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article_caroticotympanic-artery-2 | article | Caroticotympanic artery | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/caroticotympanic-artery-2 | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_talus | article | Talus | The **talus** (plural: tali 4), historically known as the **astragalus**, is a [tarsal bone](/articles/tarsal-bones?lang=us) in the [hindfoot ](/articles/hindfoot?lang=us)that articulates with the [tibia](/articles/tibia?lang=us), [fibula](/articles/fibula?lang=us), [calcaneus](/articles/calcaneus?lang=us), and [navicu... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/talus | [
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article_papillary-carcinoma-of-the-breast | article | Papillary carcinoma of the breast | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/papillary-carcinoma-of-the-breast | [
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article_sympathetic-chain-schwannoma | article | Sympathetic chain schwannoma | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/sympathetic-chain-schwannoma | [
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article_empty-sella | article | Empty sella | An **empty sella**, also known as an **empty pituitary fossa**, refers to the appearance of the [sella turcica](/articles/pituitary-fossa-1?lang=us) when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. It is commonly an incidental finding of no clinical significance, but there exists ... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/empty-sella | [
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article_lordosis | article | Lordosis | **Lordosis** (plural: lordoses) is the term used to refer to the normal anterior curvature of the [cervical](/articles/cervical-spine?embed_domain=buyreviewer.com%2Fbest-tire-inflator-on-amazon%2F&lang=us) and [lumbar spines](/articles/lumbar-spine?embed_domain=buyreviewer.com%2Fbest-tire-inflator-on-amazon%2F&lang=us)... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lordosis | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_median-arcuate-ligament | article | Median arcuate ligament | The **median arcuate ligament** is a fibrous arch connecting the left and right diaphragmatic crura at the [aortic hiatus](/articles/aortic-hiatus?lang=us) 1,2.
A low-lying median arcuate ligament can compress the [celiac axis](/articles/coeliac-artery?lang=us) to cause [celiac artery compression syndrome](/articles/c... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/median-arcuate-ligament | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_focal-lymphoid-hyperplasia-of-the-lung | article | Focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the lung | **Focal lymphoid hyperplasia of the lung **refers to an abnormal accumulation of non-malignant lymphocytic aggregates within the [lung](/articles/lung?lang=us).
## On this page:
- [Terminology](#nav_terminology)
- [Epidemiology](#nav_epidemiology)
- [Clinical presentation](#nav_clinical-presentation)
- [Pathology](#n... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/focal-lymphoid-hyperplasia-of-the-lung | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_periwinkle-sign-supratentorial-ependymoma-1 | article | Periwinkle sign (supratentorial ependymoma) | The **periwinkle sign** has been coined to describe what has been claimed to be a characteristic appearance of intraparenchymal [supratentorial ependymomas](/articles/supratentorial-ependymoma?lang=us) on non-enhanced CT axial images.
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article_standard-error-of-the-mean | article | Standard error of the mean | The **standard error of the mean, SE(M)** is a fundamental concept in hypothesis testing.
When you pick a random sample out of a population (say a 100 data point sample out of a 10,000 data point population), what is the mean value of that sample? It's going to want to tend toward the population mean, but in actuality... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/standard-error-of-the-mean | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_apical-zone | article | Apical zone | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/apical-zone | [
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article_mollaret-meningitis-2 | article | Mollaret meningitis | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mollaret-meningitis-2 | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_hydrocele-2 | article | Hydrocele | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hydrocele-2 | [
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article_magnetic-field | article | Magnetic field | The **magnetic field** describes the influence a [magnet](/articles/magnets-types?lang=us) has on its surrounding area. Magnets create a magnetic field or line of force running from the magnetic north to the magnetic south pole of the magnet. Magnetic fields are the result of intrinsic magnetic moments and moving elect... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/magnetic-field | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_middle-mediastinum | article | Middle mediastinum | The **middle mediastinum** is an artificial space of the [mediastinum](/articles/mediastinum-1?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%25252527%2525255B0%2525255Dfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us) divided from the remainder of the extra-pleural intrathoracic cavity by arbitrary lines. It forms the largest component o... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/middle-mediastinum | [
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article_neurosarcoidosis | article | Neurosarcoidosis | **Nervous system involvement by sarcoidosis**, also termed **neurosarcoidosis**, is relatively common among patients with systemic [sarcoidosis](/articles/sarcoidosis-1?lang=us) and has a bewildering variety of manifestations, often making diagnosis difficult.
