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Jesse Collings (2 December 1831 – 20 November 1920) was Mayor of Birmingham, England, a Liberal (later Liberal Unionist) member of Parliament, but was best known nationally in the UK as an advocate of educational reform and land reform.
Background
Collings was the youngest son of Thomas Collings, Littleham-cum-Exmouth, Devon, and Annie Palmer. His father was a bricklayer, who later established a small building firm. He was educated at a Dame School and for a time at Church House School, Stoke, Plymouth. He started work as a shop assistant aged 15 years, later becoming a clerk and a traveller for an ironmongery firm. In 1850, he started working for Booth and Company, a firm of ironmongers in Birmingham; in 1864 he became a partner in the renamed business, Collings and Wallis. In 1879, he retired from the partnership. He came under the influence of George Dawson, worshipped, along with other prominent families, in Dawson's Church of the Saviour, and became an adherent of Dawson's doctrine of the "Civic Gospel".
In 1858 he married Emily Oxenbould, the daughter of a master at King Edward's Grammar School, Birmingham. They had one daughter.
Birmingham Town Council
He was a close friend of Joseph Chamberlain and supported the radical group around Chamberlain in developing local improvement schemes in Birmingham, parks, and what at the time was called "gas-and-water socialism". He took over practical management of the education committee and served as Mayor of Birmingham in 1878–79. He was responsible for free public libraries in Birmingham and was the original proponent of the Birmingham Art Gallery funded from the profits of the gas company.
Free education
Early on, Collings had shown an interest in education by helping to found the Devon and Exeter Boys Industrial School in 1862. He visited America to study its education system and published An Outline of the American School System in 1868. This pamphlet recommended that a similar free and non-sectarian (non-denominational) form of school education to that of the United States should be set up in England and Wales. Collings' pamphlet led directly to the formation of the National Education League by Birmingham Liberals in 1869, with George Dixon as President and Jesse Collings as Secretary. The League became a major campaigning organisation, but the Elementary Education Act 1870 retained the dominance of church schools in providing education for the young in England, Wales and Ireland. Collings called for Local Authorities to be obliged to set up sufficient schools to enable all children to attend; these schools should be inspected by the state and managed by local government; they should be free; and attendance should be compulsory. Collings also advocated the education of women, signing a petition seeking to award degrees to female students at the University of Cambridge in 1880.
Land reform
Collings' background in Devon gave him an appreciation of the problems of the agricultural worker and small-scale farmer rare in a major industrial city like Birmingham. He was a friend of Joseph Arch, the founder of the National Agricultural Labourers Union, who lived in Barford, Warwickshire, near Birmingham. Collings believed that education was essential to improving the conditions of agricultural workers and that it needed to be free. The National Agricultural Workers Union joined the National Education League. Collings ensured that Chamberlain, Mayor of Birmingham and a millionaire industrialist, chaired the meeting in Birmingham to support the Agricultural Workers' first strike. When Chamberlain became President of the Board of Trade, Collings acted as his unofficial advisor on agricultural matters affecting peasants in Britain and Ireland.
Collings advocated land reform through providing allotments and small holdings for the rural poor, landless peasants, and even the industrial poor. He cited the Chartist settlement at Great Dodford as a successful example of what could be achieved. The slogan for Collings' 1885 land-reform campaign Three Acres and a Cow became the battle cry of land reform and the fight against rural poverty. Three acres and a cow was seen as being sufficient for a family to live on, particularly when compared to the rural poverty common at that time. To some, however, this slogan was backward looking and the source of amusement amongst many Conservatives and farmers.
Joseph Chamberlain adapted the Three Acres and a Cow slogan for his own Radical Programme: he urged the purchase by local authorities of land to provide garden and field allotments for all labourers who might desire them, to be let at fair rents in plots of up to of arable and three to of pasture.
Collings founded the Allotments Extension Association in 1883 to promote the formation of allotments and smallholdings. he also collaborated closely with the Highland Land Reform Association.
The 1882 Allotments Extension Act was put through Parliament by Collings. By 1886 there were 394,517 allotments of under and 272,000 garden allotments (Haywood, 1991).
In 1886, Collings' work defeated Lord Salisbury's Government, which lost the vote on the Queen's speech, when Collings moved his 'Small Holdings Amendment Act'. A Liberal Government under William Ewart Gladstone took its place.
Collings' work also led to 1908 Small Holdings and Allotments Act (which led to 30,000 families being resettled on the land) and the 1919 Land Settlement Act. However, the programme of land reform via allotments and small holdings never made a considerable impact upon the countryside, either in Collings' time or in the interwar period.
Member of Parliament
He was Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Ipswich from 1880 until he was unseated on petition in April 1886, and then for Birmingham Bordesley from 1886 until 1918 (until 1912 as a Liberal Unionist, when the party was wound up, thereafter as a Conservative).
On Chamberlain's recommendation, Collings served in Gladstone's administration as Parliamentary Secretary to the Local Government Board in 1886, although at a reduced salary. Collings joined the Liberal Unionist group set up by Chamberlain in 1886 as a result of the split with the Gladstonian Liberals over Ireland. Collings served in Salisbury's government as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1895 to 1902.
Although he served in Parliament from 1880 (with a small interruption) and was a junior minister in two Governments, he was most influential outside Parliament – his ministerial posts were not connected to his lifelong advocacy of free education and land reform. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1892.
As a Liberal Unionist
The concern of Liberal Unionists was that what they perceived as the need for important reforms was being subordinated to a preoccupation with Ireland. The land reform movement was split. Joseph Arch remained a Gladstonian Liberal and ensured that Collings was deposed from the Allotments Extension Association. Collings later set up the Rural Labourers' League, which supported land reform and advocated tariffs on imported food to support the rural economy. Collings proposed a system of vocational education through free schools in rural areas. Erroneously or not, Collings along with Chamberlain and others believed that land reform in Ireland would give the peasants a stake in the country and reduce poverty, but convinced neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives to attempt it.
He was made an Honorary Freeman of the City of Birmingham in 1911.
Collings published Land Reform in 1906 and in 1914 The Colonization of Rural Britain. He also published The Great War: Its Lessons and Warnings in 1915.
Collings continued to be active in promoting land reform until 1918, when he retired from Parliament on the abolition of his seat when he was then aged 87 and oldest member of the House. He died in November 1920 aged 88.
Portrait
A portrait of Collings, painted circa 1885, by Jonathan Pratt (1835–1911), hangs in Birmingham Council House. It is not in a public area but may be viewed by prior application.
Sources
Collings, J. and Green, J. L. (1920) The life of Jesse Collings (2 vols).
External links
1831 births
1920 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Urban agriculture
Politics of Birmingham, West Midlands
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Mayors of Birmingham, West Midlands
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Ipswich |
LaMonica Garrett (born May 23, 1975) is an American actor and former professional Slamball player. He is best known for Deputy Sheriff Cane in the FX series Sons of Anarchy (2011–2014), Mike Ritter in the abc/Netflix series Designated Survivor (2016–2018), John in Primal (2019), Mar Novu / Monitor and Anti-Monitor in the Arrowverse (2018–2020), Thomas in the Paramount+ series 1883 (2021–2022), and Tucker in the Paramount+ series Special Ops: Lioness (2023).
Early years and sports career
LaMonica Garrett was born in San Francisco, California. He was named after former Oakland Raiders quarterback Daryle Lamonica, of whom his parents were fans. During high school, Garrett was a football player. When his family moved to Los Angeles, he and a friend were transferred to Burbank High School. Garrett has said that although his friend made the varsity team, he was held back on the junior varsity team due to his ego and attitude. In an interview with Muscle and Fitness magazine, he refers to this setback as a "wake-up call, which taught him both humility and accountability—and drove him into the gym."
Because of this, Garrett started working out more intensively and managed to excel on offense. After high school, he attended a Los Angeles junior college where he played as a linebacker. Eventually, Garrett transferred to Central State University in Ohio where he continued to play. At one point, he led the team in tackles. Garrett considered joining the NFL, but despite having what he called "a great Pro Day" and having some workouts with the Detroit Lions and the Los Angeles Rams, he was not picked up.
Garrett had always been interested in acting, so he moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in entertainment. In the meantime, he worked as a FedEx driver to pay for acting classes. Garrett also started playing Slamball, a hybrid between basketball and football played with trampolines. During his time playing, he became the league's leading scorer and one of four players announced for the All Slamball Team.
Acting career
While still a Slamball player, Garrett landed a role on an episode of One Tree Hill that had a Slamball-related storyline. After that, he signed with an agent and continued to get minor roles in TV shows like Hawthorne, CSI: Miami, and NCIS, as well as films like Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In 2011, Garrett started a recurring role as Deputy Sheriff Cane on FX's Sons of Anarchy. He appeared in 17 episodes from 2011 to 2014.
In 2016, Garrett landed two key roles; the first one, as Lieutenant TAO Cameron Burk on TNT's The Last Ship, and the second as Secret Service agent Mike Ritter on ABC's Designated Survivor. David Guggenheim, creator and executive producer of the latter, said they "needed someone who could throw President Tom Kirkman into a car", but that had "an emotional core goodness". The character of Mike Ritter became a fan favorite and Garrett remained with the show through the whole first two seasons, until its initial cancelation. After the show was picked up by Netflix, Garrett confirmed on Twitter that after "lengthy negotiations" he would not return due to budget constraints.
In late 2018, he was cast as Mar Novu / The Monitor in the Arrowverse crossover event "Elseworlds" on The CW, which connects storylines from The Flash, Arrow, and Supergirl. He reprised the role throughout the spring 2019 episodes of Arrow, The Flash, Supergirl, and Legends of Tomorrow. He was later upgraded to a series regular for those shows, as well as Batwoman, to ensure his availability for all appearances prior to and in the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" crossover. In July 2019, it was announced that Garrett would also be portraying the Anti-Monitor in the crossover.
In 2021, Garrett was cast as Thomas in 1883, a Yellowstone Origin Story, which is available exclusively on Paramount+. This show debuted December 19, 2021, and is a spin-off of the popular Paramount Network show Yellowstone, starring Kevin Costner. 1883 stars Faith Hill, Sam Elliott, and Tim McGraw.
Selected filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
Garrett on IMDB
1975 births
21st-century American male actors
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
Living people
Male actors from San Francisco
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people |
Qaleh Sarab (, also Romanized as Qal‘eh Sarāb) is a village in Jey Rural District, in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 6 families.
References
Populated places in Isfahan County |
The Ace of Cads is a 1926 American silent romantic drama film produced by Famous Players–Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Luther Reed and starred Adolphe Menjou and Alice Joyce. The film is now considered lost. The film is an adaptation of a Michael Arlen story by the same name.
Cast
Adolphe Menjou as Chappel Maturin
Alice Joyce as Eleanour
Norman Trevor as Sir Guy de Gramercy
Philip Strange as Basil de Gramercy
Suzanne Fleming as Joan
References
External links
1926 films
1926 romantic drama films
Lost American romantic drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Famous Players-Lasky films
Films based on short fiction
Paramount Pictures films
1926 lost films
Films directed by Luther Reed
1920s American films
Silent American romantic drama films
1920s English-language films
English-language romantic drama films |
Neolamprologus christyi is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika. This species can reach a length of TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade. This cichlid's specific name honours the British naturalist and explorer Cuthbert Christy (1863-1932) who worked for the Belgian Governemant and who collected the type in either 1926 or 1927.
References
christyi
Taxa named by Max Poll
Taxa named by Ethelwynn Trewavas
Fish described in 1952
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
The World Colored Welterweight Championship was a title that existed during the time of the color bar in professional boxing.
On 26 July 1936, Herbert Lewis Hardwick ("The Cocoa Kid") met Young Peter Jackson at Heinemann Park in New Orleans, Louisiana in a 10-round title bout referred by Harry Wills, the former three-time World Colored Heavyweight Champ. The Cocoa Kid won via a technical knock-out in the second round.
He made four defenses of the title. On September 22 of that year at the same venue, he defeated Jackie Elverillo on points in 10 rounds. On 11 June 1937, at the Coliseum Arena in New Orleans, The Kid fought his old nemesis Holman Williams, prevailing in a close fight, winning a decision in the 12-rounder. Ring Magazine had donated a championship belt for the bout.
The Kid successfully defended his title against Black Canadian boxer Sonny Jones at the Valley Arena in Holyoke, Massachusetts on 15 November 1937, in a bout refereed by former world heavyweight champ Jack Sharkey. The Kid scored a technical knock out in the sixth round of their 15-round bout. The Kid had devastated Jones in the third with a right to his jaw and opened a cut over Sonny's left eye with another right. Eventually, Sharkey stopped the fight as Jones could barely see.
The ascension of Henry Armstrong as the world welterweight champ on 31 May 1938 (when he beat Barney Ross) seemingly made the title redundant (the World Colored Heavyweight Championship expired when Joe Louis became world heavyweight champ in 1937 and the World Colored Middleweight Championship became defunct for 16 years after Tiger Flowers won the world middleweight title in 1926), but it was still contested during Armstrong's reign.
The Cocoa Kid lost the title to Charley Burley on 22 August 1938, at Hickey Park in Millvale, Pennsylvania. Burley won a unanimous decision in the 15-round bout, knocking the Kid to the canvas three times and defeating him decisively, taking his title. Burley never defended the title, probably out of a desire to get a title shot with Armstrong. To fill the vacant title, The Kid and Holman Williams met in a rematch on 11 January 1940 at the Coliseum in Baltimore, Maryland. The Kid won a unanimous decision in their 15-round title bout, winning the title for a second time.
The Cocoa Kid never defended his second title. He won the revived World Colored Middleweight Championship in 1943.
List of champions
See also
World Colored Heavyweight Championship
World Colored Light Heavyweight Championship
World Colored Middleweight Championship
References
Defunct boxing titles |
The Buttress Nunataks are a group of prominent coastal nunataks, the highest at , lying inland from George VI Sound and west-northwest of the Seward Mountains, on the west coast of Palmer Land. They were first seen from a distance and roughly surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Riddoch Rymill. They were visited and resurveyed in 1949 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, who gave this descriptive name.
References
Nunataks of Palmer Land |
On Wings of Song may refer to:
"Auf Flügeln des Gesanges", On Wings of Song (poem), 1827 poem by Heinrich Heine
"Auf Flügeln des Gesanges", On Wings of Song (Mendelssohn), 1834 song
Arrangement by Franz Liszt for solo piano (S. 547)
"Auf Flügeln des Gesanges", setting of the poem by Franz Lachner.
On Wings of Song (novel), 1979 science fiction novel by Thomas Disch
Love Me Forever, also released as On Wings of Song, 1935 American drama film
Albums
On Wings of song, album by Robert Gass 1976
On Wings of song, album by Ann Murray and Felicity Lott 1992
On Wings of song, album by Jenny Oaks Baker 1998
Disney's Enchanted, album by Barbara Bonney 2007
On Wings of Song: The Performance Recordings of Josephine A. Estill 1939–1974 |
Nex' Town is a 1957 Australian musical which premiered at the Independent Theatre. It was directed by Haydee Seldon and presented by Peter Scriven.
Scriven said he chose to do a show about travelling show people because "they are broad and typical." He arranged for the show to be put together.
Premise
The story of a travelling road show who get stranded in Youanmi, a small Western Australia gold town.
Select Songs
"A Man's Mad"
"Shootin' Through"
“Nex’ Town,”
“The Plot Song”
“Hullo, Joe”
Reception
The Sydney Morning Herald called it "probably the best Australian made musical yet staged here."
The Jewish Times said "The Aussie flavor desperately weaves throughout like the illustrated smell from a freshly cooked pie in animated cartoon."
The Bulletin called it "a delightful musical comedy... musically, the show has been remarkably well served by Iris Mason and Hal Saunders with a string of insistently tuneful ditties."
References
1958 musicals
1950s Australian musicals |
Torment () is a 1944 Swedish film, directed by Alf Sjöberg from a screenplay by Ingmar Bergman. The film, a tale of sex, passion and murder, was originally released as Frenzy in the United Kingdom, although later releases have used the US title. The film won the Grand Prix at the 1946 Cannes Film Festival.
Plot
A sadistic Latin teacher, nicknamed "Caligula" by his long-suffering students, rules his classroom at a Stockholm school like his kingdom. He is exceptionally hard on the diligent Jan-Erik, one of his students. One night Jan-Erik is returning home and finds an intoxicated young woman crying on the street. He recognizes her as Bertha, the clerk in a tobacco store near the school, and he walks her home. Bertha has a taste for men and liquor, and Jan-Erik spends most of the night on her bedside. He becomes very involved with her, and his schoolwork suffers. Bertha also has an older man whom she fears, although she will not reveal his name. It transpires that he is Caligula, and he learns of his student's involvement. He makes life harder still for Jan-Erik, and forces Bertha to do his will by threatening to suspend Jan-Erik. But Caligula is too violent with Bertha, and one day, Jan-Erik arrives to find her dead. He finds Caligula hiding in a corner, and calls the police. With no proof, however, Caligula is soon released, and quickly arranges for the expulsion of Jan-Erik, who accuses Caligula of murder, and finally strikes him in front of the principal of the school. He then goes to stay in Bertha's apartment. The principal of the school comes to the apartment, and offers his assistance in helping Jan-Erik back on track. Caligula comes to the apartment after the principal has left, seeking some sort of forgiveness, but Jan-Erik rejects him and instead walks out into the day to a view that overlooks the whole city.
Cast
Alf Kjellin as Jan-Erik Widgren (student at Ring IV L)
Stig Järrel as "Caligula", teacher of Latin language
Mai Zetterling as Bertha Olsson, clerk of the cigarette store
Olof Winnerstrand as The Principal
Gösta Cederlund as Pippi, teacher
Stig Olin as Sandman, student
Jan Molander as Pettersson, student
Olav Riégo as Mr. Widgren
Märta Arbin as Mrs. Widgren
Hugo Björne as The Doctor
Production
On 16 January 1943, Ingmar Bergman had been appointed by the Svensk Filmindustri (SF) as an "assistant director and screenwriter" on a one-year initial contract. Bergman, who suffered illness and was hospitalized during the winter of 1942–43, wrote the screenplay for Torment, for which SF acquired the rights in July 1943. The Latin teacher Caligula is partly based on the Latin teacher Sjögren (also played by Stig Järrel) in the 1942 film Lågor i dunklet by director Hasse Ekman.
Filming, on which Ingmar Bergman served as an assistant director, took place in two stages. The first stage, for interior scenes, took place from 21 February to 31 March 1944 at the Filmstaden studios north of Stockholm and the Södra Latin High School in downtown Stockholm. The second stage, covering the exterior scenes, comprised only ten days in late May of the same year. In his second autobiography, Images: My Life in Film, Bergman describes the filming of the exteriors as his actual film directorial debut:
When the film was virtually done, I made my debut as a movie director. Originally, Torment ends after all the students have passed their final exam, except for one, played by Alf Kjellin, who walks out through a backdoor into the rain. Caligula stands in the window, waving good-bye. Everybody felt that this ending was too dark. I had to add an additional scene in the dead girl's apartment where the principal of the school has a heart-to-heart talk with Kjellin while Caligula, the scared loser, is screaming on the staircase below. The new final scene shows Kjellin in the light of dawn, walking towards the awakening city. I was told to shoot these last exteriors, since Sjöberg was otherwise engaged. They were my first professionally filmed images. I was more excited that I can describe. The small film crew threatened to walk off the set and go home. I screamed and swore so loudly that people woke up and looked out of their windows. It was four o’clock in the morning.
Reaction
Torment provoked intensive debate in the press about the conditions in the Swedish high schools. On a personal level, the pro-German newspaper Aftonbladet published a letter by Henning Håkanson, principal of the private Palmgren High School where Ingmar Bergman had been a student. Håkanson was reacting to an interview with Bergman published in Aftonbladet on the day the film was released:
Mr. Bergman's statement, that his entire time at school was hell, surprises me. I clearly recall that he, his brother and his father were all very satisfied with the school. After his final examinations, Ingmar Bergman came back to school to attend our Christmas party, bright and cheery as far as one could tell, and not seeming to harbor any grudge, either against the school or its teachers. In all probability, the fact of the matter lies elsewhere. Our friend Ingmar was a problem child, lazy yet rather gifted, and the fact that such a person does not easily adapt to the daily routines of study is quite natural. A school cannot be adapted to suit bohemian dreamers, but to suit normally constituted, hard working people.
A few days later Bergman replied:
Let us start with the '12-year hell' (coarsely expressed, by the way. Not a word used by me, but by the person who interviewed me. I recall using a milder term, which is somewhat different). Indeed…I was a very lazy boy, and very scared because of my laziness, because I was involved with theatre instead of school and because I hated having to be punctual, having to get up in the morning, do homework, sit still, having to carry maps, having break times, doing tests, taking oral examinations, or to put it plainly: I hated school as a principle, as a system and as an institution. And as such I have definitely not wanted to criticize my own school, but all schools. As far as I understand it, and as I clearly pointed out in that unfortunate interview, my school was neither better nor worse than other institutions with the same purpose. My revered headmaster also writes (somewhat harshly): 'A school cannot be adapted to suit bohemian dreamers, but to suit normally constituted, hard working people'. Where should the poor bohemians go? Should pupils be divided up: You're a bohemian, you're a hard-working person, you're a bohemian, etc. Would the bohemians be excused? There are teachers one never forgets. Men one liked and men one hated. My revered headmaster belonged and still belongs (in my case) to the former category. I also have the feeling that my dear headmaster has not yet seen the film. Perhaps we should go and watch it together!
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bergman, Ingmar, Bilder, Stockholm : Norstedt, 1990.
Bergman, Ingmar The Bergman pages at the Swedish Film Institute,
Lundin, Gunnar and Olsson, Jan, Regissörens roller : samtal med Alf Sjöberg, Lund : Cavefors, 1976.
Lundin, Gunnar. Filmregi Alf Sjöberg, Lund : Institutionen för dramaforskning, Lund Úniversity, 1979.
Faktablad : Hets (pdf) Svensk filmdatabas.
External links
Har inte herr Widgren läst på läxan! (video) Windows Media Classroom scene with Caligula, the sadistic Latin teacher. The same scene (video) Real Media
1944 films
1940s teen drama films
Swedish teen drama films
Films about educators
Films directed by Alf Sjöberg
Films with screenplays by Ingmar Bergman
Swedish black-and-white films
1944 drama films
1940s Swedish-language films |
Cytaea vitiensis is a species of jumping spider.
Name
The species is named for its occurrence on the island of Viti Levu.
Distribution
Cytaea vitiensis is only known from Viti Levu, Fiji.
External links
(1998): Salticidae of the Pacific Islands. III. Distribution of Seven Genera, with Description of Nineteen New Species and Two New Genera. Journal of Arachnology 26(2): 149-189. PDF
Endemic fauna of Fiji
vitiensis
Spiders of Fiji
Spiders described in 1998 |
The Bulgarian cosmonaut program refers to human spaceflight efforts by the People's Republic of Bulgaria. The idea of a Bulgarian crewed space mission predated the launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. An informal proposal for the Soviet Union to send a Bulgarian cosmonaut in space was issued in 1964, but it was not seriously considered by the Soviets. Official space cooperation began in 1966 with the establishment of the Interkosmos programme which allowed Communist Bloc countries to access Soviet space technology and assets.
Under Interkosmos, Bulgaria sent its first cosmonaut, Georgi Ivanov, to the Salyut 6 space station in 1979 and became the sixth country in the world to have a citizen in space. However, a malfunction in his Soyuz 33 spacecraft prevented the crew from docking, and Ivanov only spent 31 orbits around Earth before safely descending back to Earth. A second Bulgarian cosmonaut, Aleksandar Aleksandrov, spent ten days on the Mir Space Station in 1988 and performed a variety of scientific experiments.
Background
The launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 provided impetus for the first steps of space research in Bulgaria. Radio signals from the satellite were studied by the Ionospheric Radio Measurement and Control Centre, established the previous year. A station for optical tracking of Sputnik 1 was set up in November 1957 on Plana mountain. Influenced by these events and publications of the International Astronautical Federation, engineer Georgi Asparuhov and Bulgarian Air Force captain Docho Haralampiev decided to introduce the wider public to the topic of space exploration. Haralampiev was also convinced that if a human were to fly in space next, the candidate had to be a pilot in excellent physical and mental condition. The two initiated a series of meetings with Bulgarian Army generals, pilots, aviation doctors, engineers, Bulgarian Communist Party members and Bulgarian Academy of Sciences representatives.
As a result, the first dedicated space research body in Bulgaria, the Astronautical Society (BAS), was established in Sofia on 8 December 1957. The rigid legal environment at the time prevented it from being formed as an independent entity, and it was initially organised as an Astronautics Section of the Defence Assistance Organisation. Shortly after the Society's establishment, dozens of engineers and workers from the recently closed Factory 14 became members of the BAS. The Society joined the International Astronautical Federation in 1958. In 1959, the first Bulgarian book on human spaceflight, The Human Organism and Interplanetary Flight, was published.
The intensity of the Space Race increased further after Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space. In 1964, Bulgarian Air Force commander-in-chief Lt. Gen. Zahari Zahariev discussed with Soviet defence minister Rodion Malinovsky the possibility to send four Bulgarian pilots, the Stamenkov brothers, into space. Malinovsky did not consider the request a serious one, especially given the lack of Soviet spacecraft that could carry all four of the brothers. The Soviet Union established its own body for international cooperation in space research, known as the Interkosmos council, in May 1966. As a Communist Bloc state, Bulgaria became one of its founding members.
Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov subsequently ordered the establishment of the National Committee for the Research and Utilisation of Space (NCRUS) in February of the following year. NCRUS became a member of the Interkosmos council in April. By the end of 1967 the Committee adopted a programme of activities that included the development of joint Soviet-Bulgarian satellite instruments and studies on human physiology in microgravity. Space activities were further concentrated under the Group of Space Physics under the Academy of Sciences in 1969, which became the Central Laboratory of Space Research (CLSR) in 1974.
Bulgaria became actively involved in all components of Interkosmos. Instruments were placed in Vertikal sounding rockets, several satellites of the Interkosmos series, and ground control activities were carried out in cooperation with the Soviet Union and other Communist countries of the programme. Bulgarian participation in crewed Interkosmos missions was part of the programme's broader Soviet objective of assisting Communist bloc countries in space research. Furthermore, Interkosmos member countries were largely relieved of financial costs as the USSR virtually financed all R&D activities, flights and technology sharing. Member states only financed specific experiments in which they were interested. When the decision to extend Interkosmos cooperation to human spaceflight was taken in 1976, selection of candidates was made easier by nearly a decade of cooperation before that.
Interkosmos flight
Selection for the second Interkosmos cosmonaut class in Bulgaria was carried out in 1976–1977. Bulgarian pilots who graduated at the Dolna Mitropoliya Air Force Academy between 1964 and 1972 were eligible for selection. Almost all of these graduates applied and were sent for medical examination by an aviation medicine commission. Candidates who passed the first round of tests were then sent to the Senior Military Medical Institute in Sofia and subjected to several weeks of examinations in isolated conditions. Only four candidates made it through the second round: Georgi Ivanov Kakalov, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Georgi Yovchev and Ivan Nakov. A final round of examinations in Moscow in 1978 affirmed Ivanov and Aleksandrov as the most physically fit, and they were approved as prime and backup, respectively.
The Interkosmos mission flight crew consisted of an experienced Soviet cosmonaut as a flight commander, while the member state cosmonaut served as a flight engineer or a research cosmonaut whose role was to oversee their assigned experiments and equipment. Training was meticulous and intensive. The first phase included theoretical studies, flight practice in jet aircraft, weightlessness simulation, splashdown training, physical exercise, and retrieval training in difficult terrain. The second phase was more specific and concentrated on mastering the Soyuz spacecraft and the flight to the Salyut space station.
Experiments
In general, Interkosmos flights focused on five main areas of research: space physics, space meteorology, communications, space biology and medicine, and studies of the natural environment. Ivanov's mission was focused primarily on space physics, communications and environmental studies. In December 1978, Spektar-15, a Bulgarian-made spectrometric system, was installed on the Salyut 6 training mock-up at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. It was subsequently approved for space use. Elements of the Spektar-15 were delivered to Salyut 6 on 14 March 1979 with the Progress 5 flight; these included the data storage block, the eyepiece, lens and filters. Ivanov's experiments on the Spektar-15 or other equipment previously installed in the station includes the following:
Ekvator: observations of atmospheric glow associated with ionospheric anomalies above the Equator;
Polyus: observation of polar aurorae;
Emisiya: distribution of the intensity of the main spectral lines of the atmospheric glow spectrum;
Svetene: photometric observations;
Gama-fon: various Gamma-ray astronomy observations intended to improve gamma-ray telescope designs;
Oreol: observations of sunrise and sunset to determine basic parametres of the atmosphere;
Kontrast: studies on changes in frequency response in the atmosphere caused by pollution near major industrial centres;
Atmosfera: study of optical characteristics of the atmosphere;
Ilyuminator: precise measurement of the changes in spectral characteristics of light coming through the station's windows;
Horizont: photographic observation of the Solar meridian at sunrise and sunset;
Terminator: studies of the higher atmosphere;
Biosfera-B: collecting data of use for studies in geology, geomorphology, agriculture and forestry, and pollution;
Balkan: photography and spectrometry of various natural features on Bulgarian territory;
Operator: evaluation of the mental productivity dynamic during adaptation to microgravity;
Doza: studying irradiation doses in various parts of the space station;
Opros: continuation of psychological experiments from earlier missions designed to improve cosmonaut training systems;
Retseptor: studies on the functioning of human taste receptors in microgravity;
Pochivka: an experiment designed to improve the organisation of rest in long-duration spaceflight;
Vreme: studies on the subjective perceptions of time among the crew;
Pirin: five experiments designed to observe the influence of microgravity on materials production.
These were to be carried out alongside cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakhov and Valery Ryumin. Spektar-15 was later used by Cuban cosmonaut Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez.
Flight
Soyuz 33 was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan) with Ivanov and flight commander Nikolay Rukavishnikov on 10 April 1979. The crew call sign was Saturn. The flight was scheduled to dock with Salyut 6-Soyuz 32 on 12 April (Cosmonautics Day). Upon approaching the Salyut, however, the final engine firing lasted only three seconds instead of six and the Igla docking system switched off. The Soyuz' main engine had malfunctioned and docking maneuvers were now impossible. Salyut crew member Lyakhov also observed a sideways jet toward the auxiliary engine during the failed main engine firing.
The Soyuz 33 had limited life support resources and the crew had to return to Earth immediately. Flight control ordered the Soyuz crew to shut down the main engine completely in order to preserve its fuel supply. There were two options: begin descent on a very soft trajectory, which would land the spacecraft several thousand kilometres from the planned landing point, or a steep descent that would have subjected the crew to very high g-strain. In both cases the Soyuz would have relied on the auxiliary engine, which was confirmed to have been damaged as well. The crew initiated a steep descent and manually programmed the auxiliary engine to run for 187 seconds, slowing down the spacecraft enough to place it in a landing corridor. Rukavishnikov, who had excellent command and experience of the Soyuz flight systems, switched off all automatic landing programmes. With the descent in progress, both Ivanov and Rukavishnikov felt that the damaged auxiliary engine had not provided enough impulse and decided to run it for another 25 seconds to further reduce the landing velocity.
The Soyuz 33 landed surprisingly close to the initially scheduled landing point. Rukavishnikov and Ivanov's handling of the situation received praise. The crew, however, had discarded the service module with the malfunctioning engine and the final component of the Spektar-15, an optoelectronic block, before descent. This meant that the malfunction could not be examined and a new Spektar optoelectronic block had to be produced for future missions. It was later integrated with the rest of the equipment on Salyut 6 and the Bulgarian experiments were initiated in 1981 by Soviet cosmonauts. Despite the aborted mission, Bulgaria became the fourth Interkosmos country (after Czechoslovakia, Poland and East Germany, in that order) and the sixth in the world to send a citizen in space. Ivanov's flight lasted one day, 23 hours and one minute, completing 31 orbits.
Shipka Programme
The Mir space station core module was launched in February 1986 and the Spektar-256 system, a follow-up to the Spektar-15, was to be fitted on the station. During an official visit to the Soviet Union in 1986, Bulgarian defence minister Dobri Dzhurov arranged for a Bulgarian cosmonaut to be sent to the station with Soviet assistance. Additional talks with Glavkosmos were subsequently initiated by CLSR director Prof. Boris Bonev, and an official agreement for a joint Soviet-Bulgarian mission was signed on 22 August 1986. Although similar in arrangement to the previous Interkosmos flight, this mission was a bilateral scientific agreement independent of the Interkosmos programme. Bulgaria agreed to pay for the mission by designing and manufacturing the equipment for it, and then providing it to the Soviet Union.
Candidate selection began in November 1986 and involved more than 300 Bulgarian Air Force pilots. The flight was scheduled for the summer of 1988, and applicants with command of Russian and computer skills were given preference to speed up the selection process. Ten were selected for the final round of medical examinations by Soviet physicians in Sofia. The final four were Krasimir Stoyanov, Nikolay Raykov, Aleksandr Aleksandrov and his brother Plamen. The first three were certified for the mission. Aleksandrov and Stoyanov were selected to be the mission crew as prime and backup.
The two were sent for flight training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre on 10 January 1987. Aleksandrov was pictured in splashdown training with Vladimir Lyakhov and Aleksandr Serebrov in November, but the crew was later announced to include Anatoly Solovyev and Viktor Savinykh instead. Lyakhov and Serebrov were assigned to the backup crew with Stoyanov. The flight and its scientific programme were named Shipka, after Shipka Pass where a crucial battle between Ottoman troops and a Bulgarian-Russian force occurred during the Liberation War of Bulgaria in 1877.
Experiments
The research schedule of the Shipka Programme encompassed five areas of study: space physics, Earth observation, space biology and medicine, materials science and space equipment. Bulgarian factories produced nine devices, each in five specimens:
Rozhen Astronomy Complex was a computerised system consisting of a CCD camera and a data processing unit. The camera matrix had several cooling regimes each suited for a different type of observation. The data processing unit was a computer for real-time image processing. Depending on the type of astrophysical observation, it could switch between different mathematical filters to yield the maximum amount of data possible from the observed objects or phenomena in deep space. Rozhen was seen as the first step in a 15-year programme to design and build an integrated space station telescope for observations in the visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra.
Paralaks-Zagorka, an image intensifier for near-Earth physics research. Designed to observe specific wavelengths (427.8 nm, dinitrogen/557.7/630 nm), its purpose was to help study the vertical distribution of atmospheric glow and the energy of charged particles. Paralaks-Zagorka was used in combination with the Rozhen Astronomy Complex.
Terma was a high temporal and spatial resolution impulse photometer for observations of the rapidly changing optical signatures of polar aurorae, polar stratospheric clouds and lightning. Terma consisted of an optical receiver equipped with interference filters, a digital electronic unit and a control node. It was attached to a window and information received and processed by it was then transferred to the Zora computer at a rate of 20 kB/s. When coupled with Zora, Terma was mostly used to collect data on turbulence and other processes in the higher atmosphere. In combination with Paralaks-Zagorka, it was used to study polar aurorae.
Spektar-256 built upon heritage from the Spektar-15 used on the Salyut 6, Spektar-15M on the Salyut 7 and SMP-32 on the Meteor-Priroda satellite, all designed and built under Academician Dimitar Mishev. It was a 256-channel system used to observe the reflectance of various natural and man-made objects on the Earth's surface. Like Terma, Spektar-256 was attached to one of the windows of the station and consisted of an optoelectronic block and a data processing unit. Analog information was processed into 8-bit code and then transferred to a magnetic disk.
Liulin was a dosimetry instrument used to monitor radiation flux and intensity in the 100 keV to 50 MeV range on the station. This was the first iteration of the Liulin type of dosimeters.
Doza-B was a dosimetry set of passive detectors made of biomaterials. Used to monitor radiation on the station.
SON-3 was used to monitor circadian rhythms and sleep patterns in space conditions. It could record up to 12 hours of sleep pattern data on magnetic tape.
Pleven 87 was an integrated set of medical instruments. Consisting of a microprocessor system, a stimulation unit and a control panel, Pleven 87 was used to perform 15 different studies on sensory and motor functions, attention dynamics during various physical or mental tasks, equanimity and operational reliability of cosmonauts. The set was entirely automated and provided visualisation of all data.
Zora was a mission computer used to both process data from other equipment and perform additional experiments on the basis of the results. It used a principal 16-bit system and a secondary 8-bit unit to interface with the other devices, a keyboard and a plasma display.
All Bulgarian-made devices were installed on the Mir a week ahead of Aleksandrov's flight. The equipment functioned better than expected during testing. Aleksandrov later stated that computerisation of the experiments significantly increased efficiency as real-time results were generated and experiments could be performed repeatedly to verify the data. Overall, Aleksandrov was to perform dozens of research activities related to the interstellar medium, the Galactic Center of the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, orientation using stars as a reference, synthesis of materials in microgravity, crystallisation, muscular, vestibular and ocular functioning, among others. Aleksandrov also continued work on experiments scheduled for Georgi Ivanov's flight (such as Kontrast-2 and Ilyuminator-2) and examined the properties of Bulgarian-made space food.
