.\nUse a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to create a complex sentence. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, and whose.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily since we have a concert in two weeks.This is not a run-on sentence. It is not formed from two sentences that have been run together without appropriate punctuation.\nAfter playing an hour-long set for nearly one hundred cheering fans, Hunter's band returned to the stage and delivered a stellar encore performance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mark inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMark has hazel eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mark's friend also has hazel eyes.\nB. Mark wears glasses and so do his sisters.\nC. Mark's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. chair\nB. almond tree\nC. clay\nD. candy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.Clay is not a living thing.\nClay does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It can be formed into different shapes, but it does not grow or respond to the world around it. It does not need food or water.\nAn almond tree is a living thing.\nAlmond trees grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Almond trees are made up of many cells.\nAlmond trees are plants. They make their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight.\nA chair is not a living thing.\nChairs do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nCandy is not a living thing.\nCandy does not have all of the traits of a living thing. It is sweet and can be shaped like fruit. But it does not grow like real fruit. It does not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Vince investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Vince cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nB. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\nC. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nHansen has a scar on his right hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to see all the animals at the zoo?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 hours\nB. 4 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to see all the animals at the zoo is 4 hours.\n4 minutes is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a stick of butter at a temperature of 60°F\nB. a stick of butter at a temperature of 49°F\nC. a stick of butter at a temperature of 43°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three sticks of butter have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 43°F stick of butter is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Omar investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nOmar and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Omar notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\nB. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\nC. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nahead - alas\n\nChoices:\nA. ailing\nB. are\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ailing is between the guide words ahead - alas, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Eva decides to plant the tulips. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nEva is deciding whether to plant tulips or a hickory tree in her backyard. She wants to make her backyard more beautiful. But she also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. She will save some space. The tulips will use up less space than the hickory tree would have used up.\nB. Eva will give up the chance to look at the hickory tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the tulips.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Eva wants or needs:\nEva will give up the chance to look at the hickory tree. She thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the tulips."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich banana has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo bananas are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter banana\nB. the colder banana\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two bananas are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder banana has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nalways - ask\n\nChoices:\nA. awe\nB. anchor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince anchor is between the guide words always - ask, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nLauren went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Lauren went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\nThe words Lauren and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tara investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTara likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\nB. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nC. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the simile in this text suggest?\nMonica rubbed coconut oil on her hands, which were like the parched earth during a drought.\n\nChoices:\nA. Monica's hands were dry and cracked.\nB. Monica's hands were hot.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile like the parched earth during a drought suggests that Monica's hands were dry and cracked. A drought is a period without rain; the ground during a drought can become hard and cracked."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. green Eggs and ham\nB. Green Eggs and Ham\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Green Eggs and Ham."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nOranges do not grow well in cold temperatures. After an unusually cold winter, what will probably happen to the overall supply of oranges?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Cold weather makes it more difficult to grow oranges. Fewer oranges will be grown, and there will probably be fewer oranges to sell. The overall supply of oranges will probably go down. The oranges, which are resources, are harder to get."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Gabrielle acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nGabrielle knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Gabrielle learned how to knit in an after school program.\nB. Gabrielle knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxygen\nB. caramel sauce\nC. ballet shoes\nD. coffee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Caramel sauce is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour caramel sauce into a container, the caramel sauce will take the shape of that container. But the caramel sauce will still take up the same amount of space.\nA ballet shoe is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When a dancer wears a ballet shoe, it may bend a little. But the ballet shoe still has a size and shape of its own.\nCoffee is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour coffee into a different container, the coffee will take the shape of that container. But the coffee will still take up the same amount of space.\nOxygen is a gas. A gas expands to fill a space. Oxygen can be stored in metal tanks. If oxygen leaks out of the tank, the oxygen will expand into the space around the tank."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a pencil a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a pencil is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a pencil something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a pencil a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a pencil is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Molasses is not a pure substance. It is made in a factory.\nB. Magnetite is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nC. Hematite is not made by living things. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nMolasses is made in a factory. But all minerals are formed in nature.\nMolasses is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, molasses is not a mineral.\nMagnetite is a mineral.\nHematite is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Luther acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLuther is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Luther learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\nB. Luther likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nEthan starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Ethan need to pull with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nEthan gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a friend who weighs 21 pounds\nB. a friend who weighs 28 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 28 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 21 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Ethan needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 28 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Water evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nravenous - rib\n\nChoices:\nA. ruffle\nB. restart\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince restart is between the guide words ravenous - rib, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhile at the park today, Elijah noticed that the wind was coming from the southwest.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhile at the park today, Elijah noticed that the wind was coming from the southwest.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction at the park today. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich pot of spaghetti sauce has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo pots of spaghetti sauce are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder pot of spaghetti sauce\nB. the hotter pot of spaghetti sauce\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two pots of spaghetti sauce are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder pot of spaghetti sauce has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 175kilometers south in 5hours\nB. a ship that moved 215kilometers west in 5hours\nC. a ship that moved 355kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 175 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a guitar?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 tons\nB. 8 ounces\nC. 8 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a guitar is 8 pounds.\n8 ounces is too light and 8 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a soccer field?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 105 centimeters\nB. 105 meters\nC. 105 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a soccer field is 105 meters.\n105 centimeters is too short and 105 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Debbie can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nB. If Debbie prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nDebbie can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Debbie prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. monarch butterfly\nB. atlantic salmon\nC. red-kneed tarantula\nD. hissing cockroach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.Like other tarantulas, a red-kneed tarantula is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn atlantic salmon is a fish. Like other fish, an atlantic salmon is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA hissing cockroach is an insect. Like other insects, a hissing cockroach is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. grasshopper\nB. sea eagle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A sea eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a sea eagle has a backbone.\nA grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. poison frog\nB. bess beetle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA poison frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a poison frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe school requires us to be on time. If you can't even obey this rule, then what's to stop you from doing something worse, like stealing?\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being late to school will lead to becoming a thief. However, this argument wrongly suggests that the inability to follow a rule about being on time to school will necessarily lead to the breaking of other rules. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a school bus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 ounces\nB. 12 tons\nC. 12 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a school bus is 12 tons.\n12 ounces and 12 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nGwen told her friends that Mark was a typical Peter Pan type.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe steaming hot plate of spaghetti () to be eaten.\n\nChoices:\nA. called out\nB. was ready\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase called out. It describes the plate of spaghetti as if it were a person trying to get noticed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe Second Amendment says that people have the right to own ().\n\nChoices:\nA. weapons\nB. private roads\nC. enslaved people\nD. homes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe Second Amendment says that the American people have the right to own weapons. In particular, it says that people can own \"arms.\" The authors understood \"arms\" to include the type of weapons we now call guns. The complete text of the Second Amendment is below. According to the text, why is it important for Americans to have the right to own weapons? A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. In the early morning, three fishermen climbed into their boats.\nB. Will change out of her wet pants and shirt.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.In the early morning, three fishermen climbed into their boats is a complete sentence. The subject is three fishermen, and the verb is climbed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlead - lodge\n\nChoices:\nA. liver\nB. lava\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince liver is between the guide words lead - lodge, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndistinct - dreadful\n\nChoices:\nA. dare\nB. donkey\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince donkey is between the guide words distinct - dreadful, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is hailing at the playground right now.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. weather\nB. climate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is hailing at the playground right now.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation at the playground right now. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\nB. On the ferry to Ellis Island, Eve took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nOn the ferry to Ellis Island, Eve took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ntearing a piece of paper\npouring milk on oatmeal\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Duran is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrelief - royal\n\nChoices:\nA. range\nB. right\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince right is between the guide words relief - royal, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word gossip on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngrocery - guest\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince gossip is not between the guide words grocery - guest, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this tomato plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have smooth fruit and others have fuzzy fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for smooth fruit, and the allele f is for fuzzy fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has smooth fruit. This plant has two alleles for smooth fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. smooth fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for smooth fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit texture gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI don't trust Professor Hurst's findings. Another researcher at her university was caught falsifying data. So, it's likely Professor Hurst has, too.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Professor Hurst's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ethan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEthan has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ethan likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Ethan's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Ethan.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Kathleen! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Kathleen must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Kathleen's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Kathleen does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe city of Bloomington is currently experiencing a minor crisis. Its sanitation workers are on strike, and the garbage is piling up in the streets.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram bucket of water at a temperature of 85°F\nB. a 5-kilogram bucket of water at a temperature of 92°F\nC. a 5-kilogram bucket of water at a temperature of 69°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three buckets of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 92°F bucket of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a soda bottle cap?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 liters\nB. 10 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a soda bottle cap is 10 milliliters.\n10 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 miles\nB. 9 feet\nC. 9 inches\nD. 9 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 9 miles.\n9 inches, 9 feet, and 9 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nThe cytoplasm of an animal cell is made mostly of water.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe cytoplasm of an animal cell is made mostly of water.\nThis statement is true. All cells have cytoplasm. The cytoplasm has many cell parts inside it, but it is made mostly of water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Clare acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nClare has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\nB. Clare's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a school bus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15 yards\nB. 15 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a school bus is 15 yards.\n15 feet is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Tucker bought a program for the opera without realizing that the program was in Russian.\nB. Tucker bought a program for the opera without realizing that it was in Russian.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the program or the opera.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the program.\nTucker bought a program for the opera without realizing that the program was in Russian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your niece,\nEmily\nB. Your niece,\nEmily\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a parking space?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 7 centimeters\nB. 7 meters\nC. 7 millimeters\nD. 7 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 7 meters.\n7 millimeters and 7 centimeters are too short. 7 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Although I would rather visit Italy, I'm excited about going to Panama this summer.\nB. Despite their large size, grizzly bears can run at speeds of up to thirty miles per hour.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction although.\nAlthough I would rather visit Italy, I'm excited about going to Panama this summer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. At the auction, several paintings by famous artists were for sale, including one by Pablo Picasso.\nB. Nile crocodiles mainly eat fish, but they will also eat zebras, birds, and other crocodiles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nNile crocodiles mainly eat fish, but they will also eat zebras, birds, and other crocodiles."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. In 1900, the U.S. state with the largest population was New York.\nB. My assistant will distribute the report to everyone at the meeting while I make the introductions.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.\nMy assistant will distribute the report to everyone at the meeting while I make the introductions."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmolding clay into the shape of a pot\na rock heating up in a campfire\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is a physical change. The temperature of the rock goes up, but the rock is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nA rock heating up in a campfire is caused by heating. But molding clay is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentences.\nThe American people have the rights listed in the Constitution. The Ninth Amendment says that if the Constitution doesn't list a right, that right ().\n\nChoices:\nA. might still exist\nB. does not exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe American people have the rights listed in the Constitution. The Ninth Amendment says that if the Constitution doesn't list a right, that right might still exist. The Bill of Rights lists some rights. But it is not meant to be a complete list of all rights. The full text of the Ninth Amendment is below. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the text's most likely purpose?\n\nHint:\nRead the text below.\nWhen the drums begin, Joel will leap to the center of the stage for his solo. Everyone else should form a circle around him.\n\nChoices:\nA. to entertain\nB. to persuade\nC. to inform\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAuthors write texts for different purposes, or reasons. Common purposes for writing are to persuade, to inform, or to entertain readers.\nAuthors persuade by convincing readers to believe or do something.\nAn advertisement tries to convince readers to buy a product.\nA political poster tries to convince readers to vote for someone.\nAuthors inform by telling readers about a topic or process.\nA news article explains something that happened.\nA recipe describes how to cook a dish.\nAuthors entertain by giving readers something to enjoy.\nA joke tries to make readers laugh.\nA poem tries to please readers.The text is a set of instructions. Its purpose is to inform."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***The Strongest Man in the World***\nB. \"The Strongest Man in the World\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **The Strongest Man in the World**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The farmers pick the corn and beans.\nB. That awful noise from the large factory.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The farmers pick the corn and beans is a complete sentence. The subject is the farmers, and the verb is pick."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word brook on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeaver - bless\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince brook is not between the guide words beaver - bless, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Chandler joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chandler slept poorly.\nB. Chandler slept well.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Chandler slept poorly. Chandler was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. rain\nB. aloe vera\nC. brick wall\nD. geode\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A geode is not a living thing.\nA geode does not have all the traits of a living thing. It contains minerals that formed slowly over many years. But it does not need food or water.\nAloe vera is a living thing.\nAloe vera grows and responds to its environment. It needs food and water. It is made up of many cells.\nAloe vera is a plant. It uses water, air, and sunlight to make food.\nA brick wall is not a living thing.\nBrick walls do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to their environment. They do not need food or water.\nRain is not a living thing.\nRain is made of water. It helps living things survive. But it does not have all the traits of a living thing. Rain does not grow or need food."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndivide - draw\n\nChoices:\nA. doe\nB. decorate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince doe is between the guide words divide - draw, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mom doesn't like diamonds, so Dad gave her a ruby bracelet.\nB. The nervous swimmer steps onto the diving platform.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nMom doesn't like diamonds, so Dad gave her a ruby bracelet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Smith's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nB. Mr. Smith's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nMr. Smith's long legs were sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nMr. Smith's legs were as long as sunflower stalks.\nThe words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear grandma emma,\nB. Dear Grandma Emma,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Emma is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word running on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nrapidly - resign\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince running is not between the guide words rapidly - resign, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsale - stammer\n\nChoices:\nA. sunk\nB. seldom\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince seldom is between the guide words sale - stammer, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jacob is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.\nB. The restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested—restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews—but Jacob still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nThe restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested—restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews—but Jacob still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.\nThe first text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nJacob is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"All the King's Men\"\nB. ***All the King's Men***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **All the King's Men**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan antacid tablet reacting with water\na penny tarnishing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn antacid tablet reacting with water is a chemical change. When the tablet touches water, the type of matter in the tablet changes and carbon dioxide gas is released. This gas makes the water fizz.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDid you ever notice that every successful CEO has an expensive car? I guess I should get one if I'm ever going to progress in my job.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that having an expensive car leads to being a successful CEO. However, that's not necessarily true. For instance, a CEO might buy an expensive car after becoming successful. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the reptile traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nReptiles are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify reptiles:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Burmese pythons hatch from eggs with shells. They can grow to over 12 feet long! Their scaly, waterproof skin is brown and black.\nB. California newts have moist, smooth skin that is brown and orange. Their eggs have no shells, but they are protected by a poisonous gel. Young California newts live in shallow pools or streams. Adult newts live mostly on land.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nReptiles have the following traits:\nThey have scaly, waterproof skin.\nThey make eggs with shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Burmese python has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Burmese python has the traits of a reptile. A Burmese python is a reptile.\nA California newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA California newt does not have all of the traits of a reptile. A California newt is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThose images that yet\nFresh images beget,\nThat dolphin-torn, that gong-tormented sea.\n—W. B. Yeats, \"Byzantium\"\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words yet, fresh, beget, and tormented share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nDear Ella\nOur Special First Lady of Song\nYou gave your best for so long\nThis is true.\n—Dee Dee Bridgewater, \"Dear Ella\"\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nDear Ella is a direct address to Ella Fitzgerald, who died in 1996."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Henry's phenotype for the leg color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white legs, and the allele l is for yellow legs.\nHenry, a chicken from this group, has yellow legs. Henry has two alleles for yellow legs.\n\nChoices:\nA. yellow legs\nB. ll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Henry's observable version of the leg color trait is yellow legs. So, Henry's phenotype for the leg color trait is yellow legs."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nCalcium oxide is ().\n\nHint:\nCalcium oxide is used to make cement and steel. The chemical formula for calcium oxide is CaO.\n\nChoices:\nA. a compound\nB. an elementary substance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether calcium oxide is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for calcium oxide, CaO, contains two atomic symbols: Ca for calcium and O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that calcium oxide is composed of two chemical elements bonded together.\nSince calcium oxide is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, calcium oxide is a compound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. red-spotted purple butterfly\nB. peacock mantis shrimp\nC. peafowl\nD. bull ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA peafowl is a bird. Like other birds, a peafowl is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA peacock mantis shrimp is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a peacock mantis shrimp is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking a loaf of bread\ncells using oxygen to break down sugar\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nCells using oxygen to break down sugar is a chemical change. When sugar is broken down, it forms carbon dioxide and water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBaking is caused by heating. But cells using oxygen to break down sugar is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Venus flytrap's pink-and-green leaves make the plant look like an alien species.\nB. The Venus flytrap's two-lobed leaves snap shut when they come in contact with prey.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nStatements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.\nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up how the Venus flytrap captures its prey.\nThe Venus flytrap's two-lobed leaves snap shut when they come in contact with prey.\nThe first sentence states an opinion. Look like an alien species indicates a personal judgment.\nThe Venus flytrap's pink-and-green leaves make the plant look like an alien species."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPamela is good at knitting scarves.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. sea turtle\nB. red-spotted purple butterfly\nC. koala\nD. puffin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA puffin is a bird. Like other birds, a puffin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA koala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Estelle lives.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nMorning clouds usually clear up by noon where Estelle lives.\nThis passage tells you about the usual pattern of clouds where Estelle lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a passenger airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 45 ounces\nB. 45 tons\nC. 45 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a passenger airplane is 45 tons.\n45 ounces and 45 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word doubt on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndessert - during\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince doubt is between the guide words dessert - during, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBen says that he would not be the person he is today were it not for his childhood, which he describes as Dickensian.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.\nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.\nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the insect traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nInsects are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify insects:\nThey have six legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have one pair of antennae. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Many dung beetles roll dung, or animal waste, into balls using their six legs. They store the dung balls to eat later. Dung beetles also have an exoskeleton and one pair of antennae.\nB. Banana slugs have a soft body with a flat underside called the foot. Slugs use their muscular foot to move. Banana slugs also have small teeth on their tongue! These file-like teeth help banana slugs eat leaves and dead plants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nInsects have the following traits:\nThey have six legs.\nThey have an exoskeleton.\nThey have one pair of antennae.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA dung beetle has the following traits:\nIt has six legs.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nIt has one pair of antennae.\nA dung beetle has the traits of an insect. A dung beetle is an insect.\nA banana slug has the following traits:\nIt has a soft body.\nIt has a muscular foot.\nA banana slug does not have all of the traits of an insect. A banana slug is a mollusk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. an 800-gram rock at a temperature of 270°F\nB. an 800-gram rock at a temperature of 250°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 250°F rock is colder than the 270°F rock, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\npicking up a paper clip with a magnet\nwater freezing into ice\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nWater freezing into ice is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The water changes from solid to liquid. But the ice is still made of the same type of matter as the liquid water.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nWater freezing is caused by cooling. But picking up a paper clip with a magnet is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large soup pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 cups\nB. 3 gallons\nC. 3 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 3 gallons.\n3 fluid ounces and 3 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJacob dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.\n\nChoices:\nA. British history\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word ten on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntired - trestle\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ten is not between the guide words tired - trestle, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nMartin campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear ron,\nB. Dear Ron,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ron is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Boyd signed his name on the letter.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, signed. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a garden snail?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 43 kilometers\nB. 43 millimeters\nC. 43 centimeters\nD. 43 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 43 millimeters.\n43 centimeters, 43 meters, and 43 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is more flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. chalk\nB. rubber band\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber band is more flexible. If you bend rubber, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nZoe's Boutique claims to have \"something for everyone,\" but it is generally understood that their target market is women of a certain age.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nOf a certain age is an indirect and generally more polite way of referring to older people."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tony inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTony has blond hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tony's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Tony.\nB. Tony's mother cuts his hair every month.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. water in a bathtub\nB. apple juice\nC. plate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDuncan's recent behavior made his parents begin to see his friend Kirk as some sort of Svengali.\n\nChoices:\nA. modern history\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Svengali is literature.\nIn George du Maurier's novel Trilby, Svengali is a hypnotist who exerts such power over the central character that she is suddenly able to sing, which she was unable to do before.\nThe allusion Svengali means a person with an unduly strong influence over someone else."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Westford. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Westford?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Westford fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Westford has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this chemical reaction, gasoline is a ().\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes a chemical reaction. Read the passage. Then, follow the instructions below.\nGasoline provides the energy that powers many car engines. In an engine, gasoline and oxygen are mixed together and burned, creating carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. This process releases energy that the engine uses to turn the wheels, making the car move.\n\nChoices:\nA. reactant\nB. product\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA chemical change occurs when new substances are formed from existing substances. This process is called a chemical reaction.\nIn a chemical reaction, one or more substances change into one or more different substances. During the reaction, the atoms of the original substances are rearranged to form other substances.\nThe original substances in a chemical reaction are called reactants. These substances react, or go through a chemical change.\nThe substances that are formed in a chemical reaction are called products. These substances are produced by the chemical reaction.\nSo, in a chemical reaction, reactants go through a chemical change to form products.Read the underlined text carefully. Look for information about what happens to gasoline in this chemical reaction.\nGasoline provides the energy that powers many car engines. In an engine, gasoline and oxygen are mixed together and burned, creating carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. This process releases energy that the engine uses to turn the wheels, making the car move.\nThe underlined text tells you that when gasoline and oxygen combine, carbon dioxide and water are formed. When gasoline and oxygen react, or go through a chemical change, their atoms are rearranged to form carbon dioxide and water. Because gasoline reacts in this chemical reaction, gasoline is a reactant."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. coins\nB. salt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nIan always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. complex\nC. simple\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nIan always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the temperature shown by this thermometer.\n\nChoices:\nA. 115°F\nB. 80°F\nC. 55°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA thermometer is a tool that measures temperature. Temperature can be measured in degrees. The symbol for degrees is °.\nSome thermometers measure temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Fahrenheit is one scale used to measure temperature.\nThis is a tube thermometer. It has a tube filled with a red liquid.\nThere is a Fahrenheit scale along the right side of the tube. The top of the red liquid lines up with the number 80 on the scale. So, the temperature shown by this thermometer is 80°F.Find the top of the red liquid.\nNow look at the scale to the right. The top of the red liquid lines up with 80. So, the temperature is 80°F."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nTwo of my best friends are really introverted, shy people, and they both have cats. That leads to me believe that most cat lovers are really shy.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that cat lovers are shy because two of the speaker's friends own cats and are shy. However, this isn't necessarily true. Two observations are not usually enough to draw a conclusion about a much bigger group of people. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nKiera felt intimidated by the steep cliff that she faced on her first rock-climbing adventure.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a newspaper?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Tampa Bay Times***\nB. \"Tampa Bay Times\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A newspaper should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Tampa Bay Times**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two bowhead whales. Which bowhead whale was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowhead whale that moved 50miles in 10hours\nB. a bowhead whale that moved 20miles in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bowhead whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bowhead whale moved 20 miles in 10 hours.\nThe other bowhead whale moved 50 miles in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bowhead whale spent the same amount of time moving. The bowhead whale that moved 20 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bowhead whale must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word coat on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nclothes - curly\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince coat is between the guide words clothes - curly, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nusing polish to remove tarnish from a silver spoon\na penny tarnishing\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nA tarnished silver spoon is one that has become less shiny over time. Polishing the spoon makes it look shiny again.\nThe polish changes the tarnish into a different type of matter that can be easily wiped away. So, using polish to remove tarnish from silver is a chemical change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe Fifth Amendment talks about the rights of people who are accused of crimes. For example, it says that a person cannot be put on trial for the same crime more than once. Which is another right protected by the Fifth Amendment?\n\nChoices:\nA. the right to lie to a judge\nB. the right to apologize\nC. the right to own weapons\nD. the right to remain silent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nThe Fifth Amendment says that a person cannot be put on trial for the same crime more than once. It also says that anyone accused of a crime has the right to remain silent. The right to remain silent is important when someone is accused of a crime. A person does not have to answer questions from the police. In fact, the police need to tell a person about the Fifth Amendment before questioning him or her. A person also does not have to speak at his or her own trial. Even if a person does speak, he or she can plead the Fifth to avoid answering any question. Part of the text of the Fifth Amendment is below. It does not use the words \"right to remain silent.\" Where do you think that phrase comes from? Nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. snow\nB. sun\nC. rain\nD. house\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Rain, sun, and snow go together. They are weather words. House is not a weather word, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Before Ken decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to them about the requirements for each major.\nB. Before Ken decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with academic advisers.\nBefore Ken decided on a double major in history and Russian literature, he talked to academic advisers about the requirements for each major."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLisa plays soccer.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing soccer takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Riley inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRiley has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Riley and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\nB. Riley's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Riley.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. California toad\nB. gray crowned crane\nC. giraffe\nD. western rattlesnake\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A gray crowned crane is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nCranes wade in shallow water to look for food. Cranes eat insects, worms, and plants.\nA California toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA western rattlesnake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nRattlesnakes have fangs they can use to inject venom into their prey."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I left, the kittens were all peacefully sleeping on my bed. When I returned, it was Lord of the Flies.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Lord of the Flies is literature.\nIn William Golding's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies, a group of schoolboys survive a plane crash on a remote island and separate into violent, warring factions.\nThe allusion Lord of the Flies means a barbarous rivalry."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Kitkat's phenotype for the ear type trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of American curl cats, some individuals have curled ears and others have straight ears. In this group, the gene for the ear type trait has two alleles. The allele for curled ears (E) is dominant over the allele for straight ears (e).\nKitkat is an American curl cat from this group. Kitkat has the homozygous genotype ee for the ear type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. straight ears\nB. curled ears\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Kitkat's genotype for the ear type gene is ee. Kitkat's genotype of ee has only e alleles. The e allele is for straight ears. So, Kitkat's phenotype for the ear type trait must be straight ears.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Kitkat's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for curled ears (E) is dominant over the allele for straight ears (e). This means E is a dominant allele, and e is a recessive allele.\nKitkat's genotype of ee has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Kitkat's phenotype for the ear type trait must be straight ears."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nOnishi, Kristine H., and Renée Baillargeon. \"Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs?\" Science 308.5719 (2005): 255–258. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a book.\nB. It is a poem.\nC. It is a journal article.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nOnishi, Kristine H., and Renée Baillargeon. \"Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs?\" Science 308.5719 (2005): 255–258. Web. 15 Dec. 2012.\nYou can tell that the source is a journal article because of the entry's formatting. Journal articles always include the article title in quotation marks, the name of the journal in italics, and the volume and issue number separated by a period. Journal articles also include the year of publication in parentheses followed by the article's page numbers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word snout on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsheep - spoil\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince snout is between the guide words sheep - spoil, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlaugh - lime\n\nChoices:\nA. log\nB. leaf\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince leaf is between the guide words laugh - lime, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Smudge's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B).\nSmudge is a cat from this group. Smudge has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairless body\nB. a hairy body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Smudge's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Smudge's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Smudge's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Smudge's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nSmudge's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Smudge's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word soot on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshove - sponge\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince soot is between the guide words shove - sponge, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nGood children listen to their parents. Great parents listen to their children.\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second sentence reverses the order of the words children and parents relative to the first sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Lottie's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nLottie, a Syrian hamster from this group, has long fur. Lottie has two alleles for long fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. long fur\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Lottie's observable version of the fur length trait is long fur. So, Lottie's phenotype for the fur length trait is long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a seesaw?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 feet\nB. 3 miles\nC. 3 inches\nD. 3 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a seesaw is 3 yards.\n3 inches and 3 feet are too short. 3 miles is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Rosanne investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nRosanne gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nC. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her ideas and development?\nAsthma is a lung condition that makes it difficult to breathe. When people have asthma, their breathing passages can become inflamed, swelling up and filling with mucus. Emphysema is another lung disease that makes people short of breath. In people with asthma, inflamed airways become sensitive to smoke and dust, and as a result, the muscles of the airway can tighten up. All of these things make the passages narrow, so it's hard for air to move through. As a result, people with asthma sometimes have a hard time breathing.\n\nChoices:\nA. by including more details to support the main idea\nB. by clearly stating the main idea\nC. by removing information unrelated to the main idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her ideas and development by removing information unrelated to the main idea.\nFor example, the writer could remove the underlined text and focus only on the main idea: how asthma affects breathing.\nAsthma is a lung condition that makes it difficult to breathe. When people have asthma, their breathing passages can become inflamed, swelling up and filling with mucus. Emphysema is another lung disease that makes people short of breath. In people with asthma, inflamed airways become sensitive to smoke and dust, and as a result, the muscles of the airway can tighten up. All of these things make the passages narrow, so it's hard for air to move through. As a result, people with asthma sometimes have a hard time breathing."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. pipevine swallowtail butterfly\nB. human\nC. whiptail lizard\nD. cockatoo\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA cockatoo is a bird. Like other birds, a cockatoo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathroom sink?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 liters\nB. 10 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathroom sink is 10 liters.\n10 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Diane acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDiane knows how to make chili.\n\nChoices:\nA. Diane's friends like to make chili with her.\nB. Diane learned how to make chili from a recipe book.\nC. When Diane was young, her grandmother taught her how to cut chili peppers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear mr. Copeland,\nB. Dear Mr. Copeland,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Copeland is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Katy investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nKaty is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches\n\nChoices:\nA. Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?\nB. Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?\nC. Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Bambi's genotype for the coat color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have a black coat and others have a red coat. In this group, the gene for the coat color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for a black coat, and the allele l is for a red coat.\nBambi, a cow from this group, has a black coat. Bambi has two alleles for a black coat.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black coat\nB. LL\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Bambi has two alleles for a black coat (L). So, Bambi's genotype for the coat color gene is LL."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this rainbow trout's genotype for the body color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rainbow trout, some individuals have a greenish-brown body and others have a blue body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a greenish-brown body, and the allele b is for a blue body.\nA certain rainbow trout from this group has a blue body. This trout has two alleles for a blue body.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. a blue body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rainbow trout has two alleles for a blue body (b). So, the trout's genotype for the body color gene is bb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSofia, I've told you a million times: you need to dry the dishes before you put them away.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Sofia has actually been told this a million times."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBetty can fly a helicopter.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly a helicopter.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 16°C\nB. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 20°C\nC. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 23°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three metal paper clips have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 23°C paper clip is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. fly\nB. cassowary\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A cassowary is a bird. Like other birds, a cassowary has a backbone.\nA fly is an insect. Like other insects, a fly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nvein - volunteer\n\nChoices:\nA. vinegar\nB. vase\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince vinegar is between the guide words vein - volunteer, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nRebecca's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Salsa's genotype for the fur length gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nSalsa, a cat from this group, has short fur. Salsa has one allele for short fur and one allele for long fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. short fur\nB. Ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Salsa has one allele for short fur (F) and one allele for long fur (f). So, Salsa's genotype for the fur length gene is Ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nAutomobile companies should be required to manufacture more fuel-efficient vehicles. This shift would help the environment by lowering the demand for crude oil and lowering the level of pollutants released into the atmosphere. If fuel-efficient cars were manufactured, the economy would improve, too. As people lowered their expenses for gas, they would be able to increase spending on other products. Also, manufacturing these cars would drive technology forward: other new products would likely be manufactured, too.\n\nChoices:\nA. by reducing repetitive language\nB. by including more figurative language\nC. by fixing misused words\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by reducing repetitive language.\nFor example, the writer could revise the underlined text by using synonyms of manufacture, such as make, produce, create, and build, and synonyms of lower, such as decrease or reduce.\nAutomobile companies should be required to manufacture more fuel-efficient vehicles. This shift would help the environment by lowering the demand for crude oil and lowering the level of pollutants released into the atmosphere. If fuel-efficient cars were manufactured, the economy would improve, too. As people lowered their expenses for gas, they would be able to increase spending on other products. Also, manufacturing these cars would drive technology forward: other new products would likely be manufactured, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nGavin always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nGavin always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am green.\nI need sunlight.\nI grow out of the ground.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a plant\nB. a frog\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA plant is green.\nA plant needs sunlight.\nA plant grows out of the ground."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nThe Eighth Amendment places limits on how the government can () people.