Although neurosarcoidosis encompasses involvement of eithe... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/neurosarcoidosis | [
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article_spontaneous-rupture-of-the-renal-pelvis-2 | article | Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/spontaneous-rupture-of-the-renal-pelvis-2 | [
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article_enteric-contrast-medium-ct | article | Enteric contrast medium (CT) | **Enteric contrast media** can be given to patients before their CT exam to improve its diagnostic accuracy. Historically, a combination of oral and [intravenous contrast media](/articles/ct-intravenous-contrast-media?lang=us) were always given prior to a CT abdomen. Contemporaneously, improved CT scanners mean that or... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/enteric-contrast-medium-ct | [
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article_small-cell-lung-cancer-4 | article | Small cell lung cancer | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/small-cell-lung-cancer-4 | [
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article_fascial-tail-sign | article | Fascial tail sign | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fascial-tail-sign | [
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article_stupp-protocol | article | Stupp protocol | The **Stupp protocol** has become the standard of care for the treatment of high-grade astrocytoma and [glioblastoma](/articles/glioblastoma-idh-wildtype?lang=us) since its publication in 2005 and has led to significant survival improvements 1. It consists of radiation therapy and concomitant chemotherapy with [temozol... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/stupp-protocol | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_high-altitude-illness-1 | article | High altitude illness | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/high-altitude-illness-1 | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "high-altitude-illness-1",
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article_milk-fistula | article | Milk fistula | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/milk-fistula | [
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article_magnims-cmsc-naims-consensus-on-mri-diagnosis-of-multiple-sclerosis | article | MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus on MRI diagnosis of multiple sclerosis | The **MAGNIMS-CMSC-NAIMS consensus on MRI diagnosis of multiple sclerosis** aims to provide guidance in how best to use MRI not only in the diagnosis but also in the monitoring of patients with multiple sclerosis. It includes recommendations on MRI protocols, use of gadolinium, timing of scans and clinical reports.
##... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/magnims-cmsc-naims-consensus-on-mri-diagnosis-of-multiple-sclerosis | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_renal-intraparenchymal-acceleration-time | article | Renal intraparenchymal acceleration time | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/renal-intraparenchymal-acceleration-time | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_skin-calcifications-in-the-breast | article | Skin calcifications in the breast | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/skin-calcifications-in-the-breast | [
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article_renal-osteodystrophy | article | Renal osteodystrophy | **Renal osteodystrophy**, also known as **uremic osteopathy**, is a constellation of musculoskeletal abnormalities that occur in patients with [chronic renal failure](/articles/chronic-kidney-disease?lang=us), due to concurrent and superimposed:
- osteomalacia (adults) or rickets (children)
- secondary hyperparathyroi... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/renal-osteodystrophy | [
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article_primary-pulmonary-tuberculosis | article | Primary pulmonary tuberculosis | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/primary-pulmonary-tuberculosis | [
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article_peritoneal-ligaments | article | Peritoneal ligaments | The **peritoneal ligaments** are double layers of [peritoneum](/articles/peritoneum?lang=us) that pass from one organ to another or from an organ to one of the abdominal walls.
