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README.md
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- benchmark
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- postgis
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size_categories:
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configs:
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- config_name: raster_only
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default: true
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data_files:
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GS-QA2 is a benchmark for **geospatial question answering over both vector and raster data**. It extends [GS-QA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22811) — a vector-only benchmark built on OpenStreetMap features in a PostGIS database — with a U.S. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) raster layer and 25 new question templates that require terrain reasoning: elevation lookups, slope, aspect, ruggedness, and questions that combine vector filtering with raster analysis.
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Each record pairs a natural-language question with an **executable PostGIS SQL query** and its **ground-truth answer**, so every question is verifiable without manual annotation. This release contains the
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Code, ingestion scripts, generation pipeline, and baseline implementations live in the companion repository: **https://github.com/ZhuochengShang/QARV**
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## Dataset structure
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| Config | Templates | Records | Description |
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All
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### Data fields
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| Field | Type | Description |
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| `id` | string | Unique ID: `{group}/{template}/{index}` |
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| `template` | string | Template file name, e.g. `elevation+poi`, `slope+route`, `range+name+elevation_condition` |
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| `question` | string | Natural-language question |
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| `sql` | string | Executable PostGIS SQL query that produces the ground truth |
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| `answers` | string (JSON) | Ground-truth answer rows as a JSON-encoded list of objects. Keys vary by template (`elevation`, `slope_degrees`, `poi_name`, `distance_m`, …), so the list is serialized as a JSON string — parse with `json.loads` |
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| `question_entities` | string (JSON) | JSON-encoded metadata for the entities used to instantiate the template: display name, category, WKT geometry, and full OSM attributes |
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The untouched original template files (one JSONL per template, grouped by folder) are preserved under `raw/qa2/` for provenance.
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### Example record (`raster_only`, template `elevation+poi`)
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{shang2026gsqa2,
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title = {GS-QA2: A Benchmark for Question Answering over Raster--Vector Data},
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- benchmark
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- postgis
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size_categories:
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- 1K<n<10K
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configs:
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- config_name: vector
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data_files:
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- split: test
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path: data/vector-*.parquet
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- config_name: raster_only
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default: true
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data_files:
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GS-QA2 is a benchmark for **geospatial question answering over both vector and raster data**. It extends [GS-QA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22811) — a vector-only benchmark built on OpenStreetMap features in a PostGIS database — with a U.S. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) raster layer and 25 new question templates that require terrain reasoning: elevation lookups, slope, aspect, ruggedness, and questions that combine vector filtering with raster analysis.
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Each record pairs a natural-language question with an **executable PostGIS SQL query** and its **ground-truth answer**, so every question is verifiable without manual annotation. This release contains the complete benchmark: the **2,800 vector-only pairs** (V1–V28, 100 per template) inherited from [GS-QA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22811) by Saeedan, Rashid, Eldawy, and Hristidis, plus the **500 raster-related pairs** (25 templates × 20 questions) that GS-QA2 adds — **3,300 questions in total**.
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Code, ingestion scripts, generation pipeline, and baseline implementations live in the companion repository: **https://github.com/ZhuochengShang/QARV**
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## Dataset structure
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Four configurations, mirroring the paper's template groups of increasing raster-reasoning complexity:
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| Config | Templates | Records | Description |
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| `vector` | V1–V28 | 2,800 | Vector-only questions from the original GS-QA benchmark — range, nearest-neighbor, direction, towards, and intersects queries over OSM features, with entity-name, location, direction, count, distance, area, and length answers |
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| `raster_only` | R1–R11 | 220 | Direct DEM queries — elevation, slope, aspect, ruggedness, elevation thresholds — anchored at POIs and roads |
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| `raster_vector` | VR9–VR14 | 120 | New raster–vector templates requiring tight interaction: zonal aggregation, comparison, and ranking of POIs by terrain properties |
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| `extended` | VR1–VR8 | 160 | Standard vector queries augmented with a terrain condition or terrain output (e.g., range queries with elevation filters) |
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All 3,300 questions form a single evaluation set, published as the `test` split of each config. The `vector` config is stored as zstd-compressed Parquet (its ground-truth answer lists are large); the three raster configs are plain JSONL. Questions were instantiated from templates by sampling real geographic entities (POIs, roads, parks, regions across the contiguous United States), executing the paired SQL against the reference PostGIS database (OSM + 30 m DEM, 265,950 raster tiles), and retaining only questions with valid, non-empty ground truth.
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### Data fields
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| Field | Type | Description |
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| `id` | string | Unique ID: `{group}/{template}/{index}` |
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| `template_id` | string | Paper template ID: `V1`–`V28` (vector), `R1`–`R11` (raster-only), `VR1`–`VR8` (extended), `VR9`–`VR14` (raster–vector) |
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| `group` | string | `vector`, `raster_only`, `raster_vector`, or `extended` |
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| `template` | string | Template file name, e.g. `elevation+poi`, `slope+route`, `range+name+elevation_condition` |
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| `question` | string | Natural-language question |
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| `sql` | string | Executable PostGIS SQL query that produces the ground truth |
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| `answers` | string (JSON) | Ground-truth answer rows as a JSON-encoded list of objects. Keys vary by template (`elevation`, `slope_degrees`, `poi_name`, `distance_m`, …), so the list is serialized as a JSON string — parse with `json.loads` |
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| `question_entities` | string (JSON) | JSON-encoded metadata for the entities used to instantiate the template: display name, category, WKT geometry, and full OSM attributes |
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The untouched original template files (one JSONL per template, grouped by folder) are preserved under `raw/qa2/` for provenance. `raw/qa2/` additionally contains 9 exploratory templates (180 QA pairs — regional/area elevation and slope aggregates and an elevation-count template) that were generated during benchmark construction but are not part of the canonical 500-question evaluation set exposed in the configs above.
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### Example record (`raster_only`, template `elevation+poi`)
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## Citation
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If you use the `vector` config (V1–V28), please also cite the original GS-QA benchmark:
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```bibtex
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@article{saeedan2026gsqa,
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title = {GS-QA: A Benchmark for Geospatial Question Answering},
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author = {Saeedan, Majid and Shihab Rashid, Muhammad and Eldawy, Ahmed and Hristidis, Vagelis},
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journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.22811},
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year = {2026}
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}
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```
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{shang2026gsqa2,
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title = {GS-QA2: A Benchmark for Question Answering over Raster--Vector Data},
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