Flight
The original flight date was scheduled for 21 June 1988, but by April 1988, it was advanced to 7 June. This was caused by changes in the station's orbit by the engines of the Progress 36 resupply spacecraft. The earlier launch date would have also provided better lighting conditions for the Rozhen experiment, another factor in pulling back the launch date. The call sign of the crew was Rodnik. Flight control was provided by TsUP as well as a newly-established Situational Centre in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Unlike previous launches when the event was recorded and only broadcast if successful, Aleksandrov's launch was broadcast live on Soviet television. Liftoff took place on 7 June at 18:03 Moscow time on Soyuz TM-5, with Solovyev as flight commander, Savinykh as flight engineer and Aleksandrov as research cosmonaut. At the time, the Mir was staffed by Musa Manarov and Vladimir Titov, who had been there since 21 December 1987. At 18:02:22 on 9 June, the TM-5 began approach maneuvers on its 33rd orbit. At 19:40, the TM-5 had already established radio contact and TV transmissions, and was 400 metres from the Mir. Nine minutes later, live television broadcast of the approach was initiated. The TM-5 docked with the Mir at 19:55 and began pressure equalisation at 20:12. All hatches were open at 21:25 and the Soyuz crew transferred to the Mir at 21:27.
Aleksandrov performed more than 56 experiments during his 9-day stay on the station. During the SON-K experiment, he confirmed the normal flow of all three phases of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Aleksandrov also participated in a teleconference with state leader Todor Zhivkov which was aired live on Bulgarian National Television. On the morning of 17 June, Solovyev, Savinykh and Aleksandrov began procedures to return to Earth with the Soyuz TM-4 flight. It detached from the Mir at 10:18 and initiated departure; re-entry engine firing occurred at 13:22:37 and the descent module entered the atmosphere at 13:50. The spacecraft landed at 14:13 some 205 kilometres southeast of Dzhezkazgan.
Current status
Following Aleksandrov's flight, Bulgaria continued to design, produce and send equipment to the Mir space station. The Liulin class of instruments first developed for Aleksandrov's flight are now used on the International Space Station and on the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The Bulgarian SVET plant growth system later installed on the Mir was used to grow wheat and vegetables in space for the first time.
After the collapse of Communism and the severe reduction of science funding, Bulgaria's cosmonaut programme was largely shelved. Much of the infrastructure became defunct. In 2011, Georgi Ivanov urged the government to reboot the human spaceflight programme. Krasimir Stoyanov has suggested that domestic plant growth and radiation monitoring equipment could allow a Bulgarian cosmonaut to join a human mission to Mars in the future, provided there is government support.
Despite the current lack of a crewed spaceflight programme, a fully functional Soyuz-TMA training analog is operational at the Aerospace Centre and Planetarium of the Yuri Gagarin Educational Complex in Kamchiya near Varna.
Overview
See also
Bulgaria 1300
References
Bibliography
External links
Bulgarian Astronautical Society
Space program of Bulgaria
Interkosmos program
Bulgarian Air Force
Bulgaria–Soviet Union relations |
Mocis laxa is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in China (Tibet, Qinghai), India (Sikkim) and Bangladesh.
References
Moths described in 1858
Mocis
Moths of Asia |
Jason Grimes (born September 10, 1959) is an American long jumper. Graduate of Overbrook High School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Among his accomplishments, he took a silver medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics and was All-American at the University of Tennessee.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
American male long jumpers
Place of birth missing (living people)
World Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade |
This is an overall list of statistics and records of the Asia Cup, which was a One Day International tournament until 2016, since when it has alternated with Twenty20 International tournament.
One Day Internationals
Records and statistics
Most runs
Most wickets
Most runs in the tournament
Most wickets in the tournament
Man of the tournament
Man of the match (in final)
Twenty20 Internationals
Records and statistics
Most runs
Highest individual scores
Highest average
Most 50+ scores
Other results
General statistics by tournament
Results of host teams
See also
List of Asia Cup centuries
List of Asia Cup five-wicket hauls
Women's Asia Cup
References
External links
Asia Cup (ODI) Records on ESPNCricinfo
Records
Asia Cup |
The men's lightweight single sculls competition at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan was held from 30 September to 2 October at the Nakdong River.
Schedule
All times are Korea Standard Time (UTC+09:00)
Results
Heats
Qualification: 1 → Final A (FA), 2–6 → Repechage (R)
Heat 1
Heat 2
Repechages
Qualification: 1–2 → Final A (FA), 3–5 → Final B (FB)
Heat A
Heat B
Finals
Final B
Final A
References
2002 Asian Games Official Reports, Pages 530–535
Results
External links
Official Website
Rowing at the 2002 Asian Games |
Major explorations of Earth continued after the Age of Discovery. By the early seventeenth century, vessels were sufficiently well built and their navigators competent enough to travel to virtually anywhere on the planet by sea. In the 17th century, Dutch explorers such as Willem Jansz and Abel Tasman explored the coasts of Australia. Spanish expeditions from Peru explored the South Pacific and discovered archipelagos such as Vanuatu and the Pitcairn Islands. Luis Vaez de Torres chartered the coasts of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, and discovered the strait that bears his name. European naval exploration mapped the western and northern coasts of Australia, but the east coast had to wait for over a century. Eighteenth-century British explorer James Cook mapped much of Polynesia and traveled as far north as Alaska and as far south as the Antarctic Circle. In the later 18th century, the Pacific became a focus of renewed interest, with Spanish expeditions, followed by Northern European ones, reaching the coasts of northern British Columbia and Alaska.
Voyages into the continents took longer. The centers of the Americas had been reached by the mid-16th century, although there were unexplored areas until the 18th and 19th centuries. Australia's and Africa's deep interiors were not explored by Europeans until the mid- to late 19th and early 20th centuries, due to a lack of trade potential, and to serious problems with contagious tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa's case. Finally, Antarctica's interior was explored, with the North and South Poles reached in the 20th century.
History
James Cook's Pacific Ocean exploration (1768–1779)
British explorer James Cook, who had been the first to map the North Atlantic island of Newfoundland, spent a dozen years in the Pacific Ocean. He made great contributions to European knowledge of the area, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the ocean was a major achievement.
Cook made three voyages to the Pacific, including the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands (although oral tradition seems to point towards a far earlier Spanish expedition having achieved the latter), as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly concluded there was a relationship among all the people in the Pacific, despite their being separated by thousands of miles of ocean (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of colonization. He also theorised that Polynesians originated from Asia, which was later proved to be correct by scientist Bryan Sykes.
Cook was accompanied by many scientists, whose observations and discoveries added to the importance of the voyages. Two botanists went on the first voyage, Englishman Joseph Banks and Swedish Daniel Solander, between them collecting over 3,000 plant species. Banks became one of the strongest promoters of the settlement of Australia by the British, based on his own personal observations. Cook was also accompanied by artists. Sydney Parkinson completed 264 drawings before his death near the end of the first voyage; these were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Cook's second expedition included the artist William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations.
Mapping and measuring
To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude need to be known. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the Sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the Earth. Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.
Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage with the help of astronomer Charles Green and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance method — measuring the angular distance from the Moon to either the Sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the Sun, Moon, or stars. On his second voyage Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptford's journey to Jamaica, 1761–1762.
Scientific Surveys in Central America and the Pacific
Alexander von Humboldt (1799–1804)
Between 1799 and 1804, Baron Alexander von Humboldt a German naturalist and explorer, traveled extensively in Spanish America, under the protection of king Charles IV of Spain. Humboldt intended to investigate how the forces of nature interact with one another and find out about the unity of nature. His expedition may be regarded as having laid the foundation of the sciences of physical geography and meteorology, exploring and describing for the first time in a manner generally considered to be a modern scientific point of view.
As a consequence of his explorations, von Humboldt described many geographical features and species of life that were hitherto unknown to Europeans and his quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography. By his delineation of "isothermal lines", in 1817 he devised the means of comparing the climatic conditions of various countries, and to the detection of the more complicated law governing atmospheric disturbances in higher latitudes; he discovered the decrease in intensity of Earth's magnetic field from the poles to the equator. His attentive study of the volcanoes of the New World, showed that they fell naturally into linear groups, presumably corresponding with vast subterranean fissures, and he demonstrated the igneous origin of rocks. He was one of the first to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). The details and findings of Humboldt's journey were published in a set of 30 volumes over 21 years, his Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equatorial Regions of the New Continent. Later, his five-volume work, Cosmos: A Sketch for a Physical Description of the Universe (1845), attempted to unify the various branches of scientific knowledge.
Darwin and the second voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836)
In December 1831 a British expedition departed under captain Robert FitzRoy, on board HMS Beagle, with the main purpose of making a hydrographic survey of the coasts of South America using calibrated chronometers and astronomical observations, producing charts for naval war or commerce. The longitude of Rio de Janeiro was to be found and also a geological survey made of a circular coral atoll in the Pacific ocean.
FitzRoy thought of the advantages of having an expert in geology on board, and sought a gentleman naturalist who could be his companion. The young graduate, Charles Darwin, had hoped to see the tropics before becoming a parson, and took this opportunity. The Beagle sailed across the Atlantic Ocean then carried out detailed hydrographic surveys, returning via Tahiti and Australia, having circumnavigated the Earth. Originally planned to last two years, the expedition lasted almost five. Darwin spent most of this time exploring on land. Early in the voyage he decided that he could write a book about geology, and he showed a gift for theorising. By the end of the expedition he had already made his name as a geologist and fossil collector, and the publication of his journal, known as The Voyage of the Beagle, gave him wide renown as a writer. At Punta Alta he made a major find of gigantic fossils of extinct mammals, then known from only a very few specimens. He ably collected and made detailed observations of plants and animals, with results that shook his belief that species were fixed, and provided the basis for ideas which came to him when back in England, leading to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Alfred Russel Wallace Amazon and Malay explorations (1848–1862)
In 1848, inspired by the chronicles of earlier traveling naturalists British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace and Henry Bates left for Brazil with the intention of collecting insects and other animal specimens in the Amazon rainforest. Wallace charted the Rio Negro for four years, collecting specimens and making notes on peoples, geography, flora, and fauna. In July 1852, while returning to the UK, the ship's cargo caught fire and all the specimens he had collected were lost.
From 1854 to 1862, Wallace traveled again through Maritime Southeast Asia to collect specimens for sale and study nature. He collected more than 125,000 specimens, more than a thousand of them representing species new to science. His observations of the marked differences across a narrow strait in the archipelago led to his proposing the zoogeographical boundary now known as the Wallace line, that divides Indonesia into two distinct parts: one with animals closely related to those of Australia, and one in which the species are largely of Asian origin. He became an expert on biogeography, creating the basis for the zoogeographic regions still in use today. While he was exploring the archipelago, he refined his thoughts about evolution and had his famous insight on natural selection.
His interest resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity, like deforestation and invasive species. In 1878, he warned about the dangers of deforestation and soil erosion in tropical climates, like the extensive clearing of rainforest for coffee cultivation in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and India. Accounts of his travels were published in The Malay Archipelago in 1869, one of the most popular and influential journals of scientific exploration published during the 19th century.
Interior Africa exploration
Africa's deep interiors were not explored by Europeans until the mid to late 19th and early 20th centuries; this being due to a lack of trade potential in this region, and to serious problems with contagious tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa's case.
David Livingstone (1849–1855)
In the mid-19th century, Protestant missions were carrying on active missionary work on the Guinea coast, in South Africa and in Zanzibar. Missionaries in many instances became explorers and pioneers. David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary, had been engaged since 1840 in work north of the Orange River. In 1849, Livingstone crossed the Kalahari Desert from south to north and reached Lake Ngami. Between 1851 and 1856, he traversed the continent from west to east, discovering the great waterways of the upper Zambezi River. In November 1855, Livingstone became the first European to see the famous Victoria Falls, named after the Queen of the United Kingdom. From 1858 to 1864, the lower Zambezi, the Shire River and Lake Nyasa were explored by Livingstone. Nyasa had been first reached by the confidential slave of António da Silva Porto, a Portuguese trader established at Bié in Angola, who crossed Africa during 1853–1856 from Benguella to the mouth of the Rovuma. A prime goal for explorers was to locate the source of the River Nile. Expeditions by Burton and Speke (1857–1858) and Speke and Grant (1863) located Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria. It was eventually proved to be the latter from which the Nile flowed.
Explorers were also active in other parts of the continent. Southern Morocco, the Sahara and the Sudan were traversed in many directions between 1860 and 1875 by Georg Schweinfurth and Gustav Nachtigal. These travellers not only added considerably to geographical knowledge, but obtained invaluable information concerning the people, languages and natural history of the countries in which they sojourned. Among the discoveries of Schweinfurth was one that confirmed Greek legends of the existence beyond Egypt of a "pygmy race". But the first western discoverer of the pygmies of Central Africa was Paul Du Chaillu, who found them in the Ogowe district of the west coast in 1865, five years before Schweinfurth's first meeting with them. Du Chaillu had previously, through journeys in the Gabon region between 1855 and 1859, made popular in Europe the knowledge of the existence of the gorilla, whose existence was thought to be legendary.
Henry Morton Stanley, who had in 1871 succeeded in finding and rescuing Livingstone (originating the famous line "Dr. Livingstone, I presume"), started again for Zanzibar in 1874. In one of the most memorable of all exploring expeditions in Africa, Stanley circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika. Striking farther inland to the Lualaba, he followed that river down to the Atlantic Ocean—which he reached in August 1877—and proved it to be the Congo.
Serpa Pinto, Capelo, and Ivens (1877–1886)
Portuguese Serpa Pinto was the fourth explorer to cross Africa from west to east and the first to lay down a reasonably accurate route between Bié (in present-day Angola) and Lealui. In 1877, Serpa Pinto and Portuguese naval captains Capelo and Ivens explored the southern African interior starting from Benguela. Capello and Ivens turning northward whilst Serpa Pinto continued eastward. He crossed the Cuando (Kwando) river in June 1878 and in August reached Lealui, the Barotse capital on the Zambezi.
From 1884 to 1886, Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens crossed Southern Africa between Angola and Mozambique to map the unknown territory of the Portuguese colonies. The choice of two marine officials for this achievement certainly appealed to the principles of maritime navigation. Between 1884 and 1885, Capelo and Ivens explored Africa interior, first between the coastline and Huila plain and later through the interior of Quelimane in Mozambique, continuing their hydrographic studies, updating registers, but also taking notes on the ethnographic and the linguistic characters they encountered. They established thus the so desired land route between the coasts of Angola and Mozambique, exploring vast regions of the interior located between these two territories. Their achievements were recorded in a two volume book titled: De Angola à Contra-Costa (From Angola to the Other Coast).
Exploring the Arctic and Antarctic
Arctic and Antarctic seas were not explored until the 19th century. Once the North Pole had been reached in 1909, several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole. Many resulted in injury and death. The Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole in December 1911, following a dramatic race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott.
The Northwest Passage
The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean. Interest kindled in 1564 after Jacques Cartier's discovery of the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, Martin Frobisher had formed a resolution to undertake the challenge of forging a trade route from England westward to India. In 1576 - 1578, he took three trips to what is now the Canadian Arctic in order to find the passage. Frobisher Bay, which he discovered, is named after him. On August 8, 1585, under the employ of Elizabeth I the English explorer John Davis entered Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island. Davis rounded Greenland before dividing his four ships into separate expeditions to search for a passage westward. Though he was unable to pass through the icy Arctic waters, he reported to his sponsors that the passage they sought is "a matter nothing doubtfull ," and secured support for two additional expeditions, reaching as far as Hudson Bay. Though England's efforts were interrupted in 1587 because of Anglo-Spanish War, Davis's favorable reports on the region and its people would inspire explorers in the coming century.
In the first half of the 19th century, parts of the Northwest Passage were explored separately by a number of different expeditions, including those by John Ross, William Edward Parry, James Clark Ross; and overland expeditions led by John Franklin, George Back, Peter Warren Dease, Thomas Simpson, and John Rae. Sir Robert McClure was credited with the discovery of the Northwest Passage by sea in 1851 when he looked across McClure Strait from Banks Island and viewed Melville Island. However, the strait was blocked by young ice at this point in the season, and not navigable to ships. The only usable route, linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was first used by John Rae in 1851. Rae used a pragmatic approach of traveling by land on foot and dogsled, and typically employed less than ten people in his exploration parties.
The Northwest Passage was not completely conquered by sea until 1906, when the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, who had sailed just in time to escape creditors seeking to stop the expedition, completed a three-year voyage in the converted 47-ton herring boat Gjøa. At the end of this trip, he walked into the city of Eagle, Alaska, and sent a telegram announcing his success. His route was not commercially practical; in addition to the time taken, some of the waterways were extremely shallow.
The North Pole (1909–1952)
While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amidst waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice.
A number of expeditions set out with the intention of reaching the North Pole but did not succeed; that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, in 1827, the American Polaris expedition in 1871, and Norwegian Fridtjof Nansen in 1895. American Frederick Albert Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole in 1908, but this has not been widely accepted.
The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to American Navy engineer Robert Peary, who claimed to have reached the Pole on April 6, 1909, accompanied by American Matthew Henson and four Inuit men named Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary's claim remains controversial. The party that accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey included no one who was trained in navigation and could independently confirm his own navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole. He traveled with the aid of dogsleds and three separate support crews who turned back at successive intervals before reaching the Pole. Many modern explorers, contend that Peary could not have reached the pole on foot in the time he claimed.
The first undisputed sighting of the Pole was on May 12, 1926 by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his American sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge. Norge, though Norwegian owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard and crossed the icecap to Alaska. Nobile, along with several scientists and crew from the Norge, overflew the Pole a second time on May 24, 1928 in the airship Italia. The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew.
U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William P. Benedict finally landed a plane at the Pole on May 3, 1952, accompanied by the scientist Albert P. Crary.
Antarctica exploration
Early Western theories believed that in the far south of the globe existed a vast continent, known as Terra Australis. The rounding of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn in the 15th and 16th centuries proved that Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land"), if it existed, was a continent in its own right. The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century.
It may safely be said that all the navigators who fell in with the southern ice up to 1750 did so by being driven off their course and not of set purpose. An exception may perhaps be made in favor of Edmond Halley's voyage in HMS Paramour for magnetic investigations in the South Atlantic when he met the ice in 52° S in January 1700, but that latitude was his farthest south. A determined effort on the part of the French naval officer Pierre Bouvet to discover the South Land described by a half legendary sieur de Gonneville resulted only in the discovery of Bouvet Island in 54°10 S, and in the navigation of 48° of longitude of ice-cumbered sea nearly in 55° S in 1739. In 1771, Yves Joseph Kerguelen sailed from France with instructions to proceed south from Mauritius in search of "a very large continent". He lighted upon a land in 50° S which he called South France, and believed to be the central mass of the southern continent. He was sent out again to complete the exploration of the new land, and found it to be only an inhospitable island which he renamed in disgust the Isle of Desolation, but in which posterity has recognized his courageous efforts by naming it Kerguelen Land.
The obsession of the undiscovered continent culminated in the brain of Alexander Dalrymple, a hydrographer who was nominated by the Royal Society to command the Transit of Venus expedition to Tahiti in 1769. The command of the expedition was given by the admiralty to Captain James Cook. Sailing in 1772 with the Resolution and the Adventure under Captain Tobias Furneaux, Cook first searched in vain for Bouvet Island, then sailed for 20 degrees of longitude to the westward in latitude 58° S, and then 30° eastward for the most part south of 60° S, a higher southern latitude than had ever been voluntarily entered before by any vessel. On 17 January 1773 the Antarctic Circle was crossed for the first time in history and the two ships reached , where their course was stopped by ice.
The first land south of the parallel 60° south latitude was discovered by the Englishman William Smith, who sighted Livingston Island on 19 February 1819.
In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica. The first confirmed sighting of mainland Antarctica cannot be accurately attributed to one single person. It can, however, be narrowed down to three individuals. According to various sources, three men all sighted Antarctica within days or months of each other: Fabian von Bellingshausen, a captain in the Russian Imperial Navy; Edward Bransfield, a captain in the British navy; and Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut. It is certain that on 28 January 1820 (New Style), the expedition led by Fabian von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev on two ships reached a point within 20 miles (40 km) of the Antarctic mainland and saw ice-fields there. On 30 January 1820, Bransfield sighted Trinity Peninsula, the northernmost point of the Antarctic mainland, while Palmer sighted the mainland in the area south of Trinity Peninsula in November 1820. Bellingshausen's expedition also discovered Peter I Island and Alexander I Island, the first islands to be discovered south of the circle.
Only slightly more than a year later, the first landing on the Antarctic mainland was arguably by the American Captain John Davis, a sealer, who claimed to have set foot there on 7 February 1821, though this is not accepted by all historians.
The South Pole (1911)
After the North Magnetic Pole was located in 1831, explorers and scientists began looking for the South Magnetic Pole. James Clark Ross, a British naval officer, identified its approximate location, but was unable to reach it on his trip in 1841. Commanding the British ships Erebus and Terror, he braved the pack ice and approached what is now known as the Ross Ice Shelf, a massive floating ice shelf over high. His expedition sailed eastward along the southern Antarctic coast discovering mountains which were since named after his ships: Mount Erebus, the most active volcano on Antarctica, and Mount Terror.
Once the North Pole had been reached in 1909, several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole. Many resulted in injury and death. The Norwegian Roald Amundsen reached the Pole in December 1911, following a race with the Englishman Robert Falcon Scott.
The first attempt to find a route to the South Pole was made by British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04. Scott, accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of traveling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached . Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the Nimrod Expedition in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached – 112 statute miles from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.
The first humans to reach the South Pole were Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott had also returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, in a race against Amundsen to the Pole. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.
In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the Endurance, was frozen in pack-ice and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made.
See also
Vermeer's Hat: The Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World
United States Exploring Expedition (1838 to 1842)
Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest
References
Exploration
History of Europe
History of geography
Age of Sail |
Konstantin Fedorovich von Schultz () was a Russian naval captain, known for his service in the Russo-Japanese War and his invention of the "Schultz Trawl" minesweeper.
A close assistant of vice-admiral Stepan Makarov throughout the war, von Schultz sailed with him on the first two voyages of the Yermak, and perished alongside him on the when it was sunk by Japanese mines.
Early life
Born in Kronstadt, Konstantin was the third son and sixth of seven children in the family of naval officer Fyodor Bogdanovich von Schultz and his wife Emilia ur. von Voigt (16 January 1832 - 5 May 1889). Upon Fyodor's transfer to St. Petersburg, the family settled in house 36 on Sergievskaya Street, where Konstantin studied at the Annenschule.
After graduating the Annenschule, von Schultz followed the example of his older brothers by enrolling in the Naval Cadet Corps, which he entered on September 16, 1881. His class there included Aleksey Krylov, S. P. Veselago, A. K. Myakishev, and Ludwig Kerber, the last of whom became a close friend of von Schultz.
While von Schultz did not excel academically, he attracted attention with displays of skill on training voyages; Krylov's memoirs recount an incident during an artillery salute in honor of the Practical Squadron of Alexander III, in which von Schultz prevented a live shot from being accidentally fired in the direction of the emperor's yacht. On October 1, 1884, von Schultz graduated with the rank of midshipman.
Circumnavigation on the Vityaz
In 1885, Stepan Makarov recruited a crew of young initiative officers for a planned circumnavigation on the Vityaz. As commander of the Practical Squadron of the Baltic Sea, Makarov led pupils at the Naval School on training voyages, and knew many of them personally. Having received carte blanche from the maritime department, he selected eight midshipmen from the last two graduating classes, among them von Schultz.
The Vityaz set sail on August 31, 1886. Makarov's plan was to undertake hydrographic and hydrological studies throughout the Russian waters of the Far East, in the hope of finding convenient locations for fleet bases. The officers of the crew carried out these studies in the Baltic Sea, Sea of Japan, and Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, taking some measurements as often as every quarter hour around the clock. In addition to his other duties, von Schultz acted as chief photographer for the voyage. Cabin boy N. V. Jenish wrote:
The expedition found some suitable locations in the process of mapping Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan. A cape there, in Posyet Bay, was named Cape Schultz in honor of von Schultz. Afterwards, Makarov published The Vityaz and the Pacific Ocean, an account of the voyage.
Service in the Far East
After the voyage of the Vityaz, Makarov, who believed that mines would be key to future naval wars, assigned the most distinguished of his midshipmen to study in the . On September 1, 1889, von Schultz began his studies in these classes; on September 7, 1890, he graduated as a second class mine officer.
After graduation, von Schultz spent the summer and fall of 1891 in command of the destroyer No. 68, testing Whitehead self-propelled mines along the Gulf of Finland; that winter, he taught at the Kronstadt Mining School. In the spring of 1892, von Schultz was appointed a mine officer on the under the command of Pavel Ukhtomsky, and on August 30 he was promoted to lieutenant. On October 1, the cruiser left its navigation training exercises in the Baltic Sea, and departed for the Far East as part of the Pacific Squadron.
In June of 1893, the Vityaz ran aground in the Sea of Japan, near Port Lazarev. Aboard the Rogue, von Schultz spent the next month involved in the rescue operation, which ultimately proved unsuccessful. On November 20, he was promoted to first class mine officer.
A year later, due to the First Sino-Japanese War, Makarov arrived to join the Pacific Squadron with a small unit. In January 1895, Makarov temporarily transferred von Schultz as a senior mine officer to the cruiser Admiral Kornilov, instructing him to investigate the effect of Japanese shells on the armor of the in Port Arthur. Makarov used the results of von Schultz's investigation to develop the tactics of the squadron during the Russo-Japanese War.
In July 1895, von Schultz returned to the Rogue and, in May 1896, he returned to Kronstadt. Makarov, who had returned some time earlier, had von Schultz appointed to his headquarters aboard the Petr Veliky as flagship mine officer. On Makarov's instructions, von Schultz worked to develop combat tactics for destroyers operating as part of a squadron, rather than independently as had been the existing practice.
Schultz and Makarov on the icebreaker "Yermak"
At that time, Makarov was interested in developing the Northern Sea Route as a shorter, independent route to the Far East, an idea which required heavy ocean icebreakers to be feasible. Together with his protégés Mikhail Vasiliev von Schultz and Mikhail Fedorovich von Schultz, Makarov developed a detailed technical plan for the first domestic ocean-going icebreaker.
In the summer of 1897, together with von Schultz, Makarov undertook a reconnaissance voyage on the steamer Ioann Kronstadt. They sailed from the port of Vardø in Sweden-Norway, through the Barents and Kara Seas, to the Yenisei river. Upon their return to St. Petersburg, Makarov obtained official government approval for his planned ship. Work on the Yermak began under Makarov's supervision in November 1897, at the U.K. shipyard of Armstrong Whitworth at Newcastle upon Tyne.
That same year, Schultz developed and tested a new model of naval trawler for use in minesweeping, which became known as the "Schultz trawl". A system of buoys, braces, and lead weights kept the minesweeper at a given depth, so that it neither floated up during towing nor came into contact with the ocean floor during trawling. This design reduced breakage, increased trawling speed, and made it possible to tow a mine to a shallow place where it could be safely detonated. Russia adopted the Schultz trawl in 1898 and used it in the Russo-Japanese War; afterwards, other fleets adopted the design, and it saw use in both the First and Second World Wars.
The Yermak was completed in early 1899, and on February 21, she left Great Britain for St. Petersburg, with Mikhail Vasiliev von Schultz as commander and Konstantin Fedorovich von Schultz as senior officer. That summer, the Yermak made her first two Arctic trips, with Makarov leading the scientific work of the expeditions. Once again, von Schultz took on the role of photographer, in addition to the ordinary duties of a senior officer. He took up filming, too, in what was the first instance of scientific cinematography in the fleet. Makarov wrote:
Returning from a voyage in the Arctic Ocean in late 1899, the Yermak joined in a multi-month effort to remove the coastal defense battleship General-Admiral Apraksin from the stones of the Gulf of Finland near Gogland. The Yermak worked to constantly break the ice around the battleship, and to ensure the uninterrupted delivery of goods from Reval.
This rescue was particularly notable for involving the first practical radio communication session. Radio stations were established on the island of Gogland and the Finnish Kotka; von Schultz assisted in the preparations, first attempting to raise a radio antenna in a balloon, then installing it on the mast of the Kotka. On 24 January 1900, a message was successfully sent between Alexander Stepanovich Popov on Gogland and Pyotr Rybkin on the Kotka.
These campaigns won the Yermak nationwide fame, and made Makarov and his assistants into national heroes, favored by nobles including Nikolai II himself. In May 1900, during a lecture by Makarov about the Yermak Arctic expedition, von Schultz was awarded royal gratitude for “indicating views with a magic lantern and cinematography” to the Romanov Family. In September of 1900, von Schultz, who had earned widespread respect among his colleagues, was elected by an overwhelming majority as a mine specialist to the Technical Commission of Kronstadt.
On May 16, 1901, the Yermak set off on another Arctic voyage, led by the same chief officers. The route ran from the Baltic, through the North, Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents Seas to the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya, then on through the Kara Sea to the mouth of the Yenisei. However, funding was allocated for only one of the two ocean-going icebreakers Makarov requested, and as a result the expedition was unable to break through the densely packed ice at the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya. This would not be achieved until 1916, when the icebreaker Svyatogor was launched in Newcastle.
The Yermak returned to St. Petersburg after the failed expedition, and was taken out of Makarov's control. That fall, von Schultz was reassigned to command the Opyt. There, under the guidance of Alexander Popov, he oversaw the creation of the first ship radio room; in the following year, he extended this project, equipping all the warships of the Baltic Fleet with radio cabins. Similar work took place in parallel on the Pacific squadron in Port Arthur, such that by the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, the vast majority of Russian warships were equipped with radio communications.
In addition, von Schultz used his gunboat to test a new system for setting counter-mines. He created a novel ignition device to solve the issue of simultaneous detonation of counter-mines without conductors, triggered by the pressure from the explosion of neighboring counter-mines. With this system, counter-mines dropped at intervals of 38 meters could be exploded almost simultaneously. A counter-mine with a charge of 216 kg of wet pyroxylin could destroy the hull of a neighboring mine from up to 60 meters, and 100 counter-mines could reliably clear a passage 0.5 cables wide and two miles long. Like the "Schultz Trawl", the counter-mine system proposed by von Schultz was adopted by the Imperial Russian Navy as early as 1903.
Russo-Japanese War
On January 1, 1904, von Schultz was promoted to a captain of the 2nd rank; shortly thereafter, on January 27, the Russo-Japanese War broke out. Makarov was immediately appointed commander of the Pacific Squadron, with Mikhail Vasiliev von Schultz as senior flag officer and Konstantin Fedorovich von Schultz as senior flagship mine officer.
Makarov set out by train for the Far East on February 5th. Upon his arrival in Port Arthur on February 24th, he entrusted von Schultz with organizing the fleet's mine defense. Within a short time, von Schultz created a detachment of minesweepers, which successfully cleared passages for the squadron to the open sea. Meanwhile, the squadron was equipped with radio communications, radio operators were trained, and procedures for radio communication were organized, with von Schultz drawing attention to the need for secrecy on the air and the potential for locating enemy radio transmitters.
On March 31, 1904, Makarov hastily withdrew his squadron to go to the aid of the Strashnyy. In violation of his own orders, he failed to send the minesweeper squad ahead to clear the fairway. As a result, the flagship of the squadron, the battleship Petropavlovsk, was blown up by a mine and instantly went under water. More than 650 people died, including Makarov, Mikhail Vasiliev von Schultz, and Konstantin Fedorovich von Schultz.
Nine years later, Japanese divers raised the remains of six people from the wreck of the Petropavlovsk. According to one of the two official versions, von Schultz was among the six.
Awards
(1896)
(1899)
Order of Saint Stanislaus:
III Class (1899)
II Class (1902)
Order of Saint Anna, III Class (1899)
Foreign awards
: Legion of Honour, Officer (1903)
Notes
References
1864 births
1904 deaths
People from Kronstadt
People from Petergofsky Uyezd
Imperial Russian Navy officers
20th-century Russian photographers
Naval Cadet Corps alumni
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian military personnel killed in the Russo-Japanese War
Captains who went down with the ship
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
Officers of the Legion of Honour |
Alexis Paumier Frómeta (born 21 January 1975 in Baracoa, Guantánamo) is a Cuban shot putter. His personal best throw is 20.78 metres, achieved in July 2000 in Havana.
Career
He won the silver medals at the 2001 and 2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships and the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games. He also competed at the Olympic Games in 2000 and 2008 without reaching the final.
Personal best
Shot put: 20.78 m – La Habana, 29 July 2000
Discus throw: 53.80 – La Habana, 15 April 2003
Competition record
References
External links
Sports reference biography
1975 births
Living people
Cuban male shot putters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Cuba
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Cuba
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Cuba
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
People from Baracoa
20th-century Cuban people
21st-century Cuban people |
Guishan may refer to:
Mainland China
Guishan Guanyin of the Thousand Hands and Eyes (), colossal Buddha statue in Changsha
Guishan TV Tower, also known as Tortoise Mountain TV Tower, in Wuhan
Dong Guishan (), lieutenant general in the People's Liberation Army (PLA)
Guishan, Guangdong (), town in Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai
Guishan, Macheng (), town in Macheng, Huanggang, Hubei
Guishan Township, Zhejiang (), in Anji County
Guishan Subdistrict (), Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, Yunnan
Taiwan
Guishan Island (), island of Yilan County off the northeastern coast of Taiwan
Guishan District (), district in Taoyuan, Taiwan
People
Guishan Lingyou (771-853 CE), a Chinese Buddhist monk of the Tang Dynasty |
```json5
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This is a list of the Russian moth species of the superfamilies Pyraloidea, Cimelioidea, Calliduloidae and Drepanoidea. It also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full List of moths of Russia.