###### Suspensory ligaments of the liver
- [coronary ligament](/articles/coronary-ligament-liver?lang=us)
- [right triangular ligament](/arti... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/peritoneal-ligaments | [
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article_heterotopic-salivary-gland-tissue | article | Heterotopic salivary gland tissue | **Heterotopic salivary gland tissue** is the presence of salivary gland tissue outside the normal expected salivary gland ([major salivary gland](/articles/major-salivary-glands?lang=us) and [minor salivary gland](/articles/minor-salivary-glands?lang=us)) or accessory salivary gland.
It is also often referred to as sa... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/heterotopic-salivary-gland-tissue | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_coronary-artery-aneurysm | article | Coronary artery aneurysm | **Coronary artery aneurysms** are an uncommon, predominantly incidental finding.
## On this page:
- [Epidemiology](#nav_epidemiology)
- [Clinical presentation](#nav_clinical-presentation)
- [Pathology](#nav_pathology)
- [Radiographic features](#nav_radiographic-features)
- [Treatment and prognosis](#nav_treatment-and... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/coronary-artery-aneurysm | [
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article_todani-classification-of-bile-duct-cysts | article | Todani classification of bile duct cysts | The **Todani classification of bile duct cysts** classically divides [choledochal cysts](/articles/choledochal-cyst?lang=us) into five groups.
## On this page:
- [Classification](#nav_classification)
- [History and etymology](#nav_history-and-etymology)
- [See also](#nav_see-also)
- [References](#references)
- [Case... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/todani-classification-of-bile-duct-cysts | [
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article_nucleus-pulposus | article | Nucleus pulposus | The **nucleus pulposus** (plural: nuclei pulposi) is the central part of each [intervertebral disc](/articles/intervertebral-disc?lang=us).
## On this page:
- [Gross anatomy](#nav_gross-anatomy)
- [Arterial supply](#nav_arterial-supply)
- [Venous drainage](#nav_venous-drainage)
- [Innervation](#nav_innervation)
- [Ra... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/nucleus-pulposus | [
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article_pelvic-binder | article | Pelvic binder | **Pelvic binders** are external devices commonly used to stabilize the [pelvic ring](/articles/young-and-burgess-classification-of-pelvic-ring-fractures?lang=us) in patients with suspected unstable [pelvic fracture](/articles/pelvic-fractures?lang=us).
#### Radiographic features
Most binders have a single metallic bu... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pelvic-binder | [
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article_pneumobilia-vs-portal-venous-gas-mnemonic | article | Pneumobilia vs portal venous gas (mnemonic) | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pneumobilia-vs-portal-venous-gas-mnemonic | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/24466/6e64da8051fefddfdfe3ce1796df73.jpg",
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article_differential-diagnosis-for-metatarsal-region-pain | article | Differential diagnosis for metatarsal region pain | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/differential-diagnosis-for-metatarsal-region-pain | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_intraductal-carcinoma-of-the-prostate | article | Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intraductal-carcinoma-of-the-prostate | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_mitochondrial-encephalomyopathy-with-lactic-acidosis-and-stroke-like-episodes-melas | article | Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mitochondrial-encephalomyopathy-with-lactic-acidosis-and-stroke-like-episodes-melas | [
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article_lateral-talar-process-fracture | article | Lateral talar process fracture | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lateral-talar-process-fracture | [
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article_transureteroureterostomy | article | Transureteroureterostomy | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transureteroureterostomy | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "transureteroureterostomy",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_extradural-spinal-cavernous-malformation | article | Extradural spinal cavernous malformation | **Extradural spinal cavernous malformations**, also known as **extradural spinal cavernomas**, are rare [vascular malformations](/articles/vascular-malformations-and-tumours?lang=us) that occur in the [spine](/articles/spinal-anatomy-1?lang=us).
