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Oscar Alfredo Cox (20 January 18806 October 1931) was a Brazilian sportsman who introduced football to the city of Rio de Janeiro and founded Fluminense, one of Brazil's most traditional and popular football clubs.
Biography
Born to a wealthy family of English Brazilian heritage, Oscar did his studies in Lausanne, where he got acquainted with the practice of football. Upon returning from Switzerland, Oscar tried to disseminate this activity in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On 22 September 1901, Oscar was able to organize the first football match in the history of the state of Rio de Janeiro. He then proceeded to São Paulo, with some friends, to play against a group led by Charles Miller, who had started the process of disseminating football in São Paulo back in 1894. The groups played two times against each other, and both matches ended in a draw.
On 21 July 1902, Oscar, aged 22, founded Fluminense. Fluminense remains as one of the most popular and traditional sports institutions still in existence in the history of Brazilian football.
After his death in France his remains were transferred to Rio de Janeiro.
References
See also
Henry Welfare
1880 births
1931 deaths
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian people of English descent
Football people in Brazil
Brazilian football chairmen and investors
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Founders of association football institutions
Football in Rio de Janeiro (city) |
Dobrigošće is a village in the municipality of Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Demographics
According to the 2013 census, its population was 13, all Bosniaks.
References
Populated places in Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Metropolitan Magazine can refer to:
Metropolitan Magazine (New York City), later known as Macfadden's Fiction Lover's Magazine, was a monthly periodical in the early 20th century with articles on politics and literature
The Metropolitan Magazine, a London monthly published 1831–1850
See also
Metro Magazine, an American rail transport trade magazine
Metro (magazine), a New Zealand lifestyle magazine |
A tree in the Anacardiaceae family, Buchanania macrocarpa is native to an area in the southwest Pacific from the Solomon Islands to the northern Maluku Islands.
Description
The tree has greyish-black, quite thick, scaly dead bark, while the living bark is red when a blaze/slash is made.
There is a large drooping crown with horizontal branches.
Distribution
The plant is native to an area from the Solomon Islands to the northern Maluku islands. Countries and regions that it occurs in are: Solomon Islands; Papua Niugini (PNG, including Bismarck Archipelago); Indonesia (West Papua, northern Maluku Islands).
Habitat and ecology
The species favours wet or marshy places.
In the forests around the Hindenberg Wall, PNG, this tree is common in the primary lower montane forest at 1495–1770m altitude. This type of forest has a canopy dominated by Syzygium versteegii and S. effusum, with other common canopy taxa being B. macrocarpa, Campnosperma brevipetiolatum, Opocunonia nymanii, Pimelodendron amboinicum, Planchonella and Calophyllum trees while scattered individuals of Pandanus are another characteristic of the forest type.
In the Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area, Eastern Highlands Province, PNG, within hill forest, the species provides food for the cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus, (Palm cockatoo).
In the village forests of Negeri Saleman, north Seram Island, Indonesia, the tree occurs as a shade tree in Theobroma cacao/cacoa and coffee plantations and in forest harvested for resin. It also grows in the secondary forest of the area.
Vernacular names
top, Yachai people of Mappi Regency, West Papua.
ketapang hutan (Indonesian language, Negeri Saleman, north Seram Island)
Uses
The Yachai people of Mappi Regency, West Papua, use the good quality wood to make medium-sized boats.
The people of Negeri Saleman, north Seram Island, Indonesia use the wood for a variety of house construction elements, including the framework, roof supports and frames, ridges and doors, as well as a shade tree in plantations.
History
The species was first described by the German botanist and explorer Carl Adolf Georg Lauterbach (1864-1937), who explored at the end of the Nineteenth Century the area then known as Kaiser-Wilhelmsland (part of German New Guinea, now part of Papua Niugini). He described the taxa in 1920 in the periodical Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie (Leipzig).
Taxonomic note
There is a similarly named taxa Buchanania macrocarpa Merr. ex Setch., which this is not, the Merrill taxa is now a synonym for Buchanania merrillii Christoph.