Pyraloidea
Pyralidae
Achroia grisella (Fabricius, 1794)
Acrobasis birgitella (Roesler, 1975)
Acrobasis consociella (Hübner, [1813])
Acrobasis curvella (Ragonot, 1893)
Acrobasis cymindella (Ragonot, 1893)
Acrobasis cynicella (Christoph, 1881)
Acrobasis encaustella Ragonot, 1893
Acrobasis flavifasciella Yamanaka, 1990
Acrobasis frankella (Roesler, 1975)
Acrobasis glaucella Staudinger, 1859
Acrobasis injunctella (Christoph, 1881)
Acrobasis obrutella (Christoph, 1881)
Acrobasis obtusella (Hübner, 1796)
Acrobasis porphyrella (Duponchel, 1836)
Acrobasis rufilimbalis (Wileman, 1911)
Acrobasis rufizonella Ragonot, 1887
Acrobasis sodalella Zeller, 1848
Acrobasis squalidella Christoph, 1881
Acrobasis tokiella (Ragonot, 1893)
Actenia incalidalis (Hübner, [1825])
Actenia serratalis Hampson, 1900
Aglossa caprealis (Hübner, [1809])
Aglossa dimidiata (Haworth, 1810)
Aglossa pinguinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ancylodes dealbatella (Erschoff, 1874)
Ancylodes pallens Ragonot, 1887
Ancylosis albicosta (Staudinger, 1870)
Ancylosis anarchica Roesler, 1970
Ancylosis anguinosella Zeller, 1848
Ancylosis cinnamomella (Duponchel, 1836)
Ancylosis citrinella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ancylosis dryadella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ancylosis dumetella Ragonot, 1887
Ancylosis faustinella (Zeller, 1867)
Ancylosis flammella Ragonot, 1887
Ancylosis griseomixtella Ragonot, 1887
Ancylosis lacteicostella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ancylosis leucocephala (Staudinger, 1879)
Ancylosis lividella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ancylosis maculifera Staudinger, 1870
Ancylosis monostictella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ancylosis nervosella (Zerny, 1914)
Ancylosis nigripunctella (Staudinger, 1879)
Ancylosis oblitella (Zeller, 1848)
Ancylosis pallida (Staudinger, 1870)
Ancylosis plumbatella (Ragonot, 1888)
Ancylosis pyrethrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860)
Ancylosis rhodochrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Ancylosis roscidella (Eversmann, 1844)
Ancylosis sabulosella (Staudinger, 1879)
Ancylosis samaritanella (Zeller, 1867)
Ancylosis sareptella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1861)
Ancylosis syrtella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ancylosis turaniella Ragonot, 1901
Ancylosis urbicella (Erschoff, 1874)
Ancylosis xylinella (Staudinger, 1870)
Ancylosoma substratellum (Christoph, 1877)
Anerastia korbi Caradja, 1910
Anerastia lotella (Hübner, [1813])
Aphomia curvicostella (Zerny, 1914)
Aphomia foedella (Zeller, 1839)
Aphomia sociella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Aphomia zelleri de Joannis, 1932
Aphyletes nigrisparsella (Ragonot, 1887)
Apomyelois bistriatella (Hulst, 1887)
Apomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839)
Apomyelois cognata (Staudinger, 1871)
Apomyelois subcognata (Ragonot, 1887)
Asalebria florella (Mann, 1862)
Asalebria subrubella Amsel, 1970
Asalebria venustella (Ragonot, 1887)
Asarta aethiopella (Duponchel, 1837)
Assara korbi (Caradja, 1910)
Assara terebrella (Zincken, 1818)
Auxacia bilineella (Ragonot, 1887)
Bradyrrhoa gilveolella (Treitschke, 1832)
Cadra calidella (Guenée, 1845)
Cadra cautella (Walker, 1863)
Cadra figulilella (Gregson, 1871)
Cadra furcatella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849)
Canarsia vittatella (Ragonot, 1887)
Catastia kistrandella Opheim, 1963
Catastia marginea ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Catastia umbrosella Erschoff, 1877
Ceroprepes fusconebulella Yamanaka & Kirpichnikova, 2000
Christophia ectypella (Ragonot, 1888)
Cnephidia kenteriella Ragonot, 1892
Conobathra repandana (Fabricius, 1798)
Conobathra tumidana ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Copamyntis martimella Kirpichnikova & Yamanaka, 2002
Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton, 1866)
Cremnophila auranticiliella Ragonot, 1893
Cremnophila sedakovella (Eversmann, 1851)
Cryptoblabes bistriga (Haworth, 1811)
Cryptoblabes loxiella Ragonot, 1887
Datanoides fasciata Butler, 1878
Dectocera tristis Kirpichnikova & Yamanaka, 1999
Dioryctria abietella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Dioryctria pryeri Ragonot, 1893
Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, 1899
Dioryctria simplicella Heinemann, 1863
Dioryctria sylvestrella (Ratzeburg, 1840)
Eccopisa effractella Zeller, 1848
Ectomyelois pyrivorella (Matsumura, 1900)
Elegia similella (Zincken, 1818)
Ematheudes punctella (Treitschke, 1833)
Ematheudes varicella Ragonot, 1887
Emmalocera gensanalis South, 1901
Endotricha admirabilis Kirpichnikova, 2003
Endotricha costaemaculalis Christoph, 1881
Endotricha flammealis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Endotricha flavofascialis (Bremer, 1864)
Endotricha icelusalis Walker, 1859
Endotricha kuznetzovi Whalley, 1963
Endotricha olivacealis (Bremer, 1864)
Endotricha portialis Walker, 1859
Endotricha valentis Kirpichnikova, 2003
Ephestia animella Nupponen & Junnilainen, 1998
Ephestia elutella (Hübner, 1796)
Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879
Ephestia parasitella Staudinger, 1859
Ephestia welseriella (Zeller, 1848)
Epidauria strigosa (Staudinger, 1879)
Epischidia caesariella (Ragonot, 1901)
Epischidia fulvostrigella (Eversmann, 1844)
Epischnia adultella (Zeller, 1848)
Epischnia ampliatella Heinemann, 1864
Epischnia cretaciella Mann, 1869
Epischnia cuculliella Ragonot, 1887
Epischnia eximia Kirpichnikova, 2001
Epischnia glyphella Ragonot, 1887
Epischnia illotella Zeller, 1839
Epischnia juldusella Caradja, 1916
Epischnia lydella (Lederer, 1865)
Epischnia mongolica Amsel, 1954
Epischnia prodromella (Hübner, [1799])
Epischnia zophodiella Ragonot, 1887
Episcythrastis tabidella (Mann, 1864)
Episcythrastis tetricella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke, 1832)
Etielloides bipartitellus (Leech, 1889)
Etielloides kogii Yamanaka, 1998
Etielloides sejunctella (Christoph, 1881)
Eucarphia vinetella (Fabricius, 1787)
Eurhodope cirrigerella (Zincken, 1818)
Eurhodope pseudodichromella Yamanaka, 1980
Eurhodope rosella (Scopoli, 1763)
Euzophera afflictella Ragonot, 1887
Euzophera albicostalis Hampson, 1903
Euzophera alpherakyella Ragonot, 1887
Euzophera batangensis Caradja, 1939
Euzophera bigella (Zeller, 1848)
Euzophera cinerosella (Zeller, 1839)
Euzophera costivittella Ragonot, 1887
Euzophera formosella (Rebel, 1910)
Euzophera fuliginosella (Heinemann, 1865)
Euzophera lunulella (Costa, [1836])
Euzophera pinguis (Haworth, 1811)
Euzophera rubricetella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Euzophera tetragramma (Rebe1, 1910)
Euzopherodes oberleae Roes1er, 1973
Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Glyptoteles leucacrinella Zeller, 1848
Gymnancyla barbatella Erschoff, 1874
Gymnancyla canella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Gymnancyla craticulella (Ragonot, 1887)
Gymnancyla hornigi (Lederer, 1852)
Hoeneodes sinensis (Caradja, 1937)
Homoeosoma calcellum Ragonot, 1887
Homoeosoma candefactellum Ragonot, 1887
Homoeosoma caradjellum Roesler, 1965
Homoeosoma heidiellum Roesler, 1967
Homoeosoma inustellum Ragonot, 1884
Homoeosoma matsumurellum Shibuya, 1927
Homoeosoma nebulellum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Homoeosoma nimbella (Duponchel, 1837)
Homoeosoma punctistrigellum Ragonot, 1888
Homoeosoma sinuellum (Fabricius, 1794)
Homoeosoma subalbatellum (Mann, 1864)
Hypochalcia ahenella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Hypochalcia caminariella Erschoff, 1877
Hypochalcia castanella Ragonot, 1887
Hypochalcia decorella (Hübner, [1810])
Hypochalcia dignella (Hübner, 1796)
Hypochalcia disjunctella Zeller, 1848
Hypochalcia griseoaenella Ragonot, 1887
Hypochalcia lignella (Hübner, 1796)
Hypochalcia propinquella (Eversmann, 1842)
Hypochalcia staudingeri Ragonot, 1887
Hyporatasa allotriella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Hypotia colchicalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Hypotia concatenalis Lederer, 1858
Hypotia massilialis (Duponchel, 1832)
Hypsopygia costalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Hypsopygia fulvocilialis (Duponchel, 1832)
Hypsopygia glaucinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Hypsopygia iwamotoi Kirpichnikova & Yamanaka, 1995
Hypsopygia placens (Butler, 1879)
Hypsopygia regina (Butler, 1879)
Hypsopygia rubidalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Hypsotropa limbella Zeller, 1848
Hypsotropa solipunctella Ragonot, 1901
Hypsotropa unipunctella Ragonot, 1888
Insalebria kozhantshikovi Filipjev, 1924
Insalebria serraticornella (Zeller, 1839)
Isauria dilucidella (Duponchel, 1836)
Jacutscia strigata Hampson, 1930
Keradere tengstroemiella (Erschoff, 1874)
Khorassania compositella (Treitschke, 1835)
Khorassania imitatella (Ragonot, 1893)
Lamoria anella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Lamoria melanophlebia Ragonot, 1888
Lamoria ruficostella Ragonot, 1888
Lepidogma atribasalis (Hampson, 1900)
Lista ficki (Christoph, 1881)
Lymphia chalybella (Eversmann, 1844)
Macalla amica (Butler, 1879)
Macalla amurensis Hampson, 1900
Magadania cognata Kirpichnikova & Yamanaka, 2001
Megasis dentinella (Bremer, 1864)
Megasis ragonoti Leraut, 2003
Megasis rippertella (Zeller, 1839)
Merulempista cingillella (Zeller, 1846)
Merulempista nigrolineatella Shibuya, 1927
Merulempista ophthalmicella (Christoph, 1881)
Merulempista patriciella Zeller, 1867
Mimopolyocha obscurella (Matsumura, 1911)
Monotonia straminella (Zerny, 1914)
Morosaphycita maculata (Staudinger, 1876)
Myelois circumvoluta (Fourcroy, 1785)
Myelois fuscicostella Mann, 1861
Myelopsis rufimaculella Yamanaka, 1993
Myrlaea marmorata (Alphéraky, 1876)
Nephopterix angustella (Hübner, 1796)
Nephopterix nocticolorella Ragonot, 1887
Noctuides melanophia Staudinger, 1892
Nyctegretis lineana (Scopoli, 1786)
Nyctegretis triangulella Ragonot, 1901
Oligochroa bilineatella (Inoue, 1859)
Oncocera combustella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1855)
Oncocera faecella (Zeller, 1839)
Oncocera griseosparsella Ragonot, 1893
Oncocera semirubella (Scopoli, 1763)
Orthaga achatina Butler, 1878
Orthaga olivacea (Warren, 1891)
Orthaga onerata Butler, 1879
Ortholepis atratella (Yamanaka, 1986)
Ortholepis betulae (Goeze, 1778)
Ortholepis nigrisparsella Caradja, 1926
Ortholepis vacciniella (Lienig & Zeller, 1847)
Oxybia transversella (Duponchel, 1836)
Paralipsa gularis (Zeller, 1877)
Paralipsa spoliatrix (Christoph, 1881)
Parasclerobia pimatella (Caradja, 1927)
Patagoniodes nipponella (Ragonot, 1901)
Pempelia albariella (Zeller, 1839)
Pempelia alpigenella (Duponchel, 1836)
Pempelia corticinella (Ragonot, 1887)
Pempelia distinctella Kirpichnikova & Yamanaka, 2002
Pempelia formosa (Haworth, 1811)
Pempelia fraternella (Ragonot, 1887)
Pempelia geminella (Eversmann, 1844)
Pempelia obductella Zeller, 1839
Pempelia palumbella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Pempeliella aurorella (Christoph, 1867)
Pempeliella dilutella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Pempeliella ornatella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Phycita poteriella (Zeller, 1846)
Phycita roborella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Phycitodes albatella (Ragonot, 1887)
Phycitodes binaevella (Hübner, [1813])
Phycitodes crassipunctella (Caradja, 1928)
Phycitodes lacteella (Rothschild, 1915)
Phycitodes maritima (Tengstrom, 1848)
Phycitodes saxicola (Vaughan, 1870)
Phycitodes subcretacella (Ragonot, 1901)
Phycitodes subolivacella (Ragonot, 1901)
Phycitodes triangulella (Ragonot, 1901)
Phycitodes unifasciellus Inoue, 1982
Pima boisduvaliella (Guenée, 1845)
Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, [1813])
Polopeustis altensis (Wocke, 1862)
Polyocha angustatus (Matsumura, 1911)
Polyocha subfasciatella Ragonot, 1887
Pseudacrobasis nankingella Roesler, 1975
Pseudocadra cuprotaeniella (Christoph, 1881)
Pseudocadra obscurella Roesler, 1965
Pseudophycita deformella (Moschler, 1866)
Psorosa dahliella (Treitschke, 1832)
Psorosa decolorella Yamanaka, 1986
Psorosa maraschella Caradja, 1910
Psorosa nucleolella (Moschler, 1866)
Pterothrixidia rufella (Duponchel, 1836)
Pyla fusca (Haworth, 1811)
Pyla manifestella Inoue, 1982
Pyralis farinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pyralis kacheticalis (Christoph, 1893)
Pyralis lienigialis (Zeller, 1843)
Pyralis perversalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849)
Pyralis princeps (Butler, 1889)
Pyralis regalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Quasipuer colon (Christoph, 1881)
Raphimetopus incarnatella (Ragonot, 1887)
Raphimetopus nitidicostella (Ragonot, 1887)
Ratasa noctualis (Eversmann, 1842)
Salebriopsis albicilla (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849)
Salinaria diffusella (Christoph, 1872)
Samoilovia larisa Kirpichnikova, 2001
Samoilovia taisia Kirpichnikova, 2001
Scenedra umbrosalis (Wileman, 1911)
Sciota adelphella (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1836)
Sciota bicolorella (Leech, 1889)
Sciota confluella (Caradj a, 1916)
Sciota divisella (Duponchel, 1842)
Sciota ferruginella (Zerny, 1914
Sciota fumella (Eversmann, 1844)
Sciota hostilis (Stephens, 1834)
Sciota lucipetella (Jalava, 1978)
Sciota rhenella (Zincken, 1818)
Seeboldia korgosella Ragonot, 1887
Selagia argyrella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Selagia spadicella (Hübner, 1796)
Selagia subochrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849)
Selagia uralensis Rebel, 1910
Staudingeria adusrella Ragonot, 1887
Staudingeria aspilatella (Ragonot, 1887)
Staudingeria deserticola (Staudinger, 1870)
Staudingeria gozmanyella Roesler, 1970
Staudingeria morbosella (Staudinger, 1879)
Staudingeria partitella Ragonot, 1887
Staudingeria unicolorella Roesler, 1970
Stemmatophora kaszabi Whalley, 1966
Synaphe amuralis (Hampson, 1900)
Synaphe antennalis (Fabricius, 1794)
Synaphe bombycalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Synaphe infumatalis Erschoff, 1874
Synaphe moldavica (Esper, 1794)
Synaphe punctalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Teliphasa albifusa (Hampson, 1896)
Teliphasa elegans (Butler, 1881)
Termioptycha inimica (Butler, 1879)
Termioptycha nigrescens (Warren, 1891)
Thospia permixtella Ragonot, 1888
Thospia trifasciella (Ragonot, 1887)
Trachonitis cristella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Trachonitis rufibasella Yamanaka, 1978
Trachycera advenella (Zincken, 1818)
Trachycera dulcella (Zeller, 1848)
Trachycera hollandella Ragonot, 1893
Trachycera legatea (Haworth, 1811)
Trachycera marmorea (Haworth, 1811)
Trachycera niveicinctella Ragonot, 1887
Trachycera suavella (Zincken, 1818)
Vietteia terstrigella (Christoph, 1877)
Vitula biviella (Zeller, 1848)
Zophodia grossulariella (Hübner, [1809])
Crambidae
Acentria ephemerella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Achyra nudalis (Hübner, 1796)
Achyra ustrinalis (Christoph, 1877)
Acropentias aurea (Butler, 1879)
Aeschremon disparalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Agriphila aeneociliella (Eversmann, 1844)
Agriphila biarmica (Tengstrom, 1865)
Agriphila deliella (Hübner, [1813])
Agriphila hungarica (Schmidt, 1909)
Agriphila inquinatella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Agriphila poliella (Treitschke, 1832)
Agriphila sakayehamana (Matsumura, 1925)
Agriphila selasella (Hübner, [1813])
Agriphila straminella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Agriphila tersella (Lederer, 1855)
Agriphila tolli (Błeszyński, 1952)
Agriphila tristella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Agrotera nemoralis (Scopoli, 1763)
Algedonia luctualis (Hübner, 1793)
Algedonia terrealis (Treitschke, 1829)
Amaurophanes stigmosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Ambia colonalis (Bremer, 1864)
Ambia yamanakai Kirpichnikova, 1993
Ametasia ochrofascialis (Christoph, 1882)
Analthes maculalis (Leech, 1889)
Anania albeoverbascalis Yamanaka, 1966
Anania egentalis (Christoph, 1881)
Anania funebris (Strom, 1768)
Anania fuscoverbascalis Mutuura, 1954
Anania verbascalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Anarpia incertalis (Duponchel, 1832)
Ancylolomia japonica Zeller, 1877
Ancylolomia palpella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hübner, 1796)
Angustalius malacellus (Duponchel, 1836)
Anthophilodes conchylialis Christoph, 1872
Anthophilopsis baphialis (Staudinger, 1871)
Anthophilopsis moeschleri (Christoph, 1862)
Aporodes floralis (Hübner, [1809])
Atralata albofascialis (Treitschke, 1829)
Atralata melaleucalis (Eversmann, 1852)
Botyodes diniasalis (Walker, 1859)
Botyodes principalis (Leech, 1889)
Bradina angustalis Yamanaka, 1984
Bradina atopalis (Walker, 1859)
Calamotropha aureliella (Fischer von Ros1erstamm, 1841)
Calamotropha fulvifusalis (Hampson, 1900)
Calamotropha kurentzovi Kirpichnikova, 1982
Calamotropha nigripunctella (Leech, 1889)
Calamotropha okanoi B1eszynski, 1961
Calamotropha paludella (Hübner, [1824])
Camptomastix hisbonalis (Wa1ker, 1859)
Cataclysta lemnata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Catagela subdodatella Inoue, 1982
Catoptria aurora Błeszyński, 1965
Catoptria cabardinica Bolov, 1999
Catoptria caucasica (Alphéraky, 1878)
Catoptria colchicella (Lederer, 1870)
Catoptria conchella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Catoptria daghestanica Błeszyński, 1965
Catoptria falsella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Catoptria fenestratella (Caradja, 1928)
Catoptria fulgidella (Hübner, [1813])
Catoptria furcatella (Zetterstedt, 1839)
Catoptria furciferalis (Hampson, 1900)
Catoptria laevigatella (Lederer, 1870)
Catoptria languidella (Zeller, 1863)
Catoptria lythargyrella (Hübner, 1796)
Catoptria maculalis (Zetterstedt, 1839)
Catoptria margaritella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Catoptria myella (Hübner, 1796)
Catoptria mytilella (Hübner, [1805])
Catoptria permiaca (G.Petersen, 1924)
Catoptria permutatella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Catoptria persephone Błeszyński, 1965
Catoptria pinella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Catoptria profluxella (Christoph, 1887)
Catoptria spodiella (Rebel, 1916)
Catoptria trichostoma (Christoph, 1858)
Catoptria verella (Zincken, 1817)
Catoptria witimella Błeszyński, 1965
Chabula telphusalis (Wa1ker, 1859)
Chilo christophi Błeszyński, 1965
Chilo hyrax Błeszyński, 1965
Chilo luteellus (Motschulsky, 1866)
Chilo phragmitellus (Hübner, [1805])
Chilo pulverosellus Ragonot, 1895
Chilo suppressalis (Walker, 1863)
Cholius luteolaris (Scopoli, 1772)
Chrysocrambus craterellus (Scopoli, 1763)
Chrysocrambus linetellus (Fabricius, 1781)
Chrysoteuchia argentistriella (Leech, 1889)
Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Chrysoteuchia daisetsuzana (Matsumura, 1927)
Chrysoteuchia diplogramma (Zeller, 1863)
Chrysoteuchia distinctella (Leech, 1889)
Chrysoteuchia gregorella B1eszynski, 1965
Chrysoteuchia mandschurica (Christoph, 1881)
Chrysoteuchia picturatella (South, 1901)
Chrysoteuchia porcelanella (Motschu1sky, 1860)
Chrysoteuchia pseudodiplogramma (Okano, 1962)
Chrysoteuchia pyraustoides (Erschoff, 1877)
Circobotys heterogenalis (Bremer, 1864)
Circobotys nycterina Butler, 1879
Clasperia ophialis (Treitschke, 1829)
Cleptotypodes ledereri (Staudinger, 1870)
Clupeosoma cinereum (Warren, 1892)
Clupeosoma pryeri (Butler, 1881)
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée, 1854)
Cotachena pubescens (Warren, 1892)
Crambus alexandrus Kirpichnikova, 1979
Crambus alienellus (Germar & Kaulfuss, 1817)
Crambus ericellus (Hübner, [1813])
Crambus hamellus (Thunberg, 1788)
Crambus heringiellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Crambus humidellus Zeller, 1877
Crambus isshiki Matsumura, 1925
Crambus kindermanni Zeller, 1863
Crambus lathoniellus (Zincken, 1817)
Crambus pascuellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Crambus perlellus (Scopo1i, 1763)
Crambus pratellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Crambus pseudargyrophorus Okano, 1960
Crambus sachaensis Ustjuzhanin, 1988
Crambus sibiricus Alphéraky, 1897
Crambus silvellus (Hübner, [1813])
Crambus uliginosellus Zeller, 1850
Cynaeda dentalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Cynaeda forsteri de Lattin, 1951
Diaphania indica (Saunder, 1851)
Diasemia reticularis (Linnaeus, 1761)
Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Duponchel, 1834)
Diathraustodes amoenialis (Christoph, 1881)
Dolicharthria bruguieralis (Duponchel, 1833)
Dolicharthria punctalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Donacaula forficella (Thunberg, 1794)
Donacaula mucronella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Donacaula nilotica (Zeller, 1867)
Ebulea crocealis (Hübner, 1796)
Ebulea gracialis Bremer, 1864
Ebulea testacealis (Zeller, 1847)
Ecpyrrhorrhoe rubiginalis (Hübner, 1796)
Elethyia taishanensis (Caradja, 1937)
Elophila fengwhanalis (Pryer, 1877)
Elophila interruptalis (Pryer, 1877)
Elophila nymphaeata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Elophila orientalis (Filipjev, 1934)
Elophila turbata (Butler, 1881)
Epascestria leucalis (Hampson, 1900)
Epascestria pustulalis (Hilbner, [1823])
Ephelis cruentalis (Geyer, 1832)
Euchromius bella (Hübner, 1796)
Euchromius bleszynskiellus Popescu-Gorj, 1964
Euchromius gratiosella (Caradja, 1910)
Euchromius jaxartellus (Erschoff, 1874)
Euchromius mouchai Błeszyński, 1961
Euchromius ocellea (Haworth, 1811)
Euchromius ramburiellus (Duponchel, 1836)
Euchromius rayatellus (Amsel, 1949)
Euchromius superbellus (Zeller, 1849)
Euclasta splendidalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Eudonia aequalis Kyrki & Svensson, 1986
Eudonia alpina (Curtis, 1850)
Eudonia delunella (Stainton, 1849)
Eudonia lacustrata (Panzer, 1804)
Eudonia laetella (Zeller, 1846)
Eudonia mercurella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eudonia murana (Curtis, 1827)
Eudonia pallida (Curtis, 1827)
Eudonia phaeoleuca (Zeller, 1846)
Eudonia puellaris Sasaki, 1991
Eudonia sudetica (Zeller, 1839)
Eudonia truncicolella (Stainton, 1849)
Eudonia vallesialis (Duponchel, 1833)
Eurrhypara hortulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Eurrhypis cacuminalis (Eversmann, 1843)
Eurrhypis pollinalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Eurrhypis sartalis (Hübner, [1813])
Evergestis aenealis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Evergestis desertalis (Hübner, [1813])
Evergestis extimalis (Scopoli, 1763)
Evergestis ferrealis (Hampson, 1900)
Evergestis forficalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Evergestis frumentalis (Linnaeus, 1761)
Evergestis junctalis (Warren, 1892)
Evergestis lichenalis Hampson, 1900
Evergestis limbata (Linnaeus, 1767)
Evergestis manglisalis Erschoff, 1877
Evergestis nomadalis (Lederer, 1872)
Evergestis orientalis Eversmann, 1851
Evergestis pallidata (Hufnagel, 1767)
Evergestis politalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Evergestis serratalis Staudinger, 1871)
Evergestis sophialis (Fabricius, 1787)
Evergestis sorhageni Sauber, 1899
Evergestis spiniferalis Staudinger, 1900
Evergestis umbrosalis (Fischer von Röslerstamm, 1842)
Flavocrambus picassensis Błeszyński, 1965
Friedlanderia cicatricella (Hübner, [1824])
Gesneria centuriella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Glaucocharis euchromiella (Ragonot, 1895)
Glyphodes perspectalis (Walker, 1859)
Glyphodes pryeri Butler, 1879
Glyphodes pyloalis Walker, 1859
Goniorhynchus explicatalis (Christoph, 1881)
Heliothela wulfeniana (Scopoli, 1763)
Hellula undalis (Fabricius, 1781)
Herpetogramma fuscescens (Warren, 1892)
Herpetogramma luctuosalis (Guenée, 1854)
Herpetogramma magna (Butler, 1879)
Herpetogramma moderatalis (Christoph, 1881)
Herpetogramma phaeopteralis (Guenée, 1854)
Herpetogramma pseudomagna Yamanaka, 1976
Hyperlais dulcinalis (Treitschke, 1835)
Japonichilo bleszynskii Okano, 1962
Kasania arundinalis (Eversmann, 1842)
Krombia bimedia (Filipjev, 1924)
Krombia opistoleuca (FiIipjev, 1924)
Loxostege aeruginalis (Hübner, 1796)
Loxostege clathralis (Hübner, [1813])
Loxostege commixtalis (Walker, 1866)
Loxostege comptalis (Freyer, 1848)
Loxostege concoloralis Lederer, 1857
Loxostege deliblatica Szent-Ivany & Uhrik-Meszaros, 1942
Loxostege ephippialis (Zetterstedt, 1839)
Loxostege expansalis (Eversmann, 1852)
Loxostege manualis (Geyer, 1832)
Loxostege mucosalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Loxostege peltalis (Eversmann, 1842)
Loxostege sedakowialis (Eversmann, 1852)
Loxostege sticticalis (Linnaeus, 1761)
Loxostege turbidalis (Treitschke, 1829)
Loxostege virescalis (Guenée, 1854)
Lygropia poltisalis (Walker, 1859)
Mabra charonialis (Walker, 1864)
Marasmia stereogona (Meyrick, 1886)
Maruca testulalis (Geyer, 1832)
Mecyna dissipatalis (Lederer, 1863)
Mecyna flavalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Mecyna gracilis (Butler, 1879)
Mecyna subsequalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Mecyna tricolor (Butler, 1879)
Mecyna trinalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Mesocrambus candiellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Metacrambus carectellus (Zeller, 1847)
Metacrambus jugaraicae Błeszyński, 1965
Metasia suppandalis (Hübner, 1823)
Metaxmeste phrygialis (Hübner, 1796)
Metaxmeste schrankiana (Hochenwarth, 1785)
Microchilo inouei Okano, 1962
Miyakea expansa (Butler, 1881)
Miyakea raddeella (Caradj a, 1910)
Miyakea ussurica Ustjuzhanin & Schouten, 1995
Nacoleia maculalis South, 1901
Nacoleia sorosi Kirpichnikova, 1993
Nacoleiopsis auriceps Matsumura, 1925
Nascia cilialis (Hübner, 1796)
Neoanalthes contortalis (Hampson, 1900)
Neohendecasis apiciferalis (Walker, 1866)
Neopediasia mixtalis (Walker, 1863)
Neoschoenobia testacealis Hampson, 1900
Nomis albopedalis Motschulsky, 1860
Nomophila noctuella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Notarcha basipunctalis (Bremer, 1864)
Notarcha derogata (Fabricius, 1775)
Notarcha doerriesi (Staudinger, 1892)
Nymphula corculina (Butler, 1879)
Nymphula distinctalis (Ragonot, 1894)
Nymphula nitidulata (Hufnagel, 1767)
Nymphula separatalis (Leech, 1889)
Omiodes indicata (Fabricius, 1775)
Omiodes misera (Butler, 1879)
Omiodes sibirialis (Milliere, 1879)
Omiodes tristrialis (Bremer, 1864)
Opsibotys fuscalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Opsibotys hasanensis Kirpichnikova, 1996
Orenaia alpestralis (Fabricius, 1787)
Orphnophanes turbatalis Christoph, 1881
Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée, 1854)
Ostrinia kasmirica (Moore, 1888)
Ostrinia kurentzovi Mutuura & Munroe, 1970
Ostrinia latipennis (Warren, 1892)
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796)
Ostrinia orientalis Mutuura & Munroe, 1970
Ostrinia palustralis (Hübner, 1796)
Ostrinia peregrinalis (Eversmann, 1852)
Ostrinia quadripunctalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Ostrinia sanguinealis (Warren, 1892)
Ostrinia scapulalis (Walker, 1859)
Ostrinia zaguliaevi Mutuura & Munroe, 1970
Ostrinia zealis (Guenée, 1854)
Pachyzancloides sexmaculosus Matsumura, 1925
Palpita nigropunctalis (Bremer, 1864)
Palpita unionalis (Hi1bner, 1796)
Paracorsia repandalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Paranomis sidemialis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Parapoynx nivalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Parapoynx stratiotata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Parapoynx ussuriensis (Rebel, 1910)
Parapoynx vittalis (Bremer, 1864)
Paratalanta cultralis (Staudinger, 1867)
Paratalanta hyalinalis (Htlbner, 1796)
Paratalanta jessica (Butler, 1878)
Paratalanta pandalis Hübner, [1825]
Paratalanta taiwanensis Yamanaka, 1972
Paratalanta ussurialis (Bremer, 1864)
Pareromene exsectella (Christoph, 1881)
Pediasia altaica (Staudinger, 1900)
Pediasia aridella (Thunberg, 1788)
Pediasia contaminella (Hübner, 1796)
Pediasia epineura (Meyrick, 1883)
Pediasia fascelinella (Hübner, [1813])
Pediasia georgella Kosakevitsh, 1978
Pediasia gregori Roesler, 1975
Pediasia huebneri Błeszyński, 1954
Pediasia jucundella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1847)
Pediasia kuldjaensis (Caradja, 1916)
Pediasia ledereri Błeszyński, 1954
Pediasia luteella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Pediasia matricella (Treitschke, 1832)
Pediasia pectinicornis (Rebel, 1910)
Pediasia pedriolella (Duponchel, 1836)
Pediasia persella (Toll, 1947)
Pediasia pseudopersella Błeszyński, 1959
Pediasia pudibundella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852)
Pediasia radicivitta (Filipjev, 1927)
Pediasia sajanella (Caradja, 1925)
Pediasia steppicolella (Zerny, 1914)
Pediasia truncatella (Zetterstedt, 1839)
Pediasia zellerella (Staudinger, 1900)
Perinephela lancealis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Phlyctaenia coronata (Hufnagel, 1767)
Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Hübner, [1809])
Phlyctaenia stachydalis (Germar, 1821)
Piletocera penicillalis (Christoph, 1881)
Piletocera sodalis (Leech, 1889)
Platytes alpinella (Hübner, [1813])
Platytes cerussella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Platytes ornatella (Leech, 1889)
Platytes strigatalis (Hampson, 1900)
Pleuroptya chlorophanta (Butler, 1878)
Pleuroptya deficiens (Moore, 1887)
Pleuroptya expictalis (Christoph, 1881)
Pleuroptya harutai (Inoue, 1955)
Pleuroptya inferior (Hampson, 1898)
Pleuroptya quadrimaculalis (Kollar, 1844)
Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli, 1763)
Potamusa midas (Butler, 1881)
Prochoristis capparidis (Christoph, 1877)
Prochoristis rupicapralis (Lederer, 1855)
Prochoristis simplicealis (Bremer, 1864)
Prodasycnemis inornata (Butler, 1879)
Proteurrhypara ocellalis (Warren, 1892)
Psammotis orientalis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Psammotis pulveralis (Hübner, 1796)
Pseudebulea fentoni Butler, 1881
Pseudobissetia terrestrella (Christoph, 1885)
Pseudocatharylla inclaralis (Walker, 1863)
Pseudocatharylla simplex (Ze1ler, 1877)
Pycnarmon cribrata (Fabricius, 1794)
Pycnarmon lactiferalis (Walker, 1859)
Pycnarmon pantherata (But1er, 1878)
Pycnarmon tylostegalis (Hampson, 1900)
Pygospila tyres (Cramer, 1789)
Pyrausta aerealis (Hübner, 1793)
Pyrausta aurata (Scopoli, 1763)
Pyrausta caenalis Hampson, 1900
Pyrausta castalis Treitschke, 1829
Pyrausta chrysitis Butler, 1881
Pyrausta chrysopygalis (Staudinger, 1900)
Pyrausta cingulata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pyrausta clausalis (Christoph, 1881)
Pyrausta curvalis Leech, 1889
Pyrausta despicata (Scopoli, 1763)
Pyrausta elwesi (Staudinger, 1900)
Pyrausta extinctalis (Christoph, 1881)
Pyrausta falcatalis Guenée, 1854
Pyrausta fibulalis (Christoph, 1881)
Pyrausta furvicoloralis Hampson, 1900
Pyrausta fuscobrunnealis (South, 1901)
Pyrausta graeseri (Staudinger, 1892)
Pyrausta limbata (Butler, 1879)
Pyrausta limbopunctalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1849)
Pyrausta mutuurai Inoue, 1982
Pyrausta nigrata (ScopoIi, 1763)
Pyrausta noctualis Yamanaka, 1978
Pyrausta obfuscata (ScopoIi, 1763)
Pyrausta odontogrammalis Caradja, 1925
Pyrausta ostrinalis (Hübner, 1796)
Pyrausta porphyralis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Pyrausta pseudosanguinalis Kirpichnikova, 1984
Pyrausta pullatalis (Christoph, 1881)
Pyrausta purpuralis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pyrausta sanguinalis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Pyrausta solemnalis (Christoph, 1881)
Pyrausta tendinosalis Bremer, 1864
Pyrausta tithonialis Zeller, 1872
Reskovitsia alborivulalis (Eversmann, 1843)
Schoenobius gigantellus ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Schoenobius sasakii Inoue, 1982
Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker, 1863)
Scirpophaga praelata (Scopoli, 1763)
Scirpophaga xanthopygata Schawerda, 1922
Sclerocona acutellus (Eversmann, 1842)
Scoparia ambigualis (Treitschke, 1829)
Scoparia ancipitella (La Harpe, 1855)
Scoparia basistrigalis Knaggs, 1866
Scoparia conicella (La Harpe, 1863)
Scoparia ingratella (Zeller, 1846)
Scoparia isochroalis Hampson, 1907
Scoparia mandschurica Christoph, 1881
Scoparia manifestella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Scoparia nipponalis Inoue, 1982
Scoparia perplexella (Zeller, 1839)
Scoparia pyralella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Scoparia subfusca Haworth, 1811
Scoparia x-signata (Filipjev, 1927)
Scoparia yamanakai Inoue, 1982
Sinibotys evenoralis (Walker, 1859)
Sitochroa palealis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Sitochroa umbrosalis (Warren, 1892)
Sitochroa verticalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775)
Stiphrometasia monialis (Erschoff, 1872)
Syllepte fuscomarginalis (Leech, 1889)
Syllepte segnalis (Leech, 1889)
Tabidia strigiferalis Hampson, 1900
Talanga quadrimaculalis (Bremer & Grey, 1853)
Talis chamylella Staudinger, 1900
Talis evidens Kosakevitsh, 1979
Talis menetriesi Hampson, 1900
Talis mongolica Błeszyński, 1965
Talis povolnyi Roesler, 1975
Talis pulcherrimus (Staudinger, 1870)
Talis quercella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Talis wockei Filipjev, 1929
Tegostoma comparalis (Hübner, 1796)
Tenerobotys teneralis (Caradja, 1939)
Thisanotia chrysonuchella (Scopoli, 1763)
Thopeutis galleriellus (Ragonot, 1892)
Titanio normalis (Hllbner, 1796)
Titanio originalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1860)
Trichophysetis cretacea (Butler, 1879)
Trichophysetis rufoterminalis (Christoph, 1881)
Udea accolalis (Zeller, 1867)
Udea affinialis (Zerny, 1914)
Udea alaskalis (Gibson, 1920)
Udea alpinalis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Udea austriacalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Udea bipunctalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851)
Udea caliginosalis (Ragonot, 1894)
Udea costalis (Eversmann, 1852)
Udea cretacea (Filipjev, 1925)
Udea cyanalis (La Harpe, 1855)
Udea decrepitalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Udea elutalis (Denis & Schiffermüller), 1775)
Udea exigualis (Wileman, 1911)
Udea ferrugalis (Hübner, 1796)
Udea fimbriatralis (Duponche1, 1834)
Udea fulvalis (Hübner, 1809)
Udea hamalis (Thunberg, 1788)
Udea inquinatalis (Lienig & Zeller, 1846)
Udea institalis (Hübner, [1819])
Udea itysalis Walker, 1859
Udea kusnezovi Sinev, 2008
Udea languidalis (Eversmann, 1842)
Udea latipennalis (Caradja, 1928)
Udea lugubralis Leech, 1889
Udea lutealis (Hübner, [1809])
Udea nebulalis (Hübner, 1796)
Udea ochreocapitalis (Ragonot, 1894)
Udea olivalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Udea orbicentralis (Christoph, 1881)
Udea prunalis ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Udea rhabdalis Hampson, 1900
Udea stationalis Yamanaka, 1988
Udea stigmatalis (Wileman, 1911)
Udea sviridovi Bolshakov, 2002
Udea torvalis Moschler, 1864
Udea tritalis (Christoph, 1881)
Udea uliginosalis (Stephens, 1834)
Udea washingtonalis Grote, 1881
Udonomeiga vicinalis (South, 1901)
Uresiphita gilvata (Fabricius, 1794)
Xanthocrambus argentarius (Staudinger, 1867)
Xanthocrambus delicatellus (Zeller, 1863)
Xanthocrambus lucellus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1848)
Xanthocrambus saxonellus (Zincken, 1821)
Xanthopsamma aurantialis Munroe & Mutuura, 1968
Cimelioidea
Cimeliidae
Axia olga (Staudinger, 1899)
Calliduloidae
Callidulidae
Pterodecta felderi (Bremer, 1864)
Drepanoidea
Epicopeiidae
Epicopeia mencia Moore, 1874
Nossa palaearctica (Staudinger, 1887)
Thyatiridae
Achlya flavicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Achlya hoerburgeri (Schawerda, 1924)
Achlya longipennis Inoue, 1972
Epipsestis nikkoensis (Matsumura, 1921)
Epipsestis obscurata Tshistjakov, [1988]
Epipsestis ornata (Leech, [1889])
Epipsestis perornata Inoue, 1972
Habrosyne dieckmanni (Graeser, 1888)
Habrosyne intermedia (Bremer, 1864)
Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufnagel, 1766)
Macrothyatira flavida (Butler, 1885)
Neodaruma tamanuki Matsumura, 1933
Neoploca arctipennis (Butler, 1878)
Nothoploca nigripunctata (Warren, 1915)
Ochropacha duplaris (Linnaeus, 1761)
Parapsestis argenteopicta (Oberthiir, 1879)
Polyploca ridens (Fabricius, 1787)
Shinploca shini Kim Sung Soo, 1985
Tethea albicostata (Bremer, 1861)
Tethea ampliata (Butler, 1878)
Tethea consimilis (Warren, 1912)
Tethea octogesima (Butler, 1878)
Tethea ocularis (Linnaeus, 1767)
Tethea or ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775)
Tethea trifolium (Alphéraky, 1895)
Tetheella fluctuosa (Hübner, [1803])
Thyatira batis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Togaria suzukiana Matsumura, 1921
Togaria tancrei (Graeser, 1888)
Drepanidae
Agnidra scabiosa (Butler, 1877)
Auzata superba (Butler, 1878)
Callidrepana palleola (Motschulsky, 1866)
Cilix asiatica Bang-Haas, 1907
Cilix filipjevi Kardakoff, 1928
Cilix glaucata (Scopoli, 1763)
Ditrigona komarovi (Kurentzov, 1935)
Drepana curvatula (Borkhausen, 1790)
Drepana falcataria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Falcaria lacertinaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Nordstromia grisearia (Staudinger, 1892)
Nordstromia japonica (Moore, 1877)
Oreta pulchripes Butler, 1877
Pseudalbara parvula (Leech, 1890)
Sabra harpagula (Esper, [1786])
Watsonalla binaria (Hufnagel, 1767)
References
Pyraloidea-Drepanoidea |
A mooncake () is a Chinese bakery product traditionally eaten during the Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋節). The festival is primarily about the harvest while a legend connects it to moon watching, and mooncakes are regarded as a delicacy. Mooncakes are offered between friends or on family gatherings while celebrating the festival. The Mid-Autumn Festival is widely regarded as one of the four most important Chinese festivals.
