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README.md
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---
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license: cc-by-4.0
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task_categories:
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- image-to-text
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- visual-question-answering
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- other
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tags:
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- geolocation
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- street-view
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- navigation
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- embodied-reasoning
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- panorama
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- benchmark
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- geoaot
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- cvpr2026
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language:
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- en
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pretty_name: "WanderBench: Global Geolocation Benchmark for Actionable Reasoning"
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size_categories:
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- 1K<n<10K
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---
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# WanderBench: Learning to Wander
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### Improving the Global Image Geolocation Ability of LMMs via Actionable Reasoning
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<p align="center">
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<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10463"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2603.10463-b31b1b.svg" alt="arXiv"></a>
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<a href="#"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/CVPR%20Findings-2026-4b44ce.svg" alt="CVPR Findings 2026"></a>
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<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC%20BY%204.0-lightgrey.svg" alt="License: CC BY 4.0"></a>
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</p>
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## Dataset Description
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**WanderBench** is the first open-access global geolocation benchmark designed for actionable geolocation reasoning in embodied scenarios. It contains **1,049 navigable panorama graphs** comprising **32,776 panoramic nodes** distributed across six continents. Each graph encodes spatial relationships between street-view panoramas, enabling multi-step interactive exploration for geolocation tasks.
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This dataset accompanies the paper *"Learning to Wander: Improving the Global Image Geolocation Ability of LMMs via Actionable Reasoning"* (CVPR Findings 2026).
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## Dataset Statistics
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| Statistic | Value |
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|-----------|-------|
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| Total graphs | 1,049 |
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| Total panorama nodes | 32,776 |
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| Max graph size | 30 nodes |
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| Navigation steps per graph | up to 10 |
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| Geographic coverage | 6 continents |
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| Latitude range | ~-43° to ~54° |
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| Longitude range | ~-123° to ~154° |
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## Data Format
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Each file is a JSON graph named `{pano_id}_10_graph.json` with the following structure:
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```json
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{
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"center_pano_id": "pano_id_123",
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"max_steps": 10,
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"nodes": [
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{
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"pano_id": "pano_id_123",
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"matrix_id": 0,
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"coordinate": {
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"lat": 40.7128,
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"lon": -74.0060,
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"heading": 1.5708,
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"roll": 0.017,
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"pitch": -0.058
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}
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}
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],
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"adjacency_matrix": [
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[-1, 1.57, 0.0],
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[4.71, -1, 1.57],
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[3.14, 4.71, -1]
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]
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}
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```
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### Fields
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- **`center_pano_id`** — Google Street View panorama ID of the starting node.
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- **`max_steps`** — Maximum navigation steps allowed in the graph.
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- **`nodes`** — List of panorama nodes, each containing:
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- `pano_id` — Street View panorama identifier.
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- `matrix_id` — Index in the adjacency matrix.
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- `coordinate` — GPS location (`lat`, `lon` in degrees) and camera orientation (`heading`, `roll`, `pitch` in radians).
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- **`adjacency_matrix`** — Directional angles (radians) between connected nodes; `-1` indicates no direct connection.
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## Usage
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This dataset provides the graph structure for the WanderBench benchmark. To run evaluations, clone the companion code repository:
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```bash
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git clone https://github.com/YushuoZheng/WanderBench.git
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```
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See the [code repository](https://github.com/YushuoZheng/WanderBench) for instructions on running GeoAoT exploration, baseline prediction, and batch geocoding.
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## Citation
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If you find WanderBench useful in your research, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@misc{zheng2026learningwanderimprovingglobal,
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title={Learning to Wander: Improving the Global Image Geolocation Ability of LMMs via Actionable Reasoning},
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author={Yushuo Zheng and Huiyu Duan and Zicheng Zhang and Xiaohong Liu and Xiongkuo Min},
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year={2026},
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eprint={2603.10463},
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archivePrefix={arXiv},
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primaryClass={cs.CV},
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url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10463},
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}
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```
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## License
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This dataset is released under the [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) license.
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