\n\nChoices:\nA. help\nB. punish\nC. educate\nD. tax\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe Eighth Amendment places limits on how the government can punish people. In particular, it says that the government cannot use \"cruel and unusual punishments.\" What makes a punishment \"cruel or unusual\"? The answer is not clear. The Eighth Amendment doesn't talk about specific punishments. Over time, Americans have changed their views on what is cruel and unusual. For example, the government decided in 2005 that it was cruel to put someone to death for a crime he or she committed before the age of 18. Today, Americans continue to question what is cruel and unusual. In the future, some punishments used today may be outlawed. The text of the Eighth Amendment is below. Does it have rules against anything else? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nFish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Cardinalfish have scaly skin and live near coral reefs. Cardinalfish lay eggs with no shells and have fins that help them swim underwater.\nB. Red salamanders do not have lungs! They can breathe through their moist, smooth skin. Adult red salamanders live near rivers or ponds. They lay eggs with no shells under rocks or logs. The baby red salamanders live underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nFish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA red salamander has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red salamander does not have all of the traits of a fish. A red salamander is an amphibian.\nA cardinalfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA cardinalfish has the traits of a fish. A cardinalfish is a fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhy do people form governments?\n\nChoices:\nA. to get rid of all rules\nB. to help keep people safe\nC. so that no one has to work\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPeople form governments for two main reasons.\nGovernments come up with laws, or rules, for a community. Laws help keep people safe. For example, traffic laws make it safer to drive.\nLaws can tell people how to work together and settle disagreements. How? Think about a team sport like soccer. The rules tell the players how to play together. For example, rules say which team should get the ball when it goes out of bounds. Laws work the same way in a community."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following parts does an animal cell have?\n\nChoices:\nA. chloroplasts\nB. cell membrane\nC. cell wall\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlant and animal cells have many parts in common, but not all. This table shows some of their similarities and differences.\nCell part | Plant cell | Animal cell\ncell wall | yes | no\ncell membrane | yes | yes\ncytoplasm | yes | yes\nmitochondria | yes | yes\nvacuole | yes | yes\nchloroplasts | yes | no\nnucleus | yes | yes\nchromosomes | yes | yes\nThink about how plant and animal cells are different:\nPlant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not. The cell wall helps plant cells keep a fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape.\nPlant cells have chloroplasts, but animal cells do not. Chloroplasts make sugar that plants cells can use as food. Animal cells cannot make their own food.\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich bottle of water has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo 120-gram bottles of water are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the bottle of water with less thermal energy\nB. the bottle of water with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two bottles of water are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bottle of water with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nJudaism (JU-dee-izm) is a religion that has existed for thousands of years. What are people who practice Judaism called?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jains\nB. Christians\nC. Jews\nD. Hindus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nToday, people who practice Judaism, or actively follow its teachings and traditions, are called Jews. But there are also many Jews who don't take part in religious practices. These people may still think of themselves as Jews because of their ancestry, or family history.\nEarly in Jewish history, ancestors of the first Jews were known as Hebrews and then Israelites."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Sanjay inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSanjay has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Sanjay's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Sanjay.\nB. Sanjay likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. bull ant\nB. pipevine swallowtail butterfly\nC. puffin\nD. rock lobster\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA rock lobster is a crustacean. Like other crustaceans, a rock lobster is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA puffin is a bird. Like other birds, a puffin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Meg inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMeg has brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Meg's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.\nB. Meg's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Meg.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Molly investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMolly gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nB. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\nC. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 5-kilogram bucket of water at a temperature of 66°F\nB. a 5-kilogram bucket of water at a temperature of 84°F\nC. a 5-kilogram bucket of water at a temperature of 78°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three buckets of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 84°F bucket of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nadvance - and\n\nChoices:\nA. amazed\nB. arm\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince amazed is between the guide words advance - and, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Eric investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nEric is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Eric notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?\nB. Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?\nC. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nEdward has a scar on his left leg.\n\nHint:\nHint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBrody got off the mountain by the skin of his teeth.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. U.S. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion by the skin of his teeth is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job complains to God about his hardships, saying that both strangers and those he loves have turned against him. He says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" Scholars have long debated the exact meaning of the phrase, but many claim that Job is saying that he narrowly escaped death.\nThe allusion by the skin of his teeth means just barely."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nFranklin can ride a motorcycle.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this tomato plant's genotype for the fruit color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have red fruit and others have yellow fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for red fruit, and the allele f is for yellow fruit.\nA certain tomato plant from this group has red fruit. This plant has two alleles for red fruit.\n\nChoices:\nA. red fruit\nB. FF\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The tomato plant has two alleles for red fruit (F). So, the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the segmented worm traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nSegmented worms are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify segmented worms:\nThey have a soft, cylindrical body.\nThey have no limbs.\nThey are made up of segments. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Earthworms live in soil and have no limbs. Their bodies are soft, cylindrical, and made up of many segments.\nB. Blue crabs are omnivores. Omnivores are animals that are adapted to eat both plants and animals. Blue crabs have an exoskeleton and two pairs of antennae.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nSegmented worms have the following traits:\nThey have a soft, cylindrical body.\nThey have no limbs.\nThey are made up of segments.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA blue crab has the following traits:\nIt has two pairs of antennae.\nIt has an exoskeleton.\nA blue crab does not have all of the traits of a segmented worm. A blue crab is a crustacean.\nAn earthworm has the following traits:\nIt has a soft, cylindrical body.\nIt has no limbs.\nIt is made up of segments.\nAn earthworm has the traits of a segmented worm. An earthworm is a segmented worm."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Olympic athletes are excellent role models for kids.\nB. The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896.\nIt can be proved by researching the history of the Olympics.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nOlympic athletes are excellent role models for kids.\nExcellent shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a role model excellent."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Spinach tastes worse than any other vegetable.\nB. The spinach plant is native to Asia.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe spinach plant is native to Asia.\nIt can be proved by looking up information about spinach.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nSpinach tastes worse than any other vegetable.\nWorse shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes one vegetable taste worse than another."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"There's nothing I love more than skipping lunch,\" Mr. Scott told the flight attendant when he learned that no food would be available on his cross-country flight.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nNothing I love more shows verbal irony because Mr. Scott is probably upset that there isn't anything to eat."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take for an airplane to cross the Atlantic Ocean?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 seconds\nB. 6 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes for an airplane to cross the Atlantic Ocean is 6 hours.\n6 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMy mom is a partner at a prominent law firm; she's not exactly Carol Brady.\n\nChoices:\nA. television\nB. modern history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Carol Brady is television.\nIn the television series The Brady Bunch, Carol Brady dedicates herself to the care of her six children and never complains.\nThe allusion Carol Brady means a devoted homemaker."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Wishes,\nHelen\nB. Best wishes,\nHelen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Deb fell asleep, Mom put a blanket on her.\nB. The conductor took tickets from everyone on the train.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The conductor took tickets from everyone on the train is a complete sentence. The subject is the conductor, and the verb is took."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Cole investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nCole starts to make a sandwich, but he sees mold on the bread! He wonders what factors affect how mold grows on bread. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo loaves of white sandwich bread\na small plastic bag\na large plastic bag\na refrigerator\n\nChoices:\nA. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored inside or outside the refrigerator?\nB. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored in a paper bag or in a plastic bag?\nC. Does white or whole wheat sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAn animal cell has a cell membrane.\n\nChoices:\nA. true\nB. false\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn animal cell has a cell membrane.\nThis statement is true. Every cell has a cell membrane. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nKimi has no school spirit—she never comes to any of our football games.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Kimi doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Kimi doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAfter tripping on the red carpet, the actress thought she would die of embarrassment.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nDie of embarrassment is an exaggeration, since the actress is probably not actually in danger of dying due to embarrassment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMiguel must not have enjoyed the casserole, or he would have asked for a second serving.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that if Miguel enjoyed the casserole, then he would have eaten more. However, Miguel could have enjoyed the casserole without wanting a second serving. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Becky inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBecky has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Becky's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Becky.\nB. Becky and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich egg has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo eggs are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the egg with less thermal energy\nB. the egg with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two eggs are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the egg with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Julian acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJulian knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Julian likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\nB. Julian's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\nC. Julian's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nTony's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJackson is not qualified to run the Environmental Club. Have you seen his sister's huge, horrifically inefficient car? The planet cries whenever she turns on the ignition.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Jackson isn't qualified to run the Environmental Club because his sister drives a fuel inefficient car. However, the behavior of Jackson's sister does not necessarily reflect Jackson's own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text structure does the text use?\n\nHint:\nRead the text.\nIt takes a long time and a lot of hard work to become a veterinarian. You'll want to start by finishing high school and going on to college. During college, you might study biology, chemistry, or animal science. Then, after four years of college, you'll attend four years of veterinary school. There you will learn more about medicine and animals and how to care for them. After finishing veterinary school, you will need to pass a test called a licensing exam. Then, at last, you can work as a veterinarian.\n\nChoices:\nA. sequential\nB. cause-effect\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWriters can organize their ideas in different ways. These ways of organizing writing are called text structures. When you can tell how a text is organized, it's easier to understand how the writer's ideas go together. You can also use these text structures to organize your own writing.\n | Text structure | Where you might find it | Words and phrases to look for\nA sequential structure tells you about events that happen in a certain order. | a recipe for how to make a blueberry pie | first, until, second, after, next, then, before, finally, during\nA cause-effect structure shows the causes and the effects, or results, of an event. | an essay about how recycling helps the environment | because, led to, since, as a result, due to, so, reason\nA problem-solution structure explains a problem and offers possible solutions. | an article about ways to get more people to vote | issue, suggest, question, puzzle, fix, answer\nA compare-contrast structure shows how two (or more) things are the same or different. | a chapter about the differences between whales and sharks | like, unlike, too, on the other hand, both, while, same, instead, common, different, as well as, however\nA descriptive structure tells you a list of details about an object, scene, or topic. | a paragraph about what Tyrannosaurus rex looked like| for example, near, for instance beside, such as, most important, alsoThe text uses a sequential structure to show the steps in becoming a veterinarian, or animal doctor. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a sequential structure. Notice the words start, then, and after, as well as the phrases during college and at last."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe ancient car () whenever someone tries to use it.\n\nChoices:\nA. throws a fit\nB. produces thick smoke\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase throws a fit. It describes the car as if it were a person who is upset."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowl of cereal at a temperature of 20°C\nB. a bowl of cereal at a temperature of 15°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two bowls of cereal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 15°C bowl of cereal is colder than the 20°C bowl of cereal, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thanks,\nDoug\nB. thanks,\nDoug\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word decay on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndistinct - draw\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince decay is not between the guide words distinct - draw, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Rosanne investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nRosanne leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\nB. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\nC. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nUncle Brett will cook dinner for us.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, cook. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word clam on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ncalves - comb\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince clam is between the guide words calves - comb, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nDad will clean the baby's bottle.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, clean. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cookie at a temperature of 45°F\nB. a cookie at a temperature of 65°F\nC. a cookie at a temperature of 80°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three cookies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 80°F cookie is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs pulling weeds a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether pulling weeds is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs pulling weeds something you can touch? No.\nIs pulling weeds a job you might pay someone else to do? Yes.\nSo, pulling weeds is a service."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. The senator announced unexpectedly that she was resigning.\nB. Out of the blue, the senator announced that she was resigning.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (out of the blue).\nThe second sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Neil decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nNeil is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. He would prefer to watch a comedy. But he also wants to watch a movie with his sister. Neil's sister will only watch an action movie.\n\nChoices:\nA. Neil will get to watch the movie that he is more excited about.\nB. Neil will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Neil wants or needs:\nNeil will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich fish tank has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo fish tanks are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the colder fish tank\nB. the hotter fish tank\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two fish tanks are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder fish tank has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her narrative voice?\nBefore I took a photography class, I always shot photos using the camera's automatic mode. In the class, though, I learned how important it is to take control of things like exposure to make photos look how you want them to look. The instructor also taught us how to change the aperture and choose the correct f-stop number. Now I know how to control shutter speed and ISO to capture clear, beautiful photos under any lighting conditions. My photos have never been better!\n\nChoices:\nA. by defining technical terms\nB. by using more emotional language\nC. by including more technical terms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by defining technical terms.\nFor example, the writer could provide definitions for the underlined terms so that a person unfamiliar with them will have a better understanding.\nBefore I took a photography class, I always shot photos using the camera's automatic mode. In the class, though, I learned how important it is to take control of things like exposure to make photos look how you want them to look. The instructor also taught us how to change the aperture and choose the correct f-stop number. Now I know how to control shutter speed and ISO to capture clear, beautiful photos under any lighting conditions. My photos have never been better!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Bruce investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBruce is painting watercolor pictures with his friend. An hour after they have finished, Bruce notices one painting is dry but the other is not. He wonders what factors affect how quickly watercolor paintings dry. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo freshly painted watercolor pictures of the same size\nhis dining room table\na picnic table in his backyard\na heater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when they are placed inside or outside?\nB. Does a large watercolor painting or a small watercolor painting dry faster?\nC. Do watercolor paintings dry faster when placed next to a fan?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI know that I know nothing.\n—attributed to Socrates\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nI know that I know nothing at first appears to be contradictory: by admitting that you know nothing, you admit that you must know something. However, it contains some truth: it is possible to be conscious of one's limitations."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich phrase has a more positive connotation?\n\nChoices:\nA. a willful attitude\nB. a resolute attitude\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nConnotation is the feeling or idea that goes along with a word or phrase. Some words are close in meaning but have different connotations.\nFor example, think about the words eager and impatient. They both mean wanting something to happen, but they have different connotations.\nEager has a positive connotation. It is a nice word. An eager person is happy and excited.\nImpatient has a negative connotation. It is not a nice word. An impatient person is often pushy and demanding.A resolute attitude has a more positive connotation. Resolute and willful both denote being determined. However, resolute suggests acting with conviction and dedication, while willful suggests being disobedient."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Though small, hummingbirds have the most remarkable feathers of any bird.\nB. Hummingbirds molt, or replace old feathers with new ones, once a year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nHummingbirds molt, or replace old feathers with new ones, once a year.\nIt can be proved by reading a book about hummingbirds.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThough small, hummingbirds have the most remarkable feathers of any bird.\nMost remarkable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which birds have the most remarkable feathers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe hum of the computer concerned Oscar. Was the problem with the power supply or the hard drive?\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nHum represents the sound the computer was making."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Jeremiah.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nLayla dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Jeremiah, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. decreased\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nJeremiah was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Jeremiah, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Jeremiah."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Chad decides to bake lemon muffins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nChad is deciding whether to bake cornbread muffins or lemon muffins. He wants the muffins to be tasty. But he also wants to make a lot of muffins.\n\nChoices:\nA. Chad will give up the chance to eat cornbread muffins. He thinks cornbread muffins are tastier than lemon muffins.\nB. Chad will get to eat more muffins. He can make more lemon muffins than cornbread muffins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Chad wants or needs:\nChad will give up the chance to eat cornbread muffins. He thinks cornbread muffins are tastier than lemon muffins."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a flute a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a service\nB. a good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a flute is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a flute something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a flute a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a flute is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. dinner\nB. breakfast\nC. lunch\nD. drink\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Lunch, breakfast, and dinner go together. They are meals. Drink is not a meal, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grace,\nB. Dear grace,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grace is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best wishes,\nCarmen\nB. best wishes,\nCarmen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. silver and gold\nB. sugar\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nReggie's '64 Impala groaned as he turned the ignition. Yet again he resolved to refurbish it over the summer.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses personification, giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nReggie's '64 Impala groaned describes the car as if it were human."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nTessa went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.Tessa went down the slide face-first, like a penguin.\nThe words Tessa and penguin are compared using the word like. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nI tell Lillian my opinions about her music.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, tell. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nSue orders a roast beef sandwich.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, orders. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. bess beetle\nB. bald eagle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A bess beetle is an insect. Like other insects, a bess beetle does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA bald eagle is a bird. Like other birds, a bald eagle has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Michelle investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMichelle leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nC. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Desmond investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nDesmond and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Desmond notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\nB. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\nC. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nDeep-frying chicken is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Deep-frying chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. Vacuoles store nutrients, water, and waste in animal cells.\nB. Plant cells can have mitochondria but do not have vacuoles.\nC. In an animal cell, the mitochondria contain the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nPieces of rock are picked up and carried by the ice in a glacier.\n\nChoices:\nA. drought\nB. erosion\nC. deposition\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Springtown. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Springtown?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Springtown fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Springtown has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nPeter lives in a windy place.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nPeter lives in a windy place.\nThis passage tells you about the usual amount of wind where Peter lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe swordsman achieved a Pyrrhic victory.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek history\nB. a fairy tale\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Pyrrhic victory is Greek history.\nPyrrhus was an ancient Greek king who won a battle but suffered very heavy losses.\nThe allusion Pyrrhic victory means a success that comes at a huge cost."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI live on a farm.\nI may be black and white.\nYou can get milk from me.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a cow\nB. a turtle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA cow lives on a farm.\nA cow may be black and white.\nYou can get milk from a cow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\n2015 Scholarship Handbook. New York: The College Board, 2014. Print.\n\nChoices:\nA. New York is the web page title.\nB. The College Board is the publisher.\nC. It is an article.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\n2015 Scholarship Handbook. New York: The College Board, 2014. Print.\nYou can tell that The College Board is the publisher by looking at the publisher name, which appears after the place of publication."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nDave says that he would not be the person he is today were it not for his childhood, which he describes as Dickensian.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature.\nThe works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages.\nThe allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nFor the time being, certainly, it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations (Squealer always spoke of it as a \"readjustment,\" never as a \"reduction\") . . .\n—George Orwell, Animal Farm\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. antithesis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nA readjustment of rations is an indirect way of saying that food rations would be decreased."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Aaliyah acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAaliyah knows how to make chili.\n\nChoices:\nA. When Aaliyah was young, her grandmother taught her how to cut chili peppers.\nB. Aaliyah learned how to make chili from a recipe book.\nC. Aaliyah's friends like to make chili with her.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\npeeling a banana\ngetting a haircut\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nGetting a haircut is a physical change. Your hair is shorter after a haircut. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nFlowing water carries away sand and mud.\n\nChoices:\nA. wildfire\nB. erosion\nC. volcanic eruption\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Hoffman cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Hoffman washes the car.\nB. Roosters have large combs on top of their heads.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nRoosters have large combs on top of their heads."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nOur study looked at people who were successful, as defined by their level of income. Our findings show that successful people consistently make more money than unsuccessful people.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that successful people make more money than unsuccessful people. However, the study defines success by income level. So, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. A tropical cyclone is a strong circular storm that begins over warm oceans near the equator.\nB. A tropical cyclone is a real big storm that begins over warm oceans near the equator.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses conversational language (real big).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the conversational language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThat advice columnist argues that people should establish their careers before they get married. It really disappoints me that he would suggest to his readers that money is more important than love.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the columnist believes money is more important than love. However, this misrepresents the columnist's argument. The columnist only thinks that people should seek stable careers before getting married. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a desk a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a desk is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a desk something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a desk a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a desk is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Santiago cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Santiago washes the car.\nB. That wool scarf looks soft and warm.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nMr. Santiago cleans the chimney, and Mrs. Santiago washes the car."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nHow many articles did Clarence write before his publisher offered him a book contract?\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nRaymond always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound\nC. complex\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nRaymond always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Ms. Montoya,\nB. dear Ms. Montoya,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Montoya is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could the Harry Potter movies not have won even one Academy Award? It's one of the most popular franchises of all time!\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the Harry Potter franchise should have won an award because it's popular. However, the fact that a movie franchise is popular doesn't necessarily mean it's deserving of an award. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Fishie's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele for a golden body (b) is recessive to the allele for a gray body (B).\nFishie is a guppy from this group. Fishie has the homozygous genotype bb for the body color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a gray body\nB. a golden body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Fishie's genotype for the body color gene is bb. Fishie's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a golden body. So, Fishie's phenotype for the body color trait must be a golden body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Fishie's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a golden body (b) is recessive to the allele for a gray body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nFishie's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Fishie's phenotype for the body color trait must be a golden body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brandon inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrandon has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brandon and his father both have short hair.\nB. Brandon's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Brandon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSue has five fingers on each hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nYou're an absolute genius for figuring out how to stop the leak!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. declarative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nNone of my grandparents know how to connect a printer to their computers. Why are older adults so bad with technology?\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that all older adults are bad with technology because the speaker's grandparents are. However, just because a few older adults are bad with technology, it doesn't mean that all older adults are. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a teakettle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 cups\nB. 10 gallons\nC. 10 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a teakettle is 10 cups.\n10 fluid ounces is too little and 10 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a leather belt?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 34 inches\nB. 34 feet\nC. 34 miles\nD. 34 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 34 inches.\n34 feet, 34 yards, and 34 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bicycle that moved 245kilometers east in 5hours\nB. a bicycle that moved 70kilometers north in 5hours\nC. a bicycle that moved 230kilometers north in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each bicycle moved for 5 hours. The bicycle that moved 70 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to make a paper airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60 seconds\nB. 60 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to make a paper airplane is 60 seconds.\n60 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jordan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJordan knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jordan's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\nB. Jordan likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\nC. Jordan's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsalt - slow\n\nChoices:\nA. size\nB. stride\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince size is between the guide words salt - slow, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMy skin swelled because of the bee sting.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, swelled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would smell more?\n\nChoices:\nA. bone\nB. gum\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gum would smell more. Gum has a strong smell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a leather belt?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 25 miles\nB. 25 inches\nC. 25 yards\nD. 25 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a leather belt is 25 inches.\n25 feet, 25 yards, and 25 miles are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nTanvi has naturally straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Some humans are born with naturally straight hair. Others are born with naturally curly hair. Straight and curly are examples of hair texture.\nSome people use tools to change how their hair looks. But this doesn't affect the natural texture of their hair. So, having naturally straight hair is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"State of the Art\"\nB. \"state of the Art\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"State of the Art.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe time period after the Civil War is usually called Reconstruction (1865–1877). What does it mean to reconstruct something?\n\nChoices:\nA. to analyze something\nB. to forget something entirely\nC. to build something again\nD. to destroy something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThe prefix re- means \"again.\" The word construct means \"to build.\" So, reconstruct means \"to build something again.\" After the war, the Confederate states rejoined the Union states. The border states were Southern states that had never seceded. In 1861, the Civil War started when 11 Southern states seceded, or withdrew from the country. The seceded states tried to form a new country called the Confederate States of America. The two sides of the war, the Confederacy and the Union, fought for over four years. The Confederate states lost the war in 1865. During Reconstruction, Americans debated what to do with the former Confederate states."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a surplus or a shortage of scarves?\n\nHint:\nA clothing store has 50 scarves for sale. Each scarf costs $17. At that price, 85 people want to buy one.\n\nChoices:\nA. surplus\nB. shortage\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere is a surplus if there is too much for sale at a given price.\nThere is a shortage if there is not enough for sale at a given price.\nSurpluses and shortages usually happen when people who are selling goods or services charge too much or too little.\nWhen the price is too high, consumers will not want to buy much of the good or service. The quantity demanded will be less than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a surplus.\nWhen the price is too low, too many consumers will want to buy the good or service. The quantity demanded will be more than the quantity supplied. So, there will be a shortage.At the current price, there are not enough scarves for sale. There are 50 scarves for sale, but 85 people want to buy one.\nSo, there is a shortage of scarves."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word admire on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nactually - afraid\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince admire is between the guide words actually - afraid, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a play?\n\nChoices:\nA. Big Bad and Little Red\nB. Big bad and Little Red\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word and is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Big Bad and Little Red."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Jinx's phenotype for the fur type trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have straight fur and others have curly fur. In this group, the gene for the fur type trait has two alleles. The allele for straight fur (F) is dominant over the allele for curly fur (f).\nJinx is a cat from this group. Jinx has the heterozygous genotype Ff for the fur type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. straight fur\nB. curly fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Jinx's phenotype for the fur type trait. First, consider the alleles in Jinx's genotype for the fur type gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for straight fur (F) is dominant over the allele for curly fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nJinx's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Jinx's phenotype for the fur type trait must be straight fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. It takes courage to stand up for people who are being bullied.\nB. It takes guts to stand up for people who are being bullied.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (takes guts).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Shelby decides to eat the sugar cookies. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nShelby is deciding whether to eat grapes or sugar cookies for an afternoon snack. She would like to eat something tasty, but she is also trying to be healthier.\n\nChoices:\nA. Shelby will get to eat the sugar cookies. Shelby thinks sugar cookies will taste better than grapes would have.\nB. Shelby will give up the chance to eat the grapes. The grapes would have been healthier than the sugar cookies.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Shelby wants or needs:\nShelby will give up the chance to eat the grapes. The grapes would have been healthier than the sugar cookies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncellular respiration\ncompost rotting\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCellular respiration is a chemical change. Cells use oxygen to break down sugar. Breaking the chemical bonds in sugar molecules releases energy that a cell can use.\nThe atoms from the broken molecules then combine to form different molecules such as carbon dioxide and water. These molecules are different types of matter than sugar and oxygen.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 28 feet\nB. 28 inches\nC. 28 miles\nD. 28 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 28 yards.\n28 inches and 28 feet are too short. 28 miles is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this rose plant's genotype for the flower color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for light yellow flowers, and the allele f is for dark yellow flowers.\nA certain rose plant from this group has dark yellow flowers. This plant has two alleles for dark yellow flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. dark yellow flowers\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The rose plant has two alleles for dark yellow flowers (f). So, the plant's genotype for the flower color gene is ff."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two motorboats. Which motorboat was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a motorboat that moved 265kilometers in 10hours\nB. a motorboat that moved 505kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each motorboat moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne motorboat moved 265 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other motorboat moved 505 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each motorboat spent the same amount of time moving. The motorboat that moved 265 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that motorboat must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngeese - gun\n\nChoices:\nA. grateful\nB. gave\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince grateful is between the guide words geese - gun, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathtub?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 310 milliliters\nB. 310 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 310 liters.\n310 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is Abraham Lincoln famous for?\n\nChoices:\nA. He helped write the Declaration of Independence.\nB. He was president of the United States.\nC. He gave women the right to vote.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAbraham Lincoln was the 16 th president of the United States. He is famous for helping to end slavery. He is also famous for leading the country through the Civil War."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a trumpet a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a trumpet is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a trumpet something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a trumpet a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a trumpet is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nEach bus takes the same amount of time to stop. Which school bus needs a larger force to come to a stop?\n\nHint:\nKids from two different schools are riding their school buses home. The buses are the same. They are going the same speed. But different numbers of kids are riding in each bus.\n\nChoices:\nA. a school bus carrying 500 pounds\nB. a school bus carrying 650 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the school bus that is heavier.\nA school bus carrying 650 pounds is heavier than a school bus carrying 500 pounds. So, the school bus carrying 650 pounds needs a larger force to come to a stop in the same amount of time as the other bus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear ms. gilbert,\nB. Dear Ms. Gilbert,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Gilbert is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nShawna noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nShawna noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Shawna was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. In 2012, SpaceX made a splash by becoming the first private company to dock a spacecraft at the International Space Station.\nB. In 2012, SpaceX drew a great deal of attention by becoming the first private company to dock a spacecraft at the International Space Station.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses an idiom (made a splash).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the idiom, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJaden's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOld news is a contradiction, because news is recent information."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two mountain bikers. Which mountain biker was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a mountain biker who moved 165kilometers in 5hours\nB. a mountain biker who moved 135kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each mountain biker moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne mountain biker moved 165 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other mountain biker moved 135 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each mountain biker spent the same amount of time moving. The mountain biker who moved 165 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that mountain biker must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word float on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nforget - front\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince float is not between the guide words forget - front, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Liz acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLiz speaks two languages.\n\nChoices:\nA. Liz learned to speak two languages in school.\nB. Liz's mother speaks one language.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't be deceived by Amy Pena's articles on rural, blue-collar workers. Her husband is a fancy investment banker, so she can't possibly understand their situation.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Amy Pena can't understand rural, blue-collar workers because she is associated with an urban newspaper. However, where Amy works doesn't necessarily indicate anything about her ability to empathize. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 39 meters\nB. 39 kilometers\nC. 39 centimeters\nD. 39 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 39 kilometers.\n39 millimeters, 39 centimeters, and 39 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a goat?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 70 tons\nB. 70 ounces\nC. 70 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a goat is 70 pounds.\n70 ounces is too light and 70 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Vicky decides to see the hippopotamuses. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nVicky is deciding whether to see the hippopotamuses or the storks at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Vicky will spend more time walking to the hippopotamuses. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the storks are close by.\nB. Vicky will enjoy seeing the hippopotamuses more than she would have enjoyed seeing the storks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Vicky wants or needs:\nVicky will spend more time walking to the hippopotamuses. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the storks are close by."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Oliver's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B).\nOliver is a cat from this group. Oliver has the homozygous genotype bb for the body hair gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairless body\nB. a hairy body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Oliver's genotype for the body hair gene is bb. Oliver's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for a hairless body. So, Oliver's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Oliver's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a hairless body (b) is recessive to the allele for a hairy body (B). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nOliver's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Oliver's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nDuring the Precambrian period, most of Earth's life forms lived in oceans. Meanwhile, land masses were mostly devoid of life.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is not a sentence fragment. These are complete sentences because they express complete thoughts.\nDuring the Precambrian period, most of Earth's life forms lived in oceans. Meanwhile, land masses were mostly devoid of life."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a grain of rice?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 4 centimeters\nB. 4 millimeters\nC. 4 kilometers\nD. 4 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a grain of rice is 4 millimeters.\n4 centimeters, 4 meters, and 4 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIn this election, we've seen the highest voter turnout ever recorded. If you have any doubts about Eric Hong's qualifications, just look at how many people have come out to vote for him.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Eric Hong is the most qualified candidate, because so many voters turned out to vote. However, even though many people voted for him, that doesn't necessarily mean that Eric Hong is the most qualified candidate. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJackie insisted that her dog wasn't fat; she said that he was merely well-fed.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nWell-fed is an indirect way of saying overweight."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mixture.\n\nChoices:\nA. silver\nB. pasta sauce\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.\nA mixture is made of two or more types of matter mixed together."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Coco's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nCoco, a Syrian hamster from this group, has short fur. Coco has one allele for short fur and one allele for long fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ff\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Coco's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Coco's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bonnie is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nB. Bonnie is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nBonnie is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nThe first text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nBonnie is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrank persisted despite his friends' attempts to tell him that this was a Gordian knot.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. ancient legend\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, Alexander the Great used his sword to slash an intricate knot by which a chariot was tied to a pole in the city of Gordium.\nThe allusion Gordian knot means a highly complex problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nPorter remarked that the new book on anti-gravity was impossible to put down.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nImpossible to put down means that the book is so good that it is hard to stop reading. The phrase impossible to put down is also a joke about anti-gravity: if gravity pulls things down, perhaps anti-gravity does the opposite and makes them impossible to put down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nStudents are unhappy with the new dress code requirements, and they will be discussing their grievances at the next school board meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nStudents are unhappy with the new dress code requirements, and they will be discussing their grievances at the next school board meeting."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Chan sent the email yesterday, but no one received it.\nB. You can make a quill pen with a goose feather.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nMr. Chan sent the email yesterday, but no one received it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Henry acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHenry knows how to do tricks with a jump rope.\n\nChoices:\nA. Henry won a competition at his school with his jump rope tricks.\nB. Henry's sister taught him how to do tricks with a jump rope.\nC. Henry has three jump ropes, each made of a different material.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWhen I learned the details of Vicky's Faustian bargain, I was in disbelief.\n\nChoices:\nA. history\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Faustian bargain is literature.\nIn a play by Christopher Marlowe based on the legend of Faust, a man strikes a deal with the devil. Disregarding the long-term consequences of his actions, he sells his soul in exchange for power.\nThe allusion Faustian bargain means a compromise of one's values for personal gain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Dylan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDylan has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dylan's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Andy accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over his shirt.\nB. Andy accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Andy's shirt.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Andy's or the waiter's.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Andy's.\nAndy accidentally bumped into the waiter, and food splattered all over Andy's shirt."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thanks,\nCarson\nB. thanks,\nCarson\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Tucker lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. There was a benefit to Tucker's job loss.\nB. Having to pursue a new career was the worst part of Tucker's job loss.