There are numerous varieties of mooncakes consumed within China and outside of China in overseas Chinese communities. The Cantonese mooncake is the most famous variety. A traditional Cantonese mooncake is a round pastry, measuring about in diameter and thick, with a rich thick filling usually made from lotus seed paste (other typical fillings include red bean paste or mixed nuts) surrounded by a thin, 2–3 mm (approximately 1/8 of an inch) crust and may contain yolks from salted duck eggs.
Mooncakes are usually eaten in small wedges, accompanied by tea. Today, it is customary for business people and families to present them to their clients or relatives as presents, helping to fuel a demand for high-end mooncakes.
Just as the Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated in various Asian localities due to the presence of Chinese communities throughout the region, mooncakes are enjoyed in other parts of Asia too. Mooncakes have also appeared in western countries as a form of delicacy.
General description
Most mooncakes consist of a thick, tender pastry skin enveloping a sweet, dense filling, and may contain one or more whole salted egg yolks in their center that symbolizes the full moon. Depending on the custom, mooncakes may also be steamed or fried.
Traditional mooncakes have an imprint on top consisting of the Chinese characters for "longevity" or "harmony", as well as the name of the bakery and the filling inside. Imprints of the Moon, the Chinese goddess of the Moon (Chang'e), flowers, vines, or a rabbit (symbol of the Moon) may surround the characters for additional decoration.
History
Mid-Autumn Festival
The festival is intricately linked to legends of Chang’e, the mythical Moon Goddess of Immortality.
According to the Liji, an ancient Chinese book recording customs and ceremonies, the Chinese Emperor should offer sacrifices to the Sun in spring and the Moon in autumn. The 15th day of the 8th lunar month is the day called "Mid-Autumn". The night on the 15th of the 8th lunar month is also called "Night of the Moon".
Because of its central role in the Mid-Autumn festival, mooncakes remained popular even in recent years. For many, they form a central part of the Mid-Autumn festival experience such that it is now commonly known as 'Mooncake Festival'.
Ming Revolution
There is a folk tale about the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty facilitated by messages smuggled in moon cakes.
Mooncakes were used by revolutionaries in their effort to overthrow the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, eventually resulting in the establishment of the Ming dynasty. The idea is said to have been conceived by Zhu Yuanzhang and his advisor Liu Bowen, who circulated a rumor that a deadly plague was spreading and that the only way to prevent it was to eat special mooncakes, which would instantly revive and give special powers to the user. This prompted the quick distribution of mooncakes. The mooncakes contained a secret message: on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month, kill the rulers.
Another method of hiding a message was to print it on the surfaces of mooncakes (which came in packages of four), as a simple puzzle or mosaic. To read the message, each of the four mooncakes was cut into four parts. The resulting 16 pieces were pieced together to reveal the message. The pieces of mooncake were then eaten to destroy the message.
Traditional styles
Fillings
Many types of fillings can be found in traditional mooncakes:
Lotus seed paste (蓮蓉, lían róng): Considered by some to be the original and most luxurious mooncake filling, lotus paste filling is found in all types of mooncakes. White lotus paste commands an even higher premium. Due to the high price of lotus paste, white kidney bean paste is sometimes used as a filler.
Sweet bean paste (豆沙, dòu shā): A number of pastes are common fillings found in Chinese desserts. Although red bean paste, made from azuki beans, is the most common worldwide, there are regional and original preferences for bean paste made from mung beans, as well as black beans.
Jujube paste (棗泥, zǎo ní): A sweet paste is made from the ripe fruits of the jujube (date) plant. The paste is dark red in color, a little fruity/smoky in flavor, and slightly sour in taste. Depending on the quality of the paste, jujube paste may be confused with red bean paste, which is sometimes used as a filler.
Five kernels (五仁, wǔ rén) or mixed nuts: A filling consisting of 5 types of nuts and seeds, coarsely chopped, is held together with maltose syrup. Recipes differ from region to region, but commonly used nuts and seeds include: walnuts, pumpkin seeds, watermelon seeds, peanuts, sesame seeds, or almonds. The mixture for the filling also contains candied winter melon, jinhua ham, or pieces of rock sugar as additional flavoring.
Crusts
Traditional mooncakes vary widely depending on the region where they are produced. Most regions produce them with many types of fillings, but with only one type of crust. Although vegetarian mooncakes may use vegetable oil, many mooncakes use lard in their recipes. Three types of mooncake crust are used in Chinese cuisine:
Chewy: This crust has a reddish-brown tone and glossy sheen. It is the most common type of crust used on Cantonese-style mooncakes. It is also the most commonly seen type of mooncake in North America and many Western countries. Chewy mooncake crusts are made using a combination of thick sugar syrup, lye water (碱水, sodium carbonate (碱 [Na2CO3]), flour, and oil, thus giving this crust its rich taste and a chewy yet tender texture. Chewiness can be increased further by adding maltose syrup to the mixture.
The dough is also baked into fish or piglet shapes () and sold at bakeries as a chewy snack. They often come individually packaged in small plastic baskets, to symbolize fish being caught or piglets being bound for sale.
Flaky: Flaky crusts are most indicative of Suzhou- and Taiwan-style mooncakes. The dough is made by rolling together alternating layers of oily dough and flour that has been stir-fried in oil. This crust has a texture similar to puff pastry.
Tender: Mooncakes from certain provinces of China are often made to be tender rather than flaky or chewy. The texture of this type of mooncake crust is similar to the shortcrust pastry used in Western pie crusts or tart shells. Tender crusts are made mainly of a homogenous mix of sugar, oil, flour, and water. This type of crust is also commonly used in other type of Chinese pastries, such as the egg tart.
Crumbly: Yunnan-style mooncakes are made using a hot water crust pastry that combines different kinds of flour with oil, salt, and hot water to form a dense, crumbly pastry that's quite uncommon elsewhere.
Regional variations in China
There are many regional variants of the mooncake. Types of traditional mooncake include:
Beijing-style mooncake: This style has two variations. One, called di qiang, was influenced by the Suzhou-style mooncake. It has a light, foamy dough as opposed to a flaky one. The other variation, called "fan mao", has a flaky, white dough. The two most popular fillings are the mountain hawthorn and wisteria blossom flavors.
Cantonese-style mooncake: Originating from Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, the Cantonese mooncake has multiple variations and is the most famous regional style of the mooncake. The ingredients used for the fillings are various: lotus seed paste, melon seed paste, nuts, ham, chicken, duck, roast pork, mushrooms, egg yolks, etc. More elaborate versions contain four egg yolks, representing the four phases of the moon. Recent contemporary forms (albeit non-traditional) sold in Hong Kong are even made from chocolate, ice-cream or jelly.
Shanghai-style mooncake: This style is made from shortcrust pastry which is rich, crumbly and buttery crust like pie dough. The most popular fillings are similar to those sweet Cantonese-style mooncake such as sweetened red bean paste, lotus seed paste and taro paste with egg yolks in the middle of the filling.
Hong Kong-style mooncake: Hong Kong has gained its own style of mooncakes. While Hongkongers typically eat Cantonese-style mooncakes, local inventions such as snow skin mooncake have been appearing over the last few decades.
Teochew-style mooncake: This is another flaky crust variety, but is larger in size than the Suzhou variety. It is close in diameter to the Cantonese style, but thinner. A variety of fillings are used, but the aroma of lard after roasting is stressed. The Teochew also have a fried lotus cake (or lotus pastry) (), eaten on the Mid-Autumn Festival. This moon cake is deep-fried, not baked. The yam filling and flaky pastry crust are what set Teochew mooncakes apart from other mooncakes. These old-school confections are known as la bia in the Chaoshan region in the east of Guangdong, where the Teochews came from. La means lard or pork oil in Teochew, which is mixed with flour to make the pastry.
Ningbo-style mooncake: This style is also inspired by the Suzhou-style. It is prevalent in Zhejiang province, and has a compact covering. The fillings are either seaweed or ham; it is also known for its spicy and salty flavor.
Suzhou-style mooncake: This style began more than a thousand years ago, and is known for its layers of flaky dough and generous allotment of sugar and lard. Within this regional type, there are more than a dozen variations. It is also smaller than most other regional varieties. Suzhou-style mooncakes feature both sweet and savory types, the latter served hot and usually filled with pork mince. Filling made from salt and pepper (椒鹽, jiāoyán) are common in flaky Suzhou-style mooncakes.
Meizhou-style mooncake
Southern Min-style mooncake
Wenzhou-style mooncake
Yunnan-style mooncake: The distinctive feature is the combination of various flours for the dough, including rice flour, wheat flour, and buckwheat flour, and a filling that combines Xuanwei ham and sugar.
Contemporary styles
Over time, both the crusts and the composition of the fillings of mooncakes have diversified, in particular, due to a commercial need to drive up sales in the face of intense competition between producers and from other food types. Part of these trends are also to cater to changing taste preferences, and because people are more health-conscious. Therefore, most of these contemporary styles are especially prominent amongst the cosmopolitan and younger Chinese and amongst the overseas Chinese community. However, traditional mooncakes are often sold alongside contemporary ones to cater to individual preferences.
Some of the earliest forms of diversification were by changing the fillings with ingredients considered unusual then. Taro paste (芋泥, yù ní), pineapple and durian were amongst the first to be introduced, especially amongst the overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. The crust itself also evolved, particularly with the introduction of "snow skin mooncake". It is different from the traditional mooncake - the snow skin mooncake needs to be stored inside a refrigerator and is white on the outside. Traditionally the colour white means something bad in China, for example, people will wear a white collar to a funeral. However, this kind of white coloured mooncake is popular with teenagers. Miniature mooncakes also appeared, in part to allow for easier individual consumption without the need to cut the large cakes.
To adapt to today's health-conscious lifestyle, fat-free mooncakes also appeared. Some are made of yogurt, jelly, and fat-free ice-cream. Customers pick and choose the size and filling of mooncakes that suits their taste and diet. For added hygiene, each cake is often wrapped in airtight plastic, accompanied by a tiny food preserver packet.
Contemporary-style mooncakes, while increasingly popular, have their detractors. Pricey ingredients have pushed up prices, causing worry of a "mooncake bubble" forming in China. Food critics sometimes point out that "chocolate mooncakes" are in reality just chocolate shaped into mooncakes, and not mooncakes made of chocolate, while others complain that food chains appear intent on coming up with exotic flavors to take advantage of the market, without much thought for how well the tastes fuse together.
Fillings
Fillings in contemporary style mooncakes have diversified to include just about anything which can be made into a paste. Mooncakes containing taro paste and pineapple, which were considered novelty items at their time of invention, have become commonplace in recent years. In addition, filling composed of ingredients such as coffee, chocolate, nuts (walnuts, mixed nuts, etc.), fruits (prunes, pineapples, melons, lychees, etc.), vegetables (sweet potatoes, etc.), and even ham have been added to give a modern twist to the traditional recipes.
Some other examples include
Traditional Chinese delicacies such as ginseng and bird's nest were soon followed by abalone and shark fin. Foreign food companies have also tried to cash in. Häagen-Dazs were one of the first to create an ice-cream mooncake, with a choice of either the "traditional," snow-skin, or Belgian/Swiss white, milk, and dark chocolate crusts. Other ice-cream and restaurant chains soon followed up with their own versions. Other Western ingredients, including champagne ganache, malt whisky, volcanic-salt caramel and even Black truffles, caviar and foie gras have made it into mooncakes.
Crusts
Snowy mooncakes first appeared on the market in the early 1980s. These non-baked, chilled mooncakes usually come with two types of crusts:
Glutinous rice: A crust with texture similar to that of a mochi. This is a snow skin mooncake. These moon cakes are known colloquially as "snowskin mooncakes", "ice-skin mooncakes" or "snowy mooncakes" (冰皮 or 冰皮月餅).
Jelly: A crust made of gelling mixtures such as agar, gelatin, or konjac and flavored with a wide variety of fruit flavorings.
Use in other countries and regions
Malaysia
There are three major cities that have diverse types of moon cakes. George Town, Kuala Lumpur and Sabah. Mooncakes are quite similar to the traditional Chinese. However, many prefer to add 100% pure Hunan lotus seed to maintain the quality of mooncake. The most popular types, especially in Kuala Lumpur, are White Lotus Seed Paste Cake, Snow Skins and Black Sesame With Yolk.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, there are several main types of mooncakes, from the traditional to the modern mooncakes. The very traditional mooncake has been there ever since the Chinese and Japanese entered Indonesia, they are circular like a moon, white and thinner than regular mooncake. Fillings may include pork, chocolate, cheese, milk, durian, jackfruit and many other exotic fruits made into a paste. This type of mooncake is widely available all year long while the regular modern mooncakes are usually only sold around the mid-autumn festival season.
Japan
Mooncakes in Japan are known as , a transliteration of the Chinese name. Their designs are based on the Cantonese mooncake, are associated with Chinese culture and are sold all year round, mainly in Japan's Chinatowns. Azuki (red bean) paste is the most popular filling for these mooncakes, but other sorts of beans, as well as chestnut, are also used.
Vietnam
In Vietnam, mooncakes are known as bánh trung thu (literally "mid-autumn cake"). Vietnamese mooncakes are usually sold either individually or in a set of four. There are two kinds of mooncake: bánh nướng (baked mooncake) and bánh dẻo (sticky rice mooncake).
It can be said that bánh nướng and bánh dẻo are two special kinds of cake in Vietnam. They are widely popular and are sold only during the Tết Trung Thu season. Vietnamese mooncakes are often in the shape of a circle (10 cm in diameter) or a square (a length of about 7–8 cm), and 4–5 cm thick. Larger sizes are not uncommon. Their designs largely resemble that of the Cantonese mooncake, though some other images, such as the sow with cub, fish, shrimp, etc can also be found.
Vietnamese mooncakes have two basic parts: crust and filling. The ingredients usually consist of: jam, dried sausage, mung bean paste, salt, sugar, cooking oil, sugared lard, lotus seed, watermelon seed, etc. Compared to other variants, Vietnamese mooncakes' flavor is more on the sweet side. Thus, to balance it, salted egg yolk is often added. They can be baked or eaten immediately.
Bánh nướng (baked mooncake) is made from wheat flour, cooking oil, and simple syrup boiled with malt. After being filled with various combinations of salted egg yolk, dried sausage, mung bean paste, salt, sugar, cooking oil, sugared pig fat, lotus seed, watermelon seed, it will be brushed with egg wash, then baked in the oven. The egg wash will protect the crust of the cake from drying out and create the aroma of the cake. The cakes have to be rotated constantly in the oven to prevent burning.
Bánh dẻo (sticky rice mooncake) is easier to make than bánh nướng. The crust and filling are pre-cooked. The crust is made from roasted glutinous rice flour, pomelo blossom water or vanilla and simple syrup. After malaxating rice flour, fillings similar to that of baked mooncake is stuffed inside the crust and then the cake is put into the mold dusted with a thin layer of flour to prevent sticking to fingers. The cake can be used immediately without any further steps. However, bánh dẻo is not as popular as bánh nướng.
Taiwan
The most traditional mooncake found within Taiwan resembles those from southern Fujian. Taiwanese mooncakes are filled with sweetened red bean paste, sometimes with mochi in the center. The most common traditional mooncakes coming from Taiwan are filled mung bean (lu dou) or taro paste, generally with a salted duck egg yolk in the mung bean mooncakes, and either salted duck egg or a savory treat in the taro mooncakes. They typically have a flaky crust and are spherical in shape. Instead of the imprinted pattern on top common in Cantonese versions, Taiwanese mooncakes have a red stamp typically in celebratory Chinese character. Modern, more trendy Taiwanese moon cakes are wide in variety that include low fat, lard free and ice cream versions. Popular modern flavors include green tea, chocolate, strawberry and tiramisu.
Thailand
In Thailand, mooncakes (in Thai, ขนมไหว้พระจันทร์) are sold in Thai-Chinese bakeries during festival season. In Bangkok, traditional and modern moon cakes are not limited to Chinatown on Yaowarat Road, but they are also found in stalls of large supermarkets.
Singapore
In Singapore, mooncakes are luxury gifts. They come in a wide variety of flavors ranging from the traditional baked ones, to the Teochew flaky ones filled with yam paste, to snowskin varieties filled with chilled fruit pastes. Traditional mooncakes feature base fillings of red lotus paste, white lotus paste or red bean paste, with 0-4 salted duck egg yolks embedded within. Variations include adding other ingredients such as macadamia nuts, osmanthus, orange peel and melon seeds.
Snowskin mooncakes in Singapore feature flavors ranging from Lychee Martini, Baileys, Matcha Red Bean, durian, and various fruit pastes.
Mooncakes are luxurious gifts in Singapore and are very popular as gifts to clients, friends and family. An average box of 4 mooncakes cost US$60. Many hotels and fine Chinese cuisine restaurants offer mooncakes packaged in elaborate boxes with multiple compartments and jeweled clasps. Mooncake boxes are commonly repurposed as jewelry boxes after the festival ends.
Gallery
See also
Bakpia (Hopia)
Bánh pía
Crystal cake
Lotus seed paste
List of Chinese desserts
Suncake (Taiwan)
Yueguangbing
References
External links
Chinatownology – Moon cakes and social solidarity
Origin and meaning of Vietnam mooncake
What is Mooncake?
Mid-Autumn Festival
Autumn traditions
Cakes
Chinese confectionery
Chinese pastries
Moon in culture
Stuffed desserts
Tea culture
Egg dishes
Legume dishes |
In chemistry, Bema Hapothle is an extended acronym for Bell–Marcus–Hammond–Polanyi–Thornton–Leffler, referring to the combined contribution of the theories of these chemists to the rationalization of changes in transition state structure to perturbations, such as change of reaction solvent.
See also
Hammond–Leffler postulate
References
Physical organic chemistry |
The 1911 Open Championship was the 51st Open Championship, held 26–30 June at Royal St George's Golf Club in Sandwich, England. Harry Vardon won the Championship for the fifth time in a playoff over Arnaud Massy, the 1907 champion.
There was no qualifying event and with 226 entries it was not possible for all the players to play 18 holes on the same day. The players were therefore divided into three "sections," with the first 36 holes played over three days. Sections A and B played their first rounds on Monday, while section C played on Tuesday morning. Section A played their second rounds that afternoon, while sections B and C played their second rounds on Wednesday.
By the start of the first round, the number of participants had been reduced to 222, with four withdrawals. On Monday, Michael Moran of Section B had the best round at 72. On Tuesday morning, the players in Section C discovered that a number of the holes had been moved since the first day. Later in the day a letter of protest was drawn up by a group of professionals and presented to the authorities: "To the Committee of the Championship, 1911 - Gentlemen, we the undersigned competitors at this Championship meeting respectfully protest against the alteration of the course during the qualifying (sic) rounds." Play was somewhat easier on the second morning and amateur Edward Blackwell led at 71, with joining Moran with 72.
At the end of Tuesday, only Section A had completed 36 holes, and Ted Ray led at 148. The Committee replied to the professionals, "The Green Committee consider that in deciding to cut fresh holes each day they had adopted the best course possible under the terms of the competition, which were exceptional owing to the large entry, and though they regret that there was any dissatisfaction amongst the players, they decided that the protest could not be upheld." New holes were again cut on the third morning, so that Sections B and C played their second round to different holes to Section A.
The second round was completed on Wednesday evening, and George Duncan led the field at 144, four ahead of Ray, Taylor, and Vardon. The leading sixty players and ties advanced for the final 36 holes on Thursday; the cut was at 162 and 73 players advanced, with fifteen players on the number.
Duncan had a poor third round of 83 in the morning, which left Vardon with a three-shot lead over Sandy Herd, Taylor, and Massy.
Vardon was among the early starters in the afternoon and scored 80 for 303. Amateur Harold Hilton reached the turn in 33, but took 43 for the last nine and finished a shot behind. Massy needed a four at the difficult final hole to tie; he reached the green with two woods and two-putted to force a 36-hole playoff with Vardon on Friday.
Massy led the playoff after ten holes, but a six at the 14th and a disastrous seven at 17 put Vardon ahead by five after the first round. The lead extended to seven after 27 holes and ten after 34 holes. After Vardon reached the green in two at the 35th and Massy was in thick rough after two shots, Massy picked up his ball and conceded.
Coronation Match
The Championship was preceded by a "Coronation Match" between teams of amateurs and professionals at Royal St George's on Saturday 24 June 1911. The match was in celebration of the coronation of George V on 22 June 1911. The match consisted of 9 foursomes matches, each over 36 holes. The result was an for the professionals. Only one match went beyond the 33rd hole and resulted in a win for the amateurs at the
Course
Round summaries
First round
Monday, 26 June 1911 (morning, section A; afternoon, section B)
Tuesday, 27 June 1911 (morning, section C)
Source:
Second round
Tuesday, 27 June 1911 (afternoon, section A)
Wednesday, 28 June 1911 (morning, section B; afternoon, section C)
Source:
Third round
Thursday, 29 June 1911 (morning)
Source:
Final round
Thursday, 29 June 1911 (afternoon)
Source:
Playoff
Friday, 30 June 1911
Ten shots behind after 34 holes, Massy was in trouble on the 35th hole and conceded the match. Scores in the table below are after 34 holes.
Scorecards
Morning round
Afternoon round
Source:
References
External links
Royal St Georges 1911 (Official site)
The Open Championship
Golf tournaments in England
Open Championship
Open Championship
Open Championship |
Ectoedemia malelanensis is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Scoble in 1983. It is known from South Africa (it was described from the Kruger National Park).
References
Endemic moths of South Africa
Nepticulidae
Moths of Africa
Moths described in 1983
Taxa named by Malcolm Scoble |
Plymouth Parkway Football Club is a football club based in Plymouth, Devon, England. They are currently members of the and play at Bolitho Park.
History
The club was originally formed by Stuart Cadmore in 1988 when a group of players left the youth team Plymouth Kolts and joined the Plymouth & District League in Division 4. In that same year the club secured sponsorship from Exeter Airport, and as part of that deal they changed their name to Ex-Air Flyers. They were the first club in Plymouth to be sponsored from outside the city limits. The club colours of yellow and blue are from the colours of the airport logo and remain the same today.
In their first season the club gained promotion and then moved the Parkway Sports Club. The club carried on to be promoted in successive seasons until it reached Division one and was waiting to join the Premier Division when the Devon League was formed in 1992. The club decided to apply to become members of the Devon League instead as the Parkway Sports Club had sufficient facilities to join the league. The club was accepted into the league but the club had to change its name, so they became known as EAF Plymouth FC.
Before the 1993–94 season the Sports Club offered a number of extra facilities and help to the club, so the club changed their name to Plymouth Parkway FC. Five seasons later in 1998 the club left the Devon league to join the South Western League. On the eve of the 2000–01 season the club became homeless with the loss of the Parkway Sports Club due to a disagreement over the terms of the lease and subsequent maintenance costs. As a result, and with special permission from the league, the club spent that season having to play all of its games away from home. During their build up to the 2001/02 season the club announced they would be developing an area of Manadon as their new ground, to be known as Bolitho Park. While work was being completed, with controversial assistance from Plymouth City Council, they used The Brickfields athletics ground in Devonport, before they moved to their new and current home in August 2003.
In the 2006–07 season the club entered the FA Vase for the first time, making it to the second qualifying round in their first attempt. A season later the club became founding members of the South West Peninsula League, when the South Western Football League and the Devon County Football League merged.
In the summer of 2016, Parkway merged with Plymouth and West Devon Football League club Bar Sol Ona, whose team became the Parkway Reserves in the East Cornwall League. It is here where Parkway got the design for their previous FC Barcelona-esque away kit from.
In 2018 the club gained promotion to the Western League and in 2021 was promoted to the Southern League.
Ground
Plymouth Parkway play their games at Bolitho Park (Stadio Bolithio), St. Peters Road, Plymouth, PL5 3JG. The ground has floodlights, a clubhouse, and has a capacity of 3500 standing and two covered seating areas for around 250 people.
Current squad
Honours
Pitching In Southern League Division One South:
Winners (1): 2021–22
Les Phillips Cup
Winners (1): 2018-19
South West Peninsula League Premier Division:
Winners (1): 2013–14, 2017–18
Runners-up (2): 2008–09, 2012–13
Plymouth & District League Division 2:
Winners (1): 1990–91
Throgmorton cup
Winners (1): 2010–11 2013-14
Devon Premier Cup:
Runners-up (3): 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06
Plymouth & District League Division 3 Cup:
Runners-up (1): 1989–90
Plymouth & District League Division 4 Cup:
Winners (1): 1988–89
George Gillin Trophy:
Winners (1): 2001–02
Runners-up (2): 1997–98, 2002–03
Stafford Williams Trophy:
Runners-up (2): 2000–01, 2001–02
Charity Bowl:
Winners (1): 2014-15
Edenvale Turf St Luke's Bowl:
Winners (1): 2013–14, 2017-2018
Records
Highest League Position: 10th in Pitching In Southern League Premier League South 2022-23
FA Cup best performance: Third Qualifying Round, 2022–23
FA Trophy best performance: Fourth round, 2021–22
FA Vase best performance: Quarter-finals, 2019–20
Highest League attendance: 1363 vs Cinderford Town, April 23, 2022
Club officials and staff
See also
Plymouth Parkway F.C. players
References
External links
Plymouth Parkway Official Website
Football clubs in England
Sport in Plymouth, Devon
Football clubs in Devon
1988 establishments in England
Association football clubs established in 1988
South West Peninsula League
Western Football League
Southern Football League clubs |
Bloodbath is the fourth studio album by Greek thrash metal band Suicidal Angels, released on 27 January 2012. It is their second album for NoiseArt Records, and their first to enter the German and Austrian official album charts.
The production took place at the Music Factory and Prophecy Studios in Germany, as well as Zero Gravity Studios in Athens. The band works with Jörg Uken for the mix and master at Soundlodge Studios, based in Rhauderfehn, Germany.
Track listing
All music and arrangements by Suicidal Angels; All lyrics by Melissourgos.
Personnel
References
2012 albums |
Patrick Cunningham may refer to:
Patrick Cunningham (politician)
Patrick Cunningham (inventor)
Pat Cunningham, Australian rules footballer |
Enver Faja (April 6, 1934 – October 5, 2011) was an Albanian architect and diplomat. Faja served as the Ambassador of Albania to Poland from 1992 to 1996.
Artan Shkrell, the head of Albania's Architects Association, called Faja, whose career spanned more than fifty years, "one of the main figures of the Albanian architecture." Faja's design portfolio included the National Historical Museum, master plan of Student's Town in Tirana, and the University of Tirana's Faculty of Science building.
Enver Faja died from a long illness on October 5, 2011, in Strasbourg, France, at the age of 77. His funeral was held at the National Gallery of Arts in Tirana.
References
1934 births
2011 deaths
Albanian architects
Ambassadors of Albania to Poland
People from Tirana |
Hypogymnia diffractaica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Initially reported from Southwest China, it was described as a new species by Bruce McCune in 2003. The type specimen was collected in Jiulong County (Sichuan Province), at an elevation of . Here it was found growing on the bark and wood of Rhododendron; it has also been recorded on birch. It is characterized by its slender lobes, the rimmed holes on the lower surface, and the presence of the chemical diffractaic acid as the main secondary metabolite in the medulla. It has a lower surface that is expanded and puffed out. Hypogymnia hengduanensis, the only other Hypogymnia species containing diffractaic acid as the main medullary substance, is quite similar in appearance, but can be distinguished from H. diffractaica by the presence of isidia. It also tends to grow at slightly lower elevations. In 2018, H. diffractaica was recorded from Bhutan.
References
diffractaica
Lichen species
Lichens of Asia
Lichens described in 2003
Taxa named by Bruce McCune |
William Gordon Jackson KC (born 5 August 1948) is a senior Scottish lawyer who served as Dean of the Faculty of Advocates from 2016 until 2020. From 1999 to 2007, he was a Scottish Labour Party Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Glasgow Govan.
Early life
Jackson was educated at Ardrossan Academy and studied law at the University of St Andrews. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1979 and served as an Advocate Depute from 1987 to 1990. He was called to the Bar of England and Wales (Lincoln's Inn) in 1979, and appointed Queen's Counsel in Scotland in 1990.
Political career
Jackson was elected to the Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election representing Glasgow Govan. While serving as a member, he continued to undertake work at the Bar, provoking criticism in some quarters. He was reputedly nicknamed "Crackerjack", for repeatedly arriving at Parliament just before the 5pm vote; the name was a reference to the children's programme, Crackerjack, which famously started at 4:55pm. He was defeated in the 2007 election by then-Scottish National Party Depute Leader Nicola Sturgeon.
Legal career
Jackson continues to practise at the Scottish Bar. At one time he was tipped to become a Senator of the College of Justice by the Sunday Herald.
In 2016, he became Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. He was the lead defence counsel in the trial of Alex Salmond, who was acquitted of all charges. On 3 April 2020, Jackson announced his intention to resign as Dean of Faculty with effect from 30 June 2020 at the latest. This followed reports that Jackson had self-reported himself to the Scottish Legal Complaints Commission after footage of him was published in which he appeared to name two of the women who alleged sexual assaults by Alex Salmond, in contravention of rules that protect the anonymity of complainers. Jackson was found guilty of professional misconduct.
Personal life
Jackson married Anne Stevely in 1972, with whom he has a son and two daughters. He is an Honorary Vice-President of English-Speaking Union Scotland.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Labour MSPs
Deans of the Faculty of Advocates
Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2003–2007
Members of the Scottish Parliament for Glasgow constituencies
People educated at Ardrossan Academy
Scottish King's Counsel
Scottish lawyers |
John Pope Cook (June 12, 1825 – October 13, 1910) was an Illinois politician and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He served in the Western Theater and played a prominent role in securing the Union victory at the Battle of Fort Donelson, helping to force the surrender of the defenders.
He was the second Congressman from Illinois. In 1855 he was Mayor of Springfield and 1856 he became the Sheriff of Sangamon County. In 1861 he gathered troops after the bombardment of Confederate of Fort Sumter and after that became colonel of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry.
In 1864 he got a promotion to brigadier general.
Early life
Cook was born in Belleville, Illinois, to a well-connected political family. His maternal grandfather, Ninian Edwards, was a United States senator and the Governor of Illinois. His father was Daniel Pope Cook, who was a member of the United States House of Representatives at the time. Following Daniel's death at the age of 33, his widow, Julia Catherine Edwards Cook, moved with their only child, John, back to Belleville, where she died three years later, leaving Cook as an orphan.
Cook received a good education and entered the practice of law. He was elected mayor of Springfield, Illinois, in 1855. Cook was the captain and commander of a military company called the Springfield Grays. He also served as quartermaster general of the Illinois militia.
Civil War
During the early days of the Civil War, Cook's militia company enlisted in Federal service in April 1861. They formed the nucleus of Company I of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Regiment, of which Cook was appointed colonel. At the Battle of Fort Donelson, he commanded the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, District of Cairo, Department of the Missouri. During the Confederate breakout attempt on February 15, General Ulysses S. Grant concluded the Confederates must have weakened the opposite flank to reinforce their assault. This weakened sector lay across from the Federal brigades of Cook and Jacob G. Lauman. Lauman's brigade was intended as the main thrust while Cook's brigade would make a feint to draw away fire. Cook's troops nevertheless managed to capture a key Confederate artillery battery, which paved the way for the subsequent collapse of the defensive line in his sector. After the battle he was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on March 22, 1862, with Senate confirmation on March 24, 1862, to rank from March 21, 1862. Cook remained in command of his brigade for a short time after Fort Donelson. Though still a colonel he was assigned to command the 6th Division in the Army of the Tennessee. This commanded was promptly turned over to Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss who would lead the division at Shiloh. Cook meanwhile was transferred to brigade command in the Washington defenses.
Cook later oversaw the military Department of Iowa and Dakota Territory. In the winter of 1862–63, he organized a campaign against the Sioux Nation, with Sioux City, Iowa, as his base of operations. In the spring of 1863, he was relieved by Brig. Gen. Alfred Sully. In November 1864, he was assigned command of the military District of Illinois, replacing Eleazar Paine, who had resigned the position. Cook was mustered out of the volunteers on August 24, 1865. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Cook for appointment to the brevet grade of major general, to rank from August 24, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the nomination on March 12, 1866.
Years after the war
Following the war, Cook returned home and was elected as Sangamon County's representative in the Illinois General Assembly, in 1869, as a Republican.
Cook died in his home near Ransom, Michigan, in 1910, and is interred at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois.
See also
List of American Civil War generals (Union)
References
Bibliography
Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .
Gott, Kendall D. Where the South Lost the War: An Analysis of the Fort Henry—Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. .
1825 births
1910 deaths
People from Belleville, Illinois
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
Mayors of Springfield, Illinois
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People from Hillsdale County, Michigan
Burials at Oak Ridge Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
Military personnel from Michigan |
Norman Antony Hart (15 October 1925 – 18 January 2009), was an English artist best known for his work in educating children in art through his role as a children's television presenter.
Hart initially served as an officer in a Gurkha regiment until the start of Indian independence. After this he became involved in children's television from the 1950s, working on the BBC's Blue Peter for a few years before fronting a series of children's art programmes, including Vision On, Take Hart and Hartbeat.
Hart's contributions to children's television include the design of the ship logo used by Blue Peter and the show's badges, and the animated character of Morph, who appeared beside him on his programmes following his introduction in the 1970s.
Early life
Tony Hart was born in Hastings Road, Maidstone in Kent. He was interested in drawing from an early age. He attended All Saints, Margaret Street Resident Choir School and then Clayesmore School in Iwerne Minster, Dorset, where art was his best subject.
Military service
Hart left school in 1943 and wanted to join the Royal Air Force, but as he would have been unable to fly owing to slightly deficient eyesight, he followed in his father’s footsteps and joined the British Indian Army instead where he gained an officers' commission in the 1st Gurkha Rifles. However, when he was told that lower-ranked British officers would be replaced by Indian officers following Indian independence, he decided to return to civilian life. The outbreak of the Korean War (25 June 1950) saw him being re-commissioned in the Territorial Army, attached to the Royal Artillery, from 23 November 1948 to 1 July 1950.
Career
After being demobilised, Hart decided to become a professional artist and studied at Maidstone College of Art, which later became Kent Institute of Art & Design (and is now the Maidstone campus of the University for the Creative Arts). He graduated in 1950 and, after working as a display artist in a London store, became a freelance artist.