References
macrocarpa
Flora of New Guinea
Flora of the Maluku Islands
Flora of the Solomon Islands (archipelago)
Plants described in 1920 |
Zec de la Rivière-Saint-Jean-du-Saguenay is a zone d'exploitation contrôlée (controlled harvesting zone) (zec) located in the municipalité of L'Anse-Saint-Jean, in Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality (RCM), in administrative region of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, in Quebec, in Canada.
The "Zec de la Rivière-Saint-Jean-du-Saguenay" administer some segments of Saint-Jean River. While the zec de l'Anse-Saint-Jean administers the public lands on a forested territory around the river.
Toponymy
The toponym "Zec de la Rivière-Saint-Jean-du-Saguenay" was officialized on October 7, 1994 at the Bank of place names of Commission de toponymie du Québec (Geographical Names Board of Quebec).
See also
Notes et references
Related articles
Zec de l'Anse-Saint-Jean
L'Anse-Saint-Jean, municipality
Saint-Jean River
Saint-Jean Bay, a bay
Saguenay River
Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality
Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, administrative region of Quebec
Parc national du Fjord-du-Saguenay
Zone d'exploitation contrôlée (controlled harvesting zone) (ZEC)
Attachment
External links
of "Zec de la Rivière-Saint-Jean-du-Saguenay".
Official website of municipality L'Anse Saint-Jean
Protected areas established in 1994
Protected areas of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean |
China in Ten Words () is an essay collection by the contemporary Chinese author Yu Hua, who is known for his novels To Live, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant, and Brothers. China in Ten Words was first published in French, titled La Chine en dix mots, by the publishing house, Actes Sud in 2010 and the Chinese version was later published in Taiwan in 2011; an English translation by Allan H. Barr appeared the same year. The book is banned in China, but Yu Hua reworked some of his essays for publication in the mainland China market in the 2015 essay collection We Live Amidst Vast Disparities ().
Structured around the ten two-character words, Yu Hua’s essay collection narrates a personal account on momentous events, such as the Great Leap Forward, Chinese Cultural Revolution and Tiananmen Square Protest, while accentuating the proliferation of graduate unemployment, social inequality and political corruption in accompaniment with China’s rapid change into a modernized nation. Following Yu Hua’s journey through his childhood days, during the Mao Era, to contemporary China, he also unveils the beginning and escalation of China’s “copycat” and “bamboozle” culture, terms that one may associate with counterfeiting, infringement, imitation, dishonesty and fraud.
The ten words are: people (人民), leader (领袖), reading (阅读), writing (写作), Lu Xun (鲁迅), revolution (革命), disparity (差距), grassroots (草根), copycat (山寨), bamboozle (忽悠).
Words
People (人民): The populace of People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国).
Leader (领袖): The one who commands and guides a group, institution or nation.
Reading (阅读): The act of decoding written language.
Writing (写作): The act of encoding language.
Lu Xun (鲁迅): An influential writer and essayist of Chinese literature during the first three decades of the twentieth century.
Revolution (革命): The Cultural Revolution is marked as China's most momentous movement towards modernization.
Disparity (差距): The gap in infrastructural development between cities and villages, income level between the rich and the poor and other aspects of the Chinese society.
Grassroots (草根): Those belonging in the lower rungs of social hierarchy, especially economically disadvantaged people.
Copycat (山寨): The imitation of well-known and trademarked commodities with inferior quality.
Bamboozle (忽悠): A word encompassing various connotations, such as enticement, entrapment, deceit, dishonesty, misrepresentation and fraud (p.137).
Reception
China in Ten Words has been reviewed extensively, and mostly positively in the English-language press, including by prominent China experts such as Perry Link and Jeffrey Wasserstrom, and in outlets such as The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal.
James Fallows, writing in The Atlantic, characterised the collection as "an outstanding set of essays on the general topic of why modern China is the way it is, each essay centered on a Chinese word or phrase.... Very much worth reading." Laura Miller wrote in Salon that "Yu Hua has a fiction writer's nose for the perfect detail, the everyday stuff that conveys more understanding than a thousand Op-Eds.... Perhaps the most bewitching aspect of this book is how funny it is.... He comes across as an Asian fusion of David Sedaris and Charles Kuralt." Lagaya Misha assessed it in the New York Times as "an uneven mixture of memoir and polemic, farce and fury, short on statistics but long on passion. China in Ten Words...is a cautionary tale about the risks of subterfuge, of trying to sneak something past one's father — or, perhaps, one's ever vigilant government."
