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| """ |
| Copyright (c) 2005-2017, NumPy Developers. |
| All rights reserved. |
| |
| Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without |
| modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are |
| met: |
| |
| * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright |
| notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. |
| |
| * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above |
| copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following |
| disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided |
| with the distribution. |
| |
| * Neither the name of the NumPy Developers nor the names of any |
| contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived |
| from this software without specific prior written permission. |
| |
| THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS |
| "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT |
| LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR |
| A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT |
| OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, |
| SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT |
| LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, |
| DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY |
| THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT |
| (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE |
| OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. |
| """ |
|
|
| def tensordot(a, b, axes=2): |
| """ |
| Compute tensor dot product along specified axes for arrays >= 1-D. |
| |
| Given two tensors (arrays of dimension greater than or equal to one), |
| `a` and `b`, and an array_like object containing two array_like |
| objects, ``(a_axes, b_axes)``, sum the products of `a`'s and `b`'s |
| elements (components) over the axes specified by ``a_axes`` and |
| ``b_axes``. The third argument can be a single non-negative |
| integer_like scalar, ``N``; if it is such, then the last ``N`` |
| dimensions of `a` and the first ``N`` dimensions of `b` are summed |
| over. |
| |
| Parameters |
| ---------- |
| a, b : array_like, len(shape) >= 1 |
| Tensors to "dot". |
| |
| axes : int or (2,) array_like |
| * integer_like |
| If an int N, sum over the last N axes of `a` and the first N axes |
| of `b` in order. The sizes of the corresponding axes must match. |
| * (2,) array_like |
| Or, a list of axes to be summed over, first sequence applying to `a`, |
| second to `b`. Both elements array_like must be of the same length. |
| |
| See Also |
| -------- |
| dot, einsum |
| |
| Notes |
| ----- |
| Three common use cases are: |
| * ``axes = 0`` : tensor product :math:`a\\otimes b` |
| * ``axes = 1`` : tensor dot product :math:`a\\cdot b` |
| * ``axes = 2`` : (default) tensor double contraction :math:`a:b` |
| |
| When `axes` is integer_like, the sequence for evaluation will be: first |
| the -Nth axis in `a` and 0th axis in `b`, and the -1th axis in `a` and |
| Nth axis in `b` last. |
| |
| When there is more than one axis to sum over - and they are not the last |
| (first) axes of `a` (`b`) - the argument `axes` should consist of |
| two sequences of the same length, with the first axis to sum over given |
| first in both sequences, the second axis second, and so forth. |
| |
| Examples |
| -------- |
| A "traditional" example: |
| |
| >>> a = np.arange(60.).reshape(3,4,5) |
| >>> b = np.arange(24.).reshape(4,3,2) |
| >>> c = np.tensordot(a,b, axes=([1,0],[0,1])) |
| >>> c.shape |
| (5, 2) |
| >>> c |
| array([[ 4400., 4730.], |
| [ 4532., 4874.], |
| [ 4664., 5018.], |
| [ 4796., 5162.], |
| [ 4928., 5306.]]) |
| >>> # A slower but equivalent way of computing the same... |
| >>> d = np.zeros((5,2)) |
| >>> for i in range(5): |
| ... for j in range(2): |
| ... for k in range(3): |
| ... for n in range(4): |
| ... d[i,j] += a[k,n,i] * b[n,k,j] |
| >>> c == d |
| array([[ True, True], |
| [ True, True], |
| [ True, True], |
| [ True, True], |
| [ True, True]], dtype=bool) |
| |
| An extended example taking advantage of the overloading of + and \\*: |
| |
| >>> a = np.array(range(1, 9)) |
| >>> a.shape = (2, 2, 2) |
| >>> A = np.array(('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'), dtype=object) |
| >>> A.shape = (2, 2) |
| >>> a; A |
| array([[[1, 2], |
| [3, 4]], |
| [[5, 6], |
| [7, 8]]]) |
| array([[a, b], |
| [c, d]], dtype=object) |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A) # third argument default is 2 for double-contraction |
| array([abbcccdddd, aaaaabbbbbbcccccccdddddddd], dtype=object) |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A, 1) |
| array([[[acc, bdd], |
| [aaacccc, bbbdddd]], |
| [[aaaaacccccc, bbbbbdddddd], |
| [aaaaaaacccccccc, bbbbbbbdddddddd]]], dtype=object) |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A, 0) # tensor product (result too long to incl.) |
| array([[[[[a, b], |
| [c, d]], |
| ... |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A, (0, 1)) |
| array([[[abbbbb, cddddd], |
| [aabbbbbb, ccdddddd]], |
| [[aaabbbbbbb, cccddddddd], |
| [aaaabbbbbbbb, ccccdddddddd]]], dtype=object) |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A, (2, 1)) |
| array([[[abb, cdd], |
| [aaabbbb, cccdddd]], |
| [[aaaaabbbbbb, cccccdddddd], |
| [aaaaaaabbbbbbbb, cccccccdddddddd]]], dtype=object) |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A, ((0, 1), (0, 1))) |
| array([abbbcccccddddddd, aabbbbccccccdddddddd], dtype=object) |
| |
| >>> np.tensordot(a, A, ((2, 1), (1, 0))) |
| array([acccbbdddd, aaaaacccccccbbbbbbdddddddd], dtype=object) |
| |
| """ |
| try: |
| iter(axes) |
| except: |
| axes_a = list(range(-axes, 0)) |
| axes_b = list(range(0, axes)) |
| else: |
| axes_a, axes_b = axes |
| try: |
| na = len(axes_a) |
| axes_a = list(axes_a) |
| except TypeError: |
| axes_a = [axes_a] |
| na = 1 |
| try: |
| nb = len(axes_b) |
| axes_b = list(axes_b) |
| except TypeError: |
| axes_b = [axes_b] |
| nb = 1 |
|
|
| a, b = asarray(a), asarray(b) |
| as_ = a.shape |
| nda = a.ndim |
| bs = b.shape |
| ndb = b.ndim |
| equal = True |
| if na != nb: |
| equal = False |
| else: |
| for k in range(na): |
| if as_[axes_a[k]] != bs[axes_b[k]]: |
| equal = False |
| break |
| if axes_a[k] < 0: |
| axes_a[k] += nda |
| if axes_b[k] < 0: |
| axes_b[k] += ndb |
| if not equal: |
| raise ValueError("shape-mismatch for sum") |
|
|
| |
| |
| notin = [k for k in range(nda) if k not in axes_a] |
| newaxes_a = notin + axes_a |
| N2 = 1 |
| for axis in axes_a: |
| N2 *= as_[axis] |
| newshape_a = (-1, N2) |
| olda = [as_[axis] for axis in notin] |
|
|
| notin = [k for k in range(ndb) if k not in axes_b] |
| newaxes_b = axes_b + notin |
| N2 = 1 |
| for axis in axes_b: |
| N2 *= bs[axis] |
| newshape_b = (N2, -1) |
| oldb = [bs[axis] for axis in notin] |
|
|
| at = a.transpose(newaxes_a).reshape(newshape_a) |
| bt = b.transpose(newaxes_b).reshape(newshape_b) |
| res = dot(at, bt) |
| return res.reshape(olda + oldb) |
|
|