Hart's break into broadcast television came in 1952, after his brother persuaded him to attend a party where he met a BBC children's television producer. After an interview in which Hart drew a fish on a napkin while the producer was looking for paper, Hart became resident artist on the Saturday Special programme. Subsequent television shows included Playbox (1954–59), Tich and Quackers (1963-), Vision On (1964–76), Take Hart (1977–83), Hartbeat (1984–93), Artbox Bunch (1995–96) and Smart Hart (1999–2000). From the 1970s, he often appeared alongside the animated Plasticine stop-motion character Morph, created by Peter Lord of Aardman Animations.
Hart was a regular face on the BBC children's programme Blue Peter in the 1950s and presented a number of programmes in 1959. Richard Marson's book Blue Peter: Inside the Archives lists Hart as a presenter in November 1959 but he is not officially listed as a host. As well as demonstrating small-scale projects (the type that viewers might be able to do) Hart also created large-scale artworks on the television studio floor, and even used beaches and other open spaces as 'canvases'.
A regular feature of Hart's programmes was The Gallery, which displayed artworks (paintings, drawings and collages) sent in by young viewers. One of the pieces of easy-listening vibraphone music accompanying this feature—"Left Bank Two", composed by Wayne Hill and performed by The Noveltones—has passed into British TV theme lore. This was first introduced in the show Vision On.
Hart also created the original design for the Blue Peter badge, also used as the programme's logo. He originally asked for his fee to be paid as a royalty of 1d (one pre-decimalisation penny) for each badge made, but was offered a flat fee of £100 (equivalent to £3,061.58 at January 2020 rates). The badges are famous throughout the United Kingdom and have been coveted by successive generations of Blue Peter viewers. The ink and watercolour galleon, believed to be the inspiration for the Blue Peter logo and badge, was originally drawn by Hart for "Hooray for Humpty-Dumpty" on Saturday Special, in 1952.
Hart received two BAFTA awards. His first, for Best Children's Educational Programme, came in 1984 for Take Hart, and he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998. He retired from regular TV work in 2001.
Personal life
Hart met his wife, Jean Skingle, while working in television; they married in 1953. They were married for fifty years until she died in 2003. They had a daughter, Carolyn, and two grandchildren.
Death
On 28 December 2006, it was announced during the reunion programme It Started with Swap Shop that Hart was in poor health, though this was not elaborated upon until an interview with The Times published on 30 September 2008, revealing that two strokes had robbed him of the use of his hands and left him unable to draw. He described this as "the greatest cross I have to bear". Hart died peacefully on 18 January 2009 at the age of 83.
Hart's funeral took place in the village of Shamley Green, where he had lived for more than forty years and he was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church.
Tributes
On 1 March 2009 a flash mob, organised through Facebook, paid tribute to Hart with around two hundred Morph figures displayed outside the Tate Modern art gallery. Hart's daughter, Carolyn Ross, attended and judged the "Best Morph in Show".
A memorial plaque is displayed in Hart's birthplace, the town of Maidstone, where he studied art at the town's art college. The plaque was unveiled by his daughter in May 2009 at the Hazlitt Arts Centre.
In September 2010 Tony Hart: A Portrait of My Dad, an affectionate biography of Hart by his daughter Carolyn, was published by John Blake Publishing.
In February 2015 a wave of tributes (followed by corrections) appeared on social media sites over a period of two days, when an individual mistakenly read a 2009 report of Hart's death and, missing the dateline, published it as news on Facebook, from which it was later transferred to Twitter. Many social media posters hyperlinked to an article in The Guardian. The newspaper published a graph of the number of readers referred to its article for the period. Aardman Animations used its Twitter account, in the name of Morph, to point to a tribute to Hart (a portrait of him being hung on a wall) that was included in the last episode of its forthcoming new set of episodes for the Morph television series.
In August 2021, a mural at Maidstone bus station was created, featuring Tony Hart and his sidekick Morph.
Legacy
In January 2021, 12 years after his death, it was announced that Hart's drawings of a galleon for the 1952 Humpty Dumpty story, that paved the way for the famous Blue Peter logo, together with copies of original 1950s designs for the emblem were to be auctioned. Consigned from the collection of Hart's close friend and agent Roc Renals (1922-2014), the sale was expected to raise close to £20,000. The 65-lot auction took place on 29 January.
References
External links
Official site
Obituary, The Times, 18 January 2009
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 18 January 2009
Obituary, The Guardian, 19 January 2009
Interviews: Tony Hart at B3TA
"A fond farewell to Morph" at The Guardian
1925 births
2009 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
21st-century English male artists
Alumni of the University for the Creative Arts
BAFTA winners (people)
Royal Gurkha Rifles officers
English television presenters
Blue Peter presenters
People from Maidstone
People from Surrey
People educated at Clayesmore School
Indian Army personnel of World War II
20th-century British Army personnel
Royal Artillery officers
20th-century English male artists |
Maureen Brady (born June 7, 1943) is an American writer, editor and educator. She is best known for her novels Ginger's Fire, Folly, and Give Me Your Good Ear. She currently lives and works in New York City and Woodstock, NY.
Personal life
Brady was born on June 7, 1943, in Mount Vernon, New York and spent her adolescence in Florida. She practised as a physical therapist and also taught physical therapy at Russell Sage College, Troy, New York. In 1977, she attended a New School workshop in writing which gave her the confidence to begin writing. She currently lives in New York with her partner, Martha.
Career
In 1982, she wrote the novel Folly out of a desire to cast a woman who was an outsider in her community splintered by racism, homophobia, patriarchy and capitalism as a hero. The novel focuses on a workers strike of North Carolina garment workers with various sub-plots about the diverse set of characters lives in a segregated town. The novel has been described as "pro-labor, feminist, anti-racist, queer positive." In 1994, it was reprinted as a classic by The Feminist Press.
Brady has received awards and fellowships from the Ludwig Vogelstein Foundation, the New York State Creative Arts Public Service program of the New York State Council on the Arts, the Briarcombe Foundation, and the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts.
In 1978, Brady founded the lesbian feminist publishing company Spinsters Ink with Judith McDaniel. As one of the oldest lesbian feminist publishers in the world, Spinsters Ink is widely regarded as a pioneering feminist institution. Brady has served as the editor of many books, including The Cancer Journals by Audre Lorde, Spinsters Ink (1980), and The Words of a Woman Who Breathes Fire: Poetry and Prose by Kitty Tsui, Spinsters Ink (1983).
A page from one of Brady's manuscripts was included in "Statements from Lesbian Artists", which accompanied the 1978 exhibition A Lesbian Show. Curated by Harmony Hammond, the show was the first lesbian-identified art exhibition in the United States.
Brady has taught writing at Skidmore College, Bard College, and The Resource Center for Accessible Living in Kingston, NY. She currently teaches creative writing at New York University, the New York Writers Workshop and the Peripatetic Writing Workshop.
Brady serves as the board president of the Barbara Deming Memorial Fund.
Bibliography
Give Me Your Good Ear, Spinsters Ink (1979)
Folly, Feminist Press at the City University of New York (1982)
The Question She Put to Herself, Crossing Press (1987)
Daybreak: Meditations for Women Survivors of Sexual Abuse, Hazelden Publishing (1991)
Beyond Survival: A Writing Journey for Healing Childhood Sexual Abuse, HarperCollins (1992)
Midlife: Meditations for Women, HarperCollins (1995)
Ginger's Fire, Alice Street Editions/Harrington Park Press (2005)
Getaway, Bacon Press Books (2018)
Anthologies
Lesbian Texts and Contexts: Radical Revisions, NYU Press (1990)
Lovers: Stories by Women, Crossing Press (1992)
Catholic Girls, Plume (1992)
Contemporary Lesbian Writers of the United States: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook, Greenwood Press (1993)
A Loving Testimony: Remembering Loved Ones Lost to AIDS, Crossing Press (1995)
Cabbage and Bones: An Anthology of Irish-American Women's Fiction, Holt Paperbacks (1997)
Touching Fire: Erotic Writings by Women, Running Press (1998)
Queer View Mirror 2: Lesbian and Gay Short Fiction, Arsenal Pulp Press (2002)
Queer View Mirror: Lesbian and Gay Short Fiction, Arsenal Pulp Press (2002)
References
External links
Official website
American lesbian writers
1943 births
Living people
American feminist writers
Queer feminists
LGBT feminists
American women editors
American editors
Lesbian academics |
Khirgil is a settlement in Kenya's Central Province.
History
The province is inhabited by the Kikuyu speaking community who are part of the Kenya Eastern Bantu.
During Kenya's colonization by the British, much of the province was regarded as part of the 'White Highlands', for the exclusive use of the settler community. Therefore it saw political activity from the local communities who felt that they had an ancestral right to the land. This tension culminated in the 1950s with the Mau Mau rebellion; it saw the region placed under a state of emergency and the arrest of many prominent political leaders.
References
Populated places in Central Province (Kenya) |
Corés is one of fifteen parishes (administrative divisions) in Somiedo, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
It is in size, with a population of 31 (INE 2006). The postal code is 33842.
Parishes in Somiedo |
Rarhi is a village in Jale Block, Darbhanga District, Bihar, India. It is located near the northern border of the country, about 27 kilometres northwest of the district capital Darbhanga, and 5 kilometres south of the block capital Jale, Bihar. In the year 2011, it has a population of 36,569.
Geography
Rarhi is located to the north of Bagmati River. The Jale-Atarwel Path passes through the west of the village. Its total area is 2861 hectares.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 7,500 households within Rarhi. Among the 36,569 inhabitants, 18,868 are male and 17,701 are female. The total literacy rate is 42.45%, with 9,284 of the male population and 6,238 of the female population being literate. Its census location code is 226751.
References
Villages in Darbhanga district |
Irwin Avenue is a streetcar station in Charlotte, North Carolina. The at-grade island platform on West Trade Street is a stop along the CityLynx Gold Line, serving Johnson & Wales University and Gateway Village.
Location
Irwin Avenue station is located at the intersection of West Trade Street, Irwin Avenue, and Johnson & Wales Way, in Uptown Charlotte. The immediate area features multi-level apartments, Johnson & Wales Charlotte campus, and Gateway Village office park. Also nearby, one to two blocks away, is Fraizer Park, Irwin Creek Greenway, and James Dennis Rash Park.
History
Irwin Avenue station was approved as a Gold Line Phase 2 stop in 2013, with construction beginning in Fall 2016. Though it was slated to open in early-2020, various delays pushed out the opening till mid-2021. The station opened to the public on August 30, 2021.
Station layout
The station consists of an island platform with two passenger shelters; a crosswalk and ramp provide platform access from West Trade Street. The station's passenger shelters house two art installations by Jim Hirschfield and Sonya Ishii.
References
External links
Lynx Gold Line stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2021
2021 establishments in North Carolina |
Jaromír Kudera (born 4 August 1990) is a Czech luger. He competed in the men's doubles event at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
Czech male lugers
Olympic lugers for the Czech Republic
Lugers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Don Richard Wijewardena (Sinhala:දොන් රිච්ඩ් විජෙවර්ධන) (23 February 1886 – 13 June 1950) was a Sri Lankan press baron who was involved in the Sri Lankan independence movement. A successful entrepreneur, he established Lake House newspapers and played a significant role in the independence movement.
Early life
D. R. Wijewardena was born as the third male child of seven sons and two daughters of Muhandiram Tudugalage Don Philip Wijewardene, a timber merchant of Sedavatta, Colombo and Helena Weerasinghe. He lost his father at a very young age and was raised by his mother. His brothers were Don Philip Alexander, Don Lewis, Don Charles, Don Edmund, Don Albert and Don Walter and his sisters were Harriot who married Dr Arthur Seneviratne and Agnes Helen who married Justice Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene.
Wijewardena received his primary education at the Sedavatta School after which like all his brothers, completed his secondary education at St. Thomas College Mutwal.
He then went on to study at Peterhouse, Cambridge. There he developed his interest in politics and met famous personalities such as future leaders of India like Lala Lajpat Rai, Bepin Chandra Pal, Surendranath Banerji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He was a contemporary of A. E. de Silva After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts and a Bachelor of Laws, he became a barrister at the Inner Temple.
Early career
Returning to Ceylon in 1912, he took oaths as an advocate of the Supreme Court of Ceylon and started his legal practice at Hulftsdorp in the Unofficial Bar. As a young advocate, Wijewardena to an active role in the local movements for constitutional change. In 1913 he was elected secretary of the Ceylon National Association, marking his formal entry into politics and together with its President Sir James Peiris he agitated for constitutional reform and self-rule. He became the joint-secretary of the Ceylon Reform League along with W. A. de Silva, when it was formed in 1917 by Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam.
In 1915, he took part in the notable Basnayaka Nilame Vs Attorney General case that led to the 1915 riots. Wijewardena gained a commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Ceylon Light Infantry a volunteer unit in 1913. Mobilized for war service during World War I, he served as a Lieutenant until resigning in 1917 on principle after he was reprimanded by his commanding officer for inviting the outspoken legislative council member O. C. Tillekeratne for dinner at the officer's mess at the Echelon Barracks.
Press baron
Wijewardena inherited some of his family estates and landholdings, which provided for a comfortable private income which meant that he was not completely dependent on legal practice for an income. This meant that he spent some time managing these assets, while practicing as an advocate. He did not practice law for long, turning towards business activities instead. In 1914, he acquired the Sinhala language daily Dinamina together with his brother D. C. Wijewardena. He thereafter in 1917 bought the English-language daily The Ceylonese from Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam for Rs 16,000, and paid of its debt of Rs 5,000 to F. R. Senanayake. Renaming it the Ceylon Daily News, with the first issue coming out on 3 January 1918, Wijewardena set about making it the premier morning paper in the island, by increasing its quality in both content and print as well as expanding its distribution cross the island. He soon bought its primary competition Ceylon Independent. This was followed by the purchase of the publication of a Tamil language daily Thinakaran. In 1923, he purchased The Observer which had been founded in 1834 for Rs 100,000. In 1926, these newspapers where consolidated under Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited (ANCL) which would publish seven newspapers Dinamina, Silumina (Sinhalese), Daily News, the Observer, Sunday Observer (English), Thinakaran and Sunday Thinakaran (Tamil). ANCL shifted its operations to a purpose-built building along the banks of the Beira Lake, which was called Lake House from which he derived the name of the holding company Lake House Group owned by Wijewardena which brought together his different publications which included the Fergusons Ceylon Directory. He started several buses to deliver papers to remotes parts of the island and providing public service in turn. Wijewardena expanded his personal holdings having acquired the Landscape Estate in Latpandura and Acadia in Diyatalawa.
Independence movement
D. R. Wijewardena and E. W. Perera traced the location of the banner of last King Sri Vikrama Rajasinghe, the last king of the Kingdom of Kandy to the Royal Hospital Chelsea where it was kept since the surrender of the Kingdom to the British in 1815. The recovered banner became a focal point in the independence movement and it became the flag of the Dominion of Ceylon upon its independence in 1948.
Wijewardena was in touch with local events and organised the first deputation to the Secretary of State for the Colonies with H. J. C. Pereira along with E. W. Perera. As a result of lobbying benefits Ceylonese were given another concession of a seat in the British dominated Legislative Council of Ceylon. To this seat majority of the Ceylonese elected Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan against Sir (Dr.) Marcus Fernando. He would later organise a second deputation too. He was also instrumental in starting the Temperance movement and the Amadyapa Sabha.
Family
He married Alice Gertrude Ruby Meedeniya on 26 January 1916 at the Meedeniya Walauwa, she was the daughter of Meedeniya Adigar and Corneliya Magdeline Senanayake who was the niece of Lambertus Obeyesekere, Maha Mudaliyar. They had two sons, Ranjith and Seewali; three daughters, Nalini, Rani and Kusuma. The family lived first at Rickman House before moving to a house at De Saram Place, Maradane and finally settling at Warrington at Braybrook Place. He purchased and developed Arcadia, Diyatalawa as the family retreat. His daughters Nalini married Esmond Wickremesinghe, while Rani married George Gomes and Kusuma married Lal Gooneratne. One of his grandsons Ranil Wickremasinghe, served as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka on several occasions and . His brother-in-law was Sir Francis Molamure, the first speaker of the State Council and his nephew (Helen's son) was J. R. Jayewardene, President of Sri Lanka.
Legacy
The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited he established played a major role in the pre and post independence era becoming a powerful media influence in Ceylon, resulting in its being taken over by the government under the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited (Special Provisions) Law No. 28 of 1973 and remains to this day the government owned print media publishing house. A strong proponent for a university in Ceylon, he was one of the founders of the University of Ceylon and one of its residence halls was named Wijewardena Hall in his honor. He bequeathed a large number of Buddhist books to the university library and funded several scholarships. McCallum Road in Colombo was renamed D.R. Wijewardena Mawatha.
See also
Sri Lankan independence activist
Sri Lankan independence movement
National Heroes of Sri Lanka
List of political families in Sri Lanka
References
External links
Wijewardene Ancestry
D. R. Wijewardene – an unassumed hero
Remembering D. R. Wijewardene
1886 births
1950 deaths
National Heroes of Sri Lanka
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan lawyers
Sri Lankan barristers
Ceylonese advocates
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Sri Lankan mass media owners
Members of the Inner Temple
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Ceylonese military personnel of World War I
Ceylon Light Infantry officers
Don Richard |
The Escape Artist is a 1982 film starring Griffin O'Neal and Raúl Juliá. It was based on a book by David Wagoner, and was the directorial debut of Caleb Deschanel. It was the final film of Joan Hackett, Desi Arnaz, and Gabriel Dell, and the film debut of Harry Anderson. It was also the final film performance of Jackie Coogan, though one film he had shot earlier (The Prey, which was shot in 1979) was not released until 1983.
Plot
Young and self-confident Danny Masters is the teen-aged son of the late Harry Masters, the "greatest escape artist except for Houdini". Danny himself is an accomplished magician and escape artist. He leaves home to join Uncle Burke and Aunt Sibyl in their magic/mentalist act; Sibyl welcomes him, but Burke is unenthusiastic.
Danny soon finds himself embroiled with Stu Quiñones, corrupt son of Mayor Leon Quiñones. The quest for a missing wallet (pick-pocketed by Danny) leads to the comeuppance of the crooked mayor, and separately of his vindictive and out-of-control son. Along the way, Danny comes to terms with the death of his father, the circumstances of which he did not previously know.
Cast
Raúl Juliá as Stu Quiñones
Griffin O'Neal as Danny Masters
Desi Arnaz as Mayor Leon Quiñones
Teri Garr as Arlene
Joan Hackett as Aunt Sibyl
Gabriel Dell as Uncle Burke
John P. Ryan as Vernon
Elizabeth Daily as Sandra
M. Emmet Walsh as Fritz
Jackie Coogan as Magic Shop Owner
Hal Williams as Cop At Mayor's Office
Helen Page Camp as Neighbor
David Clennon as Newspaper Editor
Huntz Hall as Turnkey
Harry Anderson as Harry Masters
Carlin Glynn as Treasurer's Secretary
Margaret Ladd as Reporter
Garry Marshall as Drummer
Doug McGrath as The Photographer
Richard Bradford as Sam City Treasurer (uncredited)
Production notes
This film was shot in 1980, but remained unreleased for two years as it underwent extensive re-editing. The cast includes two members of the 1930s troupe the Dead End Kids: Gabriel Dell and Huntz Hall.
Reception
The film received mixed to poor reviews, with critics generally praising the performances, but finding the script elements unfocused. Vincent Canby of the New York Times noted that the finished film "represents a lot more talent than is ever demonstrated on the screen."
References
External links
1982 films
1982 drama films
American independent films
Films based on American novels
Films shot in Cleveland
American Zoetrope films
Orion Pictures films
Warner Bros. films
Films about magic and magicians
Films directed by Caleb Deschanel
American drama films
Films with screenplays by Melissa Mathison
Films scored by Georges Delerue
1982 directorial debut films
1982 independent films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films |
Syabru () is a traditional Nepalese Himalayan folk dance. It is primarily performed by the people of the Sherpa and Yolmo communities. It is also performed by people of Tamang and other Himalayan communities of Nepal. The dance is performed in every festival as well as in various auspicious events and gathering.
Performance
The dance is performed in a group. The dance is performed by both men and women. People wear their ethnic clothes while performing the dance. People sing traditional folk songs while moving slowly in a line or a circulus while performing the dance. The songs are often accompanied by traditional instruments such as Tungna.
Preservation
Alongside various folk dances of Nepal, the popularity of Syabru dance is also being decreased. In order to preserve and promote the dance form, various competitions, workshops and awareness programmes are being conducted. The dance is an essential ritual during the Gyalpo Lhosar celebration.
References
Nepalese folk dances
Sherpa culture
Dance in Nepal
Himalayan dances
Culture of Koshi Province
Tamang culture
Hyolmo culture |
Elections to Cookstown District Council were held on 20 May 1981 on the same day as the other Northern Irish local government elections. The election used three district electoral areas to elect a total of 15 councillors.
Election results
Note: "Votes" are the first preference votes.
Districts summary
|- class="unsortable" align="centre"
!rowspan=2 align="left"|Ward
! %
!Cllrs
! %
!Cllrs
! %
!Cllrs
! %
!Cllrs
! %
!Cllrs
!rowspan=2|TotalCllrs
|- class="unsortable" align="center"
!colspan=2 bgcolor="" | SDLP
!colspan=2 bgcolor="" | UUP
!colspan=2 bgcolor="" | DUP
!colspan=2 bgcolor="" | UUUP
!colspan=2 bgcolor="white"| Others
|-
|align="left"|Area A
|bgcolor="#99FF66"|25.8
|bgcolor="#99FF66"|1
|21.5
|1
|21.8
|1
|9.4
|1
|21.5
|1
|5
|-
|align="left"|Area B
|bgcolor="#99FF66"|28.2
|bgcolor="#99FF66"|2
|22.6
|2
|23.5
|1
|0.0
|0
|25.7
|1
|6
|-
|align="left"|Area C
|bgcolor="#99FF66"|41.4
|bgcolor="#99FF66"|2
|30.7
|1
|27.9
|1
|0.0
|0
|0.0
|0
|4
|- class="unsortable" class="sortbottom" style="background:#C9C9C9"
|align="left"| Total
|31.4
|5
|24.7
|4
|24.3
|3
|2.9
|3
|16.7
|2
|15
|-
|}
Districts results
Area A
1977: 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x UUUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist
1981: 1 x SDLP, 1 x DUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x UUUP, 1 x Independent Nationalist
1977-1981 Change: No change
Area B
1977: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUUP, 1 x UUP, 1 x Independent Republican
1981: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUP, 1 x DUP, 1 x Independent Republican
1977-1981 Change: UUP and DUP gain from UUUP (two seats)
Area C
1977: 2 x SDLP, 2 x UUP
1981: 2 x SDLP, 1 x UUP, 1 x DUP
1977-1981 Change: DUP gain from UUP
References
Cookstown District Council elections
Cookstown |
```shell
SSH tunneling made easy
Check `iptables` firewall status
Find services running on your host
Multiple IP Address with aliasing
Getting the connection speed from the terminal
``` |
The Turkish Publishers Association (, TYB) is the oldest national association for publishers in Turkey. It was founded in 1985, and in 2013 counted around 300 publishing companies and distributors as members. It is a member of the International Publishers Association.
It awards the Freedom of Thought and Expression Prize annually since 1995; recipients include Meltem Arıkan (2004), Perihan Mağden (2008), Sel Publishing House (2009), Nedim Şener (2010), and İsmail Saymaz (2012).
References
External links
Official website
1985 establishments in Turkey
Business organizations based in Turkey
Publishing organizations |
Goetheborg is the spelling of Götheborg without diarctics. It may refer to:
Gothenburg, modern English spelling of the second largest city of Sweden
Götheborg, two Swedish East Indiamen and their modern replica |
Gray Township may refer to:
Gray Township, Lonoke County, Arkansas, in Lonoke County, Arkansas
Gray Township, White County, Illinois
Gray Township, Pipestone County, Minnesota
Gray Township, Stutsman County, North Dakota, in Stutsman County, North Dakota
Gray Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania
Township name disambiguation pages |
```xml
import React, { ReactElement } from 'react';
export interface SideToolbarButtonProps {
className?: string;
}
export default function SideToolbarButton({
className,
}: SideToolbarButtonProps): ReactElement {
return (
<div className={className}>
<svg
height="24"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
xmlns="path_to_url"
>
<path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" />
<path d="M6 10c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm12 0c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm-6 0c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z" />
</svg>
</div>
);
}
``` |
Palais Obizzi is a small baroque palace in Vienna, Austria.
Today it houses the Vienna Clock Museum (Uhrenmuseum).
External links
Clock museum of Vienna
Obizzi
Baroque architecture in Vienna |
Jayadeva (; born ), also spelt Jaideva, was a Sanskrit poet during the 12th century. He is most known for his epic poem Gita Govinda which concentrates on Krishna's love with the gopi, Radha, in a rite of spring. This poem, which presents the view that Radha is greater than Krishna, is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism.
Little is known of his life, except that he was a loner poet and a Hindu mendicant celebrated for his poetic genius in eastern India. Jayadeva is the earliest dated author of hymns that are included the Guru Granth Sahib, the primary scripture of Sikhism – a religion founded in the Indian subcontinent centuries after his death.
Biography
A Brahmin (said to be a Baidya by some) by birth, the date and place of Jayadeva's birth are uncertain (see Jayadeva birth controversy). The Gitagovinda suggests that he was born in the "Kindubilva" village : scholars of Odisha, Bengal and Mithila have variously identified this place with a present-day village in their own region, including Kenduli Sasan near Puri in Odisha, Jaydev Kenduli in Birbhum district in West Bengal, and the village of Kenduli near Jhanjharpur in Mithila (Bihar). Several sixteenth-century texts declare Jayadeva was from 'Utkala', another name of Odisha. The maximum number of Gita Govinda manuscripts are available in Odisha, in a variety of shapes and sizes, where the tradition of the Gita Govinda is an integral part of regional culture. Jayadeva, a wanderer, probably visited Puri at some point and there, according to tradition, he married a dancer named Padmavati though that is not supported by early commentators and modern scholars.
The poet's parents were named Bhojadeva and Ramadevi. From temple inscriptions it is now known that Jayadeva received his education in Sanskrit poetry from a place called Kurmapataka, identified near Konark in Odisha.
Historical records on Jayadeva's life
Inscriptions at Lingaraja temple, and the more recently discovered Madhukeswara temple and Simhachala temple that were read and interpreted by Padmashri Dr. Satyanarayana Rajguru have shed some light on Jayadeva's early life. These inscriptions narrate how Jayadeva had been a member of the teaching faculty of the school at Kurmapataka. He might have studied at Kurmapataka as well. It must have been right after his childhood education in Kenduli village that he left for Kurmapataka and gained experience in composing poetry, music and dancing. Scholar Thomas Donaldson mentions that the Gitagovinda was known at Puri not long after its composition, for the earliest commentary on it was written in Odisha around 1190. The village of Kenduli Sasana is a location "teeming with Vaishnava ruins and temples, perhaps more than any other site in India", notes Donaldson. He also notes an upswing in Krishna images in Odishan sculpture from the late twelfth century on, "long before such images became popular in Bengal or elsewhere in India." In the Jagannatha temple of Puri, the Gita Govinda is ritually sung every night during the Badasinghara ritual from the time of Jayadeva himself. The maharis or devadasis were instructed to faithfully render and perform the Gitagovinda according to the ragas of Odissi music, as known from inscriptions. During the Badasinghara Besa, the nighttime attire, the deities wear a special kind of fabric known as the Kenduli Khandua or Gita Gobinda Khandua, in which lines of the Gita Govinda are woven into the fabric using the ikat technique. The weavers of Kenduli Sasana used to provide these fabrics and this is also a ritual in vogue from the time of the poet himself.
Odisha has a tradition of writing the Gita Govinda in different forms, like in the form of a manuscript designed to look like a fish, or one that is made as a garland made of small round pieces of palm leaf, used as a portable text for memory. Manuscripts of the Gita Govinda have been written and illustrated in Odisha in large numbers, some of them counting among the finest pieces of Indian art. Dr. Bhagyalipi Malla, curator of the manuscripts section of the Odisha State Museum, writes : An exceptionally large number of Gitagovinda manuscripts are preserved in the Odisha State Museum, numbering two hundred and ten. These include twenty one illustrated, one hundred and eighty non-illustrated and nine manuscripts of various shapes like garland, fish and dagger. Apart from the aforesaid palm leaf manuscripts, there are several versions of the Gitagovinda written in ivory, bamboo leaf and even handmade paper. There are eighteen different commentaries preserved in the museum.
Even today, traditional craftsmen and scribes come together in Odisha to finely stitch together leaves of the palm at one end for the manuscript to open up and fall like a chart made up of folios, on which the text of the Gita Govinda is written, complete with illustrations.
Literary contributions
A few poems of Jayadeva written in archaic Odia have been published by the Directorate of Culture, Odisha. They describe the romance of Radha-Krishna and contain ideas very similar to those used in the Gita Govinda. Jayadeva is widely considered one of the earliest musicians of Odissi music. Every night during the Badasinghara or the last ritual of the Jagannatha temple of Puri, the Gitagovinda of Jayadeva is sung, set to traditional Odissi ragas & talas, such as Mangala Gujjari. This tradition has continued unbroken since the time of Jayadeva, who himself used to sing in the temple. After the time of the poet, the singing of the Gitagovinda according to the authentic Odissi ragas & talas was instated as a mandatory sevā at the temple, to be performed by the Maharis or Devadasis, systematically recorded in inscriptions, the Mādalā Pānji and other official documents that describe the functioning of the temple. To this date, the Jagannatha temple remains the fountainhead of Odissi music and the most ancient & authentic compositions (including a few archaic Odia s and s by Jayadeva himself) survive in the temple tradition, although the Devadasis are no more found owing to their systematic eradication by the British government.
Two hymns of Jayadeva, have been incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book of the Sikh religion.
The hymns are written in a mixture of Sanskrit and eastern Apabhramsha. There are records narrating how Jayadeva's work had a profound influence on Guru Nanak during his visit to Puri.
See also
Odissi music
Sanskrit literature
Bhakta Jayadeva, 1938 and 1961 Telugu language films
Kavi Joydev, a 1941 Bengali film about Jayadeva by Hiren Bose
Notes
References
External links
Sanskrit Scholars of Odisha (pdf)
Sanskrit poets
Indian male poets
Hindu poets
12th-century Indian poets
Poets from Odisha
Devotees of Jagannath
Bhakti movement
Sikh Bhagats
Odissi music composers |
```c
/*
*
*/
#include "sdkconfig.h"
#include "soc/clkout_channel.h"
#include "hal/assert.h"
#include "hal/clk_tree_hal.h"
#include "hal/clk_tree_ll.h"
#include "hal/gpio_ll.h"
#include "hal/log.h"
static const char *CLK_HAL_TAG = "clk_hal";
uint32_t clk_hal_soc_root_get_freq_mhz(soc_cpu_clk_src_t cpu_clk_src)
{
switch (cpu_clk_src) {
case SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_XTAL:
return clk_hal_xtal_get_freq_mhz();
case SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_PLL:
return clk_ll_bbpll_get_freq_mhz();
case SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_RC_FAST:
return SOC_CLK_RC_FAST_FREQ_APPROX / MHZ;
default:
// Unknown CPU_CLK mux input
HAL_ASSERT(false);
return 0;
}
}
uint32_t clk_hal_cpu_get_freq_hz(void)
{
soc_cpu_clk_src_t source = clk_ll_cpu_get_src();
switch (source) {
case SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_PLL:
return clk_ll_cpu_get_freq_mhz_from_pll() * MHZ;
default: // SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_XTAL, SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_RC_FAST...
return clk_hal_soc_root_get_freq_mhz(source) * MHZ / clk_ll_cpu_get_divider();
}
}
static uint32_t clk_hal_ahb_get_freq_hz(void)
{
// AHB_CLK path is highly dependent on CPU_CLK path
switch (clk_ll_cpu_get_src()) {
case SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_PLL:
// AHB_CLK is a fixed value when CPU_CLK is clocked from PLL
return CLK_LL_AHB_MAX_FREQ_MHZ * MHZ;
default: // SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_XTAL, SOC_CPU_CLK_SRC_RC_FAST...
return clk_hal_cpu_get_freq_hz();
}
}
uint32_t clk_hal_apb_get_freq_hz(void)
{
return clk_hal_ahb_get_freq_hz();
}
uint32_t clk_hal_lp_slow_get_freq_hz(void)
{
switch (clk_ll_rtc_slow_get_src()) {
case SOC_RTC_SLOW_CLK_SRC_RC_SLOW:
return SOC_CLK_RC_SLOW_FREQ_APPROX;
case SOC_RTC_SLOW_CLK_SRC_OSC_SLOW:
return SOC_CLK_OSC_SLOW_FREQ_APPROX;
case SOC_RTC_SLOW_CLK_SRC_RC_FAST_D256:
return SOC_CLK_RC_FAST_D256_FREQ_APPROX;
default:
// Unknown RTC_SLOW_CLK mux input
HAL_ASSERT(false);
return 0;
}
}
uint32_t clk_hal_xtal_get_freq_mhz(void)
{
uint32_t freq = clk_ll_xtal_load_freq_mhz();
if (freq == 0) {
HAL_LOGW(CLK_HAL_TAG, "invalid RTC_XTAL_FREQ_REG value, assume %dMHz", CONFIG_XTAL_FREQ);
return CONFIG_XTAL_FREQ;
}
return freq;
}
void clk_hal_clock_output_setup(soc_clkout_sig_id_t clk_sig, clock_out_channel_t channel_id)
{
gpio_ll_set_pin_ctrl(clk_sig, CLKOUT_CHANNEL_MASK(channel_id), CLKOUT_CHANNEL_SHIFT(channel_id));
}
void clk_hal_clock_output_teardown(clock_out_channel_t channel_id)
{
gpio_ll_set_pin_ctrl(0, CLKOUT_CHANNEL_MASK(channel_id), CLKOUT_CHANNEL_SHIFT(channel_id));
}
``` |
Native Sons is an album by the American band Los Lobos, released in 2021. Except for one track, it is a covers album, dedicated to music from Los Angeles.
The album peaked at No. 7 on Billboard'''s Americana/Folk Albums chart. It won a 2022 Grammy Award in the Best Americana Album category.
Production
The album was produced by Steve Berlin. It was recorded during the band's longest break from touring in 20 years. The title track is the only original composition. "Love Special Delivery" was originally by Thee Midniters, and was one of the first hit rock songs by a Chicano band. "The World Is a Ghetto", by War, was the band's favorite cover to record.
Critical reception
AllMusic deemed the album "essential listening from one of America's greatest bands," writing that Los Lobos make the songs their own "with the imagination, spirit, and commitment of their performances, not to mention their impressive chops and the incredible feel that comes from more than four decades of working together." The Star Tribune concluded that it "is a testament to how Los Lobos themselves are as richly varied as the city and borderland territory that birthed them." The Mercury News'' praised the cover of "Sail On, Sailor".
Track listing
References
Los Lobos albums
2021 albums
New West Records albums
Grammy Award for Best Americana Album
Covers albums |
Carl Davis (born March 2, 1992) is an American football nose tackle who is a free agent. He played college football at Iowa.
Early years
Davis attended Adlai Stevenson High School, where he played high school football. He was named first-team All-state by the Detroit Free Press, The Detroit News and The Macomb Daily. He was a first-team All-conference as a senior after earning second-team honors as a junior. As a junior, he collected 47 tackles, with eight tackles for loss, 15 QB hurries and three QB sacks, helping prep team post 10-2 mark. He recorded 58 tackles as a senior, including six QB sacks while leading his team to a 13-1 record and advancing to the state championship game at Ford Field. Also blocked two field goals, had one interception and scored one touchdown. Davis also lettered in basketball and track and field.
College career
Davis was redshirted as a true freshman at the University of Iowa in 2010. As a redshirt freshman in 2011, Davis played in six games and had two tackles. As a sophomore in 2012, he played in 11 games making eight tackles. Davis became a first year starter as a junior in 2013, starting all 13 games. He finished the season with 42 tackles and 1.5 sacks. Davis entered his senior season in 2014 as a starter for the second consecutive year.
Professional career
On November 10, 2014, it was reported that Davis had accepted an invitation to play in the 2015 Senior Bowl as a part of the North team under Tennessee Titans' head coach Ken Whisenhunt. Davis improved his draft stock with top performances during practice throughout the week and met with coaches from the Baltimore Ravens. He was dominant and showed his strength while beating Pitt's offensive tackle T. J. Clemmings. For his efforts, Davis was voted by a panel of NFL scouts as the Reese's Senior Bowl Practice Player of the Week. On January 24, 2015, Davis assisted on a tackle for a loss and sacked Colorado State's Garrett Grayson, as he helped the North defeat the South 34-13. He attended the NFL combine as a top defensive end prospect and completed nearly all of the required combine drills, but opted to skip the bench press. Davis had pre-draft visits and private workouts with six teams, including the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers, Buffalo Bills, Miami Dolphins, Detroit Lions, and Chicago Bears. On March 23, 2015, Davis participated at Iowa's pro day, along with Brandon Scherff, Andrew Donnal, Louis Trinca-Pasat, John Lowdermilk, Damond Powell, Mark Weisman, and six others. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Davis was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the fifth best defensive tackle prospect by Sports Illustrated, the sixth best defensive tackle by NFLDraftScout.com and NFL analyst Mike Mayock, and was ranked the eighth best defensive tackle by NFL analyst Charles Davis.