This article specifically relates to extradural spinal cavernomas. For a ... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/extradural-spinal-cavernous-malformation | [
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"priority": "0.7",
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"table_of_contents": null,
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article_renal-plexus | article | Renal plexus | The **renal plexus** (plural: plexuses) is an [autonomic nerve plexus and ganglia](/articles/autonomic-ganglia-and-plexuses?embed_domain=external.radpair.comfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us) located in the upper abdomen and is a lateral perivascular extension of the [aorticorenal plexus](/articles/aorticorenal-plexus?emb... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/renal-plexus | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/59866063/203c3132c7464871671b08472139fe6db779d3099c658ee224e42b3b28cc67f3.jpg"
] | [
""
] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "renal-plexus",
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article_doppler-waveforms | article | Doppler waveforms | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/doppler-waveforms | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/2555989/7b2d323f95071dae8e5007ba8ec6b4.png"
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article_turtleback-sign | article | Turtleback sign | **Turtleback sign or carapace sign**, described as **tortoise-shell appearance**, represents a characteristic appearance of chronic [hepatic schistosomiasis](/articles/schistosomiasis-hepatic-manifestations-1?lang=us) in which liver margins are irregular and nodular. Dystrophic calcifications within a polygonal network... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/turtleback-sign | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/62465827/1b3af8f9d2f0c4425fcb3e373794913d7d9f3f70970e8c0c8c73e9c0c54958fc.png"
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""
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article_subchondral-fracture | article | Subchondral fracture | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subchondral-fracture | [
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article_meniscal-root-tear | article | Meniscal root tear | **Meniscal root tears** are a type of [meniscal tear](/articles/meniscal-tear?lang=us) in the knee where the tear extends to either the anterior or posterior meniscal root attachment to the central tibial plateau. They often tend to be radial tears extending into the [meniscal root](/articles/meniscal-root?lang=us).
#... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/meniscal-root-tear | [
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article_byssinosis | article | Byssinosis | **Byssinosis** is a type of [hypersensitivity pneumonitis](/articles/hypersensitivity-pneumonitis?embed_domain=hackmd.io%2F%40yIPUAFeCSL2JsU8smR5nJQ%2Fbnjhjgjghjghjghfavicon.icoradiopaedia-icon-144.pngfavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us) which can result from exposure to cotton fibers 1. Other similiar... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/byssinosis | [] | [] | [] | {
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"table_of_contents": null,
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article_gilbert-syndrome | article | Gilbert syndrome | **Gilbert syndrome** is a hereditary condition which can result in [jaundice](/articles/jaundice?lang=us).
#### Pathology
It results in intermittent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of hepatocellular disease or hemolysis. Uridine diphosphate-glucuronyl transferase activity is reduced resulting in indire... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gilbert-syndrome | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "gilbert-syndrome",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_oncocytic-papillary-cystadenoma-of-the-upper-respiratory-tract | article | Oncocytic papillary cystadenoma of the upper respiratory tract | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/oncocytic-papillary-cystadenoma-of-the-upper-respiratory-tract | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "oncocytic-papillary-cystadenoma-of-the-upper-respiratory-tract",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
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article_earth-heart-sign | article | Earth-heart sign | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/earth-heart-sign | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/7528145/62584dca0c737fc7acfcb62eef05cf.png"
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"Frontal"
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"base_name": "earth-heart-sign",
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article_myxoid-meningioma | article | Myxoid meningioma | **Myxoid meningiomas** are rare histological variants of meningiomas grouped into the subtype of [metaplastic meningiomas](/articles/metaplastic-meningioma?lang=us). They are characterized by a marked myxoid transformation, containing endothelial cells, pericytes, and stromal cells.
Although reported numbers are too s... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/myxoid-meningioma | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "myxoid-meningioma",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_congenital-pulmonary-stenosis | article | Congenital pulmonary stenosis | **Congenital pulmonary stenosis** refers to congenital narrowing of the [right ventricular](/articles/right-ventricle?lang=us) outflow tract, [pulmonary valve](/articles/pulmonary-valve?lang=us), or [pulmonary artery](/articles/pulmonary-artery?lang=us).