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Tucker's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Tucker's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Koko's phenotype for the body feather color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for green body feathers, and the allele b is for blue body feathers.\nKoko, a budgerigar parakeet from this group, has blue body feathers. Koko has two alleles for blue body feathers.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. blue body feathers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Koko's observable version of the body feather color trait is blue body feathers. So, Koko's phenotype for the body feather color trait is blue body feathers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Stafford has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Stafford's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Stafford. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Last night we heard an owl outside in the oak tree.\nB. I ate all of my dinner, so I can have some pie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nI ate all of my dinner, so I can have some pie."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Vikings came from what are now the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.\nB. The Vikings carried out their raids in a swift, vicious fashion.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The second sentence states a fact.\nThe Vikings came from what are now the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.\nIt can be proved by reading a history book about Vikings.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe Vikings carried out their raids in a swift, vicious fashion.\nVicious shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a raid vicious."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a magazine?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Taste of Home\"\nB. ***Taste of Home***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Taste of Home**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHow could I possibly have time to wash the dishes when so much carbon dioxide is being spewed into the atmosphere on a daily basis?\n\nChoices:\nA. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere somehow prevents the speaker from washing the dishes. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nKimi had her fifteen minutes when her video of kayaking with dolphins went viral.\n\nChoices:\nA. modern history\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.\nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.\nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nLucy is completely soaked!\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The recipe says to mix the black beans with the chopped tomatoes, but Scott forgot to buy them.\nB. The recipe says to mix the black beans with the chopped tomatoes, but Scott forgot to buy the black beans.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun them could refer to the black beans or the chopped tomatoes.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Them has been replaced with the black beans.\nThe recipe says to mix the black beans with the chopped tomatoes, but Scott forgot to buy the black beans."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe weathered shed in the backyard was ().\n\nChoices:\nA. broken beyond repair\nB. slumped over in defeat\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase slumped over in defeat. It describes the shed as if it were a tired, worn-down person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhere was Thomas Jefferson from?\n\nChoices:\nA. Pennsylvania\nB. Virginia\nC. England\nD. Canada\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThomas Jefferson was from Virginia.\nVirginia was a British colony when Thomas Jefferson was born. Virginia was the first of the Thirteen Colonies in North America. More colonists lived in Virginia than in any other British colony.\nThomas Jefferson was not from England. England was a different part of the British Empire."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nFish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Goldfish hatch from eggs with no shells and have scaly skin. They are popular as pets in many countries today. They were first kept as pets by people in ancient China. Goldfish have fins and live underwater.\nB. Greater flameback woodpeckers have feathers and two wings. They use their strong beaks to make holes in trees. The woodpeckers use these holes as nests for their eggs, which have white shells.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nFish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA goldfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA goldfish has the traits of a fish. A goldfish is a fish.\nA greater flameback woodpecker has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA greater flameback woodpecker does not have all of the traits of a fish. A greater flameback woodpecker is a bird."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn which place would you be more likely to drive to see your neighbors?\n\nChoices:\nA. a rural area\nB. an urban area\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPeople around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.You would be more likely to drive to see your neighbors in a rural area. In urban areas, your neighbors live right next to you. In rural areas, houses are farther apart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nMark took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nMark took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a can of soda pop?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 305 liters\nB. 305 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 305 milliliters.\n305 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Mike attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. simple\nC. complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Mike attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This salsa could use a little more spice,\" Vijay said as he gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. The salsa was too spicy.\nB. The salsa was tasteless.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Vijay gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word mermaid on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmarsh - muffle\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mermaid is between the guide words marsh - muffle, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Scarlett decides to borrow the book from the library. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nScarlett is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Scarlett will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants.\nB. Scarlett will save some money by not buying the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Scarlett wants or needs:\nScarlett will give up the chance to keep the book as long as she wants."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. cave\nB. wave\nC. dash\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words wave and cave rhyme. They both end with the ave sound.\nThe word dash does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Dylan, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nB. As they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Dylan, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Dylan, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Dylan, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. wed\nB. fed\nC. men\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words fed and wed rhyme. They both end with the ed sound.\nThe word men does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. luck\nB. black\nC. duck\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words luck and duck rhyme. They both end with the uck sound.\nThe word black does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the canoe's motion?\n\nHint:\nA canoe is turning to the left to avoid getting stuck in shallow water.\n\nChoices:\nA. The canoe has a constant velocity.\nB. The canoe is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The canoe is changing direction. So, the canoe is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word scoop on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nseam - sheriff\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince scoop is not between the guide words seam - sheriff, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Clue's phenotype for the fur texture trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dachshund dogs, some individuals have rough fur and others have soft fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele for rough fur (F) is dominant over the allele for soft fur (f).\nClue is a dachshund dog from this group. Clue has the homozygous genotype FF for the fur texture gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. soft fur\nB. rough fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Clue's genotype for the fur texture gene is FF. Clue's genotype of FF has only F allelles. The F allele is for rough fur. So, Clue's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be rough fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Clue's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for rough fur (F) is dominant over the allele for soft fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nClue's genotype of FF has two dominant alleles. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Clue's phenotype for the fur texture trait must be rough fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sarah Newton is an ace reporter, so it was not surprising that she was nominated for an award.\nB. Sarah Newton is an excellent reporter, so it came as no surprise when her work was nominated for an award.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (ace).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. year\nB. home\nC. week\nD. day\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Week, year, and day go together. They are time words. Home is not a time word, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Darell inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDarell has curly hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Darell and his biological parents have brown hair.\nB. Darell's biological father has curly hair.\nC. Darell's coworker also has curly hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, located nearly 250 miles from the capital city of Zagreb, is better to visit during the summer festival season.\nB. The city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, once had the third-largest navy in the Mediterranean.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nStatements of fact make claims that are based on research, observation, or experimentation. Facts can be proved with evidence.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is a fact. The statement can be verified by researching and comparing the height of each man.\nStatements of opinion make claims that are based on personal judgments or perspectives. Opinions can be supported by evidence, but they cannot be definitively proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact. It can be verified by looking up the history of the largest naval forces in the Mediterranean.\nThe city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, once had the third-largest navy in the Mediterranean.\nThe second sentence states an opinion. Better indicates a personal judgment.\nThe city of Dubrovnik, Croatia, located nearly 250 miles from the capital city of Zagreb, is better to visit during the summer festival season."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tisha investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTisha is making a fruit salad. She mixes some apple slices with orange and pineapple slices, and leaves the rest of the apple slices on the counter. A few minutes later, she notices that the apple slices on the counter have turned brown. She wonders what factors affect how quickly sliced fruit turns brown. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo apples\ntwo bananas\norange juice\na kitchen knife\n\nChoices:\nA. Do apple slices turn brown more quickly if they are dipped in sugar or in orange juice?\nB. Do slices of pear turn brown more quickly than slices of banana?\nC. Do apple slices dipped in orange juice turn brown more slowly than plain apple slices?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the most flexible?\n\nChoices:\nA. paper\nB. ceramic tea cup\nC. clay tile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Flexible is a property. A flexible material can be bent without breaking easily.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine bending the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the paper is the most flexible. If you fold a piece of paper, it will not break."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJanelle has no school spirit—she never comes to any of our football games.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Janelle doesn't have school spirit, because she doesn't go to football games. However, there may be a number of reasons why Janelle doesn't go to football games. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. mckinney,\nB. Dear Dr. McKinney,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. McKinney is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Remy's phenotype for the body size trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rats, some individuals have a normal-sized body and others have a dwarf body. In this group, the gene for the body size trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a normal-sized body, and the allele b is for a dwarf body.\nRemy, a rat from this group, has a dwarf body. Remy has two alleles for a dwarf body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a dwarf body\nB. bb\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Remy's observable version of the body size trait is a dwarf body. So, Remy's phenotype for the body size trait is a dwarf body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Mickey's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nMickey is a rabbit from this group. Mickey has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. black fur\nB. brown fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Mickey's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Mickey's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for brown fur. So, Mickey's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Mickey's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nMickey's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Mickey's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Belmont. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Belmont?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhat thoughts I have of you tonight Walt Whitman, for I walked down the sidestreets under the trees with a headache self-conscious looking at the full moon.\n—Allen Ginsberg, \"A Supermarket in California\"\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nWhat thoughts I have of you tonight Walt Whitman is a direct address to Walt Whitman, an absent person. (Walt Whitman was an American poet who died in 1892, over half a century before this poem was written.)"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nWith sun and water, the gourd will grow very large.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, grow. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRegan plays hockey.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nJenna orders a roast beef sandwich.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, orders. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Museum members get ten percent off the things they buy in the museum gift shop.\nB. Museum members receive a ten-percent discount on all items purchased at the museum gift shop.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (get, things).\nThe first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe children will exchange gifts at the event.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. future tense\nC. present tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, exchange. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Washington. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Washington?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.The population of Washington fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Washington has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mia Hamm was the most impressive soccer player in the history of the United States Women's National Team.\nB. Mia Hamm helped her soccer team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill win four NCAA titles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nMia Hamm helped her soccer team at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill win four NCAA titles.\nIt can be proved by reading a biography of Mia Hamm.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nMia Hamm was the most impressive soccer player in the history of the United States Women's National Team.\nMost impressive shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which player in the team's history is the most impressive."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to mow the lawn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 34 minutes\nB. 34 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 34 minutes.\n34 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nHille, Karl, Ed. \"A Hubble Sweep of the Dust Filaments of NGC 4217.\" Hubble. NASA, 27 Jan. 2015. Web. 1 May 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hubble is the title of the web page.\nB. \"A Hubble Sweep of the Dust Filaments of NGC 4217\" is the title of the web page.\nC. NASA is the title of the web page.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nHille, Karl, Ed. \"A Hubble Sweep of the Dust Filaments of NGC 4217.\" Hubble. NASA, 27 Jan. 2015. Web. 1 May 2015.\nYou can tell that \"A Hubble Sweep of the Dust Filaments of NGC 4217\" is the title of the web page because it appears in quotation marks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nPolly plays hockey.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Robert inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRobert has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Robert's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Robert.\nB. Robert likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI wandered lonely as a cloud\nThat floats on high o'er vales and hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host, of golden daffodils . . . —William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\n\nChoices:\nA. anaphora\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words lonely, floats, o'er, host, and golden share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMr. Dodson will mail those letters.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, mail. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nAfter my father spoke, my mother shrugged as if to say there was no sense in trying to change an Archie Bunker.\n\nChoices:\nA. a movie\nB. television\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Archie Bunker is television.\nIn the television series All in the Family, working-class patriarch Archie Bunker is known for his politically incorrect opinions.\nThe allusion Archie Bunker means a person who holds outdated prejudices."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. paper clip\nB. milk\nC. rain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Anita investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAnita is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Anita is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?\nB. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?\nC. When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency?\nLike all penguins, king penguins are mainly black and white, but they have distinctive touches of color. Adult king penguins have black feathers on their backs. Their chests are white. They have orange feathers on their ears and throats. Along the bottom part of the bill, adults also have an orange streak. Juveniles of the species look much like the adults. However, their black feathers may be tipped with gray. Yellow feathers appear on their ears. Their lower necks have grayish white color. Chicks have brown downy feathers until they molt. They molt at about eleven months of age.\n\nChoices:\nA. by varying how sentences begin\nB. by varying sentence length\nC. by simplifying the first sentence\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by varying sentence length.\nFor example, the writer could combine the underlined groups of short sentences to create longer ones.\nLike all penguins, king penguins are mainly black and white, but they have distinctive touches of color. Adult king penguins have black feathers on their backs. Their chests are white. They have orange feathers on their ears and throats. Along the bottom part of the bill, adults also have an orange streak. Juveniles of the species look much like the adults. However, their black feathers may be tipped with gray. Yellow feathers appear on their ears. Their lower necks have grayish white color. Chicks have brown downy feathers until they molt. They molt at about eleven months of age."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Zeke inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nZeke has hazel eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Zeke wears glasses and so do his sisters.\nB. Zeke's friend also has hazel eyes.\nC. Zeke's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is Thurgood Marshall best known for?\n\nChoices:\nA. leading civil rights marches in the South\nB. becoming the first African American member of Congress\nC. being the first African American justice on the Supreme Court\nD. helping enslaved people in the South escape to freedom\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThurgood Marshall was the first African American justice on the Supreme Court. He was the 96 th person to become a Supreme Court judge."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThat's the loudest siren I've ever heard!\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nI can't wait to get my driver's license!\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLooking at his life, we couldn't help but see Sean as a Job-like figure.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Roman history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Job is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Job remains faithful and loyal to God, even after the unjust loss of his possessions, family, and health.\nThe allusion Job means someone who patiently endures adversity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nfamily - fowl\n\nChoices:\nA. fluff\nB. fright\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince fluff is between the guide words family - fowl, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAndy can fly an airplane.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly an airplane.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fruit fly's phenotype for the body color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a black body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a black body.\nA certain fruit fly from this group has a black body. This fly has two alleles for a black body.\n\nChoices:\nA. a black body\nB. bb\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The fruit fly's observable version of the body color trait is a black body. So, the fly's phenotype for the body color trait is a black body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the bumpiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. paper bag\nB. asphalt road\nC. cotton shirt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the asphalt road is the bumpiest. If you touch an asphalt road, it will feel lumpy and bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Andy investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAndy is washing dishes after cooking his dinner. He notices that some of the dishes still feel oily after being washed. He wonders what factors affect how clean dishes are after they are washed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\na sponge\nliquid dish detergent\na bar of soap\nhot water\ncold water\na pile of dirty dishes\n\nChoices:\nA. Are dishes cleaner when washed with liquid dish detergent or with bar soap?\nB. Are dishes washed in a dishwasher cleaner than dishes washed by hand?\nC. Are dishes cleaner when washed with a soapy sponge or with a soapy rag?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nIsaiah plays baseball.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play baseball. Instead, some people learn how to play baseball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing baseball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a jar of baby food?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 gallons\nB. 5 fluid ounces\nC. 5 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a jar of baby food is 5 fluid ounces.\n5 cups and 5 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Aubrey investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAubrey gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nB. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"That fits you well,\" Jim remarked after Vicky's cap fell over her eyes for the tenth time.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cap looked nice on Vicky.\nB. The cap was too big.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nFits you well ironically suggests that the cap was too big. The cap was falling over Vicky's eyes, so it didn't fit her well at all."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The detective leisurely perused the newspaper, hoping to go unnoticed by the suspect during the stakeout.\nB. The detective carefully perused the newspaper, hoping to find a coded message hidden in the personal ads.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nThe detective carefully perused the newspaper, hoping to find a coded message hidden in the personal ads.\nThe first text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nThe detective leisurely perused the newspaper, hoping to go unnoticed by the suspect during the stakeout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a bicycle frame\nnewly poured concrete becoming hard\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a bicycle frame is a chemical change. Oxygen in the air reacts with iron in the bicycle frame. The outside of the frame turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nConcrete hardening is a chemical change. The chemicals in the concrete react with each other to form a different type of matter. The new matter is hard and strong.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Aquamarine is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nB. Candle wax is made by humans. It is a solid.\nC. Malachite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nMalachite is a mineral.\nCandle wax is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nSo, candle wax is not a mineral.\nAquamarine is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nathan acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNathan has a scar on his right arm.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nathan's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his arm when he fell off his bicycle.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Jack acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nJack is good at identifying fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jack has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together.\nB. Jack was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Ayana decides to join the Theater Club. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAyana is deciding whether to join the Photography Club or the Theater Club at school. She wants the club she joins to be fun. But she doesn't want it to take up too much time.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ayana will save some time. She would have spent more time in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\nB. Ayana will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ayana wants or needs:\nAyana will give up the chance to be in the Photography Club. She would have had more fun in the Photography Club than in the Theater Club."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a ladybug?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 10 kilometers\nB. 10 millimeters\nC. 10 centimeters\nD. 10 meters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a ladybug is 10 millimeters.\n10 centimeters, 10 meters, and 10 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Abdul inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAbdul has naturally brown hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Abdul and his siblings all have naturally straight hair.\nB. Abdul and his biological father have short hair.\nC. Abdul's biological mother often wears her naturally brown hair in a bun.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA copper statue turning green is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.A copper statue turning green is a chemical change. The copper reacts with oxygen in the air. This reaction forms a different type of matter called copper oxide. The copper oxide is green."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsalad - simple\n\nChoices:\nA. shriek\nB. steam\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince shriek is between the guide words salad - simple, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nParting is such sweet sorrow. . .\n—William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSweet sorrow is a contradiction, because sweet describes something that is gentle and pleasant, while sorrow refers to grief or sadness."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Nolan.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nAnita dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Nolan, who was standing below the balcony.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed.\nNolan was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Nolan, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Nolan."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word big on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeauty - booth\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince big is between the guide words beauty - booth, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ashley acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAshley has a scar on her left leg.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ashley's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.\nB. Some scars fade more quickly than others.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncarving a piece of wood\nice melting in a cup\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCarving a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood changes shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nIce melting in a cup is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water.\nThe links between atoms in the water molecules do not change. So, a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But carving a piece of wood is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Something Wicked This Way Comes\"\nB. ***Something Wicked This Way Comes***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A movie should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Something Wicked This Way Comes**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following is a trait of an organism?\n\nChoices:\nA. the ways the organism behaves\nB. the amount of oxygen in the organism's environment\nC. the amount of sunshine the organism gets\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA trait is the way an organism looks or behaves.\nAn adaptation is a trait that helps an organism stay alive in its environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mrs. Kerr,\nB. dear Mrs. Kerr,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mrs. Kerr is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nMy dog, Skip, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.My dog, Skip, is the security guard for our front yard mailbox.\nThe words Skip and security guard are compared without the word like or as. So, the sentence uses a metaphor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three blue jays. Which blue jay was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue jay that moved 325kilometers east in 10hours\nB. a blue jay that moved 345kilometers south in 10hours\nC. a blue jay that moved 315kilometers south in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each blue jay moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each blue jay moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each blue jay moved for 10 hours. The blue jay that moved 315 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that blue jay must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMilton! Thou shouldst be living at this hour\nEngland hath need of thee . . .\n—William Wordsworth, \"London, 1802\"\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses apostrophe, a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nMilton! is a direct address to Milton, an absent person. (John Milton was a British poet who died in 1674, over a century before this poem was written.)"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\na penny tarnishing\nchicken cooking in an oven\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMetal turning less shiny over time is called tarnishing. A penny tarnishing is a chemical change. When air touches the penny, the surface of the penny changes into a different type of matter. This matter makes the penny dull.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But a penny tarnishing is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Monica acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMonica knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Monica is most interested in human biology.\nB. Monica learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The United States Civil War began in 1861.\nB. The United States Civil War was the saddest war.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nThe United States Civil War began in 1861.\nIt can be proved by looking up the year that the United States Civil War started.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe United States Civil War was the saddest war.\nSaddest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a war sad."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe wind () dispersed the leaves that Zack had spent so long raking.\n\nChoices:\nA. completely\nB. carelessly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word carelessly. It describes the wind as if it were a person who didn't care."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nSmall pieces of rock are carried away by wind.\n\nChoices:\nA. landslide\nB. erosion\nC. drought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. yours truly,\nAllie\nB. Yours truly,\nAllie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe president of the company announces the plan.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, announces. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Ace's phenotype for the horns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h).\nAce is a cow from this group. Ace has the homozygous genotype hh for the horns gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having horns\nB. having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Ace's genotype for the horns gene is hh. Ace's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for having horns. So, Ace's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Ace's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for not having horns (H) is dominant over the allele for having horns (h). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nAce's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Ace's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word hasten on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhearth - hiss\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince hasten is not between the guide words hearth - hiss, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. To save water and energy, hotels should not provide extra towels unless a guest requests them.\nB. To save water and energy, hotels shouldn't provide extra towels if a guest doesn't ask for them.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses contractions (shouldn't, doesn't).\nThe second sentence does not use contractions, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nLong ago, fossils were used as evidence to support mythical tales. In fact, fourth-century Chinese historian Chang Qu once mislabeled a giant dinosaur bone as that of a dragon.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nLong ago, fossils were used as evidence to support mythical tales. In fact, fourth-century Chinese historian Chang Qu once mislabeled a giant dinosaur bone as that of a dragon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. like\nB. wish\nC. dish\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound.\nThe words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound.\nThe words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words wish and dish rhyme. They both end with the ish sound.\nThe word like does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. Let's Go for a Drive!\nB. let's Go for a drive!\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words for and a are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Let's Go for a Drive!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a fire truck?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 ounces\nB. 20 pounds\nC. 20 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a fire truck is 20 tons.\n20 ounces and 20 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a coffee pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 milliliters\nB. 3 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 3 liters.\n3 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. olive toad\nB. emu\nC. rabbit\nD. anchovy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.An anchovy is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nAn anchovy is a small fish that lives in the ocean. Like some other types of fish, anchovies swim in large groups called schools.\nA rabbit is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nRabbits live underground in burrows. A group of rabbit burrows is called a warren.\nAn olive toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nAn emu is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nEmus cannot fly, but they can run very fast. They run to avoid predators."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. woodpecker\nB. green tree frog\nC. African bullfrog\nD. sea turtle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A sea turtle is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nSea turtles live in the water, but they lay their eggs on land.\nA woodpecker is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nWoodpeckers have strong beaks. They use their beaks to drill into wood to hunt for food.\nA green tree frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nThere are many kinds of tree frogs. Most tree frogs are very small. They can walk on thin branches.\nAn African bullfrog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nFrogs live near water or in damp places. Most frogs lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The package includes some old letters from my grandma to my dad and a broken pocket watch.\nB. Before the performance, Vicky tied a satin sash around her waist, and Nicole braided her hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nBefore the performance, Vicky tied a satin sash around her waist, and Nicole braided her hair."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Omar is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a garden snail?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 25 millimeters\nB. 25 meters\nC. 25 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a garden snail is 25 millimeters.\n25 meters and 25 kilometers are both too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 seconds\nB. 20 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 20 seconds.\n20 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a vacuum cleaner?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 20 pounds\nB. 20 tons\nC. 20 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a vacuum cleaner is 20 pounds.\n20 ounces is too light and 20 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested—restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews—but Simon still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.\nB. Simon is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nThe restaurant reviews on this website are not exactly disinterested—restaurants can pay to remove unflattering reviews—but Simon still finds it useful for finding new places to eat.\nThe first text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nSimon is disinterested in reading page after page of restaurant reviews on the Internet; he prefers to try out new restaurants for himself and make up his own mind.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Oscar are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Oscar?\n\nHint:\nOscar is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Oscar with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Oscar with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Oscar.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Oscar.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Oscar, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Oscar down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Oscar up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Oscar."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nIn the game today, Mary hit a home run with bases loaded!\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement that shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThanks to her enduring popularity with employees, Rachel Randolph is the best-liked CEO in our company's history.\n\nChoices:\nA. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Rachel Randolph is well-liked, because she's popular. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Castro argues that we need to do more to prevent workplace injuries and fatalities. I doubt that someone so socially awkward would know a thing about office safety.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that being socially awkward determines knowledge of workplace safety. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to Mr. Castro's desire to prevent workplace injuries. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nearly - engineer\n\nChoices:\nA. elf\nB. exact\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince elf is between the guide words early - engineer, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear mr. Kelly,\nB. Dear Mr. Kelly,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Kelly is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word mystery on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nmagic - merely\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince mystery is not between the guide words magic - merely, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Garrett investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Garrett cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nB. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\nC. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a magazine?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Art of the West***\nB. \"Art of the West\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Art of the West**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The cook always wears an apron.\nB. Will change out of her wet pants and shirt.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The cook always wears an apron is a complete sentence. The subject is the cook, and the verb is wears."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many Thanks,\nLiz\nB. Many thanks,\nLiz\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMixing food coloring into frosting is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. When paper gets hot enough, it reacts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, ice melting is a physical change. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.Mixing food coloring into frosting is a physical change. Adding the coloring to the frosting makes a mixture. Making a mixture does not form a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large soup pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 liters\nB. 6 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 6 liters.\n6 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Zach and his best friend go to the same college, but he is graduating this coming June.\nB. Zach and his best friend go to the same college, but Zach is graduating this coming June.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Zach or his best friend.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Zach.\nZach and his best friend go to the same college, but Zach is graduating this coming June."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nA piece of rock from outer space hits Earth.\n\nChoices:\nA. deposition\nB. meteorite crash\nC. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\n\"Thank you for your work over the years,\" Mrs. Duran said to her gardener. \"As of next week, however, your services will no longer be required.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. The gardener is retiring.\nB. The gardener is being fired.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism your services will no longer be required means that the gardener is being fired."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The tailor measures the length of the pant leg.\nB. The captain saw storm clouds, so he steered the ship back to shore.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe captain saw storm clouds, so he steered the ship back to shore."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a piece of glass\nmolding clay into the shape of a pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nMolding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your student,\nHenry\nB. Your student,\nHenry\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nWesley spoke at the city council meeting, claiming the new recycling regulations were draconian.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek history\nB. a fairy tale\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion draconian is Greek history.\nDraco, a government official in seventh-century Athens, Greece, wrote a code of laws that called for severe punishments for even minor offenses.\nThe allusion draconian means harsh."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThere was a clear consensus in the Vance family that they should put their dog to sleep, rather than let him continue to suffer.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPut their dog to sleep is a more indirect way of saying have the veterinarian kill their dog."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fish tank at a temperature of 23°C\nB. a fish tank at a temperature of 20°C\nC. a fish tank at a temperature of 19°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three fish tanks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 19°C fish tank is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe national park is truly a Garden of Eden.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Garden of Eden is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, the Garden of Eden is a paradise where the first man and woman lived.\nThe allusion Garden of Eden means a place of great beauty and peace."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a house a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a house is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a house something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a house a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a house is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Tori investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTori is outside with her friend on a sunny day. Tori is wearing a light-colored shirt, and she notices that she feels colder than her friend, who is wearing a dark shirt. She wonders what factors affect how fabric warms an object. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\na black cotton shirt\na white cotton shirt\ntwo identical empty glass jars\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When wrapped in a cotton shirt and placed in the sun, does a large jar or a small jar heat up more?\nB. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in cotton heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in wool?\nC. When placed in the sun, does a glass jar wrapped in a black cotton shirt heat up more than a glass jar wrapped in a white cotton shirt?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJudith is good at cooking.\n\nHint:\nHint: Cooking well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to cook. Instead, many people learn how to cook. So, cooking is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nMichelle and Raymond had met before through mutual friends, but they had never been alone together until their first date.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nAlone together is a contradiction, because being alone means by yourself, but together means with someone else."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nXenon is ().\n\nHint:\nXenon is a gas used in lamps that produce a bright white light. The chemical formula for xenon is Xe.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.You can tell whether xenon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of symbols in its chemical formula. A symbol contains either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for xenon is Xe. This formula contains one symbol: Xe. So, the formula tells you that xenon is made of one chemical element.\nSubstances made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. So, xenon is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsmother - spoon\n\nChoices:\nA. snap\nB. steak\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince snap is between the guide words smother - spoon, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. platinum (Pt)\nB. sulfur dioxide (SO2)\nC. hydrazine (N2H4)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrazine contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, hydrazine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrazine is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for platinum contains one symbol: Pt. So, platinum is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, platinum is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 23 minutes\nB. 23 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 23 seconds.\n23 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Colin acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nColin is good at identifying fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. Colin has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together.\nB. Colin was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Emmett practiced pitching the ball, so he became even better.\nB. China grows most of the wheat in the world.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nEmmett practiced pitching the ball, so he became even better."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Trisha didn't enter student politics until her junior year.\nB. Trisha did not enter student politics until her junior year.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (didn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nCaleb lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nCaleb lives in a city that is often covered by thick stratus clouds.\nThis passage tells you about the usual clouds where Caleb lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sheryl Swoopes was named to the Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 along with Shaquille O'Neal.\nB. Sheryl Swoopes was the best basketball player at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA fact is something that can be proved by research or observation.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was shorter than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is a fact. The statement can be proved by researching the height of each man and comparing them.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was a better leader than King Louis XVI.\nThe statement above is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" leader, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\nSheryl Swoopes was named to the Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2016 along with Shaquille O'Neal.\nIt can be proved by consulting the Basketball Hall of Fame website.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nSheryl Swoopes was the best basketball player at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia.\nBest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a person the best basketball player."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Although penguins, ostriches, and kiwis are birds, they cannot fly.\nB. Penguins, ostriches, and kiwis can't fly, even though they are birds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (can't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nMolly finally found her phone () under the bed.\n\nChoices:\nA. hiding\nB. missing\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word hiding. It describes the phone as if it were a person who is hiding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Judy made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. At the grocery store, Judy hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Judy hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe first text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nJudy made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cherry pie at a temperature of 90°F\nB. a cherry pie at a temperature of 85°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two cherry pies have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 90°F pie is hotter than the 85°F pie, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCrushing a mineral into powder is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Crushing a mineral into powder is a physical change. The mineral breaks into tiny pieces. But it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nEvery major league baseball player hits with a wooden bat. So, to improve my hitting, I've switched from an aluminum bat to a wooden one.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that because professional baseball players hit with a wooden bat, the speaker thinks her hitting will improve if she switches to a wooden bat. However, this is not necessarily true. Professional baseball players hit with a wooden bat because it's required by the rules of professional baseball. So, they aren't professional players because they use a wooden bat. Rather, they use a wooden bat because they're professional players. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe War of 1812 was between the United States and which other country?\n\nChoices:\nA. Great Britain\nB. Russia\nC. France\nD. Germany\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe War of 1812 was between the United States and Great Britain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an eraser?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 33 grams\nB. 33 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an eraser is 33 grams.\n33 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is stickier?\n\nChoices:\nA. gold nugget\nB. gum\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the gum is stickier. If you step on chewed gum, it will stick to your foot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ is a muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach?\n\nChoices:\nA. small intestine\nB. large intestine\nC. heart\nD. esophagus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\npeeling a banana\nbreaking a plate\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPeeling a banana is a physical change. The peel is not covering the rest of the fruit anymore. But both the peel and the banana are still made of the same type of matter as before.\nBreaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nFranklin noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nFranklin noticed that the wind was blowing in from the ocean this afternoon.\nThis passage tells you about the wind direction where Franklin was this afternoon. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word lower on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nlength - lid\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince lower is not between the guide words length - lid, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your student,\nAngie\nB. your student,\nAngie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nA natural area, such as a forest, catches fire and burns.\n\nChoices:\nA. wildfire\nB. earthquake\nC. volcanic eruption\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Hakim inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nHakim has hazel eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hakim's biological father wears contacts in his hazel eyes.\nB. Hakim wears glasses and so do his sisters.\nC. Hakim's friend also has hazel eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nTroy's Falstaffian nature makes him stand out at a party.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Falstaffian is Shakespeare.\nSir John Falstaff, a comical character in several of William Shakespeare's plays, is known for his cheerful sociability and sometimes off-color humor.\nThe allusion Falstaffian means characterized by joviality and enjoyment of food and drink."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nA rock from outer space hits Earth's surface.