Baltimore Ravens
2015
The Baltimore Ravens selected Davis in the third round (90th overall) of the 2015 NFL Draft, after unexpectedly falling in the draft. He was the fifth defensive tackle selected, behind Danny Shelton (No. 12, Browns), Malcom Brown (No. 32, Patriots), Eddie Goldman (No. 39, Bears), and Jordan Phillips (No. 52, Dolphins). The Baltimore Ravens were originally targeting Florida State's P. J. Williams (No. 78, Saints), Virginia's Eli Harold (No. 79, 49ers), and UNI's David Johnson (No. 86, Cardinals) with their third round selection, but chose Davis as he was the best talent available. Although the Baltimore Ravens did not have a pre-draft visit or private workout with Davis, they did meet with him during the Senior Bowl and NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis. On May 8, 2015, the Baltimore Ravens signed Davis to a four-year, $2.95 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $625,084.
He competed with Brandon Williams and Christo Bilukidi throughout training camp for the vacant starting nose tackle position left by the departure of Haloti Ngata to the Detroit Lions during free agency. Head coach John Harbaugh named Davis the backup starting nose tackle to Williams to begin the regular season.
He made his professional regular season debut in the Baltimore Ravens' season-opener against the Denver Broncos and recorded three combined tackles and a pass deflection in their 19-13 loss. On September 27, 2015, Davis earned his first career start at defensive tackle and defended a pass during their 28-24 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. He started the next two games at defensive tackle, in place of Timmy Jernigan who had an injured knee. Davis was a healthy scratch for Weeks 12-14 despite having a strong start to his rookie season and being the first member of the Ravens' 2015 draft class to start.
In 13 games of his rookie season, Davis produced 11 tackles and 2 passes defended.
2016
Davis competed with Brandon Williams, Willie Henry, Michael Pierce, and Trevon Coley throughout training camp for the starting nose tackle position. On September 1, 2016, Davis sustained an ankle injury and left during the Baltimore Ravens' 23-14 victory over the New Orleans Saints in their pre-season finale. On September 5, 2016, Davis was placed on injured reserve and missed the entire season with an ankle injury.
2017
Davis returned to training camp in and competed with Brent Urban, Brandon Williams, and Bronson Kaufusi for the starting defensive end position. He was named the backup defensive end, behind Brent Urban and Brandon Williams to start the regular season.
On October 1, 2017, David earned his first start of the season after Brent Urban was placed on injured reserve. He recorded three solo tackles in the Ravens' 26-9 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The next game, he suffered a hamstring injury during the first half of a 30-17 victory over the Oakland Raiders. He missed the following game and played sparingly in the next 7 weeks due to the injury.
2018
On September 1, 2018, Davis was waived by the Ravens.
Cleveland Browns
On September 2, 2018, Davis was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns. He played minimally for the Browns, registering just one assisted tackle for 2018.
The Browns re-signed Davis on a one year $2 million contract on March 12, 2019. The Browns released Davis on August 31, 2019.
Indianapolis Colts
On October 14, 2019, Davis was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. He was released on November 4.
Jacksonville Jaguars
On November 25, 2019, Davis was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars.
On February 4, 2020, Davis was suspended the first four games of the 2020 season for violating the league’s performance-enhancing substance policy. He was re-signed by the Jaguars on April 6, 2020. He was released on May 12, 2020, but re-signed on August 10. He was reinstated from suspension on October 5, 2020, and the team was given a roster exemption for him. He was released on October 12 and signed to the team's practice squad the next day.
New England Patriots
On October 14, 2020, Davis was signed by the New England Patriots off the Jaguars practice squad. He was placed on injured reserve on November 28, 2020, with a concussion. He was designated to return from injured reserve on December 17, and began practicing with the team again, but was not activated before the end of the regular season.
Davis signed a contract extension with the Patriots on March 15, 2021, and on April 27, 2022, Davis re-signed with the Patriots. He was released on August 27, 2023.
Seattle Seahawks
On September 20, 2023, Davis was signed to the Seattle Seahawks practice squad. He was waived on October 31.
Personal life
Davis' mother, Ovella Davis, is a pastor in the Detroit, Michigan area and is very active in her community.
During the 2016 season, Davis founded the Trenchwork Foundation that's based in his hometown of Detroit. Trenchwork Foundation's mission is to maintain community development and help children stay committed to healthy living and education. They also provide children book bags and new equipment for the local youth football team.
References
External links
Iowa Hawkeyes bio
1992 births
Living people
Players of American football from Detroit
American football defensive tackles
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Baltimore Ravens players
Cleveland Browns players
Indianapolis Colts players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
New England Patriots players
Seattle Seahawks players |
John Whiteford (born 22 January 1957) is a British former professional tennis player.
A left-handed player from Sussex, Whiteford featured in several editions of the Wimbledon Championships, including main draw appearances in doubles. In 1981 he was one of three British players arrested on arrival in Nigeria to compete in the Lagos Open, due to their prior participation at tournaments in apartheid South Africa. The incident resulted in the Lagos event being excluded from the Grand Prix calendar for a year.
Whiteford, who played a season of U.S. collegiate tennis for Rice University in 1976, has served as the head coach at the University of Bath and has coached Britain at the World University Games.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
British male tennis players
Rice Owls men's tennis players
Tennis people from East Sussex
English male tennis players |
Milad Karimi (; born 21 June 1999) is a Kazakh artistic gymnast. He represented Kazakhstan at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. He is the 2023 World bronze medalist on floor exercise.
Career
In 2017, he won the bronze medal in the horizontal bar event at the Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships held in Bangkok, Thailand. A few months later, he represented Kazakhstan at the 2017 Summer Universiade in Taipei, Taiwan without winning a medal. In the same year, he also competed in the floor exercise at the 2017 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
He represented Kazakhstan at the 2018 Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia. In the horizontal bar he finished in 8th place in the final and in the floor exercise he finished in 5th place in the final. He also competed in the men's artistic team event where Kazakhstan finished in 6th place in the final.
In 2019, he won the silver medal in the horizontal bar event at the Summer Universiade held in Naples, Italy. In 2020, he won the bronze medal in the floor exercise in Melbourne, Australia as part of the 2020 FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Cup series. He also won the silver medal in the horizontal bar event. In the competition held in Baku, Azerbaijan he also won the bronze medal in the floor exercise.
He represented his country at the 2020 Summer Olympics. He qualified for the All-around finals as well as event finals for floor exercise and horizontal bar. He finished 14th in the all-around finals, 5th in floor and 8th in the horizontal bar.
Competitive history
References
External links
Living people
1999 births
Sportspeople from Almaty
Kazakhstani male artistic gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Universiade medalists in gymnastics
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan
Universiade silver medalists for Kazakhstan
Universiade bronze medalists for Kazakhstan
Competitors at the 2017 Summer Universiade
Gymnasts at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Kazakhstan
Medalists at the 2019 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2021 Summer Universiade
Gymnasts at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts for Kazakhstan
21st-century Kazakhstani people |
John Day Andrews (August 30, 1795 – August 30, 1882) was a tavern keeper, carpenter, merchant, planter, and politician. He worked in Virginia as a plantation overseer and owned a tavern. He relocated to Houston around 1838, where he worked as a carpenter, a dry goods merchant, and a planter. He served as an Alderman and a mayor of Houston.
Early life and business career
John Day Andrews was the son of John and Elizabeth Lipscomb Andrews, and was born in Spotsylvania County, Virginia on August 30, 1795.
Andrews arrived in Houston with his family as early as 1837.
Political life
Andrews started public life in Houston in 1838, when he co-founded Christ Church in Houston. He served as the founding president of the Houston Board of Health. He served two one-year terms as mayor of Houston in 1841 and 1842, establishing the first city hall in is second year.
As Mayor of Houston, Andrews worked with the City Council to establish a wharf tax to create revenue for improvements to the port. These funds were used to dredge Buffalo Bayou and improve the steamboat landing. Another act of Andrews and City Council established the Port of Houston Authority, with a mandate to regulate all landings in Houston along Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou. Andrews also led an effort to clear ship wrecks and other debris from the channel.
Personal life
Andrews sired Sarah Goodwin, who was born in 1814, but he did not admit this to his family. He married Eugenia Price Thilman on November 25, 1830. Thilman was a widow and Andrews adopted both of her daughters. They also had at least two daughters from their own marriage.
Andrews imported materials from the east coast of the United States and built a Greek Revival house in Houston in 1838. The house was located on land owned by his business partner, Thomas M. League. The Andrews family lived on the round floor of the house and the League family lived on the second floor.
Later, the Andrews family resided on a large suburban tract, on land that was later used as the baseball park for a Houston minor league baseball team, at the corner of Andrews and Heiner streets.
Death
Andrews died in Houston on his birthday, August 30, 1882. He is buried at Glenwood Cemetery.
Citations
References
1795 births
1882 deaths
Mayors of Houston
People from Spotsylvania County, Virginia
Businesspeople from Houston
Politicians from Houston
Republic of Texas politicians |
Santa Maria Maggiore, also known as the church of San Francesco is a Roman Catholic church in the town of Miglionico, province of Matera, Basilicata, Italy.
The church with its romanesque belltower, is attached to a small Franciscan convent. The church is mainly notable for housing the Polyptych of Miglionico, a large 18 panel masterpiece painted by Cima da Conegliano in 1499. The work was purchased by the local bishop in 1598, and installed in this chapel in the 18th century.
References
Romanesque architecture in Basilicata
Churches in the province of Matera |
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Jun Hyun-moo (born November 7, 1977) is a South Korean host and television personality. Before becoming a host, he was a news anchor and radio announcer.
Education
Jeon graduated from Yonsei University with a degree in Sociology and English Literature.
Philanthropy
Jun also donated 100 million won to single mothers in 2018 and joined the Seoul Fruit of Love Honor Society.
In 2019, Jun donated 50 million won to help victims of the Gangwon wildfires and in 2020 he donated 100 million won to low-income families struggling with COVID-19. He also donated 10 million won to teenagers to help them generate self-sufficiency through the 'Free Market'.
On March 7, 2022, Jun donated 100 million won to support emergency relief for forest fire victims through the Seoul Social Welfare Community Team (hereinafter referred to as the fruit of love).
Filmography
Television shows
Current
Former Shows
Television series
Hosting
Web shows
Awards
Listicles
References
External links
South Korean television presenters
South Korean announcers
SM Entertainment artists
Yonsei University alumni
Mass media people from Seoul
1977 births
Living people
South Korean journalists
Best Variety Performer Male Paeksang Arts Award (television) winners |
Marcia Crocker Noyes (1869–1946) was a librarian at The Maryland State Medical Society from 1896 to 1946, and was a founding and presiding member of the Medical Library Association.
Early life and education
Marcia Crocker Noyes was born in December 1869 in Saratoga Springs, New York. She was the youngest of four children born to Levi and Catherine Noyes. She studied at Hunter College in New York, and considered becoming a dress designer or an artist, despite disapproval from her parents.
Career
Noyes began her career as a librarian after moving to Baltimore, Maryland to live with her sister, Kitty Noyes Marshall. She took a position as a relief worker on a salary of $15 a month at the Enoch Pratt Free Library, led by Dr. Bernard Steiner, where she continued to work for three years. During this time, she was promoted into a supervisory role.
In 1896, Sir William Osler, MD became the President of The Maryland State Medical Society and required an "intelligent, dedicated, full-time medical librarian" to meet the increased demand for medical library services and oversee a steadily growing collection of 7,000 volumes. Because of her work at the Enoch Pratt Free Library, Steiner recommended Noyes for the position, declaring her "a woman of executive talents". Noyes was later selected as the new librarian and received an annual salary of $200.
In her new role as a medical librarian, Noyes learned on the job by attending all faculty functions. She also served as Sir William's understudy and developed a long-lasting friendship with him; she claimed to be "infected with his mission to improve the medical library and by so doing to improve the quality of medical practice".
In her first year, Noyes developed a book classification system for medical books, based on the index medicus, which she called the Classification for Medical Literature. The system uses the alphabet with capital letters for the major divisions of medicine and lower-case ones for the sub-sections. Notes' Classification is still used at the Medical and Chirurgical Library for original historical material, but has not been revised since her death. Friends from the Enoch Pratt Free Library were hired to help catalogue in the evenings at a rate of 25¢ an hour. Due to budgetary constraints, Noyes was only able to hire one full-time assistant, Gustave Orville Caution, during the first ten years of her employment .
In 1904, the library was reorganized, and Noyes assumed the role of secretary. She would not be formally appointed to the position of Executive Secretary until 1925.
Within ten years, the library required a larger building, and plans were spearheaded by Noyes and Osler to build a headquarters building, which would primarily house the library's growing collection of medical books and journals.
New headquarters
Noyes was instrumental in the design and building of the new headquarters. She traveled to Philadelphia, New York, and Boston to look at their medical society buildings. Eventually the Philadelphia architectural firm Ellicott & Emmart was selected to design and build the new faculty building. The building, whose construction progress Noyes inspected on-site, was built in less than one year at a cost of $90,000.
Among the features of the new building was a fourth-floor apartment created for Noyes to her specifications, including a room for her maid. She moved into her new apartment in 1909, and often referred to it as the first true penthouse in Baltimore, since it had a garden and rooftop terrace. This apartment allowed her to be on 24-hour duty for 50 years.
By the time of her retirement in 1946, the library collection had grown to more than 65,000 volumes from medical and specialty societies around the world. The library was also now financially secure, with invested funds totaling $90,000.
Medical Library Association
Parallel to her career, Noyes was also involved in the Medical Library Association (MLA), as one of eight founding members and later as Association President. On May 2, 1898, the eight charter members gathered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to form the MLA, determining the Association's objective to "foster medical libraries and promote the exchange of medical literature."
One of the earliest mandates of the MLA was the Exchange, a distribution and trade service for those who had duplicates or little-used books in their collections. Initially, the Exchange was run out of the Philadelphia Medical Society, but in 1900 it was moved to Baltimore where Noyes oversaw it. In 1904, the Exchange was again moved to the Medical Society of the County of Kings (Brooklyn, New York) due to storage constraints, and in 1908 the MLA asked Noyes to take charge once again. In 1909, when the new Faculty building opened, providing enough room to run the Exchange and with the help of MLA Treasurer, Dr. John Ruhräh.
Additionally, Noyes and Ruhräh worked jointly to revive the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, which had all but ceased publication in 1908, taking the Exchange with it. This duo maintained editorial control from 1911 until 1926. In 1933, Noyes was elected the first woman and the first non-physician (or the "first unmedicated member") to preside over the Association.
Noyes wanted to write the history of the MLA once she retired from full-time work at the Faculty, but her health was beginning to fail. She had an increasingly painful back condition that required her to wear a brace and she had suffered a serious burn on her shoulder, possibly from her summers spent running a summer camp, Camp Seyon (Noyes spelled backwards), for young ladies in the Adirondack Mountains.
On April 24, 1946, a reception was planned to honor Noyes's 50 years at the Faculty, despite her request that the physicians wait until November, the actual date of her 50 years. The Faculty went ahead and hosted the reception on the earlier planned date due to her deteriorating health. More than 250 physicians attended the celebration and many speeches were given. She was presented with a suitcase, a sum of money to use for traveling, and her favorite painting, which she had persuaded the Library committee to purchase many years earlier.
Noyes died on November 24, 1946,. Her funeral was held by her request in the Faculty's Osler Hall. More than 60 physicians served as her pallbearers, and she was buried at Baltimore's Green Mount Cemetery.
Legacy
In 1947, the MLA established the Marcia C. Noyes Award to honor her contributions to medical librarianship. It is awarded yearly, and presented at the Annual Meeting to a librarian who shows distinguished service and leadership in health sciences librarianship. Awardees receive an engraved sterling silver bowl.
References
American librarians
American women librarians
1869 births
1946 deaths
People from Baltimore
People from Saratoga Springs, New York
Hunter College alumni |
Streetball (or street basketball) is a variation of basketball, typically played on outdoor courts and featuring significantly less formal structure and enforcement of the game's rules. As such, its format is more conducive to allowing players to publicly showcase their own individual skills. Streetball may also refer to other urban sports played on asphalt. It is particularly popular and important in New York City and Los Angeles, though its popularity has spread across the United States due to the game's adaptability.
Some places and cities in the United States have organized streetball programs, operated similarly to midnight basketball programs. Many cities also host their own weekend-long streetball tournaments, with Hoop-It-Up and the Houston Rockets' Blacktop Battle being two of the most popular. Holocombe Rucker had a big impact on streetball when he created a league in New York City, and it was later dedicated to him and named Rucker Park. Since the mid-2000s, streetball has seen an increase in media exposure through television shows such as ESPN's Street Basketball and City Slam, as well as traveling exhibitions such as the AND1 Mixtape Tour, YPA, and Ball4Real.
It is also popular in other countries like Philippines. Most of their streets have their own basketball court. Tournaments are also organized especially during summer and holiday season. Divisions are divided into 4 brackets, Mosquito (ages 7 to 13), Midget (ages 14 to 17), Junior (ages 18 to 25), and Senior division (ages 26 and up). In France, Quai 54 takes place every summer. It is one of the biggest streetball tournaments in the world, showcasing the best of talent in Paris.
Rules and features
Streetball rules vary widely from court to court.
Players typically divide into teams by alternating choices. No referees are employed, so almost invariably a "call your own foul" rule is in effect, and a player who believes he has been fouled, simply needs to call out "Foul!", and play will be stopped, with the ball awarded to the fouled player's team (free throws are not usually awarded in street ball), usually after a period of discussion of the existence of the foul.
Calling fouls is generally disfavored. The etiquette of what rightly constitutes a foul, as well as the permissible amount of protestation against such a call, are the products of individual groups, and of the seriousness of a particular game.
Other violations which are enforced include traveling, double-dribble, carrying, kicking, out of bounds, goaltending and backcourt violation.
Half-court play
The majority of streetball games are played 3-on-3 on a half court. Special rules have been developed for half-court play:
At the beginning of the game and after each made basket, play begins at the top of the key. A "checking" system is used to ensure that both teams are ready to begin play. This involves the offensive player saying "check" while throwing the ball to his defender. The defender then makes sure their team is ready and then throws the ball back to begin play.
If the ball goes out of bounds during play, the ball can either be checked from out of bounds near where the ball went out or at the top of the key, depending on the rules established before the game.
FIBA recently had to add the "check clock" rule into play in their streetball tournaments due to some players taking excruciatingly long amounts of time to check the ball, interrupting the flow of play. This "check clock" means that when the defending player has been checked the ball, he has to return it within 5 seconds.
The "12-second shot clock" rule can be implemented as well to prevent longer possessions. (used in streetball tournaments)
If the defending team gains possession of the ball, they must "clear" the ball past the three-point line before they can score a basket. This does not need to be at the top of the key and no checking is required.
Sometimes in a half-court game, a "winner's ball" or "make it, take it" rule is used. This means that when a team scores, they get the ball back on offense. Potentially, the other team could end up never getting the ball on offense if the first team scores on every possession.
Game structure
A common feature of street basketball is the pick up game. To participate in most streetball games around the world, one simply goes to an outdoor court where people are playing, indicates a wish to participate, and from all the players who were at the court before one has played, two players acting as "captains" will get to pick their team out of the players available and play a game. Generally, the team captains alternate their choices, but different courts have differing rules in regards to player selection. Many games play up to 7, 11, 13, 15, or 21 points with the scoring system of 2-point baskets and 3-point baskets counting for 1 and 2 points respectively. It is possible to do (1's only), (2's only), (1's and 2's) or (2's and 3's). Players often play "win by 1" or "win by 2" as in tennis to win the game.
1's only – each basket counts as 1 point
2's only – each basket counts as 2 points
1's and 2's – each basket counts as 1 point inside the arc and 2 points outside the arc
2's and 3's – each basket counts as 2 points inside the arc and 3 points outside the arc
The streetball game can be played at different team formats such as 2-on-2 or 3-on-3 for a half court play while 4-on-4 or 5-on-5 for a full court play. In most instances, the winning team gets first possession and usually choose which direction (which basket) they get to use.
In a 3-on-3 or higher, the first game often plays up to 15 points. Second game then goes to 12, then every game after is 15.
Another possible streetball feature is having an MC call the game. The MC is on the court during the game and is often very close to the players (but makes an effort to not interfere with the game) and uses a microphone to provide game commentary for the fans.
One-on-one play
Special rules have been developed for one-on-one play: (#5)
If the player loses the match of a one-on-one, the losing player is given a second chance for overtime. This either results with the match continuing or if the match is close enough the next person to go up by 2 points wins.
In a game of One-on-One at a close game, the game cannot end on a bank shot. If a bank shot happens on the last point of the game it is a replay of possession. (refer as the no bankshot rule)
Another additional variation to the rules is the (skunk rule). This merely means that if a player reaches a certain point without the other player scoring then the game is over. The skunk rule limit can vary, but is often used at the score 7 to 0 mark.
A local dead end limit rule can be apply; for instance a game may be played to 7, win by 2, with a 9-point dead end, (refer to as 7 by 2's, 9 straight) which would mean scores of 7–3, 8–6, or 9–8 would all be final, while with scores of 7–6 or 8–7, play would continue.
Sometimes in a One-on-One game, a ("winner's ball" or "make it, take it" rule) is used. This means that if a player scores will gets the ball again on offense; the other player could end up never getting the ball on offense if that other player scores on every possession.
Variations
21
A popular variation of street basketball is 21, also known as Hustle, American, St. Mary's, V or Varsity, Roughhouse, 33, 50 or Crunch, or "New York." 21 is played most often with 3–5 players on a half court. However it is possible to play "21" with only two players or more.
Further, in some forms, players can freely enter the game after it has begun, starting at zero points or being "spotted" the same number as the player with the lowest score. "21" is an "every player for himself" game, with highly variable rules. The rules of "21" are usually agreed by the players at the beginning of the game.
The typical rules of "21" are:
one player "breaks" to begin the game by shooting from 3 point range. Sometimes players agree that the "break" must not be a successful shot, in order to give every player an equal chance at rebounding to gain the 1st possession of the game
the normal foul rule is in effect
baskets are scored as 2 points (short/med range) and 3 points (long range)
after a successful shot, the shooter can take up to three 1-point free-throws (or play the "shoot til you miss" rule, where the shooter continues to shoot the ball until a player misses), but as soon as he misses, the ball may be rebounded by anyone; conversely, if he makes all three free throw shots, he then gets to keep the ball and "check up" or start play again at the top of the arc
In some games, 1 point free throws start at the charity stripe and then move to the 3 point line at the score of 11 and so on. (referred as the "long all day" rule)
the last person with a shot attempt should be the first person to step out on defense
after any change of possession, the ball should be cleared past the 3 point line (or at times just out of the key)
in order to win, a player must make exactly 21 points; if he goes over then he restarts back at either 11, 13 or 15 points, depending on the rules in use
whoever wins the game starts with the ball at the beginning of the next game
only serious fouls are called (commonly referred to as "No blood, No foul")
other typical basketball rules, such as out-of-bounds, are also frequently ignored in the game "21"; this is to avoid confusion on possession of the ball
Common additional rules include:
if a missed shot is tipped in to the basket by another player without their feet touching the ground, then the shooter's score reverts to 0 (or 13, if their score was over 13); this rule may not apply on free-throws. (This is referred to as playing with “tips” or “taps”)
if a player who has 13 points misses their next shot, regardless of whether it is a free-throw, then their points revert to 0. (This is referred to as poison points)
whoever wins the game must shoot a three-pointer in order to start with the ball at the beginning of the next game; if he makes it, he gets the three points, but doesn't have to take free-throws, and starts with the ball.
players with less than 13 points at the end of a game keep their points into the next game using the (handicap system) for when there is a wide variation in skill amongst the players.
"21" is considered a very challenging game, especially because the offensive player must possibly go up against several defenders at the same time. For this reason, it is exceedingly difficult to "drive to the hole" and make lay-ups in "21." Therefore, and also because of the emphasis on free-throws, "21" is very much a shooter's game, and because a successful shot means you keep the ball, it is possible for there to be come-backs when a player recovers from a large deficit by not missing any shots (this can also result in failure when they miss their final free-throw at 20 points and revert to 13 or 15). "21" is popular because it allows an odd number of people to play, unlike regular basketball or other variants.
H-O-R-S-E
The game of H-O-R-S-E is played by two or more players. The order of turns is established before the game starts. The player whose turn is first is given control, which means they must attempt to make a basket in a particular way of their choosing, explaining to the other players beforehand what the requirements of the shot are. If that player is successful, every subsequent player must attempt that same shot according to its requirements. If a player fails to duplicate the shot, they acquire a letter, starting with H and moving rightward through the word "Horse". After all players have made an attempt, control moves to the next player, and the game continues on in this fashion. If a player who has control misses their shot, there is no letter penalty and control moves to the next player. Whenever any player has all of the letters, they are eliminated from the game. The last person in the game is declared the winner.
Other variations of basketball
Notable streetballers
Rafer "Skip to my Lou" Alston
Kenny Brunner aka Bad Santa
Sylvester "Sy" Blye
Emmanuel "Hard Work" Bibb
Grayson "The Professor" Boucher
Cardell "Ballaholic" Butler
Kevin "Bizzness" Butler
Philip Champion aka Hot Sauce/Sizzle
Roberto Cordani aka IceCream
Lloyd "Swee' Pea" Daniels
Jamar "The Pharmacist" Davis
Waliyy "Main Event" Dixon
Brandon "The Assassin" Durham
Taurian "Mr. 720" Fontenette
Bobbito García
Joe Hammond (basketball)
Connie "The Hawk" Hawkins
Joey "King Handles" Haywood
Deshun "Father Time" Jackson
Jumpin Jackie Jackson
Troy "Escalade" Jackson
Shamel Jones
Richard "Pee Wee" Kirkland
Raymond Lewis
Earl "The Goat" Manigault
Robert "50" Martin
Demetrius "Hook" Mitchell
Malloy Nesmith Sr.
Aaron "AO" Owens
Darren "Primal Fear" Phillip
Kareem "The Best Kept Secret" Reid
Jack "Black Jack" Ryan
William Sanders (basketball)
Adam Sandler, actor and comedian
Ed "Booger" Smith
John "The Franchise" Strickland
Adrian Walton
James Pookie Wilson
Corey "Homicide" Williams
Larry "Bone Collector" Williams
James Speedy Williams
Streetball in popular media
Films and TV programs
Above the Rim
American History X
City Slam, a television program broadcast on ESPN
Crossover
He Got Game
Like Mike 2: Streetball
Uncle Drew
White Men Can't Jump
Hustle
Video games
AND 1 Streetball, video game by Ubisoft (2006)
FreeStyle Street Basketball, an online PC game by JC Entertainment
NBA Ballers, video game by Midway (2004-2007)
sequels to NBA Ballers: NBA Ballers: Rebound, NBA Ballers: Phenom, and NBA Ballers: Chosen One
NBA Street, video game series by EA Sports (2001-2007)
Street Hoops, video game by Activision (2002)
Street Slam, video game by Data East (1994)
See also
3x3 (basketball)
Similar variations of other sports in the US
Street football (American football)
Street soccer
References
External links
Streetball.com Global Basketball Community
Streetball.ca Canada based streetball/events website
Streetball Europe 1st all European Streetball tournament
Australian Streetball 3N3 League 1st 3on3 Streetball League in Australia
Variations of basketball The game of H.O.R.S.E
https://www.wikihow.com/Play-Streetball
Forms of basketball
African Americans and sport
Basketball |
The Council of Thedosioupolis was a church synod held at Erzurum, in Armenia between February 631 and February 632 AD.
Background
The Armenian Apostolic Church, being Monophysit, had rejected the theological decisions of the Council of Chalcedon at the Second Council of Dvin. creating a schism between Armenia and the churches of Rome Byzantium and Antioch.
In light of this divergence from the rest of Christianity, there were calls within Armenia for restoration with the Churches that had adopted Chalcedon's canons. The Council was chaired by Cathilocos Ezr who called for a reunification with the Eastern Orthodox Church. and Emperor Heraclius attended accompanied by both Armenian and Greek patriarchs. The synod was part of the formation of schism between Armenian and Orthodox Christianity.
Outcome
The Council ultimately rejected the calls for reunification, and many of the differences are still being negotiated today.
See also
Council of Theodosiopolis (593)
References
Armenian Apostolic Church
7th-century church councils
Fourth Council
Sasanian Armenia
Ecumenical councils
7th century in Armenia
Medieval Christian controversies |
Macropodia formosa is a species of marine crab in the family Inachidae, found on seamounts and knolls in the west Indian Ocean, near St. Brandon and the Mozambican coast.
References
Majoidea
Crustaceans described in 1911 |
Kirsty Morrison (born 28 October 1975) is a British former track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw.
Athletics career
Her greatest achievement was a bronze medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games. She won one national title, topping the podium at the 1999 AAA Championships. She also ranked third at the 1993 UK Athletics Championships. She achieved a lifetime best of in 1999. She stopped competed after 2012.
Among her first international medals was a silver behind Soviet athlete Tatyana Shlupkina at the 1991 European Youth Olympic Days. She was a silver medallist at the 1993 European Athletics Junior Championships behind Finland's Mikaela Ingberg. She was only the second British woman to reach the javelin podium at that event, after 1979 winner Fatima Whitbread. She entered the World Junior Championships in 1994, but did not make the final there. Her fourth place finish at the 1997 European Athletics U23 Championships was a new high for a British woman at that competition.
Among other domestic competitions, she was the 2001 Inter-Counties Championships champion, four-time winner at the South of England Championships (1997, 1998, 2002, 2004), 1992 winner for England at the British Schools International Match, six-time winner at the AAA Junior Championships (1989–94), and a five-time winner at the English Schools' Athletics Championships (1990–94).
International competitions
National titles
AAA Championships
Javelin throw: 1999
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics (women)
References
External links
Living people
1975 births
British female javelin throwers
English female javelin throwers
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1998 Commonwealth Games |
Marcos Palacios, known professionally as Kosine, is an American music producer and songwriter. As a member of the production duo Da Internz, Palacios is known for producing songs such as Big Sean's "Dance (A$$)" (2011), Rihanna's "Birthday Cake" (2011), and Nicki Minaj's "Anaconda" (2014). From 2018, Palacios worked as a soundtrack producer for the television series Empire and Star, debuting as an actor on Star. Palacios has worked as a talk show host on BET's Mancave (2018) and Kingz with Kosine (2020).
Life and career
Palacios was born in Chicago, growing up in neighboring Maywood, Illinois and Broadview, Illinois. After graduating St. Joseph High School in Westchester, Illinois, Palacios moved to Tallahassee, Florida to attend the Florida A&M University, majoring in music. Later transferring to Columbia College Chicago, Palacios formed the idea for his production team, Da Internz, as a part of a class for his Business and Entrepreneurship degree. Palacios, along his production team partner Ernest "Tuo" Clark, moved to Los Angeles in mid-2005, spending time between Los Angeles and Chicago while attempting to break into the music industry. During this period, Palacios was hired by Columbia as a professor, teaching specialized classes in hip-hop beat making and music production.
The duo's first break was produced six songs on rapper Mims' Guilt in 2009, including the album's lead single "Move (If You Wanna)". The duo went on to produce music for hip-hop, R&B and pop musicians, most notably Big Sean's "Dance (A$$)" (2011), Rihanna's "Birthday Cake" (2011), and the group's most commercially successful song, "Anaconda" by Nicki Minaj (2014), who were asked to add additional drums to the song by Minaj.
Palacios decided to start a solo career in 2014, under the moniker Enrique Dragon, releasing his first single Out Here which was later performed by Luke James on the FOX TV Show Star. In 2015, Palacios moved back to Chicago for a reset from entertainment and returned to Columbia College Chicago as the school's first Artist in Residence. During this period, Palacios gave a TEDx talk on finding success at his alma mater in 2016.
In 2016 when he returned to Los Angeles, Palacios became a host for Beats 1 Radio, and in 2018 started work as a co-host of the BET talk show Mancave, as well as restarting his solo career, now under the name KOSINE (pronounced 'Co-sign'), with the song "Your World" featuring JoJo. From 2018, Palacios began producing music for the Fox television series Empire and Star, and hosted writers camps for songwriters and producers to develop music for Star. For season 3 of Star, Palacios made his acting debut as recurring character Lil' Dini.
In 2020, Palacios worked together with Idris Elba on the song "Kings", which raised money for MusiCares' COVID-19 Relief Fund, produced Kelly Rowland's comeback single "Coffee", and in September produced the music for a major Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign commercial.
In May 2021, he released his first debut EP album "Truth Serum" over streaming services along with starring in a 28-minute music video visual album/short film of the same name, loosely depicting his struggles of finding himself after 10 years of success in Hollywood, narrating a powerful message in how he persevered above it all. The short film EP was also co-produced by Marcus Paulk of Moesha fame. The exclusive video release premiered on Revolt TV on May 7, 2021.
Personal life
Palacios' father was Guatemalan Olympiad Teodoro Palacios, who immigrated to Chicago in 1970. His mother was originally from Panama.
Filmography
Discography
Albums
Truth Serum (2021) - EP Album
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances and solo production discography
References
American record producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people) |
```c++
// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at path_to_url
#include <boost/move/detail/config_begin.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
#ifdef NO_MOVE
# undef BOOST_COPY_ASSIGN_REF
# define BOOST_COPY_ASSIGN_REF(X) X const&
# undef BOOST_COPYABLE_AND_MOVABLE
# define BOOST_COPYABLE_AND_MOVABLE(X)
# define MOVE(x) (x)
#else
#include <boost/move/utility_core.hpp>
# define MOVE(x) boost::move(x)
#endif
struct X
{
X() : id(instances++)
{
std::cout << "X" << id << ": construct\n";
}
X(X const& rhs) : id(instances++)
{
std::cout << "X" << id << ": <- " << "X" << rhs.id << ": **copy**\n";
++copies;
}
// This particular test doesn't exercise assignment, but for
// completeness:
X& operator=(BOOST_COPY_ASSIGN_REF(X) rhs)
{
std::cout << "X" << id << ": <- " << "X" << rhs.id << ": assign\n";
return *this;
}
#ifndef NO_MOVE
X& operator=(BOOST_RV_REF(X) rhs)
{
std::cout << "X" << id << ": <- " << "X" << rhs.id << ": move assign\n";
return *this;
}
X(BOOST_RV_REF(X) rhs) : id(instances++)
{
std::cout << "X" << id << ": <- " << "X" << rhs.id << ": ..move construct..\n";
++copies;
}
#endif
~X() { std::cout << "X" << id << ": destroy\n"; }
unsigned id;
static unsigned copies;
static unsigned instances;
BOOST_COPYABLE_AND_MOVABLE(X)
};
unsigned X::copies = 0;
unsigned X::instances = 0;
#define CHECK_COPIES( stmt, min, max, comment ) \
{ \
unsigned const old_copies = X::copies; \
\
std::cout << "\n" comment "\n" #stmt "\n===========\n"; \
{ \
stmt; \
} \
unsigned const n = X::copies - old_copies; \
volatile unsigned const minv(min), maxv(max); \
BOOST_TEST(n <= maxv); \
if (n > maxv) \
std::cout << "*** max is too low or compiler is buggy ***\n"; \
BOOST_TEST(n >= minv); \
if (n < minv) \
std::cout << "*** min is too high or compiler is buggy ***\n"; \
\
std::cout << "-----------\n" \
<< n << "/" << max \
<< " possible copies/moves made\n" \
<< max - n << "/" << max - min \
<< " possible elisions performed\n\n"; \
\
if (n > minv) \
std::cout << "*** " << n - min \
<< " possible elisions missed! ***\n"; \
}
struct trace
{
trace(char const* name)
: m_name(name)
{
std::cout << "->: " << m_name << "\n";
}
~trace()
{
std::cout << "<-: " << m_name << "\n";
}
char const* m_name;
};
void sink(X)
{
trace t("sink");
}
X nrvo_source()
{
trace t("nrvo_source");
X a;
return a;
}
X urvo_source()
{
trace t("urvo_source");
return X();
}
X identity(X a)
{
trace t("identity");
return a;
}
X lvalue_;
X& lvalue()
{
return lvalue_;
}
typedef X rvalue;
X ternary( bool y )
{
X a, b;
return MOVE(y?a:b);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
(void)argv;
// Double parens prevent "most vexing parse"
CHECK_COPIES( X a(( lvalue() )), 1U, 1U, "Direct initialization from lvalue");
CHECK_COPIES( X a(( rvalue() )), 0U, 1U, "Direct initialization from rvalue");
CHECK_COPIES( X a = lvalue(), 1U, 1U, "Copy initialization from lvalue" );
CHECK_COPIES( X a = rvalue(), 0U, 1U, "Copy initialization from rvalue" );
CHECK_COPIES( sink( lvalue() ), 1U, 1U, "Pass lvalue by value" );
CHECK_COPIES( sink( rvalue() ), 0U, 1U, "Pass rvalue by value" );
CHECK_COPIES( nrvo_source(), 0U, 1U, "Named return value optimization (NRVO)" );
CHECK_COPIES( urvo_source(), 0U, 1U, "Unnamed return value optimization (URVO)" );
// Just to prove these things compose properly
CHECK_COPIES( X a(urvo_source()), 0U, 2U, "Return value used as ctor arg" );
// Expect to miss one possible elision here
CHECK_COPIES( identity( rvalue() ), 0U, 2U, "Return rvalue passed by value" );
// Expect to miss an elision in at least one of the following lines
CHECK_COPIES( X a = ternary( argc == 1000 ), 0U, 2U, "Return result of ternary operation" );
CHECK_COPIES( X a = ternary( argc != 1000 ), 0U, 2U, "Return result of ternary operation again" );
return boost::report_errors();
}
#include <boost/move/detail/config_end.hpp>
``` |
The 1975 FIBA Intercontinental Cup William Jones was the 9th edition of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup for men's basketball clubs. It took place at Varese and Cantù, Italy.