See [pulmonary valve stenosis](/articles/pulmonary-valve-stenosi... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/congenital-pulmonary-stenosis | [
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article_superior-mesenteric-artery-stenosis | article | Superior mesenteric artery stenosis | **Superior mesenteric artery stenosis **refers to any form of narrowing involving the [superior mesenteric artery](/articles/superior-mesenteric-artery?lang=us) and may result from a number of factors. It can result in [acute](/articles/mesenteric-ischaemia?lang=us) or [chronic mesenteric ischemia](/articles/chronic-me... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superior-mesenteric-artery-stenosis | [
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"VRT arterial C+"
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"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "superior-mesenteric-artery-stenosis",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
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article_gibbs-and-truncation-artifacts | article | Gibbs and truncation artifacts | **Gibbs artifact**, also known as **truncation artifact **or** ringing artifact**, is a type of [MRI artifact](/articles/mri-artifacts-1?lang=us). It refers to a series of lines in the MR image parallel to abrupt and intense changes in the object at this location, such as the [CSF](/articles/cerebrospinal-fluid-1?lang=... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/gibbs-and-truncation-artifacts | [
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article_history-of-radiology | article | History of radiology | The **history of radiology** can be traced back to [Wilhelm Roentgen](/articles/wilhelm-roentgen-1?lang=us) taking the first [x-ray](/articles/x-rays-1?lang=us) of a person - specifically his wife's hand on November 8th 1895, now an iconic image.
Since then there have been many milestones and individual contributions ... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/history-of-radiology | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_biffl-scale-for-blunt-cerebrovascular-injury | article | Biffl scale for blunt cerebrovascular injury | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/biffl-scale-for-blunt-cerebrovascular-injury | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/8931717/8eb974c182513dd0fe9980601c1790.jpg",
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"Axial C+ arterial phase",
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article_vitamin-a-1 | article | Vitamin A | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/vitamin-a-1 | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "vitamin-a-1",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_uncinate-process-of-the-cervical-spine | article | Uncinate process of the cervical spine | The **uncinate process of the cervical spine** is a hook-shaped process found bilaterally on the superolateral margin of the cervical vertebral bodies of C3-C7.
The uncinate processes are more anteriorly positioned in the upper cervical spine and more posteriorly located in the lower cervical spine.
#### Articulation... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/uncinate-process-of-the-cervical-spine | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "uncinate-process-of-the-cervical-spine",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_mixed-connective-tissue-disease | article | Mixed connective tissue disease | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mixed-connective-tissue-disease | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/2211867/448f47769b98613e2f641cee07e8c7.jpg"
] | [
""
] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "mixed-connective-tissue-disease",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
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article_acetabular-fracture | article | Acetabular fracture | **Acetabular fractures** are a type of [pelvic fracture](/articles/pelvic-fractures?lang=us), which may also involve the [ilium](/articles/ilium?lang=us), [ischium](/articles/ischium?lang=us) or [pubis](/articles/pubis?lang=us) depending on fracture configuration.
## On this page:
- [Epidemiology](#nav_epidemiology)
... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acetabular-fracture | [
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article_intracranial-arteries | article | Intracranial arteries | **Intracranial arteries** have a unique structure when compared to extracranial vessels of similar size: see general [histology of blood vessels](/articles/histology-of-blood-vessels?lang=us) entry.
#### Proximal larger arteries
The proximal arteries, arising from the [internal carotid](/articles/internal-carotid-art... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/intracranial-arteries | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "intracranial-arteries",
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article_subclavian-artery | article | Subclavian artery | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/subclavian-artery | [
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article_heterogeneous-bone-marrow-signal | article | Heterogeneous bone marrow signal | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/heterogeneous-bone-marrow-signal | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "heterogeneous-bone-marrow-signal",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_central-retinal-vein | article | Central retinal vein | The **central retinal vein** (**CRV**) or **central vein of the retina**, and sometimes shortened to the **retinal vein**, is the venous counterpart of the [central retinal artery](/articles/central-artery-of-the-retina?lang=us).