Scholars from across the literary, cultural and linguistic fields have also expressed profound interest in Yu Hua’s essay collection and established their individual interpretations of China in Ten Words’ cultural, political and social narratives. One such scholar proposes that China in Ten Words is not intended for the mainland Chinese audience with its blatant intent to criticize Communist China. She also states that “bamboozled” (忽悠), used in the contemporary setting, is intended to illustrate China’s market capitalism despite its socialist orthodoxy. Another scholar propounds that Yu Hua’s decision to publish China in Ten Words’ Chinese version in Taiwan accentuates the political repressiveness of the PRC in comparison to the ROC. She asserts, “Yu [Hua] appears to place more trust in Taiwan’s government than in China’s to protect his freedom and rights.” Attention is also drawn to the social endemics of contemporary China arising as a result of the growing disparity (差距) between the wealthy and the impoverished.
Character/Event Parallels
A list of the several real-life incidents and people Yu Hua mentions in China in Ten Words that is referenced in his other works, such as Brothers, The Seventh Day, Chronicle of a Blood Merchant, and To Live.
Leader (领袖):
1990s Beauty Contests: “Silver-haired Beauty Contest”, “Tipsy Beauty Contest” and “Artificial Beauty Contest” (p.13) and Baldy Li’s “National Hymen Olympic Games" in Brothers (p.475).
Around 2010-2012: Mass protests and demonstrations against "environmental degradation, moral collapse, the polarization of rich and poor and pervasive corruption," (p.17) reflected in Television report in The Seventh Day (p.23).
Reading (阅读):
Savage house lootings during the Cultural Revolution (p.25): The Red Guards ransacked and raided Song Fanping’s house in Brothers (p.77).
Great Famine (1959-62): Starved students have resorted to eating leaves off trees (p.26). In To Live, villagers ate pumpkin leaves and tree bark (p.137), while city-folks in Chronicle of a Blood Merchant lived on wild vegetables (p.117).
Writing (写作):
Yu Hua’s father labeled “landlord’s brat” and “runaway landlord” because of his father’s landowner status prior to 1949 (p.44). Song Fanping, in Brothers, is implicated during land reform because he was born into the landowning class (p.77).
Huang Shuai and Yu Hua’s manuscript exchange and shenanigans (p.52) mirrors Writer Liu and Song Gang’s situation in the metal factory in Brothers (p.224).
Revolution (革命):
China’s frenzied steel production during the Great Leap Forward removed peasants from tilling farms to melting steel (p.78). All pots and pans were shattered and used to make steel in To Live (p.101).
Forcible evictions and building destruction in 2011, while some were trapped and killed during the process (p.88). In The Seventh Day, Zheng Xiaomin’s parents were buried alive during government demolitions (p.22).
Yu Hua’s classmate is sent to the mountains and villages, along with other high school graduates, for further education, and dies from hepatitis (p.92). In Chronicle of a Blood Merchant, Yile also contracts a form of hepatitis after he is sent to the countryside (p.206).
Grassroots (草根):
Chronicle of a Blood Merchant’s Blood Chief Li inspired by the Blood Chief Yu Hua met in his childhood (p.117).
“Garbage King” who went from rags-to-riches from collecting and buying cheap trash and reselling them at a higher price after sorting them (p.112). In Brothers, Baldy Li’s success story also begins with his scrap business in front of the government building (p.377).
Copycat (山寨):
Gaffer Shen, Yu Hua’s dentist mentor, worked with Yu Hua on the streets under an oilskin umbrella with forceps, mallets and other tools spread on a table (p.133). Brothers’ Yanker Yu is also a “copycat dentist” who works in a small town (p.60).
Publication
External links
Publisher website for English translation (Random House).