\n\nChoices:\nA. landslide\nB. erosion\nC. meteorite crash\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a spider's leg?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18 meters\nB. 18 centimeters\nC. 18 kilometers\nD. 18 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a spider's leg is 18 millimeters.\n18 centimeters, 18 meters, and 18 kilometers are all too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nWhile waiting for her search results, Barbara exclaimed, \"My Internet connection is as speedy as a snail!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Barbara was patiently waiting for an Internet connection.\nB. The Internet connection was very slow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs speedy as a snail suggests that the Internet connection was very slow. A snail is not speedy, and neither was Barbara's Internet connection."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The thermometer and the cough syrup are in the medicine cabinet next to the cotton balls.\nB. Amelia can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction or.\nAmelia can eat the leftover tomato soup, or she can make herself a tuna sandwich."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbattle - bluff\n\nChoices:\nA. behalf\nB. brow\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince behalf is between the guide words battle - bluff, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Andrew inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAndrew has pale skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Andrew and his father both have dark hair.\nB. Andrew's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Andrew.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Greer counseled, \"but time ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. affects everyone\nB. creeps up on you\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text message is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Heads up! Johnson is here. In the lobby.\nB. Ms. Johnson is already here. She's waiting in the lobby.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second text message is more formal. It uses complete sentences, avoids slang (heads up), and uses the person's title (Ms. Johnson). The other text message includes more casual language and sentence fragments."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nJason can ride a motorcycle.\n\nHint:\nHint: Riding a motorcycle well takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to ride a motorcycle. Instead, many people learn how to ride. So, riding a motorcycle is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bicycle that moved 150miles in 5hours\nB. a bicycle that moved 55miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bicycle moved 55 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other bicycle moved 150 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bicycle spent the same amount of time moving. The bicycle that moved 55 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the liquid.\n\nChoices:\nA. pair of dice\nB. water droplets\nC. spoon\nD. chalk\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own.\nSome solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle.\nSome liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk.\nWhen matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space.\nMany gases are invisible. Air is a gas.Chalk is a solid. You can easily break chalk into pieces. But each piece will still have a size and shape of its own.\nWater droplets are a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect water droplets in a bucket, they will take the shape of the bucket. But the water droplets will still take up the same amount of space.\nA spoon is a solid. You can bend a spoon. But it will still have a size and shape of its own.\nA pair of dice is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. When you roll a pair of dice, the dice have a shape of their own. They are still cubes when they stop rolling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. American green tree frogs have moist, smooth skin and lay eggs with no shells. They live underwater for the first part of their lives. As adults, they live on land near ponds or swamps. Adult male American green tree frogs have a loud mating call.\nB. Chinese alligators live in lakes and streams in eastern China. They lay eggs with shells and live in underground burrows in the winter. Chinese alligators have scaly, waterproof skin.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA Chinese alligator has the following traits:\nIt has scaly, waterproof skin.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA Chinese alligator does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A Chinese alligator is a reptile.\nA green tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA green tree frog has the traits of an amphibian. A green tree frog is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. cookie\nB. ice cream\nC. cake\nD. dirt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Ice cream, cookie, and cake go together. They are sweet things. Dirt is not a sweet thing, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word literally in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Seth's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nB. The curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Seth literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses literally in its traditional sense: in a factual, non-exaggerated way.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Seth literally had to drink three glasses of milk to ease the pain.\nThe second text uses literally in its nontraditional sense: nearly or in effect (often exaggerated). Seth's mouth may be in pain, but it is not actually on fire.\nThe curry that the chef prepared was so spicy that Seth's mouth was literally on fire by the time he finished his meal.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word literally because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the amphibian.\n\nChoices:\nA. loon\nB. giraffe\nC. tiger salamander\nD. seahorse\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAmphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water.A giraffe is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nGiraffes eat mostly leaves that are too high up for other animals to reach.\nA tiger salamander is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nTiger salamanders often live in underground burrows.\nA seahorse is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nSeahorses live in shallow, warm water. They can use their tails to hold on to plants.\nA loon is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nLoons usually live near lakes. They dive in the water to hunt for food."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the simile in this text suggest?\nAt an annual festival in Turkey, whirling dervishes practice a tradition of spinning like tops to commemorate the teachings of one of their spiritual leaders.\n\nChoices:\nA. The dancers rotate rapidly.\nB. The dancers move like children.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.The text includes a simile, using like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe simile spin like tops suggests that the dancers rotate rapidly. A top rotates rapidly around a center."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI don't trust Professor Harper's findings. Another researcher at her university was caught falsifying data. So, it's likely Professor Harper has, too.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Professor Harper's research is untrustworthy because someone else at her university was caught falsifying data. However, this isn't necessarily true. The practices of one researcher at a university do not necessarily reflect the practices of another researcher at the same university. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle Tom,\nB. Dear uncle tom,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Tom is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Marcy inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMarcy has dark skin.\n\nChoices:\nA. Marcy's parents have dark skin. They passed down this trait to Marcy.\nB. Marcy and her father both have dark hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\nAccording to Mr. Buchanan's kids, his snoring is as quiet as a jackhammer.\n\nChoices:\nA. The snoring occurs in bursts.\nB. The snoring is loud.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs quiet as a jackhammer suggests that the snoring is loud. A jackhammer is not quiet, and neither is Mr. Buchanan's snoring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nTwo gold bars have the same temperature but different masses. Which gold bar has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are made of the same type of matter.\n\nChoices:\nA. the gold bar with less mass\nB. the gold bar with more mass\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two gold bars have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the gold bar with more mass has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ducks. Which duck was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a duck that moved 430miles east in 10hours\nB. a duck that moved 525miles north in 10hours\nC. a duck that moved 555miles north in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each duck moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each duck moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each duck moved for 10 hours. The duck that moved 430 miles moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that duck must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Madison Chock and Gracie Gold were two American figure skaters in the Sochi 2014 Olympics.\nB. On the ferry to Ellis Island, Eliana took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nOn the ferry to Ellis Island, Eliana took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ works in groups to move the body's bones?\n\nChoices:\nA. heart\nB. stomach\nC. brain\nD. muscles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThere has been an incident on Praxis.\n—Brigadier Kerla, after Praxis is destroyed in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. understatement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAn incident on Praxis is an understatement, since Praxis has been destroyed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the stem height trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have a tall stem and others have a short stem. In this group, the gene for the stem height trait has two alleles. The allele H is for a tall stem, and the allele h is for a short stem.\nA certain pea plant from this group has a short stem. This plant has two alleles for a short stem.\n\nChoices:\nA. hh\nB. a short stem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the stem height trait is a short stem. So, the plant's phenotype for the stem height trait is a short stem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nDr. Todd is unhappy with her new assistant because simple tasks, like fetching coffee, take him years to finish.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nTake him years to finish is an exaggeration, since it probably does not take him entire years to fetch coffee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word random in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. At the grocery store, Rosanne hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nB. Rosanne made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern.\nAt the grocery store, Rosanne hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.\nThe second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place.\nRosanne made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food.\nMost style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three speedboats. Which speedboat was moving at the lowest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a speedboat that moved 290kilometers west in 5hours\nB. a speedboat that moved 510kilometers east in 5hours\nC. a speedboat that moved 215kilometers east in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the slowest will go the shortest distance in that time. It is moving at the lowest speed.Look at the distance each speedboat moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each speedboat moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each speedboat moved for 5 hours. The speedboat that moved 215 kilometers moved the shortest distance in that time. So, that speedboat must have moved at the lowest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIsabella asked her mother if she could adopt a cat, and her mother replied, \"It's a definite maybe,\" so Isabella didn't want to get her hopes up.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nDefinite maybe is a contradiction, because definite describes something that is sure, and maybe refers to something that is unsure."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nwater evaporating from a lake\nbaking cookies\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nWater evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But baking cookies is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a lake is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram baked potato at a temperature of 65°C\nB. a 200-gram baked potato at a temperature of 35°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.The two baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 35°C potato is colder than the 65°C potato, it has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nToby's proclamations earned him a reputation as our neighborhood's own Nostradamus.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Nostradamus is history.\nNostradamus, a sixteenth-century French astrologer and physician, is best known as the author of a book of prophecies.\nThe allusion Nostradamus means a seer or predictor of the future."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear grandma megan,\nB. Dear Grandma Megan,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Megan is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word deep on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndanger - doll\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince deep is between the guide words danger - doll, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. mandarinfish\nB. bull shark\nC. leaf-tailed gecko\nD. eastern newt\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A leaf-tailed gecko is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nMany geckos have special pads on their toes. The pads help them climb up plants and rocks.\nA bull shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nBull sharks can live in both fresh and salt water. They are found in rivers and in shallow parts of the ocean.\nA mandarinfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nMandarinfish often live near coral reefs. They eat small worms, snails, and fish eggs.\nAn eastern newt is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nSome newts live in water. Other newts live on land but lay their eggs in water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Fox and the Hound\nB. the Fox and the hound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words and and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Fox and the Hound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich letter opening is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Brian,\nB. Dear Mr. Hodge,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"Your new hairstyle is so boring!\" Diego remarked when his sister showed up with a pink-and-blue mohawk.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nBoring shows verbal irony because Diego's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water pitcher?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 cups\nB. 12 fluid ounces\nC. 12 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 12 cups.\n12 fluid ounces is too little and 12 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe past is a foreign country; they do things differently there.\n—L. P. Hartley, The Go-Between\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe past is a foreign country compares the past to a foreign country without using like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Cassie investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nCassie is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo large unscented candles with thick wicks\ntwo large unscented candles with thin wicks\na box of matches\n\nChoices:\nA. Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?\nB. Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?\nC. Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nReopening the investigation would be like opening Pandora's box.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Pandora's box is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the gods send Pandora a box and instruct her never to open it. Curiosity overcomes Pandora and she opens it, unleashing evil into the world.\nThe allusion Pandora's box means a source of many problems."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Freedom of speech and trial by jury are two important rights in the United States Constitution.\nB. Kyle picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction until.\nKyle picked raspberries in the field until his fingertips were stained red."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich block of iron has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo 1-kilogram blocks of iron are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter block of iron\nB. the colder block of iron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two blocks of iron are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the hotter block of iron has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jim plans to travel around Europe with his brother after he graduates.\nB. After Jim graduates, he plans to travel around Europe with his brother.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Jim or his brother.\nJim plans to travel around Europe with his brother after he graduates.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter Jim graduates, he plans to travel around Europe with his brother."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nScarlett told her friends that Juan was a typical Peter Pan type.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAn animal cell does not have a cell wall.\n\nChoices:\nA. true\nB. false\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn animal cell does not have a cell wall.\nThis statement is true. A plant cell has a cell wall, but an animal cell does not. The cell wall gives a plant cell its fixed shape. Most animal cells do not have a fixed shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. If Denise's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.\nB. If Denise's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Denise's skirt or the blouse.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.\nIf Denise's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word nauseous in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Bella's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.\nB. Bella's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses nauseous in its traditional sense: causing disgust or nausea.\nBella's little brother looked a little sick after eating mounds of candy and then going on the nauseous rides at the state fair.\nThe second text uses nauseous in its nontraditional sense: feeling disgusted or nauseated.\nBella's little brother looked a little nauseous after eating mounds of candy and then going on the dizzying rides at the state fair.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word nauseous because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement.\nSilicon is ().\n\nHint:\nSilicon is used to make computer chips. The chemical formula for silicon is Si.\n\nChoices:\nA. an elementary substance\nB. a compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you.\nA substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be.\nThe atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol.\nThe atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols.\nThe chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms.You can tell whether silicon is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters.\nThe chemical formula for silicon contains one atomic symbol: Si. So, the formula tells you that silicon is composed of only one chemical element.\nSince silicon is composed of only one chemical element, silicon is an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Durham's afternoon lecture was about art and culture in Germany before World War II.\nB. Before you explain your position, please listen carefully to Cody's idea.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction before.\nBefore you explain your position, please listen carefully to Cody's idea."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nSophie can fly an airplane.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly an airplane.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nFollow me in a single-file line.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. imperative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells someone to do something, so it is an imperative sentence. Here, it ends with a period."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nKeith has five fingers on each hand.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Most humans are born with five fingers on each hand. So, having five fingers is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a paper drinking cup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 185 liters\nB. 185 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a paper drinking cup is 185 milliliters.\n185 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. If we hike Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, we won't see Mooney Falls.\nB. Mr. Joseph peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nMr. Joseph peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a magazine?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"Jack and Jill\"\nB. ***Jack and Jill***\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A magazine should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Jack and Jill**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nMax took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. compound-complex\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nMax took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nRegan's Bistro used to be a great place to go for a delicious and carefully prepared dinner, but nobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nNobody goes there anymore: it's too crowded at first appears to be contradictory, because if no one goes to the restaurant, then the restaurant should be empty, not crowded. However, it contains some truth: if a restaurant is frequently perceived to be too crowded, many people will no longer want to go there."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Reagan inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nReagan has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Reagan's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Reagan.\nB. Reagan and her mother both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe lone tumbleweed () across the desert road.\n\nChoices:\nA. rolled\nB. ran\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word ran. It describes the tumbleweed as if it were an active person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBecky can fly an airplane.\n\nHint:\nHint: Pilots have to learn how to fly an airplane.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly an airplane. Instead, some people learn how to fly airplanes. So, flying an airplane is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMr. Murray's class is so boring! Why are all literature classes so dull?\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a single boring class indicates that all classes on the same topic are dull. However, this isn't necessarily true. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAnimal cells do not have mitochondria.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAnimal cells do not have mitochondria.\nThis statement is false. Not all cells have mitochondria, but most plant and animal cells have them."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The woman at the post office weighs the package on a scale.\nB. I will address the envelope, and you can put the stamp on it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction and.\nI will address the envelope, and you can put the stamp on it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the antenna type trait in fruit flies:\n\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have mutated antennae and others have normal antennae. In this group, the gene for the antenna type trait has two alleles. The allele for normal antennae (a) is recessive to the allele for mutated antennae (A).\nA certain fruit fly from this group has the heterozygous genotype Aa for the antenna type gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. mutated antennae\nB. normal antennae\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine the fruit fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait. First, consider the alleles in the fly's genotype for the antenna type gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for normal antennae (a) is recessive to the allele for mutated antennae (A). This means A is a dominant allele, and a is a recessive allele.\nThe fruit fly's genotype of Aa has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the fruit fly's phenotype for the antenna type trait must be mutated antennae."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI am small.\nI have six legs.\nI may be red or black.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a fish\nB. an ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn ant is small.\nAn ant has six legs.\nAn ant may be red or black."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Penguins walk and swim.\nB. Humans eat plants and animals.\nC. Chili peppers have green leaves.\nD. Manta rays swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A chili pepper is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nChili peppers give food a spicy flavor.\nA penguin is an animal. It walks and swims.\nA penguin is a bird that lives near water. Penguins cannot fly! They use their wings to swim.\nA manta ray is an animal. It swims underwater.\nManta rays are fish. They have triangle-shaped fins.\nA human is an animal! Humans eat plants and animals.\nHumans are primates. Monkeys and apes are also primates."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nIsabella is between jobs right now, so she's selling some of her old jewelry to help pay the bills.\n\nChoices:\nA. Isabella is unemployed.\nB. Isabella is short on cash.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism between jobs means that Isabella is unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Devon are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Devon?\n\nHint:\nDevon is sitting on a roller coaster cart as it reaches the bottom of a big loop. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Devon with a force of 600N. The seat of the cart is pushing up on Devon with a force of 1,200N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Devon.\nB. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Devon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Devon, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Devon down with a force of 600 N.\nThe seat of the cart is pushing Devon up with a force of 1,200 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have different magnitudes: 600 N and 1,200 N. This means that the forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Devon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is the Red Sea?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 1,400 inches\nB. 1,400 feet\nC. 1,400 yards\nD. 1,400 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of the Red Sea is 1,400 miles.\n1,400 inches, 1,400 feet, and 1,400 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nLeah has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter.\n\nChoices:\nA. Leah has no time to eat well.\nB. Leah has many responsibilities.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Leah has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWe cannot have shorter prison sentences, even for low-level criminals. It would only be a matter of time before all prison sentences were reduced and violent offenders were roaming the streets!\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that going easy on low-level criminals will lead to going easy on violent criminals, too. However, there is no reason why easing penalties for low-level criminals must necessarily lead to changes to penalties for violent criminals. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshatter - stagger\n\nChoices:\nA. slight\nB. sandwich\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince slight is between the guide words shatter - stagger, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAssume all other forces on Jim are balanced. Which statement describes the forces on Jim?\n\nHint:\nJim is standing on a diving board at the pool. Earth's gravity is pulling down on Jim with a force of 400N. The diving board is pushing up on Jim with a force of 400N.\n\nChoices:\nA. The forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Jim.\nB. The forces are unbalanced, so there is a net force on Jim.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull that acts on an object. Every force has a direction and a magnitude, or strength. If two forces act on an object in opposite directions, the forces are called opposing forces.\nWhen opposing forces have the same magnitude, they are balanced. If all the forces on an object are balanced, there is no net force on the object.\nWhen opposing forces have different magnitudes, the forces are unbalanced. If any forces on an object are unbalanced, there is a net force on the object.To determine if there is a net force on Jim, look at the forces:\nEarth's gravity is pulling Jim down with a force of 400 N.\nThe diving board is pushing Jim up with a force of 400 N.\nThe forces are in opposite directions, and the forces have the same magnitude: 400 N. This means that the forces are balanced, so there is no net force on Jim."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Tommy decides to plant the gardenias. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nTommy is deciding whether to plant gardenias or a palm tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tommy will give up the chance to look at the palm tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the gardenias.\nB. He will save some space. The gardenias will use up less space than the palm tree would have used up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Tommy wants or needs:\nTommy will give up the chance to look at the palm tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the gardenias."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Joe decides to bake chocolate muffins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJoe is deciding whether to bake pumpkin muffins or chocolate muffins. He wants the muffins to be tasty. But he also wants to make a lot of muffins.\n\nChoices:\nA. Joe will get to eat more muffins. He can make more chocolate muffins than pumpkin muffins.\nB. Joe will give up the chance to eat pumpkin muffins. He thinks pumpkin muffins are tastier than chocolate muffins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Joe wants or needs:\nJoe will give up the chance to eat pumpkin muffins. He thinks pumpkin muffins are tastier than chocolate muffins."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. Her laughter was like a bird's song.\nB. Her laughter was a bird's song.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nHer laughter was a bird's song.\nThe words laughter and bird's song are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nHer laughter was like a bird's song.\nThe words laughter and bird's song are compared using the word like."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 13 kilometers\nB. 13 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 13 kilometers.\n13 centimeters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nLucia considers Paris the most romantic city in the world.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nChemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Chemicals in a battery reacting to power a flashlight is a chemical change. When the flashlight is turned on, the chemicals in the battery react with each other to form new chemicals. This creates electricity, which powers the lightbulb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. arrowhead\nB. wet paint\nC. coffee\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid and liquid are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nElijah can fly a helicopter.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMaking jam is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Making jam is a chemical change. It involves mixing fruit, sugar, and a substance called pectin.\nWhen these ingredients are mixed and cooked, the chemical bonds in their molecules are broken. The atoms then link together to form different molecules that make up the jam."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Shawna & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Zach's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Zach and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nZach rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Zach and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Zach and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Zach and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 15 cups\nB. 15 fluid ounces\nC. 15 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 15 fluid ounces.\n15 cups and 15 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch the most?\n\nChoices:\nA. cobalt\nB. rubber toy\nC. aluminum foil\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber toy would stretch the most. If you pull on the arms of a rubber stretch toy, they will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nThe bird will build a nest.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, build. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nGordon campaigned tirelessly in support of his neighbor's bid for elective office.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two blue whales. Which blue whale was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a blue whale that moved 45miles in 5hours\nB. a blue whale that moved 55miles in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each blue whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne blue whale moved 55 miles in 5 hours.\nThe other blue whale moved 45 miles in 5 hours.\nNotice that each blue whale spent the same amount of time moving. The blue whale that moved 55 miles moved a farther distance in that time. So, that blue whale must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. On the ferry to Ellis Island, Katy took a photograph, and now it's sitting in a frame on her dresser at home.\nB. The forecast for tomorrow calls for strong winds and light rain.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe forecast for tomorrow calls for strong winds and light rain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nellie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNellie knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nellie learned biology by doing experiments.\nB. Nellie is most interested in plant biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngeneral - gossip\n\nChoices:\nA. glare\nB. grind\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince glare is between the guide words general - gossip, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncutting an apple\nice melting in a glass\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCutting an apple is a physical change. The apple gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut apple.\nIce melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nIce melting is caused by heating. But cutting an apple is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word giant on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nglorious - grumble\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince giant is not between the guide words glorious - grumble, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word peruse in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Duncan perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nB. Duncan perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses peruse in its traditional sense: to examine in detail.\nDuncan perused a catalog from his wife's favorite clothing store, searching for the perfect birthday gift.\nThe second text uses peruse in its nontraditional sense: to look through in a casual manner.\nDuncan perused a clothing catalog as he waited for his appointment, flipping through the pages distractedly.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word peruse because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following statement true or false?\nAnimal cells do not have vacuoles.\n\nChoices:\nA. false\nB. true\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAnimal cells do not have vacuoles.\nThis statement is false. Not all cells have vacuoles, but most plant and animal cells have them."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bowl of soup?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 gallons\nB. 8 cups\nC. 8 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 8 fluid ounces.\n8 cups and 8 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. yours truly,\nBecky\nB. Yours truly,\nBecky\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nI decided to take advantage of the opportunity that ().\n\nChoices:\nA. was knocking at my door\nB. I had learned about\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase was knocking at my door. It describes the opportunity as if it were a person presenting himself."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. landry,\nB. Dear Dr. Landry,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Landry is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. More than fifteen million people in the world don't live on any continent.\nB. More than fifteen million people in the world do not live on any continent.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (don't).\nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich would stretch the most?\n\nChoices:\nA. concrete sidewalk\nB. ceramic flower pot\nC. rubber ballon\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rubber ballon would stretch the most. If you gently pull on a rubber balloon, it will get longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nWendy never lies. She told me herself, so it must be true.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Wendy is telling the truth because she says she never lies. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWe don't need to decrease the cost of the product; we need to increase the quality of the product.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. antithesis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nThe sentence contrasts two things related to a product, decrease the cost and increase the quality."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. cave\nB. cobra\nC. toy car\nD. ferris wheel\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll living things are made up of cells. Plants, animals, and some fungi have many cells. Other living things are made up of just one cell.\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. They use energy from food to grow and change.\nAll living things sense changes in their environment. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A toy car is not a living thing.\nIf this toy car is wound up, it will roll forward. But toy cars do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow. They do not need food or water.\nA cave is not a living thing.\nA cave may have animals or plants living inside. But a cave does not have all the traits of a living thing. A cave does not need food or water.\nA cobra is a living thing.\nCobras grow and respond to their environment. They need food and water. Cobras are made up of many cells.\nA ferris wheel is not a living thing.\nA ferris wheel does not have all the traits of a living thing. It moves in a circle, but it does not grow. It does not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nscale - slippery\n\nChoices:\nA. self\nB. steward\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince self is between the guide words scale - slippery, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nHouston, we've had a problem here.\n—Astronaut Jack Swigert, after an oxygen tank exploded on board Apollo 13\n\nChoices:\nA. chiasmus\nB. understatement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nWe've had a problem here is an understatement, since losing an oxygen tank could be catastrophic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nCutting an orange is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Cutting an orange is a physical change. The orange gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut orange."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is the Amazon River?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6,400 millimeters\nB. 6,400 meters\nC. 6,400 centimeters\nD. 6,400 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of the Amazon River is 6,400 kilometers.\n6,400 millimeters, 6,400 centimeters, and 6,400 meters are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an ear of corn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 16 ounces\nB. 16 tons\nC. 16 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an ear of corn is 16 ounces.\n16 pounds and 16 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a bathtub?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 90 fluid ounces\nB. 90 gallons\nC. 90 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a bathtub is 90 gallons.\n90 fluid ounces and 90 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nReagan considers Paris the most romantic city in the world.\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\nC. declarative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word oasis on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\norange - ought\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince oasis is not between the guide words orange - ought, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Walker's phenotype for the horns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H).\nWalker is a cow from this group. Walker has the homozygous genotype hh for the horns gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. having horns\nB. not having horns\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Walker's genotype for the horns gene is hh. Walker's genotype of hh has only h alleles. The h allele is for having horns. So, Walker's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Walker's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for having horns (h) is recessive to the allele for not having horns (H). This means H is a dominant allele, and h is a recessive allele.\nWalker's genotype of hh has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Walker's phenotype for the horns trait must be having horns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a passenger airplane?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 200 miles\nB. 200 inches\nC. 200 yards\nD. 200 feet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a passenger airplane is 200 feet.\n200 inches is too short. 200 yards and 200 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 300-gram rock at a temperature of 120°F\nB. a 300-gram rock at a temperature of 175°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 175°F rock is hotter than the 120°F rock, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. If Eve's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item.\nB. If Eve's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange it for another item.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to Eve's skirt or the blouse.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the blouse.\nIf Eve's skirt doesn't match the blouse, she will have to exchange the blouse for another item."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Kimi can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nB. If Kimi prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nKimi can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Kimi prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Ian picked apples he will give some away.\nB. My sister passed the pitcher of water to Aunt Luna.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Ian picked apples he will give some away is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Ian picked apples and He will give some away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nplead - protest\n\nChoices:\nA. pasture\nB. pony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pony is between the guide words plead - protest, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. Basalt is not made by living things. It is a solid.\nB. Quartzite is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\nC. Soap is made by humans. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nSoap is made by humans. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, soap is not a rock.\nBasalt is a rock.\nQuartzite is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWhen I was a teenager, reading was my ticket to foreign lands: I traveled to India, China, and Antarctica without ever leaving the comfort of my home.\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. metaphor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nReading was my ticket compares reading to a ticket to foreign lands without using like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking an apple pie\nburning a piece of wood\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by cooling.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.\nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. When the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Grandma Molly,\nB. Dear Grandma Molly,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandma Molly is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 85°F\nB. a 200-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 70°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°F glass of apple juice is hotter than the 70°F glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a bicycle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 23 pounds\nB. 23 ounces\nC. 23 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a bicycle is 23 pounds.\n23 ounces is too light and 23 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich wax candle has a higher temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo 18-gram wax candles are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the wax candle with less thermal energy\nB. the wax candle with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two wax candles are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the wax candle with more thermal energy has a higher temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Ann investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAnn leaves a glass jar of cold tea outside in full sunlight. When she goes to get it, she notices that the tea is warm. She wonders what factors affect how warm a liquid gets from sitting in the sunlight. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical glass jars\ntwo jar lids\ntap water\na measuring cup\ntwo thermometers\n\nChoices:\nA. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a closed jar or eight ounces of water in an open jar get warmer?\nB. Will eight ounces of carbonated water or eight ounces of tap water get warmer when placed in a jar in the sun?\nC. When placed in the sun, will eight ounces of water in a glass jar or eight ounces of water in a plastic cup get warmer?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nSanding a piece of wood is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Sanding a piece of wood is a physical change. The wood becomes smoother, but it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. In an effort to reduce human impact on nature trails, some national parks limit the numbers of hikers per group. Olympic National Park, for instance, maintains that only twelve people can hike in each group.\nB. Some parts of the Olympic National Park coastal trail are quite strenuous. The National Park Service encourages only those hikers who can climb and hike on slippery rocks to make the trek.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nSome parts of the Olympic National Park coastal trail are quite strenuous. The National Park Service encourages only those hikers who can climb and hike on slippery rocks to make the trek.\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIn an effort to reduce human impact on nature trails, some national parks limit the numbers of hikers per group. Olympic National Park, for instance, maintains that only twelve people can hike in each group.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nAs Michael rushed down the hill, the wind () his ears.\n\nChoices:\nA. sang in\nB. rushed by\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase sang in. It describes the wind as if it were a singer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of an article?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"the 25 Best Songs of the Year\"\nB. \"The 25 Best Songs of the Year\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words of and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"The 25 Best Songs of the Year.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Mariana investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMariana wants to grow sunflowers in her backyard garden. She notices that some sunflowers grow much taller than others. She is curious about what factors affect how sunflowers grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\nseeds from one type of sunflower\nsoil\none wooden planter box in the sun\none wooden planter box in the shade\none plastic planter box in the sun\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Do sunflowers grow taller if they are planted in planter boxes or in pots?\nB. Do sunflowers grow bigger in sunny planter boxes or in shady planter boxes?\nC. Which type of sunflower grows more leaves?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Wesley shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nB. Wesley shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner.\nWesley shivered terribly as he gazed at the snow-clad slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nThe first text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very.\nWesley shivered as he gazed at the terribly steep, snowy slope. After calming his nerves, he began his descent.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nAn area becomes drier than usual after a year without rain.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. drought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nReeves, Amy. \"Biogen's MS Drug Sales Light, Alzheimer's Data Pushed Back.\" Investor's Business Daily 27 Apr. 2015: A1. Print.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a poem.\nB. It is a newspaper article.\nC. It is a book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nReeves, Amy. \"Biogen's MS Drug Sales Light, Alzheimer's Data Pushed Back.\" Investor's Business Daily 27 Apr. 2015: A1. Print.\nYou can tell that the cited work is a newspaper article because of the entry's formatting. Entries for newspaper articles include the author of the article, the article title in quotation marks, the name of the newspaper in italics, the date of publication, and the article's page number(s)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nAaron put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nAaron put on an extra pair of socks this morning because it was so cold.\nThis passage tells you about the temperature this morning where Aaron lives. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Ms. West,\nB. Dear Ms. west,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. West is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to go for a walk with a dog?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 seconds\nB. 12 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to go for a walk with a dog is 12 minutes.\n12 seconds is too fast."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of tomato plants, some individuals have red fruit and others have yellow fruit. In this group, the gene for the fruit color trait has two alleles. The allele for red fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for yellow fruit (f).\nA certain tomato plant from this group has the heterozygous genotype Ff for the fruit color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. yellow fruit\nB. red fruit\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine the tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait. First, consider the alleles in the plant's genotype for the fruit color gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for red fruit (F) is dominant over the allele for yellow fruit (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nThe tomato plant's genotype of Ff has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, the tomato plant's phenotype for the fruit color trait must be red fruit."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is stickier?\n\nChoices:\nA. wood board\nB. jam\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the jam is stickier. If you touch jam, it will stick to you."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nLing had her fifteen minutes when her video of kayaking with dolphins went viral.\n\nChoices:\nA. modern history\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion fifteen minutes is modern history.\nIn a catalog that accompanied an exhibit of his work, pop artist Andy Warhol said, \"In the future, everybody will be world-famous for fifteen minutes,\" meaning that fame would be briefly available even to those who did nothing spectacular.\nThe allusion fifteen minutes means a temporary moment of celebrity status."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe city of Greenville has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Greenville's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Greenville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWhat are you most thankful for?\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. best regards,\nLeah\nB. Best regards,\nLeah\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a metaphor?\n\nChoices:\nA. Anthony's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nB. Anthony's eyes are as green as emeralds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a metaphor:\nAnthony's eyes are bright green emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared without the word like or as.\nThis sentence uses a simile:\nAnthony's eyes are as green as emeralds.\nThe words eyes and emeralds are compared using the word as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Coffee beans are the seeds of the coffee plant.\nB. The airport is closed, so we will have to take the train.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nThe airport is closed, so we will have to take the train."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Andrew Carnegie made tons of dough when he sold his steel company to John Pierpont Morgan in 1901.\nB. Andrew Carnegie became one of the world's richest men after selling his steel company to John Pierpont Morgan in 1901.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses slang (tons of dough).\nThe first sentence uses formal language in place of the slang, so it is more formal overall."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Asgore's genotype for the wool color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of sheep, some individuals have white wool and others have black wool. In this group, the gene for the wool color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white wool, and the allele l is for black wool.\nAsgore, a sheep from this group, has white wool. Asgore has one allele for white wool and one allele for black wool.\n\nChoices:\nA. white wool\nB. Ll\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Asgore has one allele for white wool (L) and one allele for black wool (l). So, Asgore's genotype for the wool color gene is Ll."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a school bus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 13 pounds\nB. 13 ounces\nC. 13 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a school bus is 13 tons.\n13 ounces and 13 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence uses a simile?\n\nChoices:\nA. The running children are a stampede of horses.\nB. The children ran by like a stampede of horses.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.This sentence uses a simile:\nThe children ran by like a stampede of horses.\nThe words children and stampede are compared using the word like.\nThis sentence uses a metaphor:\nThe running children are a stampede of horses.\nThe words children and stampede are compared without the word like or as."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Pacha's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f).\nPacha is a cat from this group. Pacha has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur length gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. long fur\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Pacha's genotype for the fur length gene is ff. Pacha's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for long fur. So, Pacha's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Pacha's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for short fur (F) is dominant over the allele for long fur (f). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nPacha's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Pacha's phenotype for the fur length trait must be long fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nLuke's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. verbal irony\nB. pun\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. If we hike Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, we won't see Mooney Falls.\nB. On a clear, peaceful morning at Rincon Point, Joy paddled out into the surf.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nOn a clear, peaceful morning at Rincon Point, Joy paddled out into the surf."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Leslie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLeslie is good at identifying birds from their calls.\n\nChoices:\nA. Leslie likes to photograph birds at the zoo.\nB. Leslie was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. A nutshell is made by a living thing. It is formed in nature.\nB. Dolerite is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\nC. Andesite is not a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nA nutshell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, a nutshell is not a rock.\nAndesite is a rock.\nDolerite is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbaking an apple pie\nwater evaporating from a puddle\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBaking an apple pie is a chemical change. The type of matter in the pie changes. The apples become soft, and the crust turns brown.\nWater evaporating from a puddle is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nWater evaporating is a physical change. But baking a pie is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking a pie is a chemical change. But water evaporating from a puddle is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of these is part of the judicial branch?\n\nChoices:\nA. the president\nB. the Department of Defense\nC. the Supreme Court\nD. Congress\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI live on a farm.\nI am fluffy.\nI will grow up to be a sheep.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a lamb\nB. a hen\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA lamb lives on a farm.\nA lamb is fluffy.\nA lamb will grow up to be a sheep."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two birds. Which bird was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bird that moved 30kilometers in 5hours\nB. a bird that moved 45kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each bird moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bird moved 30 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other bird moved 45 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each bird spent the same amount of time moving. The bird that moved 30 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that bird must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nRussia has a variety of natural resources, including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper, and lead.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. simple\nC. complex\nD. compound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nRussia has a variety of natural resources, including oil, natural gas, timber, iron ore, copper, and lead."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nRight after Edgar moved into the apartment, our washing machine broke. He'd better tell us how he broke it.\n\nChoices:\nA. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Edgar is responsible for the broken washing machine. However, the fact that the machine stopped working soon after Edgar moved in doesn't necessarily mean that he caused the machine to break. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as false causation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Frogs have the strangest feet of any animal.\nB. A horse's foot contains a part known as the \"frog.\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nA horse's foot contains a part known as the \"frog.\"\nIt can be proved by checking a drawing of a horse's foot.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nFrogs have the strangest feet of any animal.\nStrangest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which animal has the strangest feet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Juan Ponce de León was an important person in American history.\nB. Juan Ponce de León was the Spanish explorer who named Florida.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true. Facts can be proved by observing, measuring, or studying information.\nThe flag of the United States has 13 stripes.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at the flag and counting the number of stripes.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nThe flag of the United States is easy to draw.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about what makes a flag \"easy\" to draw.The first sentence states a fact.\nJuan Ponce de León was the Spanish explorer who named Florida.\nIt can be proved by reading about the history of Florida.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nJuan Ponce de León was an important person in American history.\nImportant shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether he was important in American history."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThat screeching hurts my ears!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an adult hippopotamus?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 ounces\nB. 3 tons\nC. 3 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of an adult hippopotamus is 3 tons.\n3 ounces and 3 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Trent investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nTrent went to a magic show. The magician rubbed a balloon on her hair and then held the balloon against a wall. When the magician released the balloon, Trent was amazed to see that it stuck to the wall! He wonders what factors affect how well balloons stick to different surfaces. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthe hair on his own head\na cotton blanket\na wooden door\nfive rubber balloons\n\nChoices:\nA. Do rubber balloons stick to a cotton blanket or a wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nB. Do rubber balloons or foil balloons stick to the wooden door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\nC. Do rubber balloons stick to a wooden door or a metal door longer after being rubbed on his hair?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the invertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. green sea turtle\nB. sparrow\nC. koala\nD. locust\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A green sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a green sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA sparrow is a bird. Like other birds, a sparrow is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nA locust is an insect. Like other insects, a locust is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA koala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this fruit fly's genotype for the eye color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of fruit flies, some individuals have red eyes and others have brown eyes. In this group, the gene for the eye color trait has two alleles. The allele E is for red eyes, and the allele e is for brown eyes.\nA certain fruit fly from this group has brown eyes. This fly has two alleles for brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. ee\nB. brown eyes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The fruit fly has two alleles for brown eyes (e). So, the fly's genotype for the eye color gene is ee."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Molasses is made by humans. It is not a pure substance.\nB. Pyrite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.\nC. Sphalerite is formed in nature. It is a pure substance.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nPyrite is a mineral.\nSphalerite is a mineral.\nMolasses is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things.\nMolasses is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, molasses is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe students start rolling their backpacks at the same speed. Which backpack is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo students get ready to leave school. The students have the same rolling backpacks. Each student has different books in her backpack.\n\nChoices:\nA. a backpack carrying 8 pounds\nB. a backpack carrying 7 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the backpack that is heavier.\nA backpack carrying 8 pounds is heavier than a backpack carrying 7 pounds. So, the backpack carrying 8 pounds needs to be pulled with a larger force to start rolling at the same speed as the other backpack."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nMarco starts to pull the wagon across the yard. To move the wagon at the same speed each time, which friend does Marco need to pull with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nMarco gives two friends a ride in his wagon. One friend sits in the wagon at a time.\n\nChoices:\nA. a friend who weighs 28 pounds\nB. a friend who weighs 35 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the friend who is heavier.\nA friend who weighs 35 pounds is heavier than a friend who weighs 28 pounds. So, to move the wagon at the same speed each time, Marco needs to use a larger force to start moving the wagon with a friend who weighs 35 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the baseball player's motion?\n\nHint:\nA baseball player is reducing his speed after running straight past first base.\n\nChoices:\nA. The baseball player is accelerating.\nB. The baseball player has a constant velocity.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The baseball player is slowing down. So, the baseball player is accelerating."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Holly's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of deer mice, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b).\nHolly is a deer mouse from this group. Holly has the heterozygous genotype Bb for the body hair gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a hairless body\nB. a hairy body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.You need to determine Holly's phenotype for the body hair trait. First, consider the alleles in Holly's genotype for the body hair gene. Then, decide whether these alleles are dominant or recessive.\nThe allele for a hairy body (B) is dominant over the allele for a hairless body (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nHolly's genotype of Bb has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. An organism with at least one dominant allele for a gene will have the dominant allele's version of the trait. So, Holly's phenotype for the body hair trait must be a hairy body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Roy acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRoy knows how to knit sweaters.\n\nChoices:\nA. Roy knits sweaters using cotton, wool, and other types of yarn.\nB. Roy learned how to knit in an after school program.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nDew appearing on grass in the morning is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Dew appearing on grass in the morning is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air touches the cool grass and becomes liquid.\nThe water vapor changes state to become dew, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nTwo fish tanks have the same temperature but different masses. Which fish tank has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are made of the same type of matter.\n\nChoices:\nA. the fish tank with more mass\nB. the fish tank with less mass\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two fish tanks have the same temperature and are made of the same type of matter. So, the fish tank with less mass has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nZane described the situation he was facing with his boss as a catch-22.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. When Patrick's computer wasn't working properly, he replaced the battery.\nB. Patrick replaced the battery in his computer when he noticed that it wasn't working properly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the battery or the computer.\nPatrick replaced the battery in his computer when he noticed that it wasn't working properly.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nWhen Patrick's computer wasn't working properly, he replaced the battery."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nSamuel is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pulling on Samuel.\nB. The suitcase is pushing on Samuel.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Samuel is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Samuel."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Vatican City, the world's smallest country, is not a member of the United Nations.\nB. Vatican City, the world's smallest country, isn't a member of the United Nations.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe first sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (isn't).\nThe second sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ellen acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nEllen can play the cello.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ellen and her father play the cello together.\nB. Ellen learned how to play the cello in music class.\nC. Ellen knows how to polish her cello.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of someone with a fever?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 40°F\nB. 40°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of someone with a fever is 40°C.\n40°F is too cold."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. ***Left or Right***\nB. \"Left or Right?\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead.\nA Midsummer Night's Dream\nThe title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks.\n\"You Are My Sunshine\"A book should be in italics.\nThe correct title is **Left or Right**."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Grandma might sell the painting, or she might give it away.\nB. Fresh English peas are delicious with butter and salt.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction or.\nGrandma might sell the painting, or she might give it away."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIn the overmastering loneliness of that moment, his whole life seemed to him nothing but vanity.\n—Robert Penn Warren, Night Rider\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. antithesis\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words overmastering, loneliness, moment, and whole share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nOver millions of years, the glacier () the rock to yield, and a canyon was formed.\n\nChoices:\nA. persuaded\nB. caused\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word persuaded. It describes the glacier as if it were a person who convinces others."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nalready - anchor\n\nChoices:\nA. amuse\nB. artist\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince amuse is between the guide words already - anchor, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a book?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Blue Cat of Castle Town\nB. the Blue Cat of Castle Town\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word of is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is The Blue Cat of Castle Town."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe First Amendment says that the government cannot make laws that take away a person's freedom of speech. What does it say about laws about religion?\n\nChoices:\nA. The government can choose an official religion if enough people vote for it.\nB. The government cannot make any laws that take away freedom of religion.\nC. The government can make laws about some religions, but not all of them.\nD. The government can make laws to support a religion but not to oppose a religion.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe First Amendment says that the government cannot make any laws that take away freedom of religion. Freedom of speech means that Americans can say and write what they want. But there are some limits on freedom of speech. For example, a person cannot write lies about someone in a newspaper. But the government cannot stop speech just because someone disagrees with it. Freedom of religion means a person can choose his or her own religion. In the United States, the government cannot tell a person what to believe. The complete text of the First Amendment is below. Does it mention any other rights? Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 700-gram rock at a temperature of 125°F\nB. a 700-gram rock at a temperature of 165°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 165°F rock is hotter than the 125°F rock, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Diego's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Diego and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nDiego rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Diego and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Diego and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Diego and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two humpback whales. Which humpback whale was moving at a lower speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a humpback whale that moved 20kilometers in 5hours\nB. a humpback whale that moved 40kilometers in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed.Look at the distance each humpback whale moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne humpback whale moved 20 kilometers in 5 hours.\nThe other humpback whale moved 40 kilometers in 5 hours.\nNotice that each humpback whale spent the same amount of time moving. The humpback whale that moved 20 kilometers moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that humpback whale must have moved at a lower speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a long-distance running race?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 25 yards\nB. 25 miles\nC. 25 feet\nD. 25 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 25 miles.\n25 inches, 25 feet, and 25 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nJennifer felt a roller coaster of emotions when she heard the news.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jennifer found the news scary.\nB. Jennifer had varied feelings.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor Jennifer felt a roller coaster of emotions suggests that Jennifer had varied feelings. A roller coaster has a dramatic mix of ups and downs, and so do Jennifer's feelings."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a coffee pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 milliliters\nB. 2 liters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a coffee pot is 2 liters.\n2 milliliters is too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nAvery plays hockey.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAlthough Robert hasn't worked in years, his mother prefers to say that he's between jobs right now.\n\nChoices:\nA. oxymoron\nB. euphemism\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nBetween jobs is an indirect way of saying unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMelting wax is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Melting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nburning a candle\nsauce burning on a stove\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBurning a candle is a chemical change. Both the wick and the melted wax burn. They react with oxygen in the air and turn into soot, carbon dioxide, and water.\nSauce burning on a stove is a chemical change. High temperatures case the sauce to react with oxygen in the air. The sauce turns black and no longer tastes good.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nSee how I leave with every piece of you\nDon't underestimate the things that I will do\n—Adele, \"Rolling in the Deep\"\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words see, leave, and piece share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tulips have a green stem.\nB. Manatees swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A tulip is a plant. It has a green stem.\nTulips grow best in cool, dry places.\nA manatee is an animal. It swims underwater.\nManatees eat plants that live underwater."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBefore forwarding the email to my grandparents, my sister bowdlerized it.\n\nChoices:\nA. history\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion bowdlerized is history.\nDuring the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, British physician Thomas Bowdler reworked Shakespearean plays in an attempt to make the language and subject matter more suitable for children.\nThe allusion bowdlerized means sanitized."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Akira and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.\nB. Joe walked through Paris in a daze because he was still suffering from jet lag.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction because.\nJoe walked through Paris in a daze because he was still suffering from jet lag."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your friend,\nJason\nB. Your friend,\nJason\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Christina, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Christina thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\nB. Christina plans to build a boat.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Christina thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nknitting yarn into a scarf\ndew appearing on grass in the morning\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nKnitting yarn into a scarf is a physical change. The yarn gets a different shape, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nDew appearing on grass in the morning is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air touches the cool grass and becomes liquid.\nThe water vapor changes state to become dew, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nDew appears when water vapor in the air condenses into a liquid on the grass. This is caused by cooling. But knitting yarn is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDo you know Santiago from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him?\n\nChoices:\nA. imperative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark.\nDo you have any plans for the upcoming weekend?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Diane investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nDiane gets a basketball for her birthday and dribbles it around her neighborhood. She notices that sometimes the ball bounces higher than other times. She wonders what factors affect how high her ball bounces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none basketball\naccess to a brick patio\naccess to a grassy lawn\naccess to a gravel driveway\na meterstick\n\nChoices:\nA. Does the basketball bounce higher on a lawn or on a dirt path?\nB. Do larger basketballs bounce higher than smaller basketballs on a brick patio?\nC. Does the basketball bounce higher on gravel or on grass?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this bitter melon plant's genotype for the seed color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of bitter melon plants, some individuals have dark brown seeds and others have light brown seeds. In this group, the gene for the seed color trait has two alleles. The allele D is for dark brown seeds, and the allele d is for light brown seeds.\nA certain bitter melon plant from this group has dark brown seeds. This plant has two alleles for dark brown seeds.\n\nChoices:\nA. dark brown seeds\nB. DD\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. The bitter melon plant has two alleles for dark brown seeds (D). So, the plant's genotype for the seed color gene is DD."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWe are not destined to be adversaries, but it is not guaranteed that we will be allies.\n—President Bill Clinton, speech to the Russian parliament\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. apostrophe\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nClinton contrasts two clauses, we are not destined to be adversaries and it is not guaranteed that we will be allies."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich ping pong ball has less thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nTwo ping pong balls are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. the hotter ping pong ball\nB. the colder ping pong ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 1-kilogram brick at 70°F has half as much thermal energy as a 2-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the smaller brick has half as many atoms. So, it has half as much thermal energy.The two ping pong balls are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the colder ping pong ball has less thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a road from one end of a city to the other?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 feet\nB. 3 miles\nC. 3 yards\nD. 3 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 3 miles.\n3 inches, 3 feet, and 3 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to peel a banana?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 12 seconds\nB. 12 minutes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to peel a banana is 12 seconds.\n12 minutes is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 28°C\nB. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 33°C\nC. a bowl of oatmeal at a temperature of 24°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three bowls of oatmeal have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 24°C bowl of oatmeal is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Liz decides to go as a ghost. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nLiz is deciding whether to go as a ghost or a superhero to a costume party. She would rather go as a ghost. But she already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Liz will spend some time and money to get the costume.\nB. Liz will get to wear the costume she is more excited about.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Liz wants or needs:\nLiz will spend some time and money to get the costume."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Savannah inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nSavannah has green eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Savannah and her biological father wear sunglasses when they go outside.\nB. Savannah has green eyes like her biological mother.\nC. Savannah's neighbor has green eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to the Fourth Amendment, when is a judge allowed to write a warrant?\n\nHint:\nA search warrant is a piece of paper that gives police the right to search a person's property. Only a judge can write a warrant.\n\nChoices:\nA. when the judge has a good reason to believe someone has broken the law\nB. whenever the police pay the judge enough money\nC. whenever the United States Congress is meeting\nD. whenever a person refuses to let the police search his or her property\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA judge is allowed to write a search warrant when the judge has a good reason to believe someone has broken the law. The Fourth Amendment says that \"unreasonable searches\" are not allowed. It is not always clear what makes a search \"unreasonable.\" Americans count on judges to decide. The diagram below explains how and when a police officer can get the right to search a person:"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. giraffe\nB. saturn butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have a hard outer cover on their body. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A saturn butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a saturn butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA giraffe is a mammal. Like other mammals, a giraffe is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nBen carefully spelled the word aloud.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in past tense. You can tell because it uses a past-tense verb, spelled. The verb ends in -ed and tells you about something that has already happened."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAn avid reader, Logan attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. compound-complex\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nAn avid reader, Logan attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Roy peeled the tangerine and divided it into sections.\nB. While humans may appear less hairy than many animals, we actually have about the same number of hairs on our bodies as chimpanzees.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction while.\nWhile humans may appear less hairy than many animals, we actually have about the same number of hairs on our bodies as chimpanzees."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Brittany acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBrittany is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Brittany learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\nB. Brittany likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Turquoise is a solid. It is not made by living things.\nB. Wood is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\nC. Chrysotile is a pure substance. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nChrysotile is a mineral.\nWood is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, wood is not a mineral.\nTurquoise is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Grandpa Aaron,\nB. Dear grandpa aaron,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Grandpa Aaron is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Ellen & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. Diwali is less enjoyable than other Hindu holidays, such as Holi and Navratri.\nB. Many Hindus celebrate a holiday called Diwali by lighting candles and exchanging gifts.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The second sentence states a fact.\nMany Hindus celebrate a holiday called Diwali by lighting candles and exchanging gifts.\nIt can be proved by reading about Diwali.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nDiwali is less enjoyable than other Hindu holidays, such as Holi and Navratri.\nLess enjoyable shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a holiday enjoyable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word service on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nsilver - sore\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince service is not between the guide words silver - sore, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Oakland. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Oakland?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went up.\nB. The supply probably went down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the seed color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of bitter melon plants, some individuals have dark brown seeds and others have light brown seeds. In this group, the gene for the seed color trait has two alleles. The allele for dark brown seeds (D) is dominant over the allele for light brown seeds (d).\nA certain bitter melon plant from this group has the homozygous genotype dd for the seed color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. light brown seeds\nB. dark brown seeds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The bitter melon plant's genotype for the seed color gene is dd. The bitter melon plant's genotype of dd has only d alleles. The d allele is for light brown seeds. So, the bitter melon plant's phenotype for the seed color trait must be light brown seeds.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the bitter melon plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dark brown seeds (D) is dominant over the allele for light brown seeds (d). This means D is a dominant allele, and d is a recessive allele.\nThe bitter melon plant's genotype of dd has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the bitter melon plant's phenotype for the seed color trait must be light brown seeds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nobtain - order\n\nChoices:\nA. ounce\nB. once\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince once is between the guide words obtain - order, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nWhen it comes to seafood, Americans aren't always eating what they think they are. According to an FDA report based on DNA analysis of fish that are frequently misidentified.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nWhen it comes to seafood, Americans aren't always eating what they think they are. According to an FDA report based on DNA analysis of fish that are frequently misidentified.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nWhen it comes to seafood, Americans aren't always eating what they think they are. According to an FDA report based on DNA analysis, an average of fifteen percent of fish are misidentified."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich mug of cocoa has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo 100-gram mugs of cocoa are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the mug of cocoa with less thermal energy\nB. the mug of cocoa with more thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two mugs of cocoa are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the mug of cocoa with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the part whose main job is to sort and package proteins and other substances in an animal cell.\n\nChoices:\nA. chromosomes\nB. Golgi\nC. nucleus\nD. vacuoles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAnimal cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow.\nSome cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in animal cells:\nMitochondria help the cell get the energy it needs. Mitochondria break down sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities.\nThe nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell.\nThe endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow.\nAfter proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell.\nAnimal cells also have organelles for storage and waste removal. The vacuoles store sugar and other nutrients. The lysosomes break down worn-out cell parts and other waste. Animal cells usually have several vacuoles and lysosomes.\nOther cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles.\nThe cell membrane is a thin layer that surrounds and protects the cell. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell.\nThe cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts.The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances for the cell. The Golgi sends some of these substances to parts of the cell where they are needed. It sends other substances to the cell membrane, where they are released from the cell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Wyatt acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nWyatt is good at identifying fish.\n\nChoices:\nA. Wyatt was not born knowing how to identify different fish. He had to learn this skill.\nB. Wyatt has two pet fish. The fish live in a fish tank together.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nIf you don't do tonight's homework, it'll become a habit, and eventually you'll end up at a dead-end job.\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nC. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that not doing tonight's homework will lead to a dead-end job. However, this argument only offers one extreme and unlikely outcome. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nErica told her friends that Philip was a typical Peter Pan type.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Brian, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nB. As they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Brian, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Brian, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Brian, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe thing that makes Hassan stand out as a remarkable cellist is that he's a marvelous musician who plays the cello splendidly.\n\nChoices:\nA. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Hassan is a remarkable cellist because he plays the cello well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ produces all the blood for the body?\n\nChoices:\nA. skeleton\nB. heart\nC. stomach\nD. skin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word does not rhyme?\n\nChoices:\nA. game\nB. save\nC. gave\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRhyming words are words that end with the same sound.\nThe words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the same sound.\nThe words meet and treat also rhyme. They both end with the same sound, even though the sound has two different spellings.\nThe words tip and meet don't rhyme. They end with different sounds.The words save and gave rhyme. They both end with the ave sound.\nThe word game does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nDanielle is good at knitting hats.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Your Student,\nTrevor\nB. Your student,\nTrevor\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Brianna claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Brianna was lying.\nB. Brianna was goofy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Brianna was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncompost rotting\nburning a piece of wood\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are only physical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nBurning a piece of wood is a chemical change. When the wood burns, the type of matter in it changes. The wood turns black and gives off smoke.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBurning is caused by heating. But compost rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nDavid is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pulling on David.\nB. The suitcase is pushing on David.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.David is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on David."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The jeweler carefully polished the ring once he had removed the precious gemstone from it.\nB. After the jeweler removed the precious gemstone from the ring, he carefully polished it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the precious gemstone or the ring.\nAfter the jeweler removed the precious gemstone from the ring, he carefully polished it.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe jeweler carefully polished the ring once he had removed the precious gemstone from it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full box of cereal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 465 kilograms\nB. 465 grams\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 465 grams.\n465 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the solid.\n\nChoices:\nA. crown\nB. wet paint\nC. water in a fishbowl\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSolid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms.\nWhen matter is a solid, it has a shape of its own.\nSome solids can be bent or broken easily. Others are hard to bend or break.\nA glass cup is a solid. A sock is also a solid.\nWhen matter is a liquid, it takes the shape of its container.\nThink about pouring a liquid from a cup into a bottle. The shape of the liquid is different in the cup than in the bottle. But the liquid still takes up the same amount of space.\nJuice is a liquid. Honey is also a liquid.\nWhen matter is a gas, it spreads out to fill a space.\nMany gases are invisible. So, you can’t see them. Air is a gas.Wet paint is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour wet paint out of a can, the paint will change shape. But the wet paint will still take up the same amount of space.\nThe water in a fishbowl is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you pour water from a fishbowl into a different container, the water will take the shape of that container. But the water will still take up the same amount of space.\nA crown is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. If you put a crown on your head, the crown will keep its shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Eddie felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. onomatopoeia\nB. allusion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. See you soon,\nOlivia\nB. See You Soon,\nOlivia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her grammar and mechanics?\nFound in the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean the narwhal is a species of whale with a long tusk. Generally, only males have tusks but occasionally females may develop them. The tusks grow up to nine feet long and weigh more than twenty pounds. Researchers aren't exactly sure why narwhals grow these tusks. They might be used to fight other males, to impress females or to help the creatures detect changes in their environment.\n\nChoices:\nA. by fixing misplaced modifiers\nB. by fixing run-on sentences\nC. by adding missing commas\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her grammar and mechanics by adding missing commas.\nFor example, the writer could add commas in the underlined sentences to follow an introductory phrase, to separate the clauses of a compound sentence, and to separate items in a series.\nFound in the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean the narwhal is a species of whale with a long tusk. Generally, only males have tusks but occasionally females may develop them. The tusks grow up to nine feet long and weigh more than twenty pounds. Researchers aren't exactly sure why narwhals grow these tusks. They might be used to fight other males, to impress females or to help the creatures detect changes in their environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this pea plant's phenotype for the pod shape trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the pod shape trait in pea plants:\n\nIn a group of pea plants, some individuals have inflated pods and others have constricted pods. In this group, the gene for the pod shape trait has two alleles. The allele D is for inflated pods, and the allele d is for constricted pods.\nA certain pea plant from this group has constricted pods. This plant has two alleles for constricted pods.\n\nChoices:\nA. constricted pods\nB. dd\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The pea plant's observable version of the pod shape trait is constricted pods. So, the plant's phenotype for the pod shape trait is constricted pods."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nRachel is good at knitting scarves.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nRosa put a bandage on my cut.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLook at the word. Does it have a closed syllable or an open syllable?\nshelf\n\nChoices:\nA. open\nB. closed\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords are made up of syllables. Two kinds of syllables are closed and open.\nA closed syllable has one vowel and ends with a consonant. It usually has a short vowel sound.\ndesk: short e\nkit / ten: short i / short e\nAn open syllable ends with one vowel. It usually has a long vowel sound.\ngo: long o\nhe / ro: long e / long o\nSome open syllables end with y. The y makes a long e sound or a long i sound.\nsky: long i\nba / by: long a / long eThe word shelf ends with a consonant and has a short vowel sound. So, it has a closed syllable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThe thing that makes Jeffrey stand out as a remarkable cellist is that he's a marvelous musician who plays the cello splendidly.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Jeffrey is a remarkable cellist because he plays the cello well. However, the \"evidence\" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. sincerely,\nDustin\nB. Sincerely,\nDustin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nancy inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNancy has red hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nancy's parents have red hair. They passed down this trait to Nancy.\nB. Nancy and her mother both wear their hair in braids.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nThe weather forecast had predicted severe thunderstorms, but the dark, heavy thunderclouds never materialized.\n\nChoices:\nA. complex\nB. simple\nC. compound\nD. compound-complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction but.\nThe weather forecast had predicted severe thunderstorms, but the dark, heavy thunderclouds never materialized."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word troupe on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthrust - town\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince troupe is not between the guide words thrust - town, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe heavy door () as Arianna pushed it open.\n\nChoices:\nA. creaked\nB. protested\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word protested. It describes the door as if it were a person who didn't want to obey."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe detective spent his career chasing his white whale, a notorious bank robber who had eluded law enforcement for decades.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion white whale is literature.\nIn Herman Melville's classic novel Moby-Dick, Captain Ahab is fixated on his goal of tracking down and getting revenge on a white whale.\nThe allusion white whale means an object of obsession."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. During last night's game, the tall, lanky girl easily spiked the volleyball over the net and blocked all the other team's hits.\nB. I can review the draft of your story unless you're still editing it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nDuring last night's game, the tall, lanky girl easily spiked the volleyball over the net and blocked all the other team's hits."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ndairy - dog\n\nChoices:\nA. distance\nB. drop\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince distance is between the guide words dairy - dog, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Doug inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDoug has straight hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Doug's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Doug.\nB. Doug and his father both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWhen Wendy claimed she had loaded the dishwasher before turning on Dancing with the Stars, her mother replied, \"Your nose is growing!\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Wendy was goofy.\nB. Wendy was lying.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion nose is growing suggests that Wendy was lying. In the story of Pinocchio, when Pinocchio lies, his nose grows longer."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. bromomethane (CH3Br)\nB. water (H2O)\nC. diamond (C)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for diamond contains one symbol: C for carbon. So, diamond is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, diamond is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for bromomethane contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and Br for bromine. So, bromomethane is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, bromomethane is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for water contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, water is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, water is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMrs. Cooper, you point out that childhood obesity rates have skyrocketed, but are you aware that rainforests provide critical habitats for some of the world's rarest plants and animals?\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that obesity rates and rainforests are somehow interconnected. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a fire truck?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 19 tons\nB. 19 ounces\nC. 19 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a fire truck is 19 tons.\n19 ounces and 19 pounds are both too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthree - tub\n\nChoices:\nA. tea\nB. tide\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tide is between the guide words three - tub, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word excite on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nengine - essay\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince excite is not between the guide words engine - essay, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Andrew acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAndrew is good at identifying insects.\n\nChoices:\nA. Andrew likes to look at butterflies and beetles.\nB. Andrew learned to identify insects by reading many books about insects.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\n\"Darren's personality is very Jekyll and Hyde,\" Emilia told her brother.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Jekyll and Hyde is literature.\nRobert Louis Stevenson's popular Victorian novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde tells the story of a man with two distinct personalities. Known to the world as a kind and highly respected doctor, at night he transforms into a monstrous person.\nThe allusion Jekyll and Hyde means kind then cruel."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nLast year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Washington. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Washington?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply probably went down.\nB. The supply probably went up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nChoose the poem that uses onomatopoeia.\n\nHint:\nFrom Robert Hinckley Messenger, \"Give Me the Old\" and from Helen Dudley, \"To One Unknown\"\n\nChoices:\nA. I have seen the proudest stars\nThat wander on through space,\nEven the sun and moon,\nBut not your face.\nB. Ay, bring the hillside beech\nFrom where the owlets meet and screech,\nAnd ravens croak;\nThe crackling pine, and cedar sweet\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPoets often use the sounds of words to create interesting effects and to express moods and emotions. Understanding these elements of poetry can help you better interpret and appreciate poetic forms.\nAnaphora is the repetition of words or sequences of words at the beginning of multiple phrases, sentences, or lines.\nOut of the cradle endlessly rocking,\nOut of the mocking-bird's throat, the musical shuttle,\nOut of the Ninth-month midnight\n—From Walt Whitman, \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\"\nOnomatopoeia is when language sounds like what it talks about.\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses made-up words:\nTlot-tlot! tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse hoofs ringing clear.\n—From Alfred Noyes, \"The Highwayman\"\nSometimes the onomatopoeia uses real words:\nHark! the honey bee is humming.\n—From Mary Howitt, \"The Voice of Spring\"\nAlliteration is when beginning consonant sounds are repeated in words that are close together.\nWhere the wild men watched and waited\nWolves in the forest, and bears in the bush.\n—From Bayard Taylor, \"A Night with a Wolf\"\nAssonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Often, assonance can create rhymes or near-rhymes within lines.\nI wandered lonely as a Cloud\nThat floats on high o'er Vales and Hills,\nWhen all at once I saw a crowd,\nA host of golden Daffodils.\n—From William Wordsworth, \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\"\nMeter is a poem's rhythm, or the pattern of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables are stressed, while weak syllables are unstressed.\nA poem has an iambic meter when the beat sounds like da-DUM. A weak syllable is followed by a strong syllable. Occasionally, a line may begin with a strong syllable.\nHe watches from his mountain walls,\nAnd like a thunderbolt he falls.\n—From Alfred, Lord Tennyson, \"The Eagle\"\nA poem has a trochaic meter when the beat sounds like DUM-da. A strong syllable is followed by a weak syllable. Occasionally, a line may end in a strong syllable.\nBack into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,\nSoon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before.\n—From Edgar Allen Poe, \"The Raven\"\nFree verse is when a poem has neither a regular rhythm nor a rhyme pattern.\nThe old bridge has a wrinkled face.\nHe bends his back\nFor us to go over.\n—From Hilda Conkling, \"The Old Bridge\"\nThe syllables in bold are strong. You can see this poem does not have a regular rhythm. It also doesn't have a rhyme pattern.This poem uses onomatopoeia. It uses language that sounds like what it talks about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle Ron,\nB. dear Uncle Ron,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Ron is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nBert is not qualified to run the Environmental Club. Have you seen his sister's huge, horrifically inefficient car? The planet cries whenever she turns on the ignition.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Bert isn't qualified to run the Environmental Club because his sister drives a fuel inefficient car. However, the behavior of Bert's sister does not necessarily reflect Bert's own behavior. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Kitty's genotype for the body hair gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nKitty, a cat from this group, has a hairless body. Kitty has two alleles for a hairless body.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. a hairless body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Kitty has two alleles for a hairless body (b). So, Kitty's genotype for the body hair gene is bb."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Our kitchen table is round, but our coffee table is square.\nB. British general John Burgoyne surrendered to American forces at the Battle of Saratoga.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nOur kitchen table is round, but our coffee table is square."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her organization?\nIn the 1800s, egrets were hunted in the United States for their long white plumes (feathers). As a result, the birds were nearly wiped out completely. Thankfully, conservation measures were put in place, and the birds were protected. In fact, in recent years, egrets have expanded their range northward, moving beyond their original habitat in the American South. The egret is a large white bird that lives near marshes, lakes, ponds, and other wetland areas.\n\nChoices:\nA. by removing the sentence about the egrets' expanded range\nB. by providing the description of egrets when they are first introduced\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her organization by providing the description of egrets when they are first introduced.\nFor example, the writer could move the underlined text to the beginning of the paragraph.\nIn the 1800 s, egrets were hunted in the United States for their long white plumes (feathers). As a result, the birds were nearly wiped out completely. Thankfully, conservation measures were put in place, and the birds were protected. In fact, in recent years, egrets have expanded their range northward, moving beyond their original habitat in the American South. The egret is a large white bird that lives near marshes, lakes, ponds, and other wetland areas."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nDonald noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nDonald noticed that the sky was filled with cumulus clouds every day last week.\nThis passage tells you about the clouds Donald saw last week. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\n\"You might think you'll always be young,\" Mrs. Hensley counseled, \"but time ()\".\n\nChoices:\nA. creeps up on you\nB. affects everyone\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the phrase creeps up on you. It describes time as if it were a sneaky person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBryce dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. Greek mythology\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nan iceberg melting slowly\nbaking cookies\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by heating.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nAn iceberg melting is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. An iceberg is made of frozen water. As it melts, the water changes from a solid to a liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nAn iceberg melting is a physical change. But baking cookies is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBaking cookies is a chemical change. But an iceberg melting is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Red-eye tree frogs lay eggs with no shells. When tadpoles first hatch from the eggs, they live in water. When the tadpoles grow into adults, they live in trees. Adult tree frogs have moist, smooth skin and sticky pads on their toes. The sticky pads help the frogs hold on to leaves.\nB. Cardinalfish have scaly skin and live near coral reefs. Cardinalfish lay eggs with no shells and have fins that help them swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA red-eyed tree frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA red-eyed tree frog has the traits of an amphibian. A red-eyed tree frog is an amphibian.\nA cardinalfish has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA cardinalfish does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A cardinalfish is a fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWhat made Isabelle so upset?