#### Gross anatomy
Each quadrant of the retina is drained by multiple minor retinal vein... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/central-retinal-vein | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "central-retinal-vein",
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article_fibrocartilaginous-embolism | article | Fibrocartilaginous embolism | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fibrocartilaginous-embolism | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/1324935/ab99ade5a9a3739be6e9126a9e59f19801dc3b3b3069d390f6a04948a54c735e.jpeg"
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article_osteoarthritis-of-the-hip-grading-1 | article | Osteoarthritis of the hip (grading) | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-hip-grading-1 | [
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article_transfusion-related-acute-lung-injury-1 | article | Transfusion-related acute lung injury | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/transfusion-related-acute-lung-injury-1 | [
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article_automation-bias | article | Automation bias | **Automation bias** is a form of [cognitive bias](/articles/cognitive-bias-in-diagnostic-radiology?lang=us) occurring when humans overvalue information produced by an automated, usually computerized, system. Users of automated systems can fail to understand or ignore illogical or incorrect information produced by compu... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/automation-bias | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_positron-emission-tomography-response-criteria-in-solid-tumors-percist-1 | article | Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST) | **Positron Emission Tomography Response Criteria in Solid Tumors** (**PERCIST**) are guidelines to asses tumors that makes use of [positron emission tomography (PET)](/articles/positron-emission-tomography?lang=us) to provide functional information to help determine tumor viability.
The criteria consist of four catego... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/positron-emission-tomography-response-criteria-in-solid-tumors-percist-1 | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_fleischner-sign-enlarged-pulmonary-artery | article | Fleischner sign (enlarged pulmonary artery) | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fleischner-sign-enlarged-pulmonary-artery | [
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article_bronchioles | article | Bronchioles | **Bronchioles** are the branches of the tracheobronchial tree that by definition, are lacking in submucosal hyaline cartilage 4.
## On this page:
- [Gross anatomy](#nav_gross-anatomy)
- [Histology](#nav_histology)
- [Related pathology](#nav_related-pathology)
- [Related articles](#related-articles)
- [References](#re... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bronchioles | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_fetal-akinesia-sequence | article | Fetal akinesia sequence | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/fetal-akinesia-sequence | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "fetal-akinesia-sequence",
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article_hydroxyapatite-deposition-disease | article | Hydroxyapatite deposition disease | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hydroxyapatite-deposition-disease | [
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article_biliary-cast-syndrome | article | Biliary cast syndrome | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/biliary-cast-syndrome | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_cistern-of-the-lamina-terminalis | article | Cistern of the lamina terminalis | The **cistern of the lamina terminalis** is one of the unpaired [CSF](/articles/cerebrospinal-fluid-1?lang=us)-filled [subarachnoid cisterns](/articles/subarachnoid-cisterns?lang=us).
#### Gross anatomy
The cistern of lamina terminalis lies anterior to the anterior wall of the 3rd ventricle in the midline and appears... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/cistern-of-the-lamina-terminalis | [
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article_empyema-necessitans | article | Empyema necessitans | **Empyema necessitans** (also sometimes spelled as **empyema necessitatis**) refers to the extension of an [empyema](/articles/empyema-1?lang=us) out of the pleural space and into the neighboring chest wall and surrounding soft tissues.