Participants
League stage
Day 1, September 13, 1975
|}
Day 2, September 14, 1975
|}
Day 3, September 15, 1975
|}
Day 4, September 16, 1975
|}
Day 5, September 17, 1975
|}
Final standings
External links
1975 Intercontinental Cup William Jones
1975
1975–76 in American basketball
1975–76 in South American basketball
1975–76 in European basketball
1975 in Italian sport
International basketball competitions hosted by Italy
1975 in African basketball |
USS Presidio (APA-88) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was sold for scrap in 1965.
History
She was laid down 6 December 1944 by the Consolidated Steel Co., Wilmington, California, under Maritime Commission contract (MC hull 1881); launched 17 February 1945; sponsored by Mrs. J. K. Harbert; delivered to the Navy 8 April 1945; and commissioned 9 April 1945.
World War II Pacific Theatre operations
Following shakedown and amphibious training off California, Presidio departed the U.S. West Coast, 5 June 1945, for Hawaii, whence she carried men and equipment to Eniwetok and Kwajalein. Returning to Eniwetok, she sailed again 13 July and on the 17th rendezvoused with units of the U.S. 3rd Fleet to transfer cargo and personnel as that fleet continued to move against the enemy’s home islands.
Following that underway replenishment, she returned to Eniwetok, completed a run to Ulithi and Leyte, then got underway for another transfer of men and materiel at sea. On 17 August, 2 days after the cessation of hostilities, she rendezvoused with task group TG 38.3, then continued on to Eniwetok whence she steamed to Japan, arriving in Tokyo Bay 15 September to commence “Magic Carpet” duty. For the next seven months she plied the Pacific, carrying occupation personnel to Okinawa and Japan and bringing veterans back to the United States.
Decommissioning and fate
Designated for inactivation in the spring of 1946, she decommissioned at Pearl Harbor 20 June. Towed back to San Francisco, California, the following year, she was struck from the Navy List 1 August 1947 and transferred to the Maritime Commission at Suisun Bay 2 September 1947. She was sold for scrap in June 1965.
Awards
Presidio was awarded one battle star for World War II service.
References
External links
NavSource Online: Amphibious Photo Archive - APA-88 Presidio
Gilliam-class attack transports
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
USS Presidio (APA-88)
Ships built in Los Angeles
1945 ships |
The women's 80 metres hurdles at the 1954 European Athletics Championships was held in Bern, Switzerland, at Stadion Neufeld on 27 and 28 August 1954.
Medalists
Results
Final
28 August
Semi-finals
28 August
Semi-final 1
Semi-final 2
Heats
27 August
Heat 1
Heat 2
Heat 3
Heat 4
Heat 5
Heat 6
Participation
According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 14 countries participated in the event.
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(3)
(1)
References
80 metres hurdles
Sprint hurdles at the European Athletics Championships
Euro |
Visitors to Tonga must obtain a visa unless they come from one of the visa exempt countries or countries eligible for a Visa Waiver on Arrival (Free VOA). Visa applications must be sent to the Principal Immigration Officer in Nuku'alofa. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months.
Visa policy map
Visa exemption
Holders of passports of the following 33 jurisdictions do not require a visa for entry to Tonga:
Free Visa on arrival
Citizens from following 36 countries and territories may obtain a free visa on arrival (valid for 31 days, extendable up to 6 months) to Tonga:
The same policy applies to holders of diplomatic or service passports of China.
Mutual visa waiver agreements
: Tonga signed a mutual visa-waiver agreement with the European Union on 20 November 2015 which was applied on a provisional basis as from the day following the date of signature and fully ratified on 8 June 2016. This agreement allows all citizens of states that are contracting parties to the Schengen Agreement to stay without a visa for a maximum period of 90 days in any 180-day period.
: Mutual visa-waiver agreement was signed between the Chinese and Tongan governments on June 9, 2016. The agreement allows citizens of the respective countries to stay for 30 days without a visa.
: Mutual visa-waiver agreement signed between the Israeli and Tongan governments has been in force since April 2017.
: A memorandum of understanding was signed in April 2018 and entered into force on 24 May 2018 allowing citizens of the United Arab Emirates holding all types of passports visa-free entry up to 60 days.
See also
Visa requirements for Tongan citizens
References
External links
Consulate-General of Tonga in San Francisco
EU and the Kingdom of Tonga sign the short-stay visa waiver Agreement, Ministry of Information & Communications of Tonga
Foreign relations of Tonga
Tonga |
Chandanaish () is an upazila of Chattogram District in Chattogram Division, Bangladesh.
History
Chandanaish is one of the first inhabitant of the early settlers of Chittagong. Muslim traders and preachers from the then Islamic worlds had been settling in Chittagong due to the close proximity of Chandanaish from the river Karnaphuly. However, the Muslim settlement was permanently established when the medieval Islamic invasion occurred in Chittagong.
Chandanaish was previously part of Patiya upazila. In 1976, Chandanaish was separated from Patiya and established as Chandanaish thana and in 1983 it became an upazila.
Geography
Chandanaish is located at . It has 30,189 households and a total area of 201.99 km2. Its west side is plainland and its east side is surrounded with the tertiary hill tracts. Here cultivable land is very fertile. Sangu is the main river but there are also small rivers and canals like Borumoti (Borguni Khal locally called), Chandkhali river etc. There are a lot of Beels such as Moga Beel, Arah Beel, Ronger Beel.
Demographics
According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Chandanaish had a population of 172,843. Males constituted 51.27% of the population, and females 48.73%. The population aged 18 or over was 81,653. Chandanaish had an average literacy rate of 33.9% (7+ years), compared to the national average of 32.4%.
Administration
Chandanaish Upazila is divided into Chandanaish Municipality, Dohazari Municipality, and nine union parishads: Bailtali, Barama, Barkal, Dhopachhari, Dohazari, Hashimpur, Joara, Kanchanabad, and Satbaria. The union parishads are subdivided into 44 mauzas and 46 villages.
Chandanaish Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 12 mahallas.
MP: Nazrul Islam Chowdhury
Upazila Chairman:Alhaz Abdul Jabbar Chowdhur.
Vice Chairman: M Solaiman Faruque
Female V. Chairman: Kamela Rupa
Education
Universities
BGC Trust University Bangladesh (BGCTUB)
Medical colleges
BGC Trust Medical College
Colleges
BGC Trust Academy (School & College)
Gachhbaria Govt. College
Barama Degree College
Amanatsafa Badrunnesa Mohila College
Satbaria Oli Ahmad Bir Bikram College
Begum Gul Chemanara Academy
High schools
Gachhbaria Nityananda Gaurochandra Govt. Model High School(1918)
Gachhbaria Mamtaz Begum High School
Fatema Jinnah Girls' High School
Satbaria High School
East Satbaria High School
Bailtali High School
Jafarabad High School
Barama Trahi Menaka High School (1925)
Joara B. Chowdhury High School
Barkal SZ High School
Shuchia High School
Kanchanabad High School
Kashem Mahbub High School
Jamijuri Boys' School
(Hashimpur M.A.K.U High School)
Khandighi M.L. High School
Patandondy High School
Keshua High School
Madrasahs
Hashimpur Mokbuliya Fazil Madrasah
Jafarabad Fazil Madrasah
Joara Islamia Fazil Madrasah
Elahabad Ahmadiyya Sunniyya Fazil Madrasah
Jamijuri Sunniyya Madrasah
Abu Mariam Mahila Madrasah
Late Sona Meah Choudory Senior Madrasah
Hashimpur Bhandari Para Dakhil Madrasah
Satbaria Baro Awlia Alim Madrasah
Rahmania Ahmadia A.S. Sunnia Dakhil Madrasah (South Gachbari Dakhil Madrasah)
Others
Jamalur Rahman Khan Science-Technology School & College (Jamijuri Technical School and College)
Alhaz Nurul Islam Pre-cadet School
Mozaher Para BRAC School, Hashimpur
Kanaimadary Junior high school
Health
Chandnaish upazila has 2 hospitals, 2 upazila health complexes, 5 union health centers, 10 family planning centers and 10 community clinics.
Communication System
The main communication road in Chandanish Upazila is Chittagong-Cox's Bazar highway. This upazila can be contacted over Barkal Bridge of Chittagong-Anwara District. Can be contacted by various types of vehicles. In addition, this upazila has 91 km of paved roads, 450 km of semi-pacara roads, 700 km of unpaved roads. This upazila also has rail communication system. There is also a communication system with other upazilas through Sangu river.
Notable persons
Maniruzzaman Islamabadi – a notable politician, and religious reformer in British India
Hossain Zillur Rahman – economist, advisor to caretaker government of Bangladesh
Colonel (Rtd) Oli Ahmad Bir Bikram – Member of Parliament, president of Liberal Democratic Party (Bangladesh)
Md. Nazrul Islam Chowdhury – Member of Parliament
Nurul Islam – physician, National Professor of Bangladesh
Ahmed Sofa- One of the leading Philosopher in Bangladesh who was fearless to tell the truth aspect of the society. He used to lead a very ordinary life and people of his time, misjudged about his talent or intellect.
See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh
References
Upazilas of Chittagong District |
Ebba Maria Lovisa (Mia) Leche Löfgren, née Leche (10 October 1878 in Lund – 8 April 1966 in Stockholm) was a Swedish journalist, writer and peace activist, known for her strong stance against National Socialism and anti-Semitism as well as her involvement in refugee aid and humanitarian relief.
Biography
Family and personal life
Mia Leche Löfgren was born on 10 October 1878 in the city of Lund in Southern Sweden. The daughter of Jakob Wilhelm Ebbe Gustaf Leche (4 September 1850 in Helsingborg – 29 January 1927 in Stockholm) and Wilhelmina (Minchen) Dorothea Fredrika Louisa Sager (16 July 1855 in Lintrup, Denmark – 28 April 1947 in Stockholm), she grew up in a bourgeois family with close contacts to local academic and intellectual circles. When her father, a zoologist, was appointed principal of Stockholm University College () the family moved to the Swedish capital. In 1884 he was promoted to professor of zoology. The family's social networks were progressive and liberal, spanning academics as well as educators, cultural intellectuals and politicians, and leaving Leche Löfgren, her younger sister and several brothers many freedoms during their childhood. In the 1890s she was sent to attend in Stockholm, a school with a reform pedagogical curriculum. She was taught, among others, by Ellen Key, who left a lasting impact on Leche Löfgren's feminist and political convictions and established her first contacts into the writing and publishing industry.
In the late 1890s Leche Löfgren continued her education with various language and writing courses, although she did not obtain an official degree. She also attended lectures about working class issues and the position of women in society. On 6 October 1900, at the age of 22, she married Fredrik Hjalmar von Friesen (28 June 1873 in Forsmark – 31 January 1947). The couple had a son, Otto Bertil von Friesen (4 June 1901 in Stockholm – 13 February 1990 in Gothenburg), who later became a medical doctor, as well as a daughter, Anna Lisa von Friesen. Her later writings reveal that the marriage was not a happy one and in 1908 the couple filed for divorce. The separation process caused somewhat of a public scandal and in the end, Leche Löfgren lost custody of her children and was forbidden any direct contact with them. She would not see her older daughter Anna Lisa again as she died when still a child, but could re-establish contact with her son Otto Bertil after he reached his majority.
In the summer of 1909 Leche Löfgren married her second husband, the well-known lawyer, professor and later Minister of Justice and Foreign Minister Eliel Jonas Löfgren (15 March 1872 in Piteå – 8 April 1940 in Stockholm) with whom she had another daughter named Ulla Amanda.
Having become involved in Swedish anti-Nazi activism, Leche Löfgren moved to Gothenburg in 1940 after the death of her husband to be closer to Torgny Segerstedt, editor-in-chief of the newspaper Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning, with whom she collaborated in the effort to educate and alert the Swedish public about German Fascism and anti-Semitism. In the 1950s she moved back to Stockholm, where she continued to be an active figure in various organizations engaged in peace education, refugee aid and other humanitarian matters.
She died on 8 April 1966 at the age of 87 and is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna, Stockholm.
Journalism and writing activities
Having occasionally worked as a translator for public and legal documents, Leche Löfgren made her first appearance as a writer in 1906 after attending a public speech by Ellen Key on the subject of peace and humanitarianism. On her way home, she became a witness to how a private failed to salute a passing lieutenant with due deference was "virtually lynched" for his negligence, as she later described the incident in her autobiographical work. Back at home she wrote an anti-militarist article that she sent anonymously to , apparently in error as this conservative newspaper did not really align with her political convictions. With her first article published, she then continued to send articles and comments to the literary and women's periodical Idun as well as the satirical magazines Kurre and Söndagsnisse.
From 1906 to 1908 she was employed by the conservative newspaper as a writer of book reviews for literature that the journal's chief literary critic, Carl David af Wirsén, was not interested in, especially works written by and for women. Developing an easygoing and engaging writing style, her reviews and the occasional columns and reports were well-received, as Leche Löfgren further developed what Ellen Key had earlier called her "immense ease of shaping the Swedish language". In terms of content, her writings often engaged with the position of women in Swedish society as well as her musings on social and political developments and personal experiences of being a wife and mother. From 1916 onward she also began to write columns for Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning, whose editor-in-chief Torgny Segerstedt she already knew from previous work at the liberal periodical Forum in Stockholm.
Leche Löfgren had her literary debut in 1930 with a biography of Ellen Key. Drawing on Key's reformist ideas and pacifism as much as on her own appreciation of her former teacher, the book was well-received by the Swedish public. In the following years she continued to publish a series of autobiographical books in a style that mixed literary prose with subjective social commentary, including her insights of political and societal developments as well as portraits of friends, family members, her husband Eliel Löfgren and her role as a woman, wife and mother: (The World of Our Parents), 1934, (It Was Like This 1900–1940), 1941, (Hard Times), 1946, (Ideals and People), 1952, (Experienced), 1958, and (Closure), 1962. She also published biographical works on opera singer Kristina Nilsson and the German journalist and pacifist Carl von Ossietsky.
The 1930s and the rising threat of Nazism did not only have an impact on her political activism in the Swedish peace movement, but also brought her back to journalism. She increased her writing activities for , taking on a decidedly anti-Nazist stance and quickly developing into one of the most prominent political voices of the paper. Leche Löfgren was furthermore active as a member of the editorial board of (1931–1936), wrote for the Gothenburg-based paper (1933–1940) and became popular throughout the country as a columnist for Idun from 1937 onward.
Following the death of her husband in 1940, Leche Löfgren decided to move to Gothenburg to better work with Torgny Segerstedt on the issue of Nazism and the persecution of Jews, journalists and other critical voices in the German Reich. Her trenchant and acute analyses of the international situation as well as the dangers of Nazism and anti-Semitism in Sweden have earned her national fame that lasts to this day.
Involvement in peace activism, anti-Nazism and refugee relief
Leche Löfgren later described that she found her inspiration for humanitarian engagement in a speech held by Ellen Key in the auditorium of the Swedish Academy of Sciences one evening in 1906: "In the wake of the union crisis [between Sweden and the newly independent Norway] Ellen Key raised her calm, wise voice in a warm-hearted call for peace. The speech she gave in the auditorium of the old Academy of Sciences was the first peace oration that I heard, and it left an indelible impression on me."
""She became a member of various women's groups that were engaged in the question of universal suffrage, peace work and humanitarianism, although it was pacifism that interested her the most: “Like all liberal women of the day, I was an all-round feminist, but Ann-Margret Holmgren, Karolina Widerström, Gerda Hallberg, Lydia Wahlström, Anna Bugge-Wicksell, Gulli Petrini, Signe Bergman, and other pioneering suffragists were from a somewhat earlier generation. If I was part of that movement, it was primarily for the cause of pacifism."
""In 1914 Leche Löfgren was one of the initiators of the women's association (Liberal-Minded Women) and in 1915 she participated in the Women's Peace Congress in The Hague, Netherlands, that had been organized to protest against the continuation of the First World War. Together with other Swedish representatives like Elin Wägner, Emilia Fogelklou and Matilda Widegren as well as the international representatives she was active in the setup of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom that was to become one of the main institutional frameworks for her political activism. This organization also had a Swedish section, for which Leche Löfgren was elected as chair from 1915 and later served as vice chair from 1946 to 1952. During her time in Gothenburg, from 1942 to 1950, she also took the position as chair in the local branch of the organization ().
In 1916 she furthermore participated in the establishment of the Aid Committee for Prisoners of War in Siberia (), setting the stage for continuous involvement in relief work for refugees during both the First and Second World Wars, and reported on the work of the League of Nations. With the rise of Fascism across the European Continent she took a strong political stance for the protection of minorities, freedom of opinion and democratic values and was one of the first voices in Sweden to openly warn about collaboration with the German Reich for either economic or political benefit. In 1933 she supported setting up the Collection for Exiled Intellectuals (), a humanitarian aid organization for the support of German refugees, mainly intellectuals, journalists and cultural artists seeking asylum in Sweden, for which she worked as vice president. However, the organization dissolved in 1940, amid an increasing influx of refugees from Germany as well as the occupied territories in Denmark, Norway, Poland and other countries, due to a lack of funding and problems in collecting sufficient donations from the general population. Next to her written condemnations of Nazism, political persecution and anti-Semitism, among them a number of articles in Jewish newspaper Judisk tidskrift, she frequently appeared as a public speaker. Reflecting on this time in her autobiographical work, Leche Löfgren described how the Swedish authorities attempted to hinder her work as they feared that it would further increase the attraction of Sweden as a secure harbour for refugees.
In her last work (Closure), published in 1962, Leche Löfgren turned her attention to the other side of the political spectrum, warning that communist ideas might infiltrate the peace movement – in her opinion, the Swedish peace movement should remain strictly non-partisan and not align with any specific political party.
Leaving a rich legacy behind as one of the leading voices in Swedish peace activism during the first half of the 20th century, Leche Löfgren spent her last years in Stockholm until her death in 1966.
Awards
Leche Löfgren was awarded the Illis quorum by the Swedish government for her work.
Bibliography (selection)
Autobiographical works
Leche Löfgren's autobiographical work, published in six books over almost 30 years, aspires to literary quality, encompassing both her personal life experiences, impressions of renowned contemporary personalities as well as musings and reactions to political and societal developments.
. Stockholm: Lars Hökerbergs bokförlag, 1934.
. Stockholm: Hökerberg, 1941.
. Stockholm: Hökerberg, 1946.
. Stockholm: Hökerberg, 1952.
. Stockholm: Hökerberg, 1959.
. Stockholm: Hökerberg, 1962.
Other works
. Stockholm: Sveriges folkskollärarinneförbund, 1924.
. Stockholm: Sv. Andelsförl., 1924. (together with Elin Wägner)
. Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 1930.
. Stockholm: Internationella Kvinnoförbundet för Fred och Frihet, 1945.
Articles
"". Judisk tidskrift. 1945(18). pp. 137–142. (ed. together with Jeanna Oterdahl)
"". Judisk tidskrift. 1947(20). pp. 276–278.
"". Judisk tidskrift. 1948(21). pp. 290–291.
References
Further reading
Wigforss, Harald (1977–1979). E Maria (Mia) L Leche Löfgren. In: Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, 22, p. 416.
Larsson, Lisbeth (1996). Att skriva sitt jag i världen. Svenska kvinnors självbiografier. In: Elisabeth Møller Jensen, Ebba Witt Brattström et al (ed.), Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria 3.
Larsson, Lisbeth (2001). Sanning och konsekvens. Marika Stiernstedt, Ludvig Nordström och de biografiska berättelserna. Stockholm: Norstedt.
External links
Englund, Boel (7 December 2003). Leche-Löfgren, Ebba Maria (Mia) Lovisa. In: Formering för offentlighet. En kollektivbiografi över Stockholmskvinnor 1880–1920. Uppsala: Uppsala University (retrieved 2021-02-19).
Larsson, Lisbeth (14 January 2012). Leaving a Legacy. In: The History of Nordic Women’s Literature (retrieved 2021-02-19).
Larsson, Lisbeth (8 March 2018). Ebba Maria Lovisa (Mia) Leche Löfgren. In: Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon (retrieved 2021-02-19).
Kårlin, Herbert (27 April 2013). Mia Leche-Löfgren und die autobiographische Literatur Schwedens. In: Literaturgeschichte Schwedens (retrieved 2021-02-19).
1878 births
1966 deaths
Swedish women journalists
20th-century Swedish journalists
Swedish feminists
20th-century Swedish women writers
Swedish pacifists
Pacifist feminists
People from Lund
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
Recipients of the Illis quorum |
Elton Britt (born James Elton Baker; June 27, 1913 – June 22, 1972) was an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician, who was best known for his western ballads and yodelling songs.
Biography
Britt was born on a farm near Marshall, Arkansas. His father was James Baker, and he had two sisters, Gretta Sanders and Druse Baker, and a brother Arl Baker.
Britt recorded over 600 sides and 60 albums for RCA Victor and other labels in more than a 30-year span, and is best known for such hit songs (several of which he wrote or co-wrote) as "Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)", "Detour", "Chime Bells", "Maybe I'll Cry Over You", "Pinto Pal", and the million-selling wartime hit "There's a Star-Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere". The recording had sold a million discs by 1944 and it was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Britt became the first country artist to be awarded a gold disc.
A singer, bandleader, radio and television performer, songwriter and yodeler, he starred in at least two films in the late 1940s, and had hit records as late as 1968 with "The Jimmie Rodgers Blues". In 1960, as part of a publicity stunt, Britt briefly ran for the Democratic presidential nomination.
On June 22, 1972, five days before his 59th birthday, Britt suffered a heart attack while driving his car and died in a McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania, hospital the next day. He was buried in the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Broad Top, Pennsylvania.
In popular culture
His song "Uranium Fever" is featured in the Bethesda Softworks video game Fallout 4 on the in-game radio.
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
1913 births
1972 deaths
American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
People from Searcy County, Arkansas
RCA Victor artists
Yodelers
Place of death missing
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Country musicians from Arkansas
Bluebird Records artists
ABC Records artists |
Clepsis microchone is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Puebla, Mexico.
References
Moths described in 2003
Clepsis |
In consumer behaviour studies, the Blissful Ignorance Effect is when people who have good information about a product are not expected to be as happy with the product as people who have less information about it. This happens because the person who bought the product wants to feel like they have bought the right thing. However, if the person already knows how the product works they have a tougher time trying to justify the product to themselves if it has any problems.
This effect illustrates how consumer's goals subsequently change after they have made their purchases. People crave for precise, detailed information in their decision-making stage. However, after making a choice, priorities shift as people want to be contented with their decision. In order to achieve this, information vagueness possibly increases content and acceptance of that decision by concealing the full picture and justifying the decision made.
In an experiment to test the blissful ignorance effect, two groups were created and told information about a product. The first group was told about the manufacturer's claims and given research from an outside company, the second group was given minimal information about the product. At the end of the experiment the subjects were interviewed and the researcher found that the subjects in the second group had expected the product to perform better than the first group had.
Background
The Blissful Ignorance Effect (BIE) involves two key factors: the nature of the presented information (precise vs vague) and the time of occurrence of a decision (before vs after). Individuals tend to want precise information before making a decision and vague information after the decision has been made. It is postulated that there are underlying psychological processes that may explain this.
Research suggests that there are fundamentally two goals that constitutes the full decision-making process—accuracy goals, which refer to wanting as accurate information as possible, and directional goals, which refer to heavily justifying a decision made in order to achieve a particular conclusion. The interaction between these two goals, taking into account the nature of information presented in both time conditions, explains the BIE in decision-making. Specifically, before the decision-making phase, since the individual has not committed to a choice yet, the aim is to achieve a high level of accuracy in information to influence the judgement of outcome of that decision. In contrast, after the decision-making phase is when the action has been taken, which make directional goals more pronounced. This means that the individual would want to feel good about the action taken and believe that the decision would yield positive consequences.
The ambiguity of vague information allows information to be manipulated in favour of the directional goal, which is arriving at the desired conclusion, making it easier to form justifiable reasons that support this goal. In other words, vague information allows the individual to amplify the positive aspects and downplay negative attributes of the information presented in the post decision-making phase. Hence, as the individual switches from accuracy goals to directional goals before and after a decision has been made, vague information helps to build confidence in that decision, which is supported by the BIE.
Possible explanations for the blissful ignorance effect
Vagueness aversion
Findings have shown that individuals try to avoid ambiguity and prefer precise over vague information. However, concrete evidence of vagueness aversion has only been proven in pre-decision phases, before the individual commits to a choice. When projected to post-decision contexts, it is predicted that individuals would be similarly averse to vagueness. This means that the concept of vagueness aversion only accounts for the primary effect of nature of information (precise vs vague) and fails to consider the time factor (before vs after a decision is made). This is incongruent with the BIE theory which suggests that individuals would rather choose vague information in the post-decision phase, and more precise information in the pre-decision phase, which involves the time factor in addition to information nature. Therefore, vagueness aversion may not account for the BIE as time context is not fully taken into account.
Mind-set theory
A second possible explanation is the mind-set theory. This theory proposed that there are two different stages linked with various cognitive mindsets that support an individual's attainment of a goal. The deliberative stage, where the mind considers whether to pursue the goal, and the implementation stage, which takes into account the various circumstances in implementing the selected goal. Deliberative mindsets tend to have an accurate and unbiased analysis of information that aims to select for desirable and feasible goals, but only in the pre-decision phase. In this phase, the individual welcomes all aspects of the information, exercising open information processing. In contrast, the implemental mindset allows for a more biased analysis of information in the post-decision phase. This close-minded information processing means that the individual only considers information in line with their actions, disregarding all irrelevant information. As the mindset theory shows an interaction between the nature of information and time factor to which a decision is made, this proposition aligns with the BIE which purports that the type of information that an individual is willing to process is related to the occurrence of that decision. For example, the preference for precise information in pre-decision phases and likewise, vague information in post-decision phases. Hence, mind-set theory may justify the concept of BIE.
Cognitive dissonance
The third possible explanation for the BIE is using the concept of cognitive dissonance. Dissonance refers to a state where an individual simultaneously possesses two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent, driving the individual to reduce it by changing one or more of the relevant cognitions. For example, if one holds a certain belief in contrast to his actions that prove otherwise, he would aim to reduce this dissonance by altering this belief in accordance with his actions. Therefore, it could be predicted that the post-decision phase increases dissonance through the prospect of regretting a decision made beforehand. To avoid this dissonance, individuals would aim to acquire as vague information as possible after the decision-making process in order to be contented with that decision. However, despite evidence that shows the interplay between the BIE and dissonance theory in justifying certain decisions, it does not predict the shift from accuracy to directional goals between the two time phases which is the main crux of the BIE. Therefore, the cognitive dissonance theory is perhaps unable to fully account for the explanation of the BIE.
References
Consumer behaviour
Cognitive biases |
Vice Admiral Sir Geoffrey Barnard & Bar (12 November 1902 – 19 December 1974) was a Royal Navy officer who became Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff.
Naval career
Barnard joined the Royal Navy in 1916 during the First World War, and subsequently specialised in Gunnery. He was given command of the destroyer in 1935.
He served in the Second World War as Fleet Gunnery Officer and Deputy Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean Fleet, earning the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) at the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941, and seeing action at the landings in North Africa in 1942. He took command of the cruiser in 1944, and was awarded a Bar to his DSO during Operation Dragoon in 1945.
After the War he became Chief Staff Officer to the Flag Officer (Air) in 1946 and Director of the Royal Navy Tactical School in 1948. He was attached to the Indian Navy and commanded the Indian Navy Squadron from 1950 before being appointed Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Warfare) in 1952. He became Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff and a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty in 1953 and Naval Attaché at the Joint Services Mission in Washington D. C. in 1954. His last role was as President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1956 before retiring in 1959.
Family
In 1926 he married Julyan Frances Crawley; they had one son and two daughters.
References
|-
|-
|-
1902 births
1974 deaths
Admiral presidents of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Lords of the Admiralty
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Royal Navy vice admirals
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Navy officers of World War II
Military personnel from London |
Oak Hills is a census-designated place in the Victor Valley of the Mojave Desert, within San Bernardino County, California.
Geography
Oak Hills is in the Mojave Desert north of the Cajon Summit of Cajon Pass, southwest of Hesperia, and east of Phelan.
Oak Hills sits at an elevation of .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 24.4 square miles (63.2 km), all of it land. The 2010 United States census reported Oak Hills's population was 8,879.
Education
Oak Hills High School, overseen by the Hesperia Unified School District, is located in Oak Hills.
Demographics
At the 2010 census Oak Hills had a population of 8,879. The population density was . In the 2013 Census Estimate, the racial makeup of Oak Hills was 76.5% White (61.7% Non-Hispanic White), 266 (3.0%) African American, 100 (1.1%) Native American, 226 (2.5%) Asian, 28 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 1,166 (13.1%) from other races, and 297 (3.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,719 persons (30.6%).
The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.
There were 2,976 households, out of which 1,191 (43.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,948 (71.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 217 (8.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 128 (4.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 113 (4.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 19 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 322 households (11.9%) were one person and 107 (3.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.28. There were 2,293 families (84.6% of households); the average family size was 3.53.
The age distribution was 2,429 people (27.4%) under the age of 18, 809 people (9.1%) aged 18 to 24, 1,999 people (22.5%) aged 25 to 44, 2,789 people (31.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 853 people (9.6%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.4 males.
There were 2,976 housing units at an average density of 122.0 per square mile, of the occupied units 2,403 (88.7%) were owner-occupied and 307 (11.3%) were rented. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 7,780 people (87.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,099 people (12.4%) lived in rental housing units.
According to the 2015 United States Census estimate, Oak Hills had a median household income of $69,260, with 9.3% of the population living below the federal poverty line.
See also
References
Census-designated places in San Bernardino County, California
Populated places in the Mojave Desert
Victor Valley
Census-designated places in California |
Aerides emericii is a species of epiphytic orchid. It is endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal (politically part of India though closer to Myanmar, Thailand and Sumatra).
References
emericii
Flora of the Andaman Islands
Flora of the Nicobar Islands
Epiphytic orchids
Plants described in 1882 |
Carlos Gamarra Ugaz is a Peruvian politician and attorney. He served as the Minister of Justice of Peru from 2006 to 2008. Prior to his ministership, he was a prominent defense attorney in Lima. He later retired after his justice ministership.
Biography
He was president of the Commission for the Formalization of Informal Property (COFOPRI); head of the National Superintendence of Public Registries (SUNARP); and president of the Council of Notaries, between 2001 and 2005.
He has also been head of the National Institute of Concessions and Mining Cadastre (INACC); member of the Mining Registry Advisory Commission, Institutional Head of the Public Mining Registry; Director of Petróleos del Perú, Director of the Banco Minero del Perú; Director and Vice President of the Board of Directors of the Geological Mining Metallurgical Institute (INGEMMET); Director of the Board of Directors of the Scientific, Technological and Mining Institute; member of the Advisory Council of the National Institute for the Defense of Free Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property (INDECOPI); and vice president and director of the Development Corporation of Lima and Callao (CORDELICA).
In the private sphere, he has been president of the National Institute of Law, Mining and Petroleum; and executive director of the Instituto del Ciudadano.
In the 1990s he was the national secretary for the organization of the Liberty Movement, led by Mario Vargas Llosa.
On July 22, 2004, he was sworn in as Minister of Justice, replacing the resigning Baldo Kresalja, thus forming part of the ministerial cabinet chaired by Carlos Ferrero. In February 2005 he resigned and was replaced by Eduardo Salhuana Cavides. Three other ministers resigned with him, in a ministerial change that the government considered necessary while already in the last stretch of his administration.
He is currently the main partner at CDGM Consultores y Asesores S.A.C.
References
Living people
Peruvian politicians
20th-century Peruvian lawyers
Peruvian accountants
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Luis Alberto Redher Espinosa (born 27 August 1964 in Lima) is a retired Peruvian footballer who played for Real Zaragoza in Spain during the 1989–90 season. He also played for Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima.
External links
Player profile at PlayerHistory.com
La Liga profile
Profile
1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Men's association football midfielders
Peruvian men's footballers
Sporting Cristal footballers
Real Zaragoza players
La Liga players
Club Alianza Lima footballers
Peruvian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Sport Áncash managers |
```go
package config_test
import (
"context"
"testing"
"github.com/gruntwork-io/terragrunt/config"
"github.com/gruntwork-io/terragrunt/internal/cache"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
const testCacheName = "TerragruntConfig"
func TestTerragruntConfigCacheCreation(t *testing.T) {
t.Parallel()
cache := cache.NewCache[config.TerragruntConfig](testCacheName)
assert.NotNil(t, cache.Mutex)
assert.NotNil(t, cache.Cache)
assert.Empty(t, cache.Cache)
}
func TestTerragruntConfigCacheOperation(t *testing.T) {
t.Parallel()
testCacheKey := "super-safe-cache-key"
ctx := context.Background()
cache := cache.NewCache[config.TerragruntConfig](testCacheName)
actualResult, found := cache.Get(ctx, testCacheKey)
assert.False(t, found)
assert.Empty(t, actualResult)
stubTerragruntConfig := config.TerragruntConfig{
IsPartial: true, // Any random property will be sufficient
}
cache.Put(ctx, testCacheKey, stubTerragruntConfig)
actualResult, found = cache.Get(ctx, testCacheKey)
assert.True(t, found)
assert.NotEmpty(t, actualResult)
assert.Equal(t, stubTerragruntConfig, actualResult)
}
``` |
Seeker Aviation Australia Pty Limited is an intelligence, surveillance and observation (ISR) aircraft manufacturer that was previously based in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia.
History
Founded in 1983, Seabird Ultralight Aircraft began as a manufacturer of ultralight aircraft.
In 1986, Seabird Ultralight Aircraft changed its name to Seabird Aviation Australia Pty Ltd, and created their own products, the prototype Seabird SB5 Sentinel and certified Seabird SB7 Seeker aircraft, the forerunner of the current Seabird Seeker aircraft.
In 2014, Seabird Aviation Australia was acquired by Seeker Aircraft, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of a USA based aviation company CSI Aviation.
In 2018, Seabird Aviation Australia changed its name to Seeker Aviation Australia Pty Ltd.
In October 2019 Seeker Aviation Australia moved its operations from Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia to Albuquerque, New Mexico USA
Seabird Aviation Jordan L.L.C
Seabird Aviation Jordan L.L.C, now defunct, was Seabird's licensee in Jordan, responsible for manufacturing and marketing Seabird Seeker aircraft in the Middle East and Africa.
References
External links
Aircraft manufacturers of Australia
Australian companies established in 1983
Manufacturing companies established in 1983 |
Ax-les-Thermes station (French: Gare d'Ax-les-Thermes) is a railway station in Ax-les-Thermes, Occitanie, France. The station is on the Portet-Saint-Simon–Puigcerdà railway. The station is served by TER (local) and Intercités de Nuit (night trains) services operated by the SNCF.
Train services
The following services currently call at Ax-les-Thermes:
night service (Intercités de nuit) Paris–Pamiers–Latour-de-Carol
local service (TER Occitanie) Toulouse–Foix–Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg
Bus services
Bus services depart from Ax-les-Thermes towards Luzenac, Les Cabannes (Town Centre), Ussat-les-Bains, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Mercus-Garrabet, Saint-Paul-de-Jarrat, Montgaillard, Foix, Saint-Jean-de-Verges, Varilhes and Pamiers.
Gallery
References
Railway stations in Ariège (department)
Railway stations in France opened in 1888 |
Anchinia laureolella is a species of moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece, Iran and Afghanistan.