\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nThe garden was overtaken by invasive, hydra-headed hogweed plants.\n\nChoices:\nA. classical mythology\nB. the Bible\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion hydra-headed is classical mythology.\nIn classical mythology, Hercules fought the Hydra, a monster with nine heads. When one head was severed, two grew in its place.\nThe allusion hydra-headed means difficult to overcome or contain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Bridgette! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Bridgette must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Bridgette's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Bridgette does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the allusion in this text suggest?\nWith the gutters clogged and water rising in the streets, Lillian, who was watching the storm from her window, commented, \"We're going to need an ark to get out of here.\"\n\nChoices:\nA. Lillian plans to build a boat.\nB. Lillian thinks the storm will cause major flooding.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nThe allusion to an ark suggests that Lillian thinks the storm will cause major flooding. In the Bible, it rains for forty days and forty nights; Noah, his family, and animals of every species survive the great flood in an ark that he builds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. trapdoor spider\nB. nautilus\nC. red-headed poison frog\nD. golden orb-weaver\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A nautilus is a mollusk. Like other mollusks, a nautilus is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone.\nLike other spiders, a golden orb-weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nLike other spiders, a trapdoor spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nA red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a red-headed poison frog is a vertebrate. It has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nOur guests will stay for three days and two nights.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, stay. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change best matches the sentence?\nA large amount of rock and soil tumbles down a slope.\n\nChoices:\nA. deposition\nB. landslide\nC. drought\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Ronald decides to eat the apples. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nRonald is deciding whether to eat apples or banana pudding for an afternoon snack. He would like to eat something tasty, but he is also trying to be healthier.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ronald will get to eat the apples. The apples will be healthier than the banana pudding would have been.\nB. Ronald will give up the chance to eat the banana pudding. Ronald thinks banana pudding would have tasted better than apples will.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Ronald wants or needs:\nRonald will give up the chance to eat the banana pudding. Ronald thinks banana pudding would have tasted better than apples will."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nJuan, you drive a beat-up car from the 1980s. For this reason, we can never allow you to be a lifeguard at the community pool.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. ad hominem: a personal attack against one's opponent\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that people who drive old cars are likely to be poor lifeguards. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to someone's qualifications to be a lifeguard. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cytoplasm of an animal cell is inside the cell membrane.\nB. The vacuoles of an animal cell use sunlight to make sugar.\nC. The cell membrane directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of an animal cell.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word blink on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbet - button\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince blink is between the guide words bet - button, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the gecko's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the gecko and Earth () as the gecko crawled on the window.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an animal in motion.\nA gecko used its sticky feet to crawl from the bottom of a window to the top of the window.\n\nChoices:\nA. stayed the same\nB. decreased\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the gecko and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the window is higher than the bottom of the window. As the gecko crawled toward the top of the window, the distance between the gecko and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the gecko and Earth increased as the gecko crawled on the window."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMom and Dad walk in the apple orchard.\n\nChoices:\nA. past tense\nB. present tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, walk. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nCircus clowns amuse the young children.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, amuse. The verb tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsauce burning on a stove\na crayon melting in the sun\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSauce burning on a stove is a chemical change. High temperatures case the sauce to react with oxygen in the air. The sauce turns black and no longer tastes good.\nA crayon melting in the sun is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The crayon changes state from solid to liquid. The crayon is still made of wax, even after it melts.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nA crayon melting in the sun is a physical change. But sauce burning is not.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nSauce burning is a chemical change. But a crayon melting is not.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nPieces of rock and soil are washed away by water.\n\nChoices:\nA. earthquake\nB. erosion\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nidentify - invisible\n\nChoices:\nA. improve\nB. is\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince improve is between the guide words identify - invisible, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Polly decides to buy a copy of the book. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nPolly is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. She would like to be able to keep the book as long as she wants, but buying the book would cost money. She could borrow the book for free, but she would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Polly will get to keep the book as long as she wants.\nB. Polly will spend money to buy the book.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Polly wants or needs:\nPolly will spend money to buy the book."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Neil acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNeil knows a lot about history.\n\nChoices:\nA. Neil learned history by reading.\nB. Neil is most interested in American history.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Madelyn investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nMadelyn leaves some chocolates in her jacket pocket. When she finds the chocolates later, she notices that some of them have melted. She wonders what factors affect how quickly chocolate melts. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\none bar of milk chocolate\none bar of dark chocolate\na stove\na pot\n\nChoices:\nA. Does milk chocolate or dark chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\nB. Does milk chocolate melt faster when heated in a microwave or on a stove?\nC. Does dark chocolate or white chocolate melt faster when heated on the stove?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMixing glue and laundry powder to create putty is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Mixing glue and laundry powder to create putty is a chemical change. The putty is a different type of matter that was not there before the change."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is the Mississippi River?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2,300 feet\nB. 2,300 inches\nC. 2,300 yards\nD. 2,300 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of the Mississippi River is 2,300 miles.\n2,300 inches, 2,300 feet, and 2,300 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Tiana acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nTiana knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Tiana can cook food over a fire.\nB. Tiana learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word seat on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nshingle - steak\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince seat is not between the guide words shingle - steak, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI thought I'd forgotten how to play with a boomerang, but then it came back to me.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. personification\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses a pun, a word or phrase that humorously suggests more than one meaning.\nIt came back to me means that I remembered something. It also means that the boomerang came back after it was thrown."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nMona is good at knitting socks.\n\nHint:\nHint: People who can knit had to learn how to do it.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to knit. Instead, many people learn how to knit. Knitting well takes practice. So, knitting well is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThis overview of world history is the number one seller on the topic. It must be the most accurate and comprehensive book on the subject.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a best-selling book is the most accurate and comprehensive on its topic. However, this isn't necessarily true. There are other reasons a book could be a best seller besides its accuracy and thoroughness. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Andrew decides to buy a copy of the book. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAndrew is deciding whether to buy a copy of a book or borrow it from the library. He would like to be able to keep the book as long as he wants, but buying the book would cost money. He could borrow the book for free, but he would have to return it in a few weeks.\n\nChoices:\nA. Andrew will spend money to buy the book.\nB. Andrew will get to keep the book as long as he wants.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Andrew wants or needs:\nAndrew will spend money to buy the book."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich body part protects the body's soft parts?\n\nChoices:\nA. skeleton\nB. muscles\nC. heart\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water balloon?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 18 cups\nB. 18 gallons\nC. 18 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 18 fluid ounces.\n18 cups and 18 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Nate acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nNate knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Nate learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\nB. Nate is most interested in human biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jeanette decides to make egg drop soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJeanette is deciding whether to make egg drop soup or beef barley soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The egg drop soup will be tastier than the beef barley soup would have been.\nB. Jeanette will spend more time making the egg drop soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jeanette wants or needs:\nJeanette will spend more time making the egg drop soup than she would have spent making the beef barley soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the plant.\n\nChoices:\nA. Loons walk, fly, and swim.\nB. Walnut trees have many green leaves.\nC. Yellow jackets drink nectar and fruit.\nD. Lionfish swim underwater.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A yellow jacket is an animal. It drinks nectar and eats fruit.\nA yellow jacket is an insect. Yellow jackets have two wings.\nA walnut tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nPeople pick and eat walnuts from walnut trees. Walnuts are the tree's seeds!\nA loon is an animal. It walks, flies, and swims.\nA loon is a bird. Loons live near lakes and dive in the water to hunt for food.\nA lionfish is an animal. It swims underwater.\nLionfish have poisonous venom on the tips of their fins. This poison helps protect lionfish from predators."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Dalton decides to bake pumpkin muffins. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nDalton is deciding whether to bake pumpkin muffins or poppy seed muffins. He wants the muffins to be tasty. But he also wants to make a lot of muffins.\n\nChoices:\nA. Dalton will give up some muffins. He could have made more poppy seed muffins than pumpkin muffins.\nB. Dalton will get to eat pumpkin muffins. He thinks pumpkin muffins are tastier than poppy seed muffins.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Dalton wants or needs:\nDalton will give up some muffins. He could have made more poppy seed muffins than pumpkin muffins."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Clarence investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nClarence and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\nB. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\nC. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nIt is snowing in Colleen's town today.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nIt is snowing in Colleen's town today.\nThis passage tells you about the precipitation today in Colleen's town. It describes the atmosphere at a certain place and time. So, this passage describes the weather."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word petrify on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npiece - politics\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince petrify is not between the guide words piece - politics, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Gabriel bought a program for the opera without realizing that it was in Russian.\nB. Gabriel bought a program for the opera without realizing that the program was in Russian.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the program or the opera.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the program.\nGabriel bought a program for the opera without realizing that the program was in Russian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organizational structure does this text primarily use?\n\nHint:\nRead the text.\nBicycles have evolved over many years. In 1818, a heavy two-wheeled device called a \"velocipede\" was patented in Paris. The rider controlled the direction with a steering wheel and moved it forward by pushing his feet on the ground. It caught on briefly, and many people worked to refine its design. In 1863, pedals were added. A few years later, a new, lighter bike was developed that used a very large front wheel and a small rear wheel. Called the \"Ariel,\" it became popular but was quite accident-prone. Over the next decade, \"safety\" bicycles were produced, incorporating welcome improvements such as air-filled rubber tires, brakes, and gears. By 1899, about a million bicycles were in use.\n\nChoices:\nA. problem-solution\nB. sequential\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAuthors use different text structures to organize their ideas in writing. Learning to identify these structures will help you to understand the relationships between ideas in informational texts. You can also use these structures to organize your own writing.\nA cause-effect structure presents the causes and the effects of a particular event, trend, or situation. This structure often uses words and phrases such as because, since, as a result, due to, or consequently.\nA compare-contrast structure presents similarities (comparisons) and differences (contrasts) between two or more things. This structure often uses words and phrases such as like, similarly, or in the same way (for comparing) or on the other hand, in contrast, or unlike (for contrasting).\nA problem-solution structure presents a problem and suggests one or more possible solutions. This structure often uses words such as issue, question, puzzle, propose, and answer.\nA sequential structure describes a series of events that happens in a certain order. This structure often uses specific dates and times or words such as first, next, during, finally, and while.The text uses a sequential structure to show the evolution of the bicycle. In the text, certain words and phrases help to organize ideas in a sequential structure. Notice the phrases in 1818, in 1863, a few years later, over the next decade, and in 1899."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI must be cruel, only to be kind:\nThus bad begins and worse remains behind.\n—William Shakespeare, Hamlet\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. paradox\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a paradox, a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nBe cruel, only to be kind at first appears to be contradictory, as cruelty and kindness are opposites. However, it contains some truth: being cruel to someone in the short term may benefit him or her in the long term."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Kevin decides to eat the peach cobbler. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nKevin is deciding whether to eat chips or peach cobbler for an afternoon snack. He would like to eat something tasty, but he is also trying to be healthier.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kevin will give up the chance to eat the chips. The chips would have been healthier than the peach cobbler.\nB. Kevin will get to eat the peach cobbler. Kevin thinks peach cobbler will taste better than chips would have.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kevin wants or needs:\nKevin will give up the chance to eat the chips. The chips would have been healthier than the peach cobbler."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Mabel acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMabel has a scar on her right elbow.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mabel's sister has a bruise from falling on her elbow.\nB. Mabel's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her arm when she fell off her bicycle.\nC. Mabel's scar is on her right elbow. Her father also has a scar on his right elbow.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nHave you ever seen an animal cook its food? No! The idea is absurd and unnatural. That's why the healthiest diet is all raw food, all the time.\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nC. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a diet of uncooked food is healthiest because animals don't cook their food. However, something isn't necessarily healthy for humans just because it's what animals do naturally. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as an appeal to nature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a pair of goggles?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 pounds\nB. 5 ounces\nC. 5 tons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a pair of goggles is 5 ounces.\n5 pounds and 5 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nYou may be impressed by Senator Murphy's work with low-income communities, but the fact remains that he graduated from an elite university. He couldn't possibly empathize with low-income constituents.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Senator Murphy can't empathize with his low-income constituents because he went to an elite university. However, going to an elite university doesn't necessarily mean you're out of touch. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMuch to our shock, Cody chose to turn the other cheek when Erica insulted him in a meeting.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. U.S. history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion turn the other cheek is the Bible.\nIn the Bible, Jesus counsels his followers to resist retaliation. He says that if they are struck on the right cheek, they shouldn't lash out; instead, they should turn the other cheek toward their attacker.\nThe allusion turn the other cheek means to respond without aggression."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. dear Jon,\nB. Dear Jon,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Jon is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"Sleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem,\" Bruce joked with a yawn.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bruce slept poorly.\nB. Bruce slept well.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nSleeping through the rooster's crowing was no problem ironically suggests that Bruce slept poorly. Bruce was tired, so the rooster's crowing was clearly a problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Debbie inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDebbie has brown eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Debbie's hair is the same color as her brown eyes.\nB. Debbie's father has brown eyes. He passed this trait down to Debbie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear ms. stewart,\nB. Dear Ms. Stewart,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ms. Stewart is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nJoe took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. compound\nC. simple\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nJoe took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the smoothest?\n\nChoices:\nA. asphalt road\nB. rock wall\nC. ceramic mug\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ceramic mug is the smoothest. If you touch a piece of ceramic like this one, it will not feel rough."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Juniper's phenotype for the horns trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cows, some individuals have horns and others do not. In this group, the gene for the horns trait has two alleles. The allele H is for not having horns, and the allele h is for having horns.\nJuniper, a cow from this group, does not have horns. Juniper has two alleles for not having horns.\n\nChoices:\nA. not having horns\nB. HH\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Juniper's observable version of the horns trait is not having horns. So, Juniper's phenotype for the horns trait is not having horns."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. As Eva entered the harbor, her sailboat bumped into the old wooden pier; she was relieved that it didn't sustain any damage.\nB. As Eva entered the harbor, her sailboat bumped into the old wooden pier; she was relieved that the boat didn't sustain any damage.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the sailboat or the old wooden pier.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with the boat.\nAs Eva entered the harbor, her sailboat bumped into the old wooden pier; she was relieved that the boat didn't sustain any damage."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nPatience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet!\n—Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Julie, or the New Heloise\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. anaphora\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nRousseau contrasts two parallel clauses, patience is bitter and fruit is sweet."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word brim on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nbeloved - butter\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince brim is between the guide words beloved - butter, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\n\"Speak of the devil!\" Whitney declared when Charlie strolled into the room.\n\nChoices:\nA. Whitney had just been speaking about Charlie.\nB. Whitney didn't trust Charlie.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom speak of the devil suggests that Whitney had just been speaking about Charlie. People say this when the person they've just been speaking about coincidentally arrives, as if summoned."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the hardest?\n\nChoices:\nA. styrofoam packing peanuts\nB. cobalt\nC. linen handkerchief\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the cobalt is the hardest. If you press on a bar of cobalt, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the sled's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth () as Sidney rode down the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nOn a snowy day, Sidney rode her sled down a big hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the sled and the center of Earth changed.\nThe bottom of the hill was lower than the point where Sidney started sledding. As Sidney rode toward the bottom of the hill, the distance between the sled and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the sled and Earth decreased as Sidney rode down the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nLadies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped . . . I trust you are not in too much distress.\n—Captain Eric Moody, after his Boeing 747's engines failed\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. understatement\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses understatement, which involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nWe have a small problem is an understatement, since the plane was likely to crash."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nDespite the frigid temperatures on the slopes, the junior class ski trip was an enormous success.\n\nChoices:\nA. declarative\nB. interrogative\nC. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Clare is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nB. Clare is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nClare is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nThe first text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nClare is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that does not have a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. clownfish\nB. monarch butterfly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A monarch butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a monarch butterfly does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA clownfish is a fish. Like other fish, a clownfish has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a shirt a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a shirt is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a shirt something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a shirt a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a shirt is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Right after Martina bought the book for her literature class, she dropped it.\nB. Right after she bought it, Martina dropped the book for her literature class.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to the book or the class.\nRight after Martina bought the book for her literature class, she dropped it.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nRight after she bought it, Martina dropped the book for her literature class."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. cat\nB. house\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A cat is a living thing.\nCats grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nA house is not a living thing.\nHouses do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complex sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. According to many scholars, the 1798 publication of Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth began the romantic period in English literature.\nB. Celine and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The second sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nCeline and her mom sat on the back porch and watched as the sun sank into the horizon."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI've heard that Sidney & Co. is downsizing, so I'm happy to see that their store in downtown Greenville will remain open for now.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nDownsizing is an indirect way of saying that the company is planning on firing employees, closing shops or branches, and/or reducing its budget."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. My family has a rule everyone cleans up after dinner.\nB. Hugged his children before going to work.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Hugged his children before going to work is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word trap on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntear - turn\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince trap is between the guide words tear - turn, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich organ lets you think?\n\nChoices:\nA. heart\nB. muscles\nC. brain\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Chip's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nChip, a Syrian hamster from this group, has short fur. Chip has two alleles for short fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. short fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Chip's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Chip's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nDissolving sugar in water is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Dissolving sugar in water is a physical change. The sugar breaks into pieces that are too small to see. But each piece is still made of sugar."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. At lunchtime, Mike can often be found reading at his favorite café, where they provide unlimited coffee refills.\nB. At lunchtime, Mike can often be found reading at his favorite café, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. They has been replaced with the servers.\nAt lunchtime, Mike can often be found reading at his favorite café, where the servers provide unlimited coffee refills."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the least thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 151°F\nB. a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 115°F\nC. a 350-gram mug of cocoa at a temperature of 118°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.All three mugs of cocoa have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115°F mug of cocoa is the coldest, it has the least thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one true statement.\n\nChoices:\nA. The cell wall breaks down sugar to release energy that a plant cell can use.\nB. The Golgi packages proteins and other substances and directs them to different parts of an animal cell.\nC. The cell membrane of a plant cell contains the master plan for cell activities and cell development.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Dr. yang,\nB. Dear Dr. Yang,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. Yang is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nElijah plays hockey.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing hockey takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play hockey. Instead, some people learn how to play hockey. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing hockey is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nFinn has naturally blond hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Finn's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Scott acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nScott knows how to fly a kite.\n\nChoices:\nA. Scott's friend taught him how to fly a kite.\nB. Scott's neighbor taught him how to repair a kite.\nC. Scott likes to fly a kite with his younger brother.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a news magazine?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 9 tons\nB. 9 pounds\nC. 9 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a news magazine is 9 ounces.\n9 pounds and 9 tons are both too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Uncle Steven,\nB. Dear uncle steven,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Uncle Steven is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAccording to Newton's third law, what other force must be happening?\n\nHint:\nIsaac Newton was born in the 1600s and studied how objects move. He discovered three fundamental laws about forces and motion. According to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force.\nConsider the following force:\nJamal is pulling on a full suitcase.\n\nChoices:\nA. The suitcase is pulling on Jamal.\nB. The suitcase is pushing on Jamal.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAccording to Newton's third law, for every force, there is an equal and opposite force. This means that if one object is applying a force on a second object, the second object must also be applying a force on the first object, but in the opposite direction.\nFor example, if your hand is pushing down on a table, the table is also pushing up on your hand. Or, if you are pulling forward on a rope, the rope is also pulling back on you.Jamal is pulling on the suitcase. So, Newton's third law tells you that the suitcase is pulling on Jamal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Native gold is a solid. It is a pure substance.\nB. Chrysotile is a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\nC. A turtle shell is not a pure substance. It is formed in nature.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nNative gold is a mineral.\nChrysotile is a mineral.\nA turtle shell is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, a turtle shell is not a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"a Bicycle built for Two\"\nB. \"A Bicycle Built for Two\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word for is not important, so it should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"A Bicycle Built for Two.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a movie?\n\nChoices:\nA. everything but the Best\nB. Everything but the Best\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words but and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is Everything but the Best."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the bird.\n\nChoices:\nA. shoebill\nB. coral snake\nC. poison dart frog\nD. bison\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBirds have feathers, two wings, and a beak.A shoebill is a bird. It has feathers, two wings, and a beak.\nShoebills live in tropical East Africa. Shoebills get their name from their shoe-shaped beaks.\nA bison is a mammal. It has fur and feeds its young milk.\nMale bison have horns. They can use their horns to defend themselves.\nA coral snake is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nCoral snakes spend most of their time underground or hiding under leaves.\nA poison dart frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Francesca is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nB. Francesca is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nFrancesca is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nFrancesca is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nHannah and Alice will plant the seeds.\n\nChoices:\nA. future tense\nB. present tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, plant. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe hum of the computer concerned Owen. Was the problem with the power supply or the hard drive?\n\nChoices:\nA. simile\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound.\nHum represents the sound the computer was making."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich bucket of water has a lower temperature?\n\nHint:\nTwo 10-kilogram buckets of water are identical except for their thermal energies.\n\nChoices:\nA. the bucket of water with more thermal energy\nB. the bucket of water with less thermal energy\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms are always moving.\nThe energy of moving atoms is called thermal energy. The total amount of thermal energy in matter depends on three things: the type of matter, the amount of matter, and how fast the atoms are moving.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the atoms in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature.\nWhat happens if the amount of matter changes? A 2-kilogram brick at 70°F has twice as much thermal energy as a 1-kilogram brick at 70°F. The two bricks have the same temperature, but the larger brick has twice as many atoms. So, it has twice as much thermal energy.The two buckets of water are made of the same material and have the same mass. So, the bucket of water with less thermal energy has a lower temperature."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. ice rink\nB. clay ball\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ice rink is harder. If you step on the ice at an ice rink, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. under\nB. behind\nC. over\nD. thing\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Behind, under, and over go together. They are words that tell where. Thing is not a word that tells where, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich correctly shows the title of a song?\n\nChoices:\nA. \"down by the Bay\"\nB. \"Down by the Bay\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nIn a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between.\nThe Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach\nThese words are not important in titles:\nArticles, a, an, the\nShort prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up\nCoordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, orCapitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The words by and the are not important, so they should not be capitalized.\nThe correct title is \"Down by the Bay.\""}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Bill inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBill has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bill likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Bill's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Bill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a 200-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 15°C\nB. a 200-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 16°C\nC. a 200-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 27°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 27°C bottle of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sentence use a simile or a metaphor?\nOn that winter morning, Sadie's hands were as cold as ice.\n\nChoices:\nA. metaphor\nB. simile\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSimiles and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike.\nA simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as.\nMy sister runs like a cheetah.\nThe sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like.\nA cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nThe cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as.\nThe night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark.\nA metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nThe snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as.\nA blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely.\nUsing similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader.On that winter morning, Sadie's hands were as cold as ice.\nThe words hands and ice are compared using the word as. So, the sentence uses a simile."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24°F\nB. 24°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of the air on a cold, snowy day is 24°F.\n24°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe city of Richmond is currently experiencing a minor crisis. Its sanitation workers are on strike, and the garbage is piling up in the streets.\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nMinor crisis is a contradiction, because minor means small or insignificant, and a crisis is a large problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Nica's phenotype for the body hair trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of cats, some individuals have a hairy body and others have a hairless body. In this group, the gene for the body hair trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a hairy body, and the allele b is for a hairless body.\nNica, a cat from this group, has a hairless body. Nica has two alleles for a hairless body.\n\nChoices:\nA. bb\nB. a hairless body\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nica's observable version of the body hair trait is a hairless body. So, Nica's phenotype for the body hair trait is a hairless body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Audrey decides to go on the screaming swing. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nAudrey is deciding which ride to go on at the fair. She can go on either the log ride or the screaming swing. She wants to have as much fun as possible at the fair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Audrey will save some ride tickets. She needs fewer tickets to go on the screaming swing than on the log ride.\nB. Audrey will give up the chance to go on the log ride. She would have had more fun on that ride.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Audrey wants or needs:\nAudrey will give up the chance to go on the log ride. She would have had more fun on that ride."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich body part tells other body parts what to do?\n\nChoices:\nA. heart\nB. brain\nC. stomach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to drink a small glass of water?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 30 hours\nB. 30 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to drink a small glass of water is 30 seconds.\n30 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nbreaking a piece of glass\ndew appearing on grass in the morning\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nBreaking a piece of glass is a physical change. The glass gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter.\nDew appearing on grass in the morning is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Water vapor in the air touches the cool grass and becomes liquid.\nThe water vapor changes state to become dew, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nDew appears when water vapor in the air condenses into a liquid on the grass. This is caused by cooling. But breaking a piece of glass is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI wasted time, and now doth time waste me.\n—Shakespeare, Richard II\n\nChoices:\nA. apostrophe\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses chiasmus, an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nThe second half of the sentence reverses the order of the words waste and time relative to the first half."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the motorcycle's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth () as Rodrigo rode up the hill.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nRodrigo rode his motorcycle from the bottom of a hill to the top of the hill.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. increased\nC. stayed the same\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth changed.\nThe top of the hill is higher than the bottom of the hill. As Rodrigo rode toward the top of the hill, the distance between the motorcycle and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the motorcycle and Earth increased as Rodrigo rode up the hill."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nFrom the look on her face, Layla is carrying an albatross around her neck.\n\nChoices:\nA. Egyptian history\nB. a poem\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem.\nIn Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,\" a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck.\nThe allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. When Emily was researching the lives of famous scientists, it said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child.\nB. When Emily was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it is used without its antecedent.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with one source.\nWhen Emily was researching the lives of famous scientists, one source said that Albert Einstein had a speech impediment when he was a child."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a parking space?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 centimeters\nB. 8 kilometers\nC. 8 meters\nD. 8 millimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter.\nThe tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long.\nA red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length.The best estimate for the length of a parking space is 8 meters.\n8 millimeters and 8 centimeters are too short. 8 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nBridgette is between jobs right now, so she's selling some of her old jewelry to help pay the bills.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bridgette is working two different jobs.\nB. Bridgette is unemployed.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism between jobs means that Bridgette is unemployed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nMixing sand and water is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. physical change\nB. chemical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Mixing sand and water is a physical change. Adding water makes the sand wet. But both the sand and water are still made of the same type of matter as before."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many Thanks,\nHenry\nB. Many thanks,\nHenry\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Every month the mayor gives a speech to the citizens.\nB. Mr. Brady sent the email yesterday, but no one received it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction but.\nMr. Brady sent the email yesterday, but no one received it."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following text from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her sentence fluency?\nIf I became student council president, I would make significant changes at my school. I would help my fellow students by being the voice of the student body and communicating openly and effectively with the principal, board of education, school faculty and staff, and parents. For example, I would make every effort to represent students' interests on issues such as mobile phones in the classroom, healthy lunch options in the cafeteria, and improved showers and lockers in our gymnasium. In addition, I would focus on organizing more social events for students, including talent shows, sports tournaments, fashion shows, dances with exciting themes, and battle of the band competitions.\n\nChoices:\nA. by varying sentence length\nB. by combining sentences containing related information\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen you review a fellow student's writing, try to make your feedback clear and specific. You can use questions such as the following to guide your feedback:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear main idea and develop it with evidence, examples, and analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that the ideas build on one another and are easy to follow?\nSentence fluency: Do the writer's sentences vary in structure and length, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely, avoiding excessive repetition or inappropriate language to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer use accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her sentence fluency by varying sentence length.\nFor example, the writer could shorten the underlined sentences to make the text read more smoothly.\nIf I became student council president, I would make significant changes at my school. I would help my fellow students by being the voice of the student body and communicating openly and effectively with the principal, board of education, school faculty and staff, and parents. For example, I would make every effort to represent students' interests on issues such as mobile phones in the classroom, healthy lunch options in the cafeteria, and improved showers and lockers in our gymnasium. In addition, I would focus on organizing more social events for students, including talent shows, sports tournaments, fashion shows, dances with exciting themes, and battle of the band competitions."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Otto's phenotype for the fur length trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of dogs, some individuals have short fur and others have long fur. In this group, the gene for the fur length trait has two alleles. The allele F is for short fur, and the allele f is for long fur.\nOtto, a dog from this group, has short fur. Otto has two alleles for short fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. short fur\nB. FF\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Otto's observable version of the fur length trait is short fur. So, Otto's phenotype for the fur length trait is short fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is stickier?\n\nChoices:\nA. honey\nB. glass marbles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Sticky is a property. A sticky material can stick to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the honey is stickier. If you touch honey, it will stick to you."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has the most thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 29°C\nB. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 23°C\nC. a metal paper clip at a temperature of 0°C\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.All three metal paper clips have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 29°C paper clip is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that does not have a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Insects, spiders, and worms do not have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. shoebill\nB. bull ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A bull ant is an insect. Like other insects, a bull ant does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA shoebill is a bird. Like other birds, a shoebill has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her narrative voice?\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Hansen suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Chu asked him if he was OK, and Hansen said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Hansen finally returned. Coach Chu said he was glad Hansen was back, and Hansen said he was happy and relieved.\n\nChoices:\nA. by removing biased language\nB. by using active voice\nC. by adding dialogue\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her narrative voice by adding dialogue.\nFor example, the writer could replace the underlined sentences with exchanges between Coach Chu and Hansen.\nDuring our last game, our pitcher Hansen suddenly grabbed his wrist after throwing a fastball. Coach Chu asked him if he was OK, and Hansen said that it hurt. None of us knew what was wrong with him and he was whisked off to the doctor, who ultimately diagnosed a forearm strain and wrist tendinitis. After three weeks of rehabilitation, Hansen finally returned. Coach Chu said he was glad Hansen was back, and Hansen said he was happy and relieved."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Neil investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nNeil and his sister are building ramps to race their toy cars down. Neil notices that the cars go down some of the ramps faster than others. He wonders what factors affect the cars' speed. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical toy cars\na wooden ramp three feet long and two feet tall\na cardboard ramp three feet long and two feet tall\n\nChoices:\nA. Do toy cars go faster down the ramp made of wood or the ramp made of cardboard?\nB. Does a big toy car go down the wooden ramp faster than a small toy car?\nC. Do toy cars with plastic wheels go faster down the cardboard ramp than toy cars with metal wheels?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a skateboard?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 pounds\nB. 5 tons\nC. 5 ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a skateboard is 5 pounds.\n5 ounces is too light and 5 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. In summer, insects always fly around the pond.\nB. A bag of beans.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.In summer, insects always fly around the pond is a complete sentence. The subject is insects, and the verb is fly."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your friend,\nDanielle\nB. Your friend,\nDanielle\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Elena investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nElena likes to skip rocks at the river. She notices that some of the rocks she throws skip off the surface of the water many times, while others skip once and then sink. She wonders what factors affect how well rocks skip on the water. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\n10 small flat rocks\n10 large flat rocks\naccess to the river by her school\n\nChoices:\nA. Do small rocks or large rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\nB. Do rocks skip more times when thrown across a river or across a pond?\nC. Do round rocks or flat rocks skip more times when thrown across the river?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI'm never setting foot in any seafood restaurant again. We just had a ridiculously overpriced dinner at Rafi's Seafood Hut, and I have no interest in repeating that experience.\n\nChoices:\nA. hasty generalization: a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nB. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. However, even though one seafood restaurant was overpriced, that doesn't necessarily mean that all seafood restaurants are overpriced. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAt twenty-one, Jamal felt overwhelmed with adult responsibilities and wished he could fly off to Neverland.\n\nChoices:\nA. allusion\nB. onomatopoeia\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses an allusion, a brief reference to someone or something well known.\nNeverland alludes to the story of Peter Pan, a boy who lived in Neverland and never grew up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nTanvi anticipated that the free makeover her friend was promising would turn out to be a Trojan horse.\n\nChoices:\nA. Greek mythology\nB. British history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Trojan horse is Greek mythology.\nIn Greek mythology, the Greek army tricks the Trojan army into taking a large wooden horse into their carefully guarded city. The horse turns out to be filled with Greek warriors who, once inside the city of Troy, open the gates to the Greek army waiting outside.\nThe allusion Trojan horse means a deceptive or harmful offering."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nAfter he finished the marathon, Malik collapsed into a chair and declared that he could no longer move a single muscle.\n\nChoices:\nA. Malik became paralyzed.\nB. Malik was very tired and sore.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole could no longer move a single muscle suggests that Malik was very tired and sore. His muscles were not literally incapable of moving."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich job does the digestive system do?\n\nChoices:\nA. helps cells get building materials from food\nB. helps make food\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms need food. Food gives organisms the energy they need to survive.\nAnimals get their food by eating other organisms. An animal's digestive system breaks down food into small particles of fat, protein, sugar, and other nutrients. The blood carries these small particles to cells throughout the animal's body.\nInside cells, nutrient particles can be broken down to release energy. Cells need energy to do their jobs. A cell's job might include sending signals to other cells, rearranging chemicals to make new substances, or moving substances from place to place.\nCells also use nutrient particles as building materials. Cells use building materials to help the animal grow and to replace worn-out parts.The digestive system breaks down food into small particles of nutrients. Cells can get energy and building materials from these small particles.\nThe digestive system does not help make food. Animals cannot make food inside their bodies. They must eat other organisms."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nIan plays golf.\n\nHint:\nHint: Playing golf takes practice.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play golf. Instead, some people learn how to play golf. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing golf is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Lynx eat animals.\nB. Walnut trees have many green leaves.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A walnut tree is a plant. It has many green leaves.\nPeople pick and eat walnuts from walnut trees. Walnuts are the tree's seeds!\nA lynx is an animal. It eats animals.\nLynx have padded feet to help them walk on snow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Colin sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. complex\nC. compound-complex\nD. simple\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Colin sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs this a sentence fragment?\nBased on one theory, Mimas, one of Saturn's many moons, may have been created within that planet's icy rings.\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.\nBased on one theory, Mimas, one of Saturn's many moons, may have been created within that planet's icy rings."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a full box of cereal?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 470 grams\nB. 470 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of a full box of cereal is 470 grams.