## On this page:
- [Pathology](#nav_pathology)
- [Radiographic features](#nav_rad... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/empyema-necessitans | [
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article_knot-of-henry | article | Knot of Henry | The (**master**) **knot of Henry**, also known as **Henry's knot **and **chiasma **(**tendineum**) **plantare**, is the superficial (i.e. plantar) crossing of the [flexor digitorum longus tendon](/articles/flexor-digitorum-longus-muscle?lang=us) obliquely over the [flexor hallucis longus tendon](/articles/flexor-halluc... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/knot-of-henry | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_achalasia | article | Achalasia | **Achalasia** (**primary achalasia** or **achalasia cardia**)** **is a failure of organized esophageal peristalsis that causes impaired relaxation of the [lower esophageal sphincter](/articles/missing?article%5Btitle%5D=lower-oesophageal-sphincter&lang=us), resulting in food stasis and often marked dilatation of the [e... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/achalasia | [
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article_deep-sulcus-sign-disambiguation | article | Deep sulcus sign (disambiguation) | The **deep sulcus sign** can refer to two different radiographic signs but is best known in the chest:
- [deep sulcus sign (chest)](/articles/deep-sulcus-sign-chest?lang=us): of pneumothorax on supine CXR:
- [deep sulcus sign (knee)](/articles/lateral-femoral-notch-sign-knee?lang=us): better known as the lateral femor... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/deep-sulcus-sign-disambiguation | [] | [] | [] | {
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article_perlman-syndrome | article | Perlman syndrome | **Perlman syndrome** is a rare autosomal recessive overgrowth syndrome with earlier neonatal mortality. Maximum survival documented in the literature is up to nine years 4.
#### Clinical presentation
Perlman syndrome is demonstrated by a combination of many clinical features which includes polyhydramnios, neonatal ma... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/perlman-syndrome | [] | [] | [] | {
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"base_name": "perlman-syndrome",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_basal-cell-carcinoma-of-external-auditory-canal-1 | article | Basal cell carcinoma of external auditory canal | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/basal-cell-carcinoma-of-external-auditory-canal-1 | [
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article_metaplastic-breast-carcinoma | article | Metaplastic breast carcinoma | **Metaplastic breast carcinoma**, also known as **spindle cell carcinoma of the breast**, is a rare form of primary [breast malignancy](/articles/breast-neoplasms?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2525252525252527%252525252525255b0%252525252525255d%2525252525252527%252525252525255b0%252525252525255d&lang=us) and accoun... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/metaplastic-breast-carcinoma | [
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article_superficial-infrapatellar-bursitis | article | Superficial infrapatellar bursitis | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/superficial-infrapatellar-bursitis | [
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article_percutaneous-cholecystostomy | article | Percutaneous cholecystostomy | **Percutaneous cholecystostomy **is the image-guided placement of a drainage catheter into the [gallbladder](/articles/gallbladder?lang=us) lumen. This minimally invasive procedure can aid in patient stabilization in order to enable a more measured surgical approach with time for therapeutic planning.
A 2018 study dem... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/percutaneous-cholecystostomy | [
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article_lumbar-syndrome-1 | article | LUMBAR syndrome | **LUMBAR**, **PELVIS**, or **SACRAL syndrome** is the association of [infantile hemangiomas](/articles/infantile-haemangioma?lang=us) in the lower body with other extracutaneous congenital abnormalities in the region. The syndrome may be incomplete.
#### Pathology
- **LUMBAR **1
- lower body hemangiomas
- urogenital ... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lumbar-syndrome-1 | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "lumbar-syndrome-1",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_master-knot-of-henry-intersection-syndrome | article | Master knot of Henry intersection syndrome | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/master-knot-of-henry-intersection-syndrome | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "master-knot-of-henry-intersection-syndrome",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
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article_bishop-score | article | Bishop score | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/bishop-score | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "bishop-score",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
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article_pterygopalatine-ganglion | article | Pterygopalatine ganglion | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/pterygopalatine-ganglion | [
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article_duplex-appendix | article | Duplex appendix | **Duplex appendix** is a rare anomaly of the [appendix](/articles/appendix-1?lang=us) and is usually discovered incidentally during surgery for [appendicitis](/articles/acute-appendicitis-2?lang=us).