An Interview with Yu Hua on China in Ten Words, UC Berkeley's "Yu Hua talking about his new book China in Ten Words"
References
Chinese books
Essay collections
2010 non-fiction books
Works by Yu Hua |
Mahinathpur is a village development committee in Sarlahi District in the Janakpur Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,471 people living in 433 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Sarlahi District
Populated places in Sarlahi District |
Carner and Gregor are an American musical theatre songwriting duo consisting of lyricist-librettist Sam Carner and composer Derek Gregor. Prominent works include Unlock'd, Island Song, and Techies!, and among others. They are the recipients of the 2004 Richard Rodgers Award for Musical Theater, the Kleban Prize, and the John Wallowitch Award. They also have had thirteen songs nominated for "Best Song" or "Best Comedic Song" by the Manhattan Association of Cabarets and Clubs, winning for "The Egg Nog Song."
Early lives
Sam Carner attended Yale University as an undergraduate, where his play Just Call Me Eli won the Yale Dramatic Association's John Golden Prize for Best Student-Written Musical in 2000. He graduated in 2001 and enrolled in New York University's Graduate Musical Theatre Writing Program with a Departmental Fellowship.
Derek Gregor graduated from Skidmore College in 2000. The next year, he started the rock band M-Lab, for which he was the keyboardist from 2001–2011.
Partnership
Carner and Gregor met at New York University's Tisch Graduate Musical Theatre Writing Program in 2001, where they partnered for their class project. The two have collaborated ever since.
Unlock'd
Based on Alexander Pope's mock-heroic narrative poem The Rape of the Lock, Unlock'd is a two-act musical that takes place in 18th century England. It focuses on the romantic entanglements of four main characters and the chaos that ensues after a lock of the vain and beautiful Belinda's hair goes missing.
The team received a Richard Rodgers Award for Unlock'd in 2004. The show went on to win "Best in Fest" at the New York Musical Theatre Festival in 2007, as well as two Talkin' Broadway Summer Theatre Festival Citations. Unlock'd was also featured at the TheatreWorks New Works Festival in Palo Alto, California, and the Ravinia Festival outside of Chicago.
Unlock'd, presented by the Prospect Theater Company, opened Off-Broadway at The Duke on 42nd Street on June 16, 2013. The show was scheduled to run through July 13 but was extended to July 20, 2013. The show was directed and choreographed by Marlo Hunter, who won the Joe A. Callaway Award for her musical staging of the production, and starred Jillian Gottlieb as Belinda, Jennifer Blood as Clarissa, Sydney James Harcourt as Roderick Shearing (the Baron), A.J. Shively as Edwin, Maria Couch as Esther, Catherine LeFrere as Avia, Chris Gunn as Umbriel, Adam Daveline as Caleb, Chandler Reeves as Ariella, Hansel Tan as Barney, Emily Rogers as The Maid, and Lukas Poost as The Gardener.
Island Song
Telling the story of five contemporary New Yorkers as they pursue their passions, resist distraction, and live out a "twisted love affair" with the city," Island Song captures every urbanite's triumphs, disappointments, and ever-tested perspective."
The musical had workshops at Princeton University and Western Carolina University in 2012 and Seattle's Balagan Theater and the Indiana Festival of Theater in 2013. It had a workshop production at the Bloomington Playwrights Project in January and February 2014. Island Song has had concert presentations at (le) Poisson Rouge in New York, Crawfish in Tokyo, the St. James Studio in London, and the Comedie Nation in Paris.
Island Song premiered at the Adirondack Theatre Festival in 2016 and went onto a production by Rose Bruford actor-muso students at the Stratford Circus Theatre in March 2017, directed by Iain Reekie. The Canadian premiere took place July 2018 in North Bay, Ontario, Canada. Subsequent licensed productions have taken place in New York City, London, Singapore, Bologna, Tokyo, and around the US.
In 2017 Carner & Gregor released a studio cast album of Island Song featuring Jeremy Jordan, Lilli Cooper, Kimiko Glenn, Jackie Burns, and Troy Iwata.
Techies!