The larvae feed on Daphne striata.
Subspecies
Anchinia laureolella laureolella
Anchinia laureolella iranica Lvovsky, 1997 (Iran)
Anchinia laureolella afghanica Lvovsky, 1997 (south-eastern Afghanistan)
References
External links
lepiforum.de
Moths described in 1854
Anchinia
Moths of Europe |
"Raabta" () is a romantic Hindi song from the 2012 Bollywood film, Agent Vinod. Composed by Pritam Chakraborty, the song is sung by Arijit Singh, with lyrics penned by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The music video of the track features actors Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor Khan, and the remix video of the song stars Deepika Padukone, Sushant Singh Rajput, Kriti Sanon and Jim Sarbh from Raabta.(2017).
The song has 3 other versions included in the soundtrack of the album titled, "Raabta (Night in a Motel)", "Raabta (Siyaah Raatein)" and "Raabta (Kehte Hain Khuda Ne)" which features vocals by Aditi Singh Sharma, Hamsika Iyer and Shreya Ghoshal respectively, and also has another version titled, "Raabta Title Song" from the film Raabta which features vocals by Nikhita Gandhi, with additional vocals by Singh for all 4 versions.
Release
The first 4 versions of the song were released on 10 February 2012 along with other tracks in the album. The music video of the song was officially released on 9 March 2012, through the YouTube channel of T-Series. The version of the song used in this music video is the original version by Arijit Singh. However, the "Night in Motel" version, sung by Aditi Singh Sharma along with Singh, is used in the film.
The first 4 versions of the song collectively, were ranked at #7 in the list of "Best Songs of 2012" published by Bollywood Spice on 8 January 2013. Arijit Singh was included in the list of "Best Male Singer 2012" published by Koimoi on 2 January 2013. The song was placed at #3 in the list of "The most popular love song on Gaana" which was published by The Times of India on 14 February 2013.
The remix version of the song was released on 27 April 2017 alongside much fanfare with the new trend of remixing old songs taking over movies. The song has more than 35 million views on YouTube within a month's time. It was also praised for its beat and the video.
Critical reception
The composition of the song by Pritam, lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya, Irshad Kamil and renditions by the singers in their respective versions were well received by the reviewers.
Bollywood Hungamas Joginder Tuteja praised all 4 versions of the song and commented: "Special mention for lyricist Bhattacharya who indeed ends up getting something new to cheer about and demonstrates once again that he has a good knack of playing around with words".
Night in a Motel
Background
The song marks the first time Aditi Singh Sharma has lent her voice for Kareena Kapoor Khan, the next being "Main Heroine Hoon" from Heroine (2012). Sharma was nominated for the Stardust New Musical Sensation Singer – Female award for her rendition in the version of the song, along with "Main Heroine Hoon".
This version of the song was used in the film from the 4 versions and was incorrectly credited to Hamsika Iyer instead of Sharma on the CD cover, though Iyer's vocals are used in the digital release of "Night in a Motel". Compared to Singh's solo version, the production of "Night in Motel" is largely piano-based, with a notable viola section preceding Singh's verse.
Critical reception
The version along with "Kehte Hain Khuda Ne" by Shreya Ghoshal was picked as best tracks in the album by Filmfare'''s Rachit Gupta.
Siyaah Raatein
The third version of the song titled "Raabta (Siyaah Raatein)" is sung by Hamsika Iyer. In comparison, by the composition of the song, to that of the version "Night in a Motel", an electric guitar is added to the tune and the drum beat is softened, apart from the use of piano. Additional English vocals were rendered by Joi, in the version of the song.
Kehte Hain Khuda Ne
The final version of the song titled "Raabta (Kehte Hain Khuda Ne)" () is sung by Shreya Ghoshal, over the same instrumental track as Hamsika Iyer's version. The lyrics included in the version by Amitabh Bhattacharya are the same as the original version.
Critical reception Filmfares Rachit Gupta picked the version by Ghoshal and the version "Night in a Motel" by Aditi Singh Sharma for the best track in the album.
2017 Remake
A remake of the song, also produced by Pritam, was used as the title track for the 2017 film Raabta. The song was sung by Nikhita Gandhi with Arijit Singh also returning. The music video stars Deepika Padukone in a cameo role alongside the film's stars Sushant Singh Rajput, Kriti Sanon and Jim Sarbh. The video is produced by T-Series.
T-Series Mixtape version
Shirley Setia and Jubin Nautiyal sang the Mixtape version of the song "Tu Jo Mila Raabta", which is a medley of "Raabta" and "Tu Jo Mila" from Bajrangi Bhaijaan'', which was also composed by Pritam, with lyrics by Kausar Munir .
Live performance
The music-composer Pritam performed the song live in IIFA Rocks 2013 along with Arijit Singh and Aditi Singh Sharma, which also celebrated 100 years of Indian cinema. Singh performed the song on 30 December 2013, on the concert "Salaam Dubai" which was organised by Oberoi Middle East. He also performed the song at a private concert for the Connoisseurs Club Dubai on 7 November 2014. On 19 October 2014, singer Shreya Ghoshal performed the song at her concert which was held at Rajkot.
Aditi Singh Sharma also performed the love ballad, at the Atif Aslam concert which was presented by ARN Entertainment and R.V Steels and Power on 22 May 2014. She even performed the song at "Tum Hi Ho" live concert at the San Jose State University Event Center on 9 August 2014. Both Singh and Sharma performed their version of the song at Singh's London debut concert at the Indigo Arena on 29 August 2014.
Accolades
References
Songs in Hindi
Film songs in Hindi
Shreya Ghoshal songs
Arijit Singh songs
Songs written for films
2012 songs
Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya |
Solo is an unincorporated community in the Ozark National Forest, Pope County, Arkansas, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in Pope County, Arkansas
Unincorporated communities in Arkansas |
Jody Cohen (born September 21, 1954) is an American retired rabbi who became the first woman to serve as rabbi for a Jewish congregation in Connecticut. In 1984, she became the first female associate rabbi to serve a Connecticut congregation at Congregation Beth Israel in West Hartford. There she founded Noah's Ark, the first synagogue-run preschool daycare in North America. Cohen went on to serve as solo rabbi at Temple Beth Hillel in South Windsor—another first—from 1989 to 1995.
Cohen was an inaugural inductee into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.
Life and career
Born and raised in Newark, New Jersey, Cohen received her BA in political science from Mount Holyoke College in 1976 and her MA in Hebrew Letters from the New York campus of Hebrew Union College, where she was ordained in May 1984. Moving to Connecticut that same year, she spent the ensuing decade as the first woman rabbi at Reform Judaism congregations in Greater Hartford. Cohen received the inaugural Hartford College for Women's Pioneer Woman Award (1985), organized the first Conference for Clergywomen of Greater Hartford (1986), and served as co-president of the Women's Rabbinic Network from 1991 to 1993. She also hosted the first HIV/AIDS interfaith healing service at any Greater Hartford synagogue.
After moving to Florida with her husband, Moshe Cohen-Gavarian, and two sons, Cohen worked as the regional director for the Union for Reform Judaism from 1997 to 2007. From 2007 to 2012, she served as senior rabbi at Temple Israel of Greater Miami. She received an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree from the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion in 2009. She started her own company working as a hospice chaplain before retiring in 2018.
References
External links
Jody Cohen – Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame
1954 births
Living people
Clergy from Newark, New Jersey
Mount Holyoke College alumni
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion alumni
Rabbis from New Jersey
Reform women rabbis
American Reform rabbis
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis |
The ANTA Washington Square Theatre was a theatre located on 40 West Fourth Street, in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City. It was run by the American National Theater and Academy (ANTA) and initial home to the Repertory Theatre of Lincoln Center from early 1964 to the completion of the Vivian Beaumont Theater in 1965. The theatre, not to be confused with the ANTA Theatre (later August Wilson Theatre) on 52nd Street, was located away from the mainstream Broadway district. Closed in 1968, it used a thrust stage tilted toward the audience, with the audience sitting on three sides of it. It did not employ the use of a curtain.
Robert Whitehead founded ANTA to create "a national theatre as a guiding spirit". He needed a location, as he had both a company of actors and commissioned two playwrights (Arthur Miller & S. N. Behrman), and he needed one quickly. New York University leased land to them, with ANTA having to foot the bill, an estimated $525,000. Marvin Carlson described the theatre as "characterless steel box, about 20 feet high and more or less square, painted a mustard yellow and from the outside, suggesting a warehouse or storage facility. The simple entrance had a marquee bearing the name ANTA". The theatre, which was not intended to be permanent, had a seating capacity of 1,158", and opened in 1963 with Arthur Miller's After the Fall. Another observer praised "the fine acoustics that have been achieved by the creation of irregularly surfaced concave walls." However, that same observer noted that "the interior of the building is not striking and might well be mistaken for a small industrial plant of some sort."
Several highly regarded plays had their runs at the ANTA Washington Square. Among the most notable were the original productions of Arthur Miller's plays After the Fall and Incident at Vichy, and the 1964 revival of Eugene O'Neill's Marco Millions, starring Hal Holbrook as Marco Polo and David Wayne as Kublai Khan. A production relished by many Molière lovers was William Ball's 1964 staging of Tartuffe, with an "outrageous" Michael O'Sullivan in the title role. Quite likely, the most famous show ever to play at the ANTA Washington Square was the smash hit musical Man of La Mancha, which began its first New York run there on November 22, 1965, and transferred to the more conventional Martin Beck Theatre in 1968, pending the demolition of the Washington Square Theatre.
The dismantled pieces of the prefabricated theatre were purchased by Yale University for the Trinity Repertory Company, one which artistic director Adrian Hall later called "bold, silly move". It was done as a way to save costs on construction, but it never materialized. Yale ended up purchasing the Majestic Theatre in downtown Providence, currently home to Trinity Repertory Company.
Production history
1963 After the Fall
1964 Marco Millions
1964 But for Whom Charlie
1964 The Changeling
1964 Incident at Vichy
1964 Tartuffe
1965 Man of La Mancha
References
Former theatres in Manhattan
Buildings and structures demolished in 1968 |
Alex Trochut (born 1981) is a Spanish artist, graphic designer, illustrator, and typographer. Born in Barcelona and currently based in Brooklyn, NY. He has created album covers for Katy Perry's single "Roar" (2013) as well as The Rolling Stones' Rolled Gold: The Very Best of the Rolling Stones (2007), among others.
Life and career
After completing his studies at ELISAVA, Trochut established his own design studio in Barcelona. In Barcelona, Trochut worked for two years at the design studios Toormix and Vasava before relocating to New York City where he currently works for a diverse range of clients on design, illustration and typography. Trochut is the grandson of Spanish graphic artist .
Trochut has created design, illustration and typography for a diverse range of clients: Nike, Adidas, Puma, The Rolling Stones, Katy Perry, Vampire Weekend, Arcade Fire, Esquire UK, BBC, Coca-Cola, British Airways, Pepsi, The Guardian, The New York Times, Time and many others.
Awards
Trochut has been honored for his work in design and typography by The Type Directors Club, Communication Arts and Graphis. In 2008, he was recognized for his inventive lettering style and was named an Art Directors Club Young Gun, honoring designers under 30. In 2014, Binary Prints was celebrated by the Creative Review with the coveted Best In Book Award in recognition of the inventive printing technique used to create day and night prints on a single page and recognized by Lost At E Minor, Cool Hunting, It's Nice That, The New York Times, Gizmodo, Vice magazine's The Creators Project and Fast Company.
Publications
His monograph, More Is More, explores his working methodologies and influences and was published in 2011. More Is More was written by Dani Navarro.
Exhibitions
Trochut's work has been exhibited internationally at Colette, Paris, Kinfolk, New York, Sonar, Barcelona and Art Basel, among other spaces.
References
Spanish typographers and type designers
Spanish graphic designers
1981 births
Living people
People from Barcelona |
Rose Terrace was a private home located at 12 Lake Shore Drive in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. Built in 1934 by Anna Dodge, widow of automobile pioneer Horace E. Dodge, it was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1971 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Despite this, the house was demolished in 1976.
History
John and Horace Dodge were machinists and early suppliers to, and investors in, the Ford Motor Company. The Dodge Brothers became immensely wealthy, and in 1912, Horace Dodge and his wife Anna Thompson Dodge hired Albert Kahn to design a palatial red sandstone mansion on Jefferson Avenue in Detroit. The landscaping featured a series of terraces cascading down to Lake St. Clair. Anna Dodge filled them with roses and the mansion was subsequently dubbed "Rose Terrace."
In 1920, Horace Dodge died, leaving his fortune entirely to his widow, Anna. She continued to live at Rose Terrace, but was reportedly unhappy and lonely. In 1926, she married actor Hugh Dillman, and the couple decided to build a completely new mansion. They purchased the adjacent Country Club of Detroit and razed both the clubhouse and the original Rose Terrace in 1930. Anna and Hugh spent two years in Europe, advised by prominent art dealer Joseph Duveen, collecting art, material, and inspiration for their new mansion. They hired architect Horace Trumbauer of Philadelphia to design the new mansion and the George A. Fuller Company of New York City to supervise construction, which began in 1931. The mansion was completed in 1934 at a cost of $4 million (equivalent to $ million in ).
However, even before the new Rose Terrace was completed, Hugh and Anna's marriage soured. They divorced in 1947 and Anna changed her last name back to "Dodge". After Anna's last child, Horace Jr., died in 1962, she lived in seclusion at Rose Terrace until her own death in 1970.
After her death, the furnishings of the Music Room were willed to the Detroit Institute of Arts. The remaining contents were auctioned by Christie's in 1971. A catalog of Anna Thomson Dodge's bequests published in 1996 includes works of art given by her or acquired from her estate from 1925 to 1973, as well as artwork purchased with the Mr and Mrs Horace E. Dodge Memorial Fund from 1971 to 1995. In the year 2000, the Detroit Institute of Arts de-accessioned a number of works of art made specifically for the Music Room at Rose Terrace (many by Alavoine et Cie) on commission from Joseph Duveen, which were sold at Christie's in New York on May 24, namely the Aubusson carpet, the four bronze and crystal chandeliers by Baguès Fréres, the four display cabinets that had held Anna Dodge's collection of Sèvres, and the copy of a pair of Jardinières ensuite with a pair of late eighteenth century Athéniennes still in the bequest (Lots 316–321).
For the next few years, the mansion was used by local organizations for fundraisers and meetings. However, its upkeep was prohibitively expensive, and there were no buyers who wanted to keep and maintain it. The mansion was eventually sold to a developer, and despite efforts to preserve the edifice for its historical significance, it was demolished in the summer of 1976.
Description
Trumbauer's design for Rose Terrace emerged as an enlarged version of Miramar, his 1911 design for George Dunton Widener. The house was a French-style Louis XV chateau overlooking Lake St. Clair, and was approached from Jefferson via a long circular drive. It was constructed from brick walls on a concrete foundation, and surfaced with Indiana limestone. The mansard roof was sheathed with copper.
The main floor contained numerous reception rooms, a formal dining room, a library, a breakfast room, two sitting rooms, a music room/ballroom, a card room, a bar, and a kitchen pantry. All rooms had ceilings. The music room, a favorite of Anna Dodge's, measured by , and contained an organ purchased by Horace Dodge for the original Rose Terrace. A marble staircase and an elevator connected the first and second floors. Half of the second floor was used as Mrs. Dodge's private suite. She and her husband Hugh shared a sitting room and office, but each had separate bedrooms, dressing rooms and bathrooms. The other half held another second office and sitting room, and well as eight guest rooms with baths.
The attic held the servant's quarters, including an apartment for the housekeeper, a valet's room, twelve maids' rooms, and six rooms for male servants. The basement of the house held the kitchen, the servants' dining room, an ice cream parlor, a flower room, a wine cellar, a gymnasium and storage vaults for furs, rugs, and silver.
When completed and furnished, the mansion contained over , had 75 rooms, (including 42 main rooms), 15 fireplaces, 40 French doors, 37 sofas, and more than 100 tables. Many of the furnishings had a notable provenance, including a bureau made for Catherine the Great, four chairs that had belonged to Marie Antoinette, a piano once used by the children of George III, a jewel casket that had belonged to Russian Empress Maria Feodorovna, and a rosewood writing table made by Jean Henri Riesener.
References
Further reading
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
Houses completed in 1934
Houses in Wayne County, Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites
Demolished buildings and structures in Michigan
National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, Michigan
Buildings and structures demolished in 1976
1934 establishments in Michigan
Former National Register of Historic Places in Michigan |
Ash Hill is an unincorporated community in the Eldora Township of Surry County, North Carolina, United States. The community is generally on the opposite side of the Ararat River from the community of Ararat and is roughly centered on Ararat Road between Eldora Road and Little Mountain Church Road. A school named Ash Hill was formerly located here.
References
Unincorporated communities in Surry County, North Carolina
Unincorporated communities in North Carolina |
Nigel De'ath (born 19 May 1965) is a former speedway rider from England.
Speedway career
De'ath rode in the top tier of British Speedway from 1983–1990, riding primarily for Oxford Cheetahs. He was an integral part of the Oxford team that won the league and Cup treble during the 1986 British League season.
References
Living people
1965 births
British speedway riders
Long Eaton Invaders riders
Milton Keynes Knights riders
Oxford Cheetahs riders |
The 1909 Paris–Tours was the sixth edition of the Paris–Tours cycle race and was held on 26 September 1909. The race started in Paris and finished in Tours. The race was won by François Faber.
General classification
References
1909 in French sport
1909
September 1909 sports events |
Port Nelson is a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Formerly known as Loo Cove and sometimes (incorrectly) as Loon Cove, the community of Port Nelson has now been abandoned.
Ghost towns in Newfoundland and Labrador |
Fatima Jinnah Park (), also known as Capital Park or F-9 Park, is a public recreational park that spans the whole of Sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. It is named after Mādar-e Millat Fatima Jinnah, the younger sister of the founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
At , it is just smaller than New York's Central Park. It was designed by Michael Japero, and was inaugurated in 1992. The park’s original master plan was prepared by the Japan International Cooperation Agency, and was revised in 2005 by Pakistani architect Nayyar Ali Dada.
Fatima Jinnah Park's vast acreage is mostly covered by greenery, with a few man-made structures dotting the landscape. Most of the park area is effectively a wildlife sanctuary, except for a few areas of the park that are close to residential districts. The park is bounded by a steel fence with entrance doors placed at regular intervals, although only a few are routinely open and used. A further strip of land outside of the fence is lined with a footpath. A well laid network of footpaths lies inside the park, with neat grass and a few statues.
Layout
Since the park is bounded by a steel fence on all four sides, entrance is possible only through the gates, at least one of which is present on each side.
Gate 1: Mehran Gate, located on the southern side on Jinnah Avenue, facing sector G-9
Gate 2: Bolan Gate, located on the western side, facing sector F-10
Gate 3: Khyber Gate, located on the northern side, facing sector E-9
Gate 4: Ravi Gate, located on the eastern side, facing sector F-8
Gate 5: Located on the eastern side, leads to the Citizen Club Mass Vaccination Centre
A network of jogging tracks connects the abovementioned gates. Moreover, there is a mosque, parking lot, and public toilets at every entrance.
Public use
Only a few areas of Fatima Jinnah Park are man-made, containing busy clusters of buildings, while other areas rarely see human activity. The park's open spaces are commonly used for recreational walking and outdoor sports. Occasionally, they are used for driving lessons. The following man-made buildings are located inside the park:
Leisure Arena
Originally known as Mega Zone, this complex was renovated and inaugurated as Leisure Arena on 21 December 2019. It includes a sports zone with a standard-length swimming pool, a gym, and tables for table tennis and snooker. The complex also includes facilities for bowling, arcade games, laser tag, and other games; areas for fast food and dining; and an assortment of shops for clothes, DVDs, and other items.
McDonald's
The Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered a McDonald's fast-food restaurant and several clubs, such as an Aeromodelling Club, that had been operating inside F-9 Park to close down. However, these establishments are still operational as of 2023.
Solar power plant
In 2017, F-9 Park converted to solar energy with 3,400 solar panels installed on an area of around five acres inside the park at a cost of $4.8 million. Funds for the project were provided by the Chinese government as a grant. These panels generate about 0.85 megawatts (850 kW) of power and have a back-up facility to provide energy to street lights. The system runs water pumps and sprinkler systems for the park, and provides power for the offices of the Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad and Capital Development Authority, both located within the park.
Mass vaccination centre
In May 2021, a mass coronavirus vaccination centre was opened in the Citizen Club building inside the park. The facility has 75 counters, and can inoculate 7,000 people daily. Moreover, in June 2021, a drive-through vaccination centre was opened in the park in collaboration with Ministry of Health, Capital Development Authority, and the Bank of Punjab.
Illegal logging
Over the past few years, the lack of repairs to the south-eastern side of the fence has enabled illegal cutting and transportation of trees.
Future plans
The Capital Development Authority (CDA), which manages the park, has grand plans for the space, which is sometimes called the "sleeping heart" of Islamabad. The issue of the park's development is more pressing now that the people of Islamabad have taken a keen interest in recreational activities. The CDA's proposed future design for the park will include lakes, rock gardens, aquariums, and fountains.
Gallery
See also
List of parks and gardens in Pakistan
List of parks and gardens in Lahore
List of parks and gardens in Karachi
References
Parks in Pakistan
Tourist attractions in Islamabad |
Kawaihae, an island music band, was formed in Japan in the summer of 2000 by American-born radio personality Vance K (born and raised on the Big Island of Hawaii). The band has released three albums and, as of 2009, was working on a 4th album. The band has a large fan-base within Japan and Hawaii and has received the Group of the Year award at the 2004 Hawaii Music Awards.
Hawaiian music |
Pure Air is a compilation album by Agua de Annique, a band formed by the former The Gathering vocalist Anneke van Giersbergen. It was released in 2009. It contains tracks from their first album Air, and also songs featuring other artists.
Track list
"The Blower's Daughter (feat. Danny Cavanagh from Anathema)" (Damien Rice cover)
"Beautiful One (feat. Niels Geusebroek from Silkstone)"
"Wild Flowers" (Frank Boeijen cover)
"Day After Yesterday (feat. Marike Jager)"
"Come Wander with Me (feat. Kyteman)" (Jeff Alexander cover)
"Valley of the Queens (feat. Arjen Lucassen from Ayreon)" (Ayreon cover)
"To Catch a Thief (feat. John Wetton from King Crimson & Asia)" (John Wetton & Geoff Downes cover)
"Ironic" (Alanis Morissette cover)
"What's the Reason? (feat. Niels Geusebroek from Silkstone)" (Silkstone cover)
"Yalin"
"Somewhere (feat. Sharon den Adel from Within Temptation)" (Within Temptation cover)
"Witnesses"
"The Power of Love" (Frankie Goes to Hollywood cover)
Personnel
Anneke van Giersbergen - vocals, piano
Joris Dirks - guitars, vocals
Jacques de Haard - bass
Rob Snijders - drums
Special guests
John Wetton
Danny Cavanagh
Arjen Anthony Lucassen
Sharon den Adel
Marike Jager
Niels Geusebroek
Kyteman
Marcel Verbeek
Svetlana Tratch
Dewi Kerstens
Ewa Albering
References
External links
2009 albums
Anneke van Giersbergen (band) albums |
Relevance is the concept of one topic being connected to another topic in a way that makes it useful to consider the second topic when considering the first. The concept of relevance is studied in many different fields, including cognitive sciences, logic, and library and information science. Most fundamentally, however, it is studied in epistemology (the theory of knowledge). Different theories of knowledge have different implications for what is considered relevant and these fundamental views have implications for all other fields as well.
Definition
"Something (A) is relevant to a task (T) if it increases the likelihood of accomplishing the goal (G), which is implied by T." (Hjørland & Sejer Christensen, 2002).
A thing might be relevant, a document or a piece of information may be relevant. The basic understanding of relevance does not depend on whether we speak of "things" or "information". For example, the Gandhian principles are of great relevance in today's world.
Epistemology
If you believe that schizophrenia is caused by bad communication between mother and child, then family interaction studies become relevant. If, on the other hand, you subscribe to a genetic theory of relevance then the study of genes becomes relevant. If you subscribe to the epistemology of empiricism, then only intersubjectively controlled observations are relevant. If, on the other hand, you subscribe to feminist epistemology, then the sex of the observer becomes relevant.
Epistemology is not just one domain among others. Epistemological views are always at play in any domain. Those views determine or influence what is regarded relevant.
Logic
In formal reasoning, relevance has proved an important but elusive concept. It is important because the solution of any problem requires the prior identification of the relevant elements from which a solution can be constructed. It is elusive, because the meaning of relevance appears to be difficult or impossible to capture within conventional logical systems. The obvious suggestion that q is relevant to p if q is implied by p breaks down because under standard definitions of material implication, a false proposition implies all other propositions. However though 'iron is a metal' may be implied by 'cats lay eggs' it doesn't seem to be relevant to it the way in which 'cats are mammals' and 'mammals give birth to living young' are relevant to each other. If one states "I love ice cream," and another person responds "I have a friend named Brad Cook," then these statements are not relevant. However, if one states "I love ice cream," and another person responds "I have a friend named Brad Cook who also likes ice cream," this statement now becomes relevant because it relates to the first person's idea.
Another proposal defines relevance or, more accurately, irrelevance information-theoretically. It is easiest to state in terms of variables, which might reflect the values of measurable hypotheses or observation statements. The conditional entropy of an observation variable e conditioned on a variable h characterizing alternative hypotheses provides a measure of the irrelevance of the observation variable e to the set of competing hypotheses characterized by h. It is useful combined with measures of the information content of the variable e in terms of its entropy. One can then subtract the content of e that is irrelevant to h (given by its conditional entropy conditioned on h) from the total information content of e (given by its entropy) to calculate the amount of information the variable e contains about the set of hypotheses characterized by h. Relevance (via the concept of irrelevance) and information content then characterize the observation variable and can be used to measure its sensitivity and specificity (respectively) as a test for alternative hypotheses.
More recently a number of theorists have sought to account for relevance in terms of "possible world logics" in intensional logic. Roughly, the idea is that necessary truths are true in all possible worlds, contradictions (logical falsehoods) are true in no possible worlds, and contingent propositions can be ordered in terms of the number of possible worlds in which they are true. Relevance is argued to depend upon the "remoteness relationship" between an actual world in which relevance is being evaluated and the set of possible worlds within which it is true.
Application
Cognitive science and pragmatics
In 1986, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson drew attention to the central importance of relevance decisions in reasoning and communication. They proposed an account of the process of inferring relevant information from any given utterance. To do this work, they used what they called the "Principle of Relevance": namely, the position that any utterance addressed to someone automatically conveys the presumption of its own optimal relevance. The central idea of Sperber and Wilson's theory is that all utterances are encountered in some context, and the correct interpretation of a particular utterance is the one that allows most new implications to be made in that context on the basis of the least amount of information necessary to convey it. For Sperber and Wilson, relevance is conceived as relative or subjective, as it depends upon the state of knowledge of a hearer when they encounter an utterance.
Sperber and Wilson stress that this theory is not intended to account for every intuitive application of the English word "relevance". Relevance, as a technical term, is restricted to relationships between utterances and interpretations, and so the theory cannot account for intuitions such as the one that relevance relationships obtain in problems involving physical objects. If a plumber needs to fix a leaky faucet, for example, some objects and tools are relevant (e.g. a wrench) and others are not (e.g. a waffle iron). And, moreover, the latter seems to be irrelevant in a manner which does not depend upon the plumber's knowledge, or the utterances used to describe the problem.
A theory of relevance that seems to be more readily applicable to such instances of physical problem solving has been suggested by Gorayska and Lindsay in a series of articles published during the 1990s. The key feature of their theory is the idea that relevance is goal-dependent. An item (e.g., an utterance or object) is relevant to a goal if and only if it can be an essential element of some plan capable of achieving the desired goal. This theory embraces both propositional reasoning and the problem-solving activities of people such as plumbers, and defines relevance in such a way that what is relevant is determined by the real world (because what plans will work is a matter of empirical fact) rather than the state of knowledge or belief of a particular problem solver.
Economics
The economist John Maynard Keynes saw the importance of defining relevance to the problem of calculating risk in economic decision-making. He suggested that the relevance of a piece of evidence, such as a true proposition, should be defined in terms of the changes it produces of estimations of the probability of future events. Specifically, Keynes proposed that new evidence is irrelevant to a proposition , given old evidence , if and only if , otherwise, the proposition is relevant.
There are technical problems with this definition, for example, the relevance of a piece of evidence can be sensitive to the order in which other pieces of evidence are received.
Law
The meaning of "relevance" in U.S. law is reflected in Rule 401 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. That rule defines relevance as "having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determinations of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." In other words, if a fact were to have no bearing on the truth or falsity of a conclusion, it would be legally irrelevant.
Library and information science
This field has considered when documents (or document representations) retrieved from databases are relevant or non-relevant. Given a conception of relevance, two measures have been applied: Precision and recall:
Recall = a : (a + c) X 100%, where
a = number of retrieved, relevant documents,
c = number of non-retrieved, relevant documents (sometimes termed "silence").
Recall is thus an expression of how exhaustive a search for documents is.
Precision = a : (a + b) X 100%, where
a = number of retrieved, relevant documents,
b = number of retrieved, non-relevant documents (often termed "noise").
Precision is thus a measure of the amount of noise in document-retrieval.
Relevance itself has in the literature often been based on what is termed "the system's view" and "the user's view". Hjørland (2010) criticize these two views and defends a "subject knowledge view of relevance".
Politics
During the 1960s, relevance became a fashionable buzzword, meaning roughly 'relevance to social concerns', such as racial equality, poverty, social justice, world hunger, world economic development, and so on. The implication was that some subjects, e.g., the study of medieval poetry and the practice of corporate law, were not worthwhile because they did not address pressing social issues.
See also
Source criticism
Description
Distraction
Information-action ratio
Information overload
Intention
Intuitionistic logic
Kripke semantics
Relevance theory
References
Gorayska B. & R. O. Lindsay (1993). The Roots of Relevance. Journal of Pragmatics 19, 301–323. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press.
Hjørland, Birger (2010). The foundation of the concept of relevance. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(2), 217-237.
Keynes, J. M. (1921). Treatise on Probability. London: MacMillan
Lindsay, R. & Gorayska, B. (2002) Relevance, Goals and Cognitive Technology. International Journal of Cognitive Technology, 1, (2), 187–232
Sperber, D. & D. Wilson (1986/1995) Relevance: Communication and Cognition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
Sperber, D. & D. Wilson (1987). Précis of Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Behavioral and Brain Science, 10, 697–754.
Sperber, D. & D. Wilson (2004). Relevance Theory. In Horn, L.R. & Ward, G. (eds.) 2004 The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell, 607-632. http://www.dan.sperber.fr/?p=93
Zhang, X, H. (1993). A Goal-Based Relevance Model and its Application to Intelligent Systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, October, 1993.
External links
Malcolm Gladwell – Blink – full show: TVOntario interview regarding "snap judgements" and Blink
Information science
Library science terminology
Pragmatics
Logic
Descriptive technique |
Saxo de Anagnia (Sasso, Sassone) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of S. Stefano al Monte Celio (S. Stefano Rotondo) in Rome. He was a native of Anagni, and a member of the family of the Conti di Anagni. Dumas points out that there is no positive evidence of the family connection.
He is first noticed as a scriptor in the papal chancellery and chaplain of Pope Paschal II.
Cardinal
Saxo was created a cardinal by Pope Paschal II, at the latest in 1116.
Election of Gelasius II
Cardinal Saxo took part in the Papal election of Gelasius II, which took place in the walled monastic compound, the Palladium (S. Maria in Pallara), S. Maria in Pallara belonged to the Benedictine Congregation of Montecassino, and was the residence of Cardinal Giovanni of Gaeta (Joannes Gaetanus), the papal chancellor, who was also a Benedictine monk. Cardinal Giovanni Gaetani was elected pope on 24 January 1118. This election provoked unrest in Rome, and the papal court was forced to flee the troops of the Emperor Henry V on 2 March. He was, or became, a vocal opponent of Pope Calixtus' conciliatory policy, supporting the Pierleoni faction in Roman politics.
Cardinal Saxo subscribed papal documents on 17 April and 16 May 1222 at the Lateran, but in August he was in Würzburg.
In 1122, Pope Calixtus II sent a committee of cardinals to Germany to attempt to work out a permanent solution to the Investiture Controversy. The members were Cardinal-Bishop Lamberto Scannabecchi of Ostia; Cardinal-priest Saxo de Anagnia; and Cardinal-deacon Gregorius Papareschi. The treaties were signed on 23 September 1122. Cardinal Saxo was still with the emperor in Strasbourg on 24 January 1123.
Election of 1124
Pope Calixtus died in Rome of a sudden fever on 13 or 14 December 1124. It fell to the six cardinal bishops, according to the constitution In nomine Domini of Nicholas II, to nominate the next pope: Crescentius of Sabina, Pietro Senex of Porto, Lambertus Scannabecchi of Ostia, Guilelmus of Palestrina, Vitalis of Albano, and Gilles (Aegidius) of Tusculum. A leading candidate, the choice of "the people", was Cardinal Saxo of S. Stefano. On 15 or 16 December, the cardinal bishops chose Theobaldus Boccadipecora (Buccapecus), the Cardinal Priest of S. Anastasia, whose election was ratified unanimously by the rest of the cardinals. Immediately after the election, Cardinal Saxo,a supporter of the Frangipani and Cardinal Lamberto, and a very disappointed papal candidate, had a confrontation with Cardinal Benedict, a supporter of Theobaldus, calling him simplex et idiota.
During the election Roberto Frangipani carried out a coup-d'état, proclaiming Cardinal Lambertus Scannabecchi Pope Honorius II. There was no canonical election. Theobaldus resigned immediately that same day, whether willingly or under duress is uncertain. Seven days later, stricken with guilt and remorse, Lamberto resigned his false papacy, though the cardinals apparently reelected or confirmed his office.
In 1125 or 1128, Honorius II sent Cardinal Saxo and Leo Frangipane as legates to Naples to return prisoners who had been captured and detained.
Election of 1130 and schism
When Pope Honorius died, late in the afternoon of 13 February 1130, the cardinals gathered around him did not inform the cardinals of the Pierleoni faction or the senior Cardinal-bishop, Petrus Senex, that the pope had died. Neither did they inform the magistrates of the city of Rome, who only learned of the fact when they assembled after dawn at the church of S. Marco to pay a collective call on the pope. After nightfall, the body of the dead pope was buried in the cloister of S. Gregorio and S. Andrea, by several laymen, without a funeral service. During the night, the cardinals inside the monastery held a meeting at which they elected Cardinal Gregory Papareschi pope. Cardinal Petrus of S. Susanna had a tart rebuke for the cardinals on that matter: "They gathered themselves together at some altar in the darkness, and, wishing to claim the title to an evil deed, they fabricated for themselves the deacon of S. Angelo as an idol in their rash boldness of zeal." Gregorovius states, "The proceeding was entirely contrary to law, and Gregory's action was altogether uncanonical.
At dawn, the body of Honorius was dug up again, and carried along with Papareschi to the Lateran Basilica. They were accompanied by the laymen of the Frangipani faction and the faction's cardinals. The body was buried again, in the Lateran, with a full funeral, and Papareschi was consecrated a bishop and enthroned as Innocent II.
After dawn, the senior-cardinal bishop, Petrus Senex, met with the other cardinals, the important Roman clergy, the magistrates and leading citizens, and the people of Rome, in anticipation of the possible announcement of the death of the pope. They were prepared to give Honorius II a funeral befitting a pope. The meeting took place at the church of S. Marco, at the bottom of the steps to the Capitol, which was convenient for the magistrates and also for the Pierleoni, whose houses were nearby. When they heard of the doings at the Lateran, they began their own electoral meeting, in the light of the coup-d-état which was underway. Cardinal Pietro gave his nomination and vote to Cardinal Pietro Pierleoni, who became Pope Anacletus II. Anacletus was acclaimed as pope by the cardinals, clergy, magistrates, nobles, and people of Rome. He was enthroned at S. Peter's Basilica on 15 February, and on 16 February he took possession of the Lateran.
Cardinal Saxo signed the Electoral Decree of Anacletus II on 14 February 1130. In the schism of 1130, Saxo followed the Obedience of Anacletus II, and became his chancellor.
The latest documentary appearance of Saxo's name is in a papal bull of 14 September 1131. His successor as chancellor, Cardinal Matthaeus of S. Pietro in Vincoli, first appears on 11 October 1133. His successor as Cardinal-priest of S. Stefano, Martinus, first subscribes on 23 January 1133.
Notes and references
Bibliography
Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896), History of Rome in the Middle Ages. Volume IV. part 2, second edition (London: George Bell, 1896).
External links
Dumas, Enrico (2017). "Sassone di Anagni." Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 90 (2017).
year of death unknown
12th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinal-priests
Year of birth unknown |
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