## On this page:
- [Epidemiology](#nav_epidemiology)
- [Pathology](#nav_pathology)
- [Differential diagnosis](#nav_dif... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/duplex-appendix | [
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article_dyssynergic-defaecation | article | Dyssynergic defecation | **Dyssynergic defecation**, also known as **spastic pelvic floor syndrome**, is a functional disorder characterized by paradoxical contraction or inadequate relaxation of the [pelvic floor muscles](/articles/missing?article%5Btitle%5D=pelvic+floor+muscles&lang=us) during defecation, contributing to obstructed defecatio... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/dyssynergic-defaecation | [
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"Sagittal T2 (lines)",
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article_klebsiella | article | Klebsiella | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/klebsiella | [
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article_small-cell-carcinoma-urinary-bladder | article | Small cell carcinoma (urinary bladder) | **Small cell carcinomas of the bladder **are rare bladder cancers with a poor prognosis. Its appearance overlaps other bladder cancers, in particular, [urothelial/transitional cell carcinoma](/articles/transitional-cell-carcinoma-urinary-tract?lang=us).
## On this page:
- [Epidemiology](#nav_epidemiology)
- [Clinical... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/small-cell-carcinoma-urinary-bladder | [
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article_strangulated-hernia | article | Strangulated (hernia) | **Strangulated** in the context of hernias refers to an [incarcerated hernia](/articles/incarcerated?lang=us) in which the hernial opening is so constricted that the arterial supply is compromised, leading to ischemia and eventually [gangrene](/articles/missing?article%5Btitle%5D=gangrene-generic&lang=us). It is a surg... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/strangulated-hernia | [
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article_acetabular-sourcil | article | Acetabular sourcil | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/acetabular-sourcil | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "acetabular-sourcil",
"table_of_contents": null,
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article_deep-inferior-epigastric-perforator-flap-reconstruction | article | Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap reconstruction | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/deep-inferior-epigastric-perforator-flap-reconstruction | [
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article_lymphoma-staging-1 | article | Lymphoma (staging) | Many **lymphoma staging** systems for [Hodgkin](/articles/hodgkin-lymphoma?lang=us) and [non-Hodgkin lymphoma](/articles/non-hodgkin-lymphoma?lang=us) have been developed.
#### Usage
The [Lugano staging classification](/articles/lugano-staging-classification-1?lang=us) is commonly used in clinical practice and resear... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/lymphoma-staging-1 | [
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article_heterotaxy-syndrome | article | Heterotaxy syndrome | **Heterotaxy syndromes **refer to abnormal left/right distribution of thoracic and abdominal organs that is neither [situs solitus](/articles/situs-solitus?lang=us) nor [situs inversus](/articles/situs-inversus?lang=us). They are frequently associated with congenital heart disease and other visceral abnormalities.
## ... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/heterotaxy-syndrome | [
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"Coronal C+ portal venous phase",
"Sagittal lung window",
"Frontal",
"Axial C+ portal venous phase",
"Coronal T2 fat sat",
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"Axial C+ CTPA",
"Axial C+ CTPA",
"",
"Coronal C+ portal venous phase"
] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "heterotaxy-syndrome",
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} | |
article_inferior-rectal-artery-1 | article | Inferior rectal artery | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/inferior-rectal-artery-1 | [
"https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/55800314/Gray-square.001.jpeg"
] | [
""
] | [] | {
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"base_name": "inferior-rectal-artery-1",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
} | ||
article_hiv-associated-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-2 | article | HIV-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/hiv-associated-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-2 | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "hiv-associated-pulmonary-arterial-hypertension-2",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
} | ||
article_chrispin-norman-scoring-system-for-cystic-fibrosis | article | Chrispin-Norman scoring system for cystic fibrosis | The **Chrispin-Norman score** is used to provide a summative assessment of structural lung changes in patients with [cystic fibrosis](/articles/cystic-fibrosis?lang=us) on plain chest radiographs.
It is useful to monitor disease progression or treatment response and can be used to compare between different patients in... | https://radiopaedia.org/articles/chrispin-norman-scoring-system-for-cystic-fibrosis | [] | [] | [] | {
"priority": "0.7",
"base_name": "chrispin-norman-scoring-system-for-cystic-fibrosis",
"table_of_contents": null,
"relevant_articles": null
} |
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