Their musical Techies!, which follows a feud between the technical theater students and actors in a high school theater department, is licensed around the world. It is designed with uniquely flexible production/casting elements to appeal to the high school, college and regional theater market. An album of Techies featuring well-known Broadway names alongside current high school and college performers is scheduled for release in the fall of 2022.
Other work
Their musical Second Line, set in post-Katrina New Orleans, is in development, and received readings and workshops at Pace University, the Bloomington Playwrights Project and the Oregon Shakespeare Festival among others. More development is planned in New Orleans in 2023.
Their TYA short musical Love Splat regularly tours the country with TheatreWorks USA.
Popular songs
"Advice to a Young Firefly"
"After Hours"
"All At Once"
"Dancing in Pairs"
"Hair Song"
"I'll Take It All"
"Make It Here"
"Man Crush"
"New York, Do You Care?"
"Shoulders Down"
"Sing, But Don't Tell"
"So Far From Pennsylvania"
"Stay Awhile"
"TMI"
"Traffic Island Song"
"Waiting"
"Wall Lovin'"
"What Do You Do With Your Arms"
Awards
2016 Manhattan Association of Cabaret and Clubs Win for Special Material (The Egg Nog Song)
2015 Kleban Prize for Most Promising Librettist (Sam Carner)
2015 Manhattan Association of Cabaret and Clubs Nominations for Best Song (Advice to a Young Firefly) and Best Comic/Novelty Song (Savin' It)
2014 John Wallowitch Award
2014 Manhattan Association of Cabaret and Clubs Nominations for Best Song (So Far From Pennsylvania) and Best Special Musical Material (Wall Lovin')
2012 Manhattan Association of Cabaret and Clubs Nomination for Best Song (Make It Here)
2011 Manhattan Association of Cabaret and Clubs Nominations for Best Song (After Hours) and Best Special Musical Material (Sing, But Don't Tell)
2007 Talkin' Broadway Summer Theatre Festival Citations
Outstanding New Musical
Outstanding Original Theatrical Score (Wildcard Citation)
2004 Richard Rodgers Award for Musical Theater
References
External links
Official Website for Carner and Gregor
Carner and Gregor on YouTube
American musical theatre composers |
Winterfeld is a village and a former municipality in the district Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2009, it is part of the municipality Apenburg-Winterfeld.
Altmarkkreis Salzwedel |
The Hooks-Moore Store, at the southwest corner of the junction of NM 61 and Forest Rt. 73 in Mimbres, New Mexico, was built before and during 1922. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1922.
It is a wood frame and clapboard building with corrugated metal gables. The listing included a second contributing building: an unstuccoed adobe outbuilding with a corrugated metal hipped roof, and with a shed-roofed board-and-batten addition.
In 1988 it was deemed significant as the only surviving historic wood-frame structure in the Mimbres Valley, and as one of few unaltered historic buildings in the village of Mimbres, and as "a good representative of the commercial importance of Mimbres in the upper Mimbres valley". Part of the building, the residential portion now at the back, was built before 1922 in a location across the road by Raul Spulveda. J.J. Hooks purchased that in 1922 and moved it to the current location, and further added the front parts, including a false-fronted section. In 1988, it had not further been altered. The false-fronted front portion served as the Mimbres post office. The left portion served as a store run by Hooks and later by Walter Moore.
It was listed on the National Register as part of a 1988 study of historic resources in the Mimbres Valley of Grant County.
References
National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, New Mexico
Commercial buildings completed in 1922
1922 establishments in New Mexico |
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement is the planned selection and purchase of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, also known as the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) by various countries.
The F-35 Lightning II was conceived from the start of the project as having participation from many countries, most of which would both contribute to the manufacture of the aircraft and procure it for their own armed forces. While the United States is the primary customer and financial backer, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Norway and Denmark agreed to contribute US$4.375 billion toward the development costs of the program. Total development costs are estimated at more than US$40 billion, while the purchase of an estimated 2,400 planes is expected to cost an additional US$200 billion. Norway has estimated that each of their planned 52 F-35 fighter jets will cost their country $769 million over their operational lifetime. The nine major partner nations, including the U.S., plan to acquire over 3,100 F-35s through 2035, which, if delivered will make the F-35 one of the most numerous jet fighters.