\n470 kilograms is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that the book's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between the book and Earth () as the book fell toward the ground.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about an object in motion.\nHarold knocked a book off a bookshelf. The book fell to the ground.\n\nChoices:\nA. decreased\nB. stayed the same\nC. increased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between the book and the center of Earth changed.\nThe ground is lower than the bookshelf. As the book fell toward the ground, the distance between the book and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the book and Earth decreased as the book fell toward the ground."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Maya acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nMaya knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Maya learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Maya can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Alvin investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAfter Alvin cleans up a spill, he hangs a wet cloth towel in the laundry room. Two hours later, he notices that the towel has partially dried. He wonders what factors affect how cloth dries. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo identical white cloth towels\nwater\na clothesline in the laundry room\na clothesline in the backyard\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a small cloth towel or a large cloth towel dry faster when hung in the backyard?\nB. Do cloth towels dry faster if they are hung in the laundry room or in the backyard?\nC. When hung in the laundry room, do black cloth towels or white cloth towels dry more quickly?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nWow, that was a loud sneeze!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nYou can eat me.\nI am sweet.\nBees make me.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. ice cream\nB. honey\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nYou can eat honey.\nHoney is sweet.\nBees make honey."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRosh Hashanah is an important holiday in which religion?\n\nChoices:\nA. Islam\nB. Judaism\nC. Buddhism\nD. Christianity\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nRosh Hashanah is a holiday in the religion of Judaism. Followers of Judaism are known as Jews."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Every morning my alarm clock wakes me at six o'clock.\nB. Dad took the last chair, so you will have to stand.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nEvery morning my alarm clock wakes me at six o'clock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a can of soda pop?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 330 liters\nB. 330 milliliters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters.\nThere are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter.\nA raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters.The better estimate for the volume of a can of soda pop is 330 milliliters.\n330 liters is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nsewing an apron\nsnowflakes forming in a cloud\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nSewing an apron is a physical change. The fabric and thread that make up the apron get a new shape, but the type of matter in each of them does not change.\nSnowflakes forming in a cloud is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. Liquid water freezes and becomes solid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not formed.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nA snowflake begins to form when a tiny drop of liquid water in a cloud freezes. This is caused by cooling. But sewing an apron is not."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Janice can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nB. If Janice prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nJanice can type using a keyboard with a QWERTY layout, but she prefers the Dvorak layout. The two keyboards have different arrangements of letters and symbols.\nThe second text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nIf Janice prefers a keyboard with the Dvorak layout, she can use mine. In my opinion, it's faster than typing on a keyboard with a QWERTY layout.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Rolf's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Labrador retrievers, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F).\nRolf is a Labrador retriever from this group. Rolf has the homozygous genotype ff for the fur color gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. brown fur\nB. black fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.Rolf's genotype for the fur color gene is ff. Rolf's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for brown fur. So, Rolf's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur.\nTo check this answer, consider whether Rolf's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for brown fur (f) is recessive to the allele for black fur (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele.\nRolf's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, Rolf's phenotype for the fur color trait must be brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Linda acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nLinda knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Linda learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Linda can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for light yellow flowers, and the allele f is for dark yellow flowers.\nA certain rose plant from this group has dark yellow flowers. This plant has two alleles for dark yellow flowers.\n\nChoices:\nA. dark yellow flowers\nB. ff\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. The rose plant's observable version of the flower color trait is dark yellow flowers. So, the plant's phenotype for the flower color trait is dark yellow flowers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI must have eaten too much of Jacob's homemade chili, because now I'm so full I could explode!\n\nChoices:\nA. paradox\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nSo full I could explode is an exaggeration, since it is clear that the speaker is not actually in danger of exploding."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe () sun beat down upon the heads of the construction workers.\n\nChoices:\nA. cruel\nB. hot\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word cruel. It describes the sun as if it were a mean person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a water bottle?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 cups\nB. 3 fluid ounces\nC. 3 gallons\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a water bottle is 3 cups.\n3 fluid ounces is too little and 3 gallons is too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the reptile.\n\nChoices:\nA. domestic pig\nB. tortoise\nC. leafy seadragon\nD. American toad\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nReptiles have scaly, waterproof skin. Most reptiles live on land.A leafy seadragon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nA seadragon's body looks like a clump of seaweed. This helps the seadragon hide from its predators.\nAn American toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole.\nA domestic pig is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nPigs are omnivores. This means that they can eat both plants and animals.\nA tortoise is a reptile. It has scaly, waterproof skin.\nA tortoise's shell protects it from predators. When a tortoise feels threatened, it can pull its head and legs inside its shell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe ocean lashed () at the boat, which nearly overturned in the rough waves.\n\nChoices:\nA. angrily\nB. repeatedly\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word angrily. It describes the ocean as if it were an angry, violent person."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a mineral.\n\nChoices:\nA. Muscovite is not made by living things. It is a solid.\nB. Sterling silver is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\nC. Native copper is not made by living things. It is a solid.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMinerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals.\nMinerals and rocks have the following properties:\nProperty | Mineral | Rock\nIt is a solid. | Yes | Yes\nIt is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes\nIt is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes\nIt is a pure substance. | Yes | No\nIt has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No\nYou can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither.\nLook closely at the last three properties:\nMinerals and rocks are not made by organisms.\nOrganisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be  minerals or rocks.\nHumans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks.\nA mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not.\nA pure substance is made of only one type of matter.  Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures.\nA mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not.\nThe crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way.\nHowever, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different!Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals.\nSterling silver is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances.\nSo, sterling silver is not a mineral.\nMuscovite is a mineral.\nNative copper is a mineral."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nThe panoramic vistas along the South Rim of the Grand Canyon are simply breathtaking.\n\nChoices:\nA. exclamatory\nB. declarative\nC. interrogative\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement and always ends with a period.\nThe nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure.\nAn imperative sentence makes a request or a demand and usually ends with a period. If a demand shows strong feeling, it can end with an exclamation point.\nFor this assignment, use references to support your claims.\nDon't drive so quickly in the construction zone!\nAn interrogative sentence asks a question and always ends with a question mark.\nGiven the recent critiques of her new strategic plan, do you think the CEO will reconsider the company's direction?\nAn exclamatory sentence is a statement that shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamation always ends with an exclamation point.\nI can't wait to travel through Europe this summer!The sentence is a statement and ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Colonel Tom Parker was Elvis Presley's manager until Presley's death in 1977.\nB. Colonel Tom Parker was Elvis Presley's manager until his death in 1977.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun his could refer to Colonel Tom Parker or Elvis Presley.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. His has been replaced with Presley's.\nColonel Tom Parker was Elvis Presley's manager until Presley's death in 1977."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of a cherry pie?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 tons\nB. 3 ounces\nC. 3 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons.\nThere are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton.\nSo, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton.\nA slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton.The best estimate for the mass of a cherry pie is 3 pounds.\n3 ounces is too light and 3 tons is too heavy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the stickiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. wood ruler\nB. glass marbles\nC. honey\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Sticky is a property. A sticky material easily attaches to other things.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the honey is the stickiest. If you touch honey, it will stick to you."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Bryan investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nBryan and his classmates are growing tomato plants in the school garden. He wonders what factors affect how tomato plants grow. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\nthree different types of tomato seeds\none bag of potting soil\nfive identical clay pots\nwater\n\nChoices:\nA. Which of the three types of tomato seeds sprouts the fastest?\nB. Does a certain kind of tomato plant grow taller when planted in a clay pot or in a plastic pot?\nC. Which type of soil will cause a certain kind of tomato plant to grow the most fruit?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nNate was enjoying the lush life his newfound riches had brought him, but he couldn't help but think of his latest cholesterol reading as a Sword of Damocles.\n\nChoices:\nA. ancient legend\nB. Shakespeare\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Sword of Damocles is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, when Damocles wished his life were as full of luxuries as that of the tyrant Dionysis, Dionysis invited Damocles to a sumptuous banquet. Above Damocles' seat at the feast, Dionysis had placed a sword, suspended only by a thin hair, demonstrating the fragile nature of fortune.\nThe allusion Sword of Damocles means a reminder that one is vulnerable."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the place that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. hive\nB. moon\nC. den\nD. nest\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMoon doesn't belong.\nNest, hive, and den all name places where groups of animals live."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. ceramic plate\nB. paper bag\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the ceramic plate is harder. If you press on a piece of ceramic, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Kenny inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nKenny has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kenny's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Kenny.\nB. Kenny likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI can't believe you'd hire Bob Humphrey to watch your dog! Did you know that his friend adopted a dog but then took it back to the shelter after just one week?\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Bob must be an irresponsible dog owner, because his friend was an irresponsible dog owner. However, even though Bob's friend was irresponsible, that doesn't necessarily mean that Bob is also irresponsible. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a compound sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Tomorrow the actors will practice their lines onstage.\nB. Our birch tree died, so Mom planted an oak tree in its place.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The second sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two simple sentences joined by a comma and the conjunction so.\nOur birch tree died, so Mom planted an oak tree in its place."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Samantha decides to make lentil soup. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nSamantha is deciding whether to make lentil soup or split pea soup for dinner. She wants dinner to be as tasty as possible. But she is also hungry and wants to eat soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. The lentil soup will be tastier than the split pea soup would have been.\nB. Samantha will spend more time making the lentil soup than she would have spent making the split pea soup.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Samantha wants or needs:\nSamantha will spend more time making the lentil soup than she would have spent making the split pea soup."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nDan always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.\n\nChoices:\nA. simple\nB. compound-complex\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and.\nDan always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nI must confess that in my quest I felt depressed and restless\n—Thin Lizzy, \"With Love\"\n\nChoices:\nA. assonance\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses assonance, the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nThe words confess, quest, depressed, and restless share a vowel sound."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nJacob described the situation he was facing with his boss as a catch-22.\n\nChoices:\nA. literature\nB. a song\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion catch-22 is literature.\nJoseph Heller coined the term \"catch-22\" in his 1961 novel of the same name. In the novel, if an army pilot wants to avoid dangerous missions, he must be deemed mentally unfit; however, his desire to stay safe proves his sanity, so he can never be excused from a mission. Heller called this sort of predicament or dilemma a catch-22.\nThe allusion catch-22 means a no-win situation."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUse the evidence in the text to select the photosynthetic organism.\n\nChoices:\nA. Emerald tree boas eat only once every few months. The boas eat small animals, which their bodies break down for energy.\nB. Snake plants use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars. These plants use the sugars to get the energy they need to live.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms that carry out photosynthesis are called photosynthetic organisms. During photosynthesis, these organisms use light energy to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen.\nPhotosynthetic organisms also often have the following characteristics:\nThey are producers, which are organisms that make their own food inside their cells. Producers don't usually eat other organisms.\nTheir cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are cell parts where photosynthesis occurs.\nTheir chloroplasts often contain chlorophyll, which is green. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight to power photosynthesis.\nThey use the sugars they make during photosynthesis as food. This food provides the organisms with the energy they need to live.This organism is photosynthetic:\nThe text tells you that snake plants use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars, and then use these sugars to get energy. This is evidence that the snake plant is a photosynthetic organism.\nThis organism is not photosynthetic:\nThe text does not provide evidence that the emerald tree boa is photosynthetic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the action that doesn't belong.\n\nChoices:\nA. cut\nB. shampoo\nC. style\nD. boil\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nBoil doesn't belong.\nShampoo, cut, and style all describe things you do to hair."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nThe Livingston family is going to spend two weeks in Ocean City, but for Ethan it will be a working vacation, since he'll be checking in with the office every day.\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nWorking vacation is a contradiction, because going on a vacation implies that you are taking a break from work."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of sentence is this?\nYour suggestion was a great success!\n\nChoices:\nA. interrogative\nB. exclamatory\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nThere are four kinds of sentences.\nA declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period.\nI have an older brother and a younger sister.\nAn interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark.\nHow tall are you?\nAn imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point.\nRead the first chapter by next week.\nLook out for that car!\nAn exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point.\nSome whales are over ninety feet long!\nI can't wait until tomorrow!The sentence tells about something, but it shows strong feeling and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs there a sentence fragment?\nOn November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first animal into space—a dog named Laika. Which had been found as a stray living on the streets of Moscow.\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.\nThe band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought.\nRehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing.\nThe band I'm in.\nThis fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing.\nBecause we have a concert in two weeks.\nThis fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert.There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought.\nOn November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first animal into space—a dog named Laika. Which had been found as a stray living on the streets of Moscow.\nHere is one way to fix the sentence fragment:\nOn November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union sent the first animal into space—a dog named Laika, which had been found as a stray living on the streets of Moscow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the elementary substance.\n\nChoices:\nA. cobalt (Co)\nB. glucose (C6H12O6)\nC. sulfur dioxide (SO2)\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds.\nEvery chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be.\nThe symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula.\nAn elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol.\nThe symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule.\nFor example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula.\nThe chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms.\nA compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols.\nFor example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms.Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for cobalt contains one symbol: Co. So, cobalt is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, cobalt is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for glucose contains three symbols: C for carbon, H for hydrogen, and O for oxygen. So, glucose is made of three chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, glucose is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for sulfur dioxide contains two symbols: S for sulfur and O for oxygen. So, sulfur dioxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, sulfur dioxide is a compound, not an elementary substance."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nThis fast food chain claims that they've served five billion people, so they must have the best hamburger in town. Five billion people can't be wrong!\n\nChoices:\nA. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nB. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that the fast food chain has the best hamburger, because they've served five billion people. However, even though they've served five billion people, that doesn't necessarily mean that they have the best hamburger. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Alec acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nAlec knows a lot about biology.\n\nChoices:\nA. Alec learned biology by reading, observing, and experimenting.\nB. Alec is most interested in human biology.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Danny acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDanny has a scar on his left knee.\n\nChoices:\nA. Danny's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee.\nB. Danny's brother has scars on both of his knees.\nC. Danny's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a piece of gum a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a piece of gum is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a piece of gum something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a piece of gum a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a piece of gum is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word is not like the others?\n\nChoices:\nA. horn\nB. piano\nC. drum\nD. sound\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nSome words are alike. They go together in a group.\nRed, blue, and green go together. They are colors.\nMom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family.Drum, piano, and horn go together. They are instruments. Sound is not an instrument, so it is not like the other words."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich expression of thanks is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. We're so pleased you could join us on our special day. Thank you again for the wonderful gift.\nB. We're super happy that you could be with us on our special day. Thanks again for the awesome gift!\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nInformal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions.\nFormal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language.\nCompare the following sentences.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome.\nMore formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners.\nMost formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners.The second expression of thanks is more formal. It uses more elevated language (we're so pleased). The other expression of thanks is more conversational (super happy, thanks, awesome)."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a large soup pot?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 2 fluid ounces\nB. 2 gallons\nC. 2 cups\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 2 gallons.\n2 fluid ounces and 2 cups are both too little."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Mr. Carson,\nB. Dear Mr. carson,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Mr. Carson is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nFiltering air to remove dust and pollen is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.Filtering air to remove dust and pollen is a physical change. The air flows through the filter, and the pollen and dust stay behind. This separates the mixture of air, pollen, and dust. But separating a mixture does not form a different type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a pen?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 inches\nB. 6 yards\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 8 long. You might be thinking, 8 what? Is the pencil 8 inches long? 8 feet? 8 miles?\nThe number 8 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are inches. So, the length of the pencil is 8 inches.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot. So, 1 inch is much shorter than 1 foot.\nThere are 3 feet in 1 yard. So, 1 foot is shorter than 1 yard.The better estimate for the length of a pen is 6 inches.\n6 yards is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the metaphor in this text suggest?\nWhen Noah lost his job, he was devastated. The only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career.\n\nChoices:\nA. Noah felt in the dark about what to do after losing his job.\nB. There was a benefit to Noah's job loss.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.The text uses a metaphor, comparing two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe metaphor the only light in the sea of darkness was the prospect of pursuing a new career suggests that there was a benefit to Noah's job loss. A light would be beneficial in helping someone escape a dark, difficult-to-navigate situation. Similarly, Noah's new career was beneficial in helping him escape the emotionally difficult experience of losing his job."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word disinterested in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. Myra is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nB. Myra is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses disinterested in its traditional sense: unbiased or impartial.\nMyra is excellent in her position as class treasurer. She always manages to be disinterested in student council debates about the allocation of extracurricular funds.\nThe second text uses disinterested in its nontraditional sense: uninterested or indifferent.\nMyra is happy with her position as class treasurer. Though she would have the support of the student council, she is disinterested in running for student body president.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word disinterested because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nI used to love this TV show, but then I found out that Shane likes it, too. So I changed my opinion—if someone like Shane likes a show, it can't be as good as I thought!\n\nChoices:\nA. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\nB. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nC. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that a television show must be bad because someone the speaker hates enjoys it. However, this is not evidence that the show is bad. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nA piece of pear turning brown is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.A piece of a pear turning brown is a chemical change. The substances in the pear react with oxygen in the air and turn into a different type of matter.\nIf you scrape off the brown part of the pear, the inside will still be white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change hasn't happened to that part of the pear."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nWinston has naturally brown hair.\n\nHint:\nHint: Some people dye their hair. But this does not change their natural hair color.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.Humans do not choose their natural hair color. Instead, children get their natural hair color from their parents. So, Winston's hair color is an inherited trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich change better matches the sentence?\nThe trees on a hill catch fire after a storm.\n\nChoices:\nA. volcanic eruption\nB. wildfire\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\n"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is harder?\n\nChoices:\nA. metal horseshoe\nB. wool sweater\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the metal horseshoe is harder. If you squeeze a metal horseshoe, it will not change shape."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Redwood trees have small leaves.\nB. Bald eagles walk and fly.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.A redwood tree is a plant. It has small leaves.\nRedwood trees have fuzzy reddish-brown bark. Their bark helps protect redwood trees from fires.\nA bald eagle is an animal. It walks and flies.\nBald eagles live in trees near water. They eat mostly fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nA recent news story said a healthy diet is the key to living longer. It said people should eat less meat and more vegetables. What will probably happen to the overall supply of vegetables over the next year?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go down.\nB. The supply will probably go up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Most people want to live longer, healthier lives. The news story said that it is healthier to eat less meat and more vegetables. So, there is an expected change in demand for vegetables. Producers will want to sell as many vegetables as they can. So, the supply of vegetables will probably go up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a road from one end of a city to the other?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 5 kilometers\nB. 5 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a road from one end of a city to the other is 5 kilometers.\n5 centimeters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwhole - wrinkle\n\nChoices:\nA. worth\nB. want\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince worth is between the guide words whole - wrinkle, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. According to Zoe, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that he is her favorite player.\nB. According to Zoe, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Joe Di Maggio or Willie Mays.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Mays.\nAccording to Zoe, Willie Mays hit 660 career home runs, although Joe DiMaggio had a higher batting average. She said that Mays is her favorite player."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the volume of a carton of orange juice?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 60 gallons\nB. 60 cups\nC. 60 fluid ounces\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nVolume is a measurement of how much space something takes up.\nThere are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons.\nAs the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon.\nA glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon.The best estimate for the volume of a carton of orange juice is 60 fluid ounces.\n60 cups and 60 gallons are both too much."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nrust forming on a metal gate\nphotosynthesis\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily.\nPhotosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\npouring milk on oatmeal\ncracking open a peanut\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nPouring milk on oatmeal is a physical change. The oatmeal and milk form a creamy mixture. But making this mixture does not form a different type of matter.\nCracking open a peanut is a physical change. The peanut shell breaks and the peanut falls out. Both are still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nwhittle - women\n\nChoices:\nA. widow\nB. wares\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince widow is between the guide words whittle - women, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word himself on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nhot - hygiene\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince himself is not between the guide words hot - hygiene, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. We can pack our bags tonight, or we can wait until morning.\nB. The engine in the car makes a strange noise.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA simple sentence is a sentence with only one subject and predicate.\nThe pitcher threw the ball to first base.\nA compound sentence is two simple sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nThe pitcher threw the ball, and the batter hit it.\nSome simple sentences have a compound subject or a compound predicate, but they are not compound sentences.\nAnna and James will watch the fireworks tonight.\nThis simple sentence has a compound subject, Anna and James.\nThe singers bowed and walked off the stage.\nThis simple sentence has a compound predicate, bowed and walked off the stage.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but they are not compound sentences. The introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Farmer Ben wears his heavy coat.\nThis is a simple sentence. There is one subject, Farmer Ben, and one predicate, wears his heavy coat in the winter.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It has one subject and predicate.\nThe engine in the car makes a strange noise."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nKamal, you didn't vote in the last election, so you clearly have no regard for the democracy in which we live.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Kamal must not care about democracy, because he didn't vote in the election. However, there may be a number of reasons why Kamal didn't vote in the election. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Jen decides to plant the birch tree. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nJen is deciding whether to plant sunflowers or a birch tree in her backyard. She wants to make her backyard more beautiful. But she also wants to leave space for doing fun things.\n\nChoices:\nA. Jen will get to look at the birch tree. She thinks it will look more beautiful than the sunflowers would have looked.\nB. The birch tree will use up more space than the sunflowers would have used up.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Jen wants or needs:\nThe birch tree will use up more space than the sunflowers would have used up."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich statement describes the boy's motion?\n\nHint:\nA boy is lying still in his bed as he sleeps through the night.\n\nChoices:\nA. The boy has a constant velocity.\nB. The boy is accelerating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn object's velocity describes its speed and its direction.\nAn object has a constant velocity when neither its speed nor its direction is changing. So, an object has a constant velocity when the object is:\nmoving in a straight line at a constant speed, or\nremaining motionless.\nIf an object does not have a constant velocity, the object is accelerating. An object is accelerating when either its speed or its direction is changing. So, an object is accelerating when the object is:\nspeeding up,\nslowing down, or\nchanging direction.The boy is remaining motionless. So, the boy has a constant velocity."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nBella plays soccer.\n\nChoices:\nA. inherited\nB. acquired\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. After Mary discussed the new research methods with Laura, she decided to try some of them out.\nB. After discussing the new research methods with Laura, Mary decided to try some of them out.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun she could refer to Mary or Laura.\nAfter Mary discussed the new research methods with Laura, she decided to try some of them out.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nAfter discussing the new research methods with Laura, Mary decided to try some of them out."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal.\n\nChoices:\nA. Water buffalo eat plants.\nB. Oleander trees can grow colorful flowers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPlants and animals are living things. Living things are called organisms.\nPlants come in many shapes and sizes. Most plants grow in the ground. They might grow leaves, flowers, and fruit. Plants cannot move around on their own like animals can.\nAnimals also come in many shapes and sizes. Most animals can move around. Animals might run, swim, jump, or fly. Animals eat plants or other organisms for food.An oleander tree is a plant. It can grow colorful flowers.\nThere are over 400 different types of oleander plants.\nA water buffalo is an animal. It eats plants.\nWater buffalo live near water. They can live near rivers or swamps."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngasp - goblin\n\nChoices:\nA. gruff\nB. geranium\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince geranium is between the guide words gasp - goblin, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Carter investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nCarter starts to make a sandwich, but he sees mold on the bread! He wonders what factors affect how mold grows on bread. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\ntwo loaves of white sandwich bread\na small plastic bag\na large plastic bag\na refrigerator\n\nChoices:\nA. Does white or whole wheat sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days?\nB. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored in a paper bag or in a plastic bag?\nC. Does white sandwich bread grow visible mold in fewer days if the bread is stored inside or outside the refrigerator?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Cora bought a red belt and a pink scarf.\nB. Lucy wants to visit Lanberry she heard it has beautiful parks.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Cora bought a red belt and a pink scarf is a complete sentence. The subject is Cora, and the verb is bought."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the living thing.\n\nChoices:\nA. garden snail\nB. book\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll living things need food and water. Water helps living things break down food and remove waste. Food gives living things energy. Living things use this energy to grow and change. All living things grow and change during their lives.\nAll living things sense changes in the world around them. Living things might sense changes by seeing, smelling, hearing, or feeling. Living things can respond to the changes they sense.A garden snail is a living thing.\nGarden snails grow and respond to the world around them. They need food and water.\nA book is not a living thing.\nBooks do not have all of the traits of living things. They do not grow or respond to the world around them. They do not need food or water."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nAll the cars at McCoy's Auto Dealership are certified pre-owned. Although they all seem to be in good condition, I think I'd prefer to buy a new car.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. hyperbole\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nPre-owned is an indirect way of saying used."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntailor - torpedo\n\nChoices:\nA. thrust\nB. tribute\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince thrust is between the guide words tailor - torpedo, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nAccording to the university brochure, the majors with the most students are Economics and Computer Science. Therefore, you should declare one of these majors if you want to have a successful career.\n\nChoices:\nA. slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that it's best to major in Economics or Computer Science because they are the most popular majors. However, the fact that a major is popular doesn't necessarily mean you have to pursue it in order to have a successful career. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the statement. Assume that Duncan's mass did not change.\nThe gravitational potential energy stored between Duncan and Earth () as he rode the escalator.\n\nHint:\nRead the text about a person in motion.\nDuncan rode an escalator from the first floor to the second floor of a shopping mall.\n\nChoices:\nA. increased\nB. stayed the same\nC. decreased\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth.\nThe amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower.\nIf the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen.\nWhen an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth...\nincreases | increases\ndecreases | decreases\nstays the same | stays the sameThink about how the distance between Duncan and the center of Earth changed.\nThe second floor is higher than the first floor. As he rode the escalator toward the second floor, the distance between Duncan and the center of Earth increased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between Duncan and Earth increased as he rode the escalator."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a bus route across a small town?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 3 inches\nB. 3 yards\nC. 3 feet\nD. 3 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a bus route across a small town is 3 miles.\n3 inches, 3 feet, and 3 yards are all too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nWe must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.\n—Martin Luther King, Jr., 1964 commencement address at Oberlin college\n\nChoices:\nA. antithesis\nB. assonance\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses antithesis, the contrasting of opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nKing contrasts two parallel phrases, live together as brothers and perish together as fools."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Derek inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nDerek has blue eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. Derek likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes.\nB. Derek's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Derek.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a toy a good or a service?\n\nChoices:\nA. a good\nB. a service\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEverything you can buy is either a good or a service.\nA good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good.\nA service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service.To decide whether a toy is a good or a service, ask these questions:\nIs a toy something you can touch? Yes.\nIs a toy a job you might pay someone else to do? No.\nSo, a toy is a good."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the verbal irony in this text suggest?\n\"This salsa could use a little more spice,\" Josh said as he gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes.\n\nChoices:\nA. The salsa was tasteless.\nB. The salsa was too spicy.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nCould use a little more spice ironically suggests that the salsa was too spicy. Josh gulped down water and wiped tears from his eyes, indications that the salsa was indeed too spicy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\npeel - plane\n\nChoices:\nA. pumpkin\nB. pin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince pin is between the guide words peel - plane, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is smoother?\n\nChoices:\nA. glass jar\nB. bark\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells.Smooth is a property. A smooth material is not rough or bumpy.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the glass jar is smoother. If you touch a glass jar, it will not feel rough or bumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to mow the lawn?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 37 minutes\nB. 37 hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 37 minutes.\n37 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nroasting a marshmallow over a campfire\nbaking a loaf of bread\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are only physical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nRoasting a marshmallow is a chemical change. The type of matter on the outside of the marshmallow changes. As a marshmallow is roasted, it turns brown and crispy.\nBaking a loaf of bread is a chemical change. The type of matter in the dough changes when it is baked. The dough turns into bread!\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nMr. Arnold has a reputation as a Scrooge, so our club has stopped asking him for donations.\n\nChoices:\nA. a fable\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Scrooge is literature.\nThe novella A Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, tells the story of the penny-pinching and bitter Ebenezer Scrooge, who values money more than people.\nThe allusion Scrooge means a person who isn't generous."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMrs. Blanchard sings a pretty song.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. future tense\nC. past tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, sings. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmelting wax\npicking up a paper clip with a magnet\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are chemical changes.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are caused by cooling.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting wax is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The wax changes from solid to liquid. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nPicking up a paper clip with a magnet is a physical change. The paper clip sticks to the magnet, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nWax melting is caused by heating. But picking up a paper clip with a magnet is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the vertebrate.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.\n\nChoices:\nA. bumble bee\nB. orb weaver\nC. earthworm\nD. penguin\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nVertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals.\nA vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange.\nAn invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body.A penguin is a bird. Like other birds, a penguin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone.\nLike other spiders, an orb weaver is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has a soft body.\nA bumble bee is an insect. Like other insects, a bumble bee is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. painted stork\nB. earthworm\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A painted stork is a bird. Like other birds, a painted stork has a backbone.\nAn earthworm is a worm. Like other worms, an earthworm does not have a backbone. It has a soft body."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Pablo decides to watch the comedy. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nPablo is deciding whether to watch a comedy or an action movie. He would prefer to watch a comedy. But he also wants to watch a movie with his sister. Pablo's sister will only watch an action movie.\n\nChoices:\nA. Pablo will get to watch the movie that he is more excited about.\nB. Pablo will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Pablo wants or needs:\nPablo will give up the chance to watch a movie with his sister."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nDon't try to tell me that you only watch educational programming, Wanda! I know for a fact that your sister only watches reality television.\n\nChoices:\nA. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nB. guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nred herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Wanda must watch reality television, because her sister watches reality television. However, even though Wanda's sister watches reality television, that doesn't necessarily mean that Wanda does, too. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as guilt by association."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hammer?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 16 kilometers\nB. 16 centimeters\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a hammer is 16 centimeters.\n16 kilometers is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. With love,\nZach\nB. with love,\nZach\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nBending a paper clip is a ().\n\nChoices:\nA. chemical change\nB. physical change\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes.\nBurning a piece of paper is a chemical change. The paper changes into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same.\nCutting a piece of paper is a physical change. The cut pieces are still made of paper.\nIce melting is also a physical change. When ice melts, it changes from a solid to a liquid. But both ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water! This kind of change is called a change of state.Bending a paper clip is a physical change. After you bend it, the paper clip has a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWeather forecasters expect a hot, dry summer in the parts of Africa where bananas grow. Bananas do not grow well in hot and dry weather. What will probably happen to the overall supply of bananas?\n\nChoices:\nA. The supply will probably go up.\nB. The supply will probably go down.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOverall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply.\n | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand\nSupply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up\nSupply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down\nProducers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up.Hot and dry weather makes it more difficult to grow bananas. Fewer bananas will survive the growing season, and there will be fewer bananas to sell. So, the supply of bananas will probably go down because the bananas, which are resources, are harder to get."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nAnswer the riddle.\nI can fly.\nI am yellow and black.\nI make honey.\nWhat am I?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bee\nB. an ant\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA bee can fly.\nA bee is yellow and black.\nA bee makes honey."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Fred acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nFred knows how to build a fire.\n\nChoices:\nA. Fred learned how to build a fire at summer camp.\nB. Fred can cook food over a fire.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the idiom in this text suggest?\nMr. and Mrs. Randall usually see eye to eye, but not when it comes to the controversial mayoral race.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. and Mrs. Randall usually agree.\nB. Mr. and Mrs. Randall are not politically active.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally.\nThe idiom see eye to eye suggests that Mr. and Mrs. Randall usually agree. When you see eye to eye with someone, you share their opinion."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best Wishes,\nBrenda\nB. Best wishes,\nBrenda\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a hiking trail?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6 centimeters\nB. 6 kilometers\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that a pencil is 16 long. You might be thinking, 16 what? Is the pencil 16 centimeters long? 16 meters? 16 kilometers?\nThe number 16 on its own does not give you much information about the length of the pencil. That is because the units are missing.\nNow look at the drawing of the pencil and the ruler. The ruler shows that the units are centimeters. So, the length of the pencil is 16 centimeters.\nThere are 100 centimeters in 1 meter. So, 1 centimeter is much shorter than 1 meter.\nThere are 1,000 meters in 1 kilometer. So, 1 meter is much shorter than 1 kilometer.The better estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 6 kilometers.\n6 centimeters is too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word tail on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nterrify - transport\n\nChoices:\nA. no\nB. yes\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tail is not between the guide words terrify - transport, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence.\nIn this case, the program is a () source because it ().\n\nHint:\nHistorians use different kinds of sources to study the past. Sources are books, documents, pictures, or other materials that provide evidence about the past. Primary sources are usually firsthand accounts and are usually created at the time that an event takes place. Secondary sources are usually secondhand accounts, are usually created later in time, and are based on a variety of primary sources.\nImagine that you are a historian who wants to learn more about African American baseball leagues in the mid-1900s. You find the source described below. Read the description of the source. Then complete the sentence below.\nA program was given to people who attended a baseball game between the Indianapolis Clowns and the Kansas City Monarchs in the 1950s. These teams played in an African American baseball league.\n\nChoices:\nA. secondary . . . was made in the 2000s by historians researching African American baseball leagues\nB. primary . . . was made for fans at an African American league baseball game in the mid-1900s\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nTo learn about the past, historians look at many different sources. Sources are books, documents, pictures, or other materials that provide evidence about the past.\nThe sources that historians use fall into two categories: primary sources and secondary sources. The category for a source can change depending on what the historian is trying to learn, who created the source, and when it was created.\nThe table below shows some common characteristics of primary and secondary sources.\n | Primary source | Secondary sources\nDescription | firsthand accounts of a historical event that the historian is studying | secondhand accounts of a historical event that the historian is studying; sources that interpret or analyze many primary sources\nAuthor | usually created or used by a person who participated in the event | usually created by someone who did not participate in the event\nDate | usually created at or around the time of the event | usually created after the event\nCommon examples | speeches; diaries; letters; photographs; artifacts such as household objects; exact copies of sources or artifacts; | textbooks; history books; documentary (non-fiction) films; articles by historians; museum exhibits\nSome sources are neither primary nor secondary sources because they do not provide historical information about the topic being studied. For example, a historian would not use a historical novel to learn about an event. Other sources may not relate to a historian's goal.Keep in mind that you are trying to learn about African American baseball leagues in the mid-1900 s.\nIn this case, the program is a primary source. It is from the time period and was used by people who participated in the historical event."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ncompost rotting\nchicken cooking in an oven\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nCompost forms from the remains of plants and animals, such as vegetable scraps and egg shells. Compost rotting is a chemical change. As the compost rots, it breaks down and turns into a different type of matter.\nCooking chicken is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the chicken to change. Cooked chicken and raw chicken are different types of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nCooking is caused by heating. But compost rotting is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nIt's an open secret that Brett is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know.\n\nChoices:\nA. euphemism\nB. oxymoron\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nOpen secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Kelly decides to go as a superhero. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nKelly is deciding whether to go as a vampire or a superhero to a costume party. She would rather go as a vampire. But she already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Kelly will save some time and money. She won't have to go out and get a new costume.\nB. Kelly will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Kelly wants or needs:\nKelly will give up the chance to wear the costume she is more excited about."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the mammal.