Participation and orders
There are three levels of international participation. The levels generally reflect the financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the order in which countries can obtain production aircraft. The United Kingdom is the sole "Level 1" partner, contributing US$2.5 billion, which was about 10% of the planned development costs under the 1995 Memorandum of Understanding that brought the UK into the project. Level 2 partners are Italy, and the Netherlands, who are contributing US$1 billion and US$800 million each respectively. Level 3 partners are Turkey, US$195 million; Canada US$160 million; Australia, US$144 million; Norway, US$122 million and Denmark, US$110 million. Israel and Singapore have joined as so-called "security cooperative participants" (SCP).
Some initial partner countries, including the United Kingdom, and Norway, Netherlands and Israel have wavered in their public commitment to the JSF program, hinting that the design goals are overambitious or warning that unless they receive more subcontracts or technology transfer, they will forsake JSF for the Eurofighter Typhoon, Saab JAS 39 Gripen, Dassault Rafale or simply upgrade their existing aircraft. Furthermore, F-35 export competitiveness has been hurt by international buyers finding its export variant either too costly per unit or "watered down". While the General Dynamics F-16E/F Fighting Falcon costs $50 million per export copy, the F-35 is likely to cost between $110–130 million. The exported F-35 versions will have the same configuration as the U.S. versions, according to Brigadier General David Heinz, program executive officer in 2009.
In 2001 Lockheed Martin claimed a potential market of 5,179 aircraft, including exports beyond the partner countries. The size of the market was instrumental in determining many of the cost calculations and economies of scale. More recent critical analysis has seriously questioned the assumptions made in estimating these markets and hence the resulting unit cost of the aircraft and its life-cycle costs as well. Congress may allow the U.S. military to perform a "block buy" of 477 aircraft over 3 years, starting the cost/scale-spiral in a desirable direction. Several government officials, including Canadian Industry Minister Tony Clement, have used the production number of 5,000 as recently as September 2010 as an indication of the supposed benefit to industry in providing components and services for this large fleet. Analyst Kenneth Epps stated in November 2010: "The global F-35 market of 'up to' 5,000 aircraft cited by Canadian industry and government officials is outdated and now greatly overstated. Realistically, the likelihood of worldwide F-35 sales is closer to the figure now given as the order total for the program partner countries, that is, 'up to' 3,500 aircraft. The uncritical use of F-35 sales projections that are now almost 10 years out of date calls into question other claims made by officials about the F-35 program."
An issue that affects all the international partners in the F-35 involves access to the computer software code for the aircraft. The F-35 relies heavily on software for operation of radar, weapons, flight controls and also maintenance. The U.S. military has stated that "no country involved in the development of the jets will have access to the software codes" and has indicated that all software upgrades will be done in the U.S. The U.S. government acknowledges that Australia, Britain, Canada, Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Turkey have all expressed dissatisfaction with that unilateral U.S. decision. The UK specifically indicated they might cancel its entire order of F-35s without access to the coding, without which the nation will be unable to maintain its own aircraft. Allen Sens, a defence analyst at the University of British Columbia stated in November 2009: "What has happened is really quite unusual because we're talking about some of America's very close allies. You would have thought they could build in some maintenance codes that could be accessible to their allies." Sens indicated that the decision could be as a result of concerns about software security and also pressure from Congress to protect jobs in the U.S.
In December 2010 leaked United States diplomatic cables disclosed that the US State Department is actively engaged in marketing the F-35 internationally though diplomatic channels and that serious diplomatic pressure had been applied to Norway to buy the aircraft. Jeff Abramson of the Arms Control Association has said that the push to sell the F-35 is part of Obama's "national export initiative" which seeks to double America's export sales through increased arms sales.
European participation in the Joint Strike Fighter project has divided the countries and help preempt a European fifth generation jet fighter program, undercutting exports for their existing models.