\n\nChoices:\nA. bottlenose dolphin\nB. red-headed poison frog\nC. cane toad\nD. parrotfish\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nMammals have hair or fur and feed their young milk.A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nPoison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous.\nA parrotfish is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs.\nParrotfish have fins and live underwater near coral reefs. They get their name from their bird-like beak!\nA bottlenose dolphin is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk.\nDolphins may look like sharks or other fish, but they are mammals! When a baby dolphin is born, it has hair around its jaw. This hair falls out as the dolphin grows.\nA cane toad is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water.\nToads do not have teeth! They swallow their food whole."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\nmelting glass\ndry ice sublimating and becoming a gas\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMatter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule.\nIn a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns.\nIn a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nMelting glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The glass changes from solid to liquid. But a different type of matter is not formed.\nDry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation.\nDry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nBoth changes are caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Hayley decides to see the lions. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nHayley is deciding whether to see the lions or the gorillas at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.\n\nChoices:\nA. Hayley will enjoy seeing the lions more than she would have enjoyed seeing the gorillas.\nB. Hayley will spend more time walking to the lions. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gorillas are close by.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Hayley wants or needs:\nHayley will spend more time walking to the lions. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the gorillas are close by."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Wingding's genotype for the body feather color gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of budgerigar parakeets, some individuals have green body feathers and others have blue body feathers. In this group, the gene for the body feather color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for green body feathers, and the allele b is for blue body feathers.\nWingding, a budgerigar parakeet from this group, has green body feathers. Wingding has two alleles for green body feathers.\n\nChoices:\nA. green body feathers\nB. BB\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Wingding has two alleles for green body feathers (B). So, Wingding's genotype for the body feather color gene is BB."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntear - top\n\nChoices:\nA. trailer\nB. ticket\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince ticket is between the guide words tear - top, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\n\"This box weighs a ton!\" Jackson panted. \"Elizabeth, would you mind helping me carry it up the stairs?\"\n\nChoices:\nA. hyperbole\nB. chiasmus\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAnaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses.\nWe are united. We are powerful. We are winners.\nAntithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure.\nI want to help, not to hurt.\nApostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity.\nOh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully?\nAssonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words.\nTry to light the fire.\nChiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words.\nNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!\nAn oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms.\nSome reviewers are calling this book a new classic.\nA paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth.\nAlways expect the unexpected.\nUnderstatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is.\nAs you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic.The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nA ton is an exaggeration, since it would be impossible for one or two people to carry a box that weighed a ton, or 2000 pounds."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the cartilaginous fish traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nCartilaginous fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify cartilaginous fish:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Amazon milk frogs have moist skin and live in South American rain forests. They hatch from eggs with no shells and begin their lives in water. As adults, Amazon milk frogs live in trees and eat insects.\nB. Manta rays have wide, triangle-shaped fins that help them swim long distances. They have a skeleton made of cartilage, not bone. Manta ray eggs do not have shells for protection. Instead, the eggs grow and hatch inside the mother manta ray.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nCartilaginous fish have the following traits:\nThey have fins, not limbs.\nThey live underwater.\nThey have a skeleton made of cartilage.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nAn Amazon milk frog has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nAn Amazon milk frog does not have all of the traits of a cartilaginous fish. An Amazon milk frog is an amphibian.\nA manta ray has the following traits:\nIt has fins, not limbs.\nIt lives underwater.\nIt has a skeleton made of cartilage.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA manta ray has the traits of a cartilaginous fish. A manta ray is a cartilaginous fish."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word factoid in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As a geneticist, Camille enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nB. As a geneticist, Camille dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The first text uses factoid in its traditional sense: something made up presented as a true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Camille dislikes many popular sci-fi movies because they often present audiences with factoids that misrepresent her field.\nThe second text uses factoid in its nontraditional sense: a trivial but true fact.\nAs a geneticist, Camille enjoys watching science documentaries and sharing various factoids she's learned with her colleagues.\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word factoid because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. See you soon,\nGabby\nB. See You Soon,\nGabby\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIn which kind of place are buses, trains, and subways more common?\n\nChoices:\nA. an urban area\nB. a suburban area\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPeople around the world live in three main kinds of places: urban areas, suburban areas, and rural areas.\nAn urban area is a city. It has many people and businesses. The buildings are close to each other. The buildings are often tall and have many floors. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic.\nA suburban area, or suburb, is near a city. It is quieter and less crowded than an urban area. People usually live in houses with yards. Most people drive to get places.\nA rural area is less crowded than both urban and suburban areas. Houses are much more spread out. People usually have to drive to get places. People in rural areas often live on farms or ranches.\nSome places, like small towns, don't really fit into any of the types. A small town does not have as many people as an urban area, but it has more people than a rural area. It is not near a city, so it is not called a suburb.Buses, trains, and subways are more common in urban areas. Since there are so many people, traffic is usually bad. People will walk or take the bus, train, or subway to avoid traffic."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nAs Mike sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound\nB. simple\nC. compound-complex\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "D\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is complex. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction as.\nAs Mike sat down on the rickety old chair, it abruptly collapsed beneath him."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the mass of an elephant?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 6,680 grams\nB. 6,680 kilograms\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nMass is a measurement of how much matter something contains.\nThere are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms.\nThere are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram.\nA paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram.The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 6,680 kilograms.\n6,680 grams is too light."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Sophia is from Springdale now she lives in Washington.\nB. The curious girl looked into the damp cellar.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Sophia is from Springdale now she lives in Washington is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Sophia is from Springdale and Now she lives in Washington."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich type of sentence is this?\nJustin took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain.\n\nChoices:\nA. compound-complex\nB. simple\nC. compound\nD. complex\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.\nDuring his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome.\nA compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.\nAfter Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym.\nSometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause.\nOrcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins.The sentence is simple. It is a single independent clause.\nJustin took several incredible panoramic photographs of the sweeping view from the top of Table Mountain."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one substance that is not a rock.\n\nChoices:\nA. An eggshell is made by a living thing. It is formed in nature.\nB. Soapstone is not a pure substance. It is a solid.\nC. Trachyte is not a pure substance. It is not made by living things.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nRocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks:\nThey are solid.\nThey are formed in nature.\nThey are not made by living things.\nThey are not pure substances.Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks.\nAn eggshell is made by a living thing. But rocks are not made by living things.\nSo, an eggshell is not a rock.\nTrachyte is a rock.\nSoapstone is a rock."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Jake went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus.\nB. Jake went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended it.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun it could refer to calculus or trigonometry.\nThe second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. It has been replaced with calculus.\nJake went on to calculus after studying trigonometry, but he never fully comprehended calculus."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBryant dropped out of college to travel the world, but a year later, the prodigal son returned home and re-enrolled.\n\nChoices:\nA. the Bible\nB. British history\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion prodigal son is the Bible.\nIn a Biblical parable, the prodigal son irresponsibly spends the inheritance given to him by his father. When he returns home, he expects to be shamed, but his father forgives him.\nThe allusion prodigal son means a person who behaves recklessly but later makes a repentant return."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Elizabeth acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nElizabeth is good at identifying birds from their calls.\n\nChoices:\nA. Elizabeth likes to photograph birds at the zoo.\nB. Elizabeth was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Bonnie acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nBonnie knows how to make chili.\n\nChoices:\nA. Bonnie's friends like to make chili with her.\nB. Bonnie learned how to make chili from a recipe book.\nC. When Bonnie was young, her grandmother taught her how to cut chili peppers.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich greeting is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Dear Aunt Jane,\nB. Dear Aunt jane,\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second greeting is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Aunt Jane is capitalized because it is a proper noun."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Romeros' car looks just like the Cunninghams', but theirs has a dent in the bumper.\nB. The Romeros' car has a dent in the bumper, but otherwise their car looks just like the Cunninghams'.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun theirs could refer to the Romeros' or the Cunninghams'.\nThe Romeros' car looks just like the Cunninghams', but theirs has a dent in the bumper.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. The text has been rewritten so that the meaning is clear.\nThe Romeros' car has a dent in the bumper, but otherwise their car looks just like the Cunninghams'."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a simple sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The audition for the part of Dracula will begin in just a few minutes.\nB. My assistant will distribute the report to everyone at the meeting while I make the introductions.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate.\nAn independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.\nthe oranges on our tree are ripe\nThe clause can stand alone. It is independent.\nafter we pick up Kevin from work\nThe clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent.\nA simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause.\nBen and I spent all day relaxing by the pool.\nSome simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate.\nIn the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat.\nBen usually wears his heavy coat in the winter.\nA compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nWe saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder.\nA complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while.\nIf she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids.The first sentence is the simple sentence. It is a single independent clause.\nThe audition for the part of Dracula will begin in just a few minutes."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long does it take to tie your shoes?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 24 hours\nB. 24 seconds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nImagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds?\nThe number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing.\nTime is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven.\nThere are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute.\nThere are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour.The better estimate for how long it takes to tie your shoes is 24 seconds.\n24 hours is too slow."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\naft - article\n\nChoices:\nA. aid\nB. associate\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince aid is between the guide words aft - article, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the following trait inherited or acquired?\nLisa plays basketball.\n\nChoices:\nA. acquired\nB. inherited\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits.People are not born knowing how to play basketball. Instead, some people learn how to play basketball. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing basketball is an acquired trait."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nCamille told her friends that Zeke was a typical Peter Pan type.\n\nChoices:\nA. a song\nB. literature\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nHere, Lila alludes to the fairy tale \"Cinderella,\" in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately.The source of the allusion Peter Pan is literature.\nIn a J. M. Barrie novel, the character Peter Pan retreats to Neverland and refuses to grow up.\nThe allusion Peter Pan means a person who won't take on adult responsibilities."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 26 feet\nB. 26 miles\nC. 26 yards\nD. 26 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 26 yards.\n26 inches and 26 feet are too short. 26 miles is too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a run-on sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. The event was exciting it had music, a show and food.\nB. Tina will ride her bike this weekend.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The event was exciting it had music, a show and food is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: The event was exciting and It had music, a show and food."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the animal that has a backbone.\n\nHint:\nHint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians all have backbones.\n\nChoices:\nA. kangaroo\nB. comet moth\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nSome animals have a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. An animal's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each animal's backbone is colored orange.\nOther animals do not have a backbone. In fact, these animals don't have any bones! Some animals without backbones have a hard outer cover. Other animals have a soft body.A comet moth is an insect. Like other insects, a comet moth does not have a backbone. It has a hard outer cover.\nA kangaroo is a mammal. Like other mammals, a kangaroo has a backbone."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The book Charlotte's Web has an unhappy ending.\nB. Written by E. B. White, Charlotte's Web was first printed in 1952.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved to be true.\nThe month of July has more days than the month of June.\nThis is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true.\nJuly is a better month than June for camping.\nThis is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is \"better\" for camping.The second sentence states a fact.\nWritten by E. B. White, Charlotte's Web was first printed in 1952.\nIt can be proved by checking inside the book's front cover.\nThe first sentence states an opinion.\nThe book Charlotte's Web has an unhappy ending.\nUnhappy shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about the book's ending."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich figure of speech is used in this text?\nJonathan's room is as tidy as an overgrown garden.\n\nChoices:\nA. pun\nB. verbal irony\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nAlliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words.\nWhat a lucky little lady you are!\nAn allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature.\n\"I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!\" Lila remarked.\nAn idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned.\nThe assignment was a piece of cake.\nA simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike.\nThe cat's fur was as dark as the night.\nA metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as.\nThe snow formed a blanket over the town.\nOnomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound.\nThe scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat.\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nA pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning.\nA great new broom is sweeping the nation.\nVerbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic.\nOlivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down.\nEach breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face.The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different.\nAs tidy as an overgrown garden shows verbal irony because an overgrown garden is not tidy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the euphemism in this text suggest?\nMr. Hancock is enjoying his golden years in a luxurious beachside community just down the street from his grandchildren.\n\nChoices:\nA. Mr. Hancock is rich.\nB. Mr. Hancock is old.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nA euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off.The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic.\nThe euphemism golden years indicates that Mr. Hancock is old. Golden years is a nicer way of referring to old age."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nSince Westford College receives more applications for admission than Newton University, Westford College is evidently a better school.\n\nChoices:\nA. false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nB. bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct\nC. false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Westford College is better than Newton University because Westford College receives more applications. However, the popularity of a school does not necessarily indicate its quality. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the bandwagon fallacy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a complete sentence?\n\nChoices:\nA. Steve and his brother exercise, they run on the track.\nB. The friends walk on the beach.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.The friends walk on the beach is a complete sentence. The subject is the friends, and the verb is walk."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a basketball court?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 31 feet\nB. 31 yards\nC. 31 inches\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 31 yards.\n31 inches and 31 feet are both too short."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is a sentence fragment?\n\nChoices:\nA. Cleaned the cabin for Mrs. Kline's family.\nB. The bird has a sharp beak.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb.\nMy friends walk along the path.\nA sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. It is usually missing a subject or a verb.\nKnows the answer.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject.\nWho knows the answer? She knows the answer.\nThe bright red car.\nThis is a sentence fragment. It is missing a verb.\nWhat did the bright red car do? The bright red car stopped.\nA run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma.\nI knocked on the door it opened.\nIt started raining, we ran inside.\nTo fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence.\nI knocked on the door. It opened.\nIt started raining. We ran inside.\nYou can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so.\nI knocked on the door, and it opened.\nIt started raining, so we ran inside.Cleaned the cabin for Mrs. Kline's family is a sentence fragment. It is missing a subject."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich is the bumpiest?\n\nChoices:\nA. rock wall\nB. gold ring\nC. silk necktie\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nEvery object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials.\nA material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy.\nFor example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it.Bumpy is a property. A bumpy material is covered in lumps and bumps. It is not flat or smooth.\nLook at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture.\nOf the choices, the rock wall is the bumpiest. If you touch a rock wall, it will feel bumpy and lumpy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Gumdrop's phenotype for the fur color trait?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of rabbits, some individuals have black fur and others have brown fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for black fur, and the allele f is for brown fur.\nGumdrop, a rabbit from this group, has brown fur. Gumdrop has two alleles for brown fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. ff\nB. brown fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Gumdrop's observable version of the fur color trait is brown fur. So, Gumdrop's phenotype for the fur color trait is brown fur."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of two buses. Which bus was moving at a higher speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a bus that moved 450kilometers in 10hours\nB. a bus that moved 550kilometers in 10hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving faster will go a farther distance in that time. It is moving at a higher speed.Look at the distance each bus moved and the time it took to move that distance.\nOne bus moved 550 kilometers in 10 hours.\nThe other bus moved 450 kilometers in 10 hours.\nNotice that each bus spent the same amount of time moving. The bus that moved 550 kilometers moved a farther distance in that time. So, that bus must have moved at a higher speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Darnel investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nDarnel has a pet lizard. Darnel notices that on some days, the lizard is active and runs around the tank. On other days, the lizard hardly moves at all. Darnel wonders what factors affect how active his lizard is. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available:\none pet lizard\nlive crickets\nlive mealworms\none heating lamp\n\nChoices:\nA. Is the pet lizard more active when its tank is heated with one heating lamp or with two heating lamps?\nB. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed crickets or mealworms?\nC. Is the pet lizard more active when it is fed insects or lettuce?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Ruth inherited this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nRuth has wavy hair.\n\nChoices:\nA. Ruth's parents were born with wavy hair. They passed down this trait to Ruth.\nB. Ruth and her mother both have short hair.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich of the following contains a vague pronoun reference?\n\nChoices:\nA. Tommy and his best friend go to the same college, but he is graduating this coming June.\nB. Tommy and his best friend go to the same college, but Tommy is graduating this coming June.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWhen writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent.\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief.\nThe pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nVague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways:\n1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent:\nWhen Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief.\n2. Rewrite the sentence:\nLisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed.\nA vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent.\nThey say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.\nThe pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear.\nThis problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent.\nThe advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes.The second answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Tommy or his best friend.\nThe first answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Tommy.\nTommy and his best friend go to the same college, but Tommy is graduating this coming June."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWould you find the word tablet on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nthen - tin\n\nChoices:\nA. yes\nB. no\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince tablet is not between the guide words then - tin, it would not be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes this passage describe the weather or the climate?\nWhere Jackson lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.\n\nHint:\nHint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.\n\nChoices:\nA. climate\nB. weather\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nThe atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere.\nWeather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day.\nClimate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures.Read the text carefully.\nWhere Jackson lives, winds blowing from the northeast are rare in July.\nThis passage tells you about the usual wind pattern where Jackson lives. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence is more formal?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many languages around the world are endangered because young people aren't learning them.\nB. Many languages around the world are endangered because young people are not learning them.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nFormal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing:\nType | Examples\nslang | cool, awesome\nidioms | knock your socks off\nconversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah\nabbreviated language | ASAP, FYI\noverly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store\ncontractions | can't, won't\nContractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing.\nCompare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal.\nInformal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners.\nFormal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners.\nThe second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses a contraction (aren't).\nThe first sentence does not use a contraction, so it is more formal."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich tense does the sentence use?\nMold will grow in a damp, dark place.\n\nChoices:\nA. present tense\nB. past tense\nC. future tense\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nPresent tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now.\nMost present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es.\nTwo verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms.\nPast tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened.\nMost past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed.\nSome verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms.\nFuture tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen.\nAll future-tense verbs use the word will.\nPresent | Past | Future\nwalk, walks | walked | will walk\ngo, goes | went | will goThe sentence is in future tense. You can tell because it uses will before the main verb, grow. The verb tells you about something that is going to happen."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nHow long is a bench?\n\nHint:\nSelect the best estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 8 inches\nB. 8 yards\nC. 8 feet\nD. 8 miles\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nWhen you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles.\nThere are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile.\nA football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long.The best estimate for the length of a bench is 8 feet.\n8 inches is too short. 8 yards and 8 miles are too long."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nCompare the motion of three ships. Which ship was moving at the highest speed?\n\nChoices:\nA. a ship that moved 325kilometers north in 5hours\nB. a ship that moved 85kilometers north in 5hours\nC. a ship that moved 335kilometers south in 5hours\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nAn object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time.\nDistance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the kilometer.\nTime tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour.\nThink about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed.Look at the distance each ship moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each ship moved does not affect its speed.\nNotice that each ship moved for 5 hours. The ship that moved 335 kilometers moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that ship must have moved at the highest speed."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ntiger - triangle\n\nChoices:\nA. tail\nB. today\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince today is between the guide words tiger - triangle, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is Bianca's genotype for the fur texture gene?\n\nHint:\nIn a group of Syrian hamsters, some individuals have straight fur and others have wavy fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for straight fur, and the allele f is for wavy fur.\nBianca, a Syrian hamster from this group, has straight fur. Bianca has two alleles for straight fur.\n\nChoices:\nA. FF\nB. straight fur\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Bianca has two alleles for straight fur (F). So, Bianca's genotype for the fur texture gene is FF."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nComplete the sentence so that it uses personification.\nThe playground () the restless children.\n\nChoices:\nA. beckoned\nB. interested\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nPersonification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point.\nThe trees danced in the wind.\nThe word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving.Complete the sentence with the word beckoned. It describes the playground as if it were a person who called to the children."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\ngot - gust\n\nChoices:\nA. galleon\nB. graze\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince graze is between the guide words got - gust, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Thank you,\nOliver\nB. thank you,\nOliver\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe first closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat information supports the conclusion that Polly acquired this trait?\n\nHint:\nRead the description of a trait.\nPolly speaks two languages.\n\nChoices:\nA. Polly learned to speak two languages in school.\nB. Polly's mother speaks one language.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nOrganisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways.\nInherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned.\nAcquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nUlin, David L. \"The Magic Is Missing in Toni Morrison's 'God Help the Child.'\" Rev. of God Help the Child, by Toni Morrison. Los Angeles Times 23 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 30 Apr. 2015.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a magazine article.\nB. The author's first name is Toni.\nC. It is a review.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nUlin, David L. \"The Magic Is Missing in Toni Morrison's 'God Help the Child.'\" Rev. of God Help the Child, by Toni Morrison. Los Angeles Times 23 Apr. 2015: n. pag. Web. 30 Apr. 2015.\nYou can tell that the cited work is a review because the entry contains the term Rev. of, which means review of."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nUsing only these supplies, which question can Addison investigate with an experiment?\n\nHint:\nAddison is sledding with her friends. She notices that some of them go faster down the sledding hill. She wonders what factors affect sledding speed. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available:\naccess to a small snow-covered hill at the park\na small plastic sled\na large plastic sled\na rubber inner tube sled\na stopwatch\n\nChoices:\nA. Does a rubber inner tube sled or a plastic sled go faster down a hill?\nB. Does a rubber inner tube sled go faster down a small hill or down a big hill?\nC. Does a plastic sled or a wooden sled go down a hill faster?\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nExperiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment.\nImagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment?\nFirst, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available.\nNext, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick.\nSo, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. your nephew,\nJayce\nB. Your nephew,\nJayce\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does this Works Cited entry indicate about the cited work?\nLee, Menelik, and Nicholas Kenney. \"Pregnancy Following Endometrial Ablation Resulting in Subtotal Hysterectomy under Spinal Anaesthesia – A Case Report.\" Medical Case Studies 4.2 (2013): 13–14. Web. 14 Sept. 2014.\n\nChoices:\nA. It is a newspaper article.\nB. It is a web page.\nC. It is a journal article.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nWhen writing research papers, you will often be asked to follow a particular style guide for your citations. One popular style guide is the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook.\nBelow are the basic formats for some common types of Works Cited entries. Consult the MLA Handbook for a complete list.\nBooks:\nFormat | Author(s). Book Title. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.\nExample | Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Dover Publications, 1995. Print.\nEssays, short stories, or poems in an anthology or book:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Essay, Poem, or Short Story Title.\" Anthology or Book Title. Ed. Editor Name. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Page Number(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | James, Henry. \"The Middle Years.\" The Oxford Book of American Short Stories. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2013. 116-135. Print.\nMagazine and newspaper articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date of Publication: Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Hayes, David J., and James H. Stock. \"The Real Cost of Coal.\" New York Times 24 Mar. 2015: n. pag. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.\nJournal articles:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Article Title.\" Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium of Publication.\nExample | Gillette, Jane, et al. \"Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning.\" Cognition 73.2 (1999): 135-176. Print.\nWeb pages:\nFormat | Author(s). \"Page Title.\" Name of Website. Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium of Publication. Date of Access.\nExample | Gunn, Janelle P., and Lauren E. Owens. \"How to Slash Sodium from Your Diet.\" Livestrong.com. Demand Media, 30 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.\nAdditional guidelines:\nAuthor Names. The first author's name is written in last name, first name format (Smith, Jane). Additional author names are written in first name last name format (Smith, Jane, and John Doe). If there are more than three authors, the first author's name is followed by \"et al.,\" which stands for and others (e.g., Smith, Jane, et al.).\nMedium of Publication. Each entry must include information about what form the content was communicated in. The most common mediums are \"Print\" and \"Web,\" but other possibilities include \"Film,\" \"E-mail,\" and \"Lecture.\" Whenever the Medium of Publication is \"Web,\" the date of access (the day, month, and year the webpage was viewed) must be listed directly after the Medium of Publication.\nEditors and Translators. If a work has an editor or a translator, this information must be added to the Works Cited entry using the appropriate abbreviation. \"Ed.\" stands for edited by. \"Trans.\" stands for translated by.\nMissing Information. If a work has no known author, the author section of the citation is simply left out. If a work has no available page numbers, the abbreviation \"n. pag.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publication date, the abbreviation \"n.d.\" is used instead. If a work has no available publisher or no available city of publication, the abbreviation \"n.p.\" is used instead.\nLook closely at the Works Cited entry:\nLee, Menelik, and Nicholas Kenney. \"Pregnancy Following Endometrial Ablation Resulting in Subtotal Hysterectomy under Spinal Anaesthesia – A Case Report.\" Medical Case Studies 4.2 (2013): 13–14. Web. 14 Sept. 2014.\nYou can tell that the cited work is a journal article because of the entry's formatting. Journal articles always include the article title in quotation marks, the name of the journal in italics, and the volume and issue number separated by a period. Journal articles also include the year of publication in parentheses followed by the article's page numbers."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ntearing a piece of paper\nbutter melting on a hot day\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are caused by heating.\nB. Both are caused by cooling.\nC. Both are only physical changes.\nD. Both are chemical changes.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "C\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nTearing a piece of paper is a physical change. The paper tears into pieces. But each piece is still made of paper.\nButter melting on a hot day is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The butter changes from solid to liquid, but it is still made of the same type of matter.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nButter melting on a hot day is caused by heating. But tearing a piece of paper is not.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nThe donkeys move the carts at the same speed. Which cart is pulled with a larger force?\n\nHint:\nTwo donkeys pull carts from the farmhouse to the yard. The carts are the same. Each cart is holding different tools.\n\nChoices:\nA. a cart holding 64 pounds\nB. a cart holding 90 pounds\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA force is a push or a pull.\nA force can make an object start moving or stop an object that is moving. A force can also make an object speed up, slow down, or change direction.\nForces can be different sizes.\nThink about trying to move a heavy object and a light object. Imagine you want to move them at the same speed. You will need to use a larger force to move the heavy object.Look for the cart that is heavier.\nA cart holding 90 pounds is heavier than a cart holding 64 pounds. So, the cart holding 90 pounds needs a larger force to start moving at the same speed as the other cart."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Best regards,\nPamela\nB. best regards,\nPamela\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the source of the allusion in the sentence below?\nBobby persisted despite his friends' attempts to tell him that this was a Gordian knot.\n\nChoices:\nA. U.S. history\nB. ancient legend\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAn allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words.\nThe protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose.\nThe word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux.The source of the allusion Gordian knot is ancient legend.\nAccording to legend, Alexander the Great used his sword to slash an intricate knot by which a chariot was tied to a pole in the city of Gordium.\nThe allusion Gordian knot means a highly complex problem."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich text uses the word can in its traditional sense?\n\nChoices:\nA. As they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kyle, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nB. As they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kyle, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nWords change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner.\nWhen a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences.\nBritney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam.\nThe traditional usage above is considered more standard.\nDavid perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages.\nThe nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it.The second text uses can in its traditional sense: to have the ability to.\nAs they observed the animals on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kyle, \"Did you know that cheetahs can run as fast as seventy-five miles per hour?\"\nThe first text uses can in its nontraditional sense: to have permission to.\nAs they observed the cheetahs on the open grassland, the wildlife photographer said to Kyle, \"You can borrow my camera if you want.\"\nMost style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word can because it is considered more standard."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat does the hyperbole in this text suggest?\nWhen you smile\nThe whole world stops and stares for a while\n—Bruno Mars, \"Just the Way You Are\"\n\nChoices:\nA. This person has an attention-getting smile.\nB. People always stare at this person's smile.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nFigures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive.\nHyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nI ate so much that I think I might explode!The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally.\nThe hyperbole the whole world stops and stares for a while suggests that this person has an attention-getting smile. Her smile does not literally cause all the people on earth to stop in their tracks."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSuppose Leroy decides to go as a ghost. Which result would be a cost?\n\nHint:\nLeroy is deciding whether to go as a ghost or a superhero to a costume party. He would rather go as a ghost. But he already has a superhero costume.\n\nChoices:\nA. Leroy will spend some time and money to get the costume.\nB. Leroy will get to wear the costume he is more excited about.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nBefore you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits.\nCosts are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need.\nBenefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need.This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Leroy wants or needs:\nLeroy will spend some time and money to get the costume."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nRead the following excerpt from a student essay. How can the writer best improve his or her word choice?\nSkiing is the most exhilarating sport in the world. I learned to ski when I was three years old and started to ski competitively when I was nine. The beginning of a ski race is the most tense. I hear the sound of the start gates opening and feel the air as I start down the course. Then I am rushing down the hill. When the finish line is in sight, I push myself harder. When I win, I feel triumphant!\n\nChoices:\nA. by including more figurative language\nB. by using words with more appropriate connotations\nC. by fixing misused words\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nDuring peer review, you read and respond to a fellow student's writing. While there are many methods and strategies that you can use for reviewing a text, it is generally helpful to frame your suggestions in concrete and constructive ways and to consider the following areas for revision:\nIdeas and development: Does the writer express a clear idea and develop it with evidence, examples, or analysis?\nOrganization: Does the writer order ideas in a clear, logical way so that they build on one another and are easy to follow?\nVoice: Does the writer maintain an appropriate voice, such as a formal and objective voice in an academic essay or an engaging and expressive voice in a narrative essay?\nSentence fluency: Does the writer use sentences that vary in structure and length to create a sense of rhythm and flow within and between sentences, or does the writing sound choppy, rambling, or repetitive?\nWord choice: Does the writer use words accurately and precisely to create clear, effective, and engaging writing?\nGrammar and mechanics: Does the writer follow appropriate conventions, using accurate spelling, punctuation, and grammar to create writing that is correct and easy to read?The writer could best improve his or her word choice by including more figurative language.\nFor example, the writer could make the writing more vivid and engaging by replacing the underlined phrases with these figurative expressions: buzzes with intensity, the thud of, feel the wind like a smack in the face, flying down the hill like a hawk, and rev my engines.\nSkiing is the most exhilarating sport in the world. I learned to ski when I was three years old and started to ski competitively when I was nine. The beginning of a ski race is the most tense. I hear the sound of the start gates opening and feel the air as I start down the course. Then I am rushing down the hill. When the finish line is in sight, I push myself harder. When I win, I feel triumphant!"}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich logical fallacy is used in the text?\nMayor Kelley wants to create more bicycle lanes in Greenwood. However, many citizens of Greenwood live far from work. It would not be realistic to force us to give up our cars and bike everywhere.\n\nChoices:\nA. straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nB. appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good\nC. circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions.\nA logical fallacy may present irrelevant information:\nFallacy | Description\nad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself\nappeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice\nbandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice\ncircular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself\nguilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something\nA logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand:\nFallacy | Description\nfalse causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other\nfalse dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist\nhasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations\nslippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences\nstraw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against\nThe text argues that Mayor Kelley wants people to give up their cars. However, this misrepresents Mayor Kelley's argument. Mayor Kelley only wants to create more bike lanes. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a straw man."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat do these two changes have in common?\ntying a shoelace\ncutting a piece of rope\n\nChoices:\nA. Both are chemical changes.\nB. Both are only physical changes.\nC. Both are caused by cooling.\nD. Both are caused by heating.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nChemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change.\nIn a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different.\nSome chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke.\nIn a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same.\nA change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water.\nThe law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change.Step 1: Think about each change.\nTying a shoelace is a physical change. The shoelace gets a different shape. But it is still made of the same type of matter.\nCutting a piece of rope is a physical change. The rope is shorter after you cut it. But it is still made of the same type of matter as the uncut rope.\nStep 2: Look at each answer choice.\nBoth are only physical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. No new matter is created.\nBoth are chemical changes.\nBoth changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes.\nBoth are caused by heating.\nNeither change is caused by heating.\nBoth are caused by cooling.\nNeither change is caused by cooling."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich object has more thermal energy?\n\nHint:\nThe objects are identical except for their temperatures.\n\nChoices:\nA. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 115°F\nB. a pot of spaghetti sauce at a temperature of 105°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nAll solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy.\nTemperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature.The two pots of spaghetti sauce have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115°F pot of spaghetti sauce is hotter than the 105°F pot of spaghetti sauce, it has more thermal energy."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nBased on this information, what is this snail's phenotype for the shell banding trait?\n\nHint:\nThis passage describes the shell banding trait in Cepaea snails:\n\nIn a group of Cepaea snails, some individuals have a banded shell and others have an unbanded shell. In this group, the gene for the shell banding trait has two alleles. The allele for a banded shell (B) is dominant over the allele for an unbanded shell (b).\nA certain Cepaea snail from this group has the homozygous genotype bb for the shell banding gene.\n\nChoices:\nA. a banded shell\nB. an unbanded shell\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nAll organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait.\nFor example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent.\nAn organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene.\nAn organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait.\nSome traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene.\nAn organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene.\nAn organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene.\nThe types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype.\nA dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers.\nA recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers.The Cepaea snail's genotype for the shell banding gene is bb. The Cepaea snail's genotype of bb has only b alleles. The b allele is for an unbanded shell. So, the Cepaea snail's phenotype for the shell banding trait must be an unbanded shell.\nTo check this answer, consider whether the Cepaea snail's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for a banded shell (B) is dominant over the allele for an unbanded shell (b). This means B is a dominant allele, and b is a recessive allele.\nThe Cepaea snail's genotype of bb has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the Cepaea snail's phenotype for the shell banding trait must be an unbanded shell."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich closing is correct for a letter?\n\nChoices:\nA. Many thanks,\nAriana\nB. many thanks,\nAriana\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "A\nA letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue.\nDear Aunt Sue,\nI'm glad you could come to my party, and\nthank you for the birthday gift. I could not have\nasked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think\nof you.\nWith love,\nRoryThe second closing is correct:\nIts first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nSelect the one animal that has all of the amphibian traits listed above.\n\nHint:\nAmphibians are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify amphibians:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.\n\nChoices:\nA. Barn owls live on every continent except Antarctica. They have feathers, two wings, and a beak. They hatch from eggs with shells.\nB. California newts have moist, smooth skin that is brown and orange. Their eggs have no shells, but they are protected by a poisonous gel. Young California newts live in shallow pools or streams. Adult newts live mostly on land.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nScientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live.\nHow do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group.To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group.\nAmphibians have the following traits:\nThey spend part of their lives in water and part on land.\nThey have moist skin.\nThey make eggs with no shells.\nCompare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits.\nA barn owl has the following traits:\nIt has feathers.\nIt has wings.\nIt has a beak.\nIt makes eggs with shells.\nA barn owl does not have all of the traits of an amphibian. A barn owl is a bird.\nA California newt has the following traits:\nIt spends part of its life in water and part on land.\nIt has moist skin.\nIt makes eggs with no shells.\nA California newt has the traits of an amphibian. A California newt is an amphibian."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhat is the temperature of an ice cream sandwich?\n\nHint:\nSelect the better estimate.\n\nChoices:\nA. 37°C\nB. 37°F\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nMeasurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means.\nTemperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units.\n212°F | Water boils | 100°C\n98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C\n68°F | Room temperature | 20°C\n32°F | Water freezes | 0°C\nThe better estimate for the temperature of an ice cream sandwich is 37°F.\n37°C is too hot."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words?\nchisel - court\n\nChoices:\nA. carve\nB. circular\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nGuide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order.\nTo put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on.\nIf one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed.Put the words in alphabetical order.\nSince circular is between the guide words chisel - court, it would be found on that page."}, {"prompt": "Choose an answer for the following question and give your reasons.\n\nQuestion:\nWhich sentence states a fact?\n\nChoices:\nA. The Canadian national anthem is difficult to sing.\nB. \"O Canada,\" the Canadian national anthem, was written in 1880.\n\nAnswer:", "answer": "B\nA fact is something that can be proved true by research or observation.\nGeorge Washington became president of the United States in 1789.\nThis statement is a fact. It can be proved by researching what year George Washington was inaugurated president.\nAn opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion can be supported by evidence, but it cannot be proved true.\nGeorge Washington was a better president than Thomas Jefferson.\nThis statement is an opinion. People can have different ideas about what makes someone a \"better\" president, so the statement cannot be proved.The first sentence states a fact.\n\"O Canada,\" the Canadian national anthem, was written in 1880.\nIt can be proved by looking up when \"O Canada\" was written.\nThe second sentence states an opinion.\nThe Canadian national anthem is difficult to sing.\nDifficult shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about what makes a song difficult to sing."}]