In early 2012, after news leaked of a third restructuring of the program in three years, a parade of high-level visitors from the partner countries visited the United States to check on when they could get their aircraft. Ahead of the usual biannual meeting of military leaders in Australia in mid-March, the partner nations agreed to hold annual meetings at the political level.
In March 2014, a spokesman for Lockheed Martin Canada, Mike Barton, said "We've heard nothing about it impacting foreign interest," in reaction to General Mike Hostage, head of Air Combat Command, calling the aircraft irrelevant without accompanying F-22s.
Primary customer
United States
As of April 2010, the United States intends to buy a total of 2,443 aircraft for an estimated US$323 billion, making the sale part of the most expensive defense program in U.S. history.
In September 2010, American purchase plans came under review over the rapidly escalating development and production costs of the aircraft. Initial estimates of US$50 million per aircraft had increased to at least US$92 million, with some U.S. estimates indicating US$135 million. The US Undersecretary of Defence, Ashton Carter, issued a memo in September 2010 requiring proposals on how to drive program costs down, stating "The Department is scrubbing costs with the aim of identifying unneeded cost and rewarding its elimination over time." In response, Lockheed Martin has indicated that it is on "the path to achieving an average unit cost of about $60 million".
Also in September 2010, the U.S. Senate Appropriations Committee indicated that the problems in the F-35 program were symptomatic of Pentagon mismanagement, pointing out "the lack of proper control in the defense budget process". The committee urged the Pentagon "to regain control over its budget". The committee also considered scrapping the entire program at that time, dissuaded only by the country's urgent need for new fighters.
New America Foundation defence analyst Bill Hartung has stated that the U.S. government may try to reduce the overall costs of the program purchasing fewer aircraft, but Hartung also notes that this will increase the per unit cost for international partners and reduce the amount of business given to companies bidding on manufacturing contracts in partner countries.
On 6 January 2011, United States Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates announced that the Defense Department would cut the number of planes the military will buy from Lockheed Martin in the next two years because of "significant testing problems" which could lead to a costly redesign of the F-35B that the program could not afford during federal budget cuts. "If we cannot fix this variant [F-35B] during this time frame and get it back on track in terms of performance, cost and schedule, then I believe it should be canceled," Gates said in a statement.
The United States Department of Defense planned to buy 14 F-35Bs in fiscal year 2012 and 25 the following year. Instead, six will be bought next year and another six in fiscal year 2013. Over the next five years, the Marine Corps will receive 50 F-35s, down from a planned 110. The number of Navy F-35Cs and Air Force F-35As will also be reduced. The Navy total was reduced by seven jets over the next five years, with most of the cuts in fiscal year 2016, while the number of Air Force jets was decreased by 57 over the next five years. Only 19 jets are slated for delivery next year.
The plan as of early 2011 was that the Marine Corps would purchase 340 of the F-35B and 80 of the F-35C, while the Navy would purchase 260 of the F-35C. The five squadrons of Marine F-35Cs would be assigned to the Navy carrier air wings while the F-35Bs would be used on amphibious ships and ashore.
In March 2011, Vice Admiral David Venlet, the chief of the F-35 Joint Program Office, testified at a U.S. congressional committee that the F-35A procurement cost estimate will be $126.6 million per aircraft, including $15 million for the engine.
By the end of March 2011, the voices in the U.S. calling for the end to the F-35 program were increasing in volume. Dominic Tierney of The Atlantic pointed out the whole program cost is now forecast to exceed US$1T, more than the annual GDP of Australia. He noted, "Money is pouring into the F-35 vortex.... An internal Pentagon report concluded that: "affordability is no longer embraced as a core pillar". In January 2011, even Defense Secretary Robert Gates, a champion of the aircraft, voiced his frustration: "The culture of endless money that has taken hold must be replaced by a culture of restraint"." Tierney further noted that the F-35 is an old Cold War–concept aircraft intended for a war between major powers, and is no longer useful in the 21st century with its asymmetric warfare. He concluded: "It's hard to square the military largesse with our rampant debt."
In April 2011, Winslow Wheeler, a former U.S. advisor to both Republican and Democratic senators, employee of the General Accounting Office and now with the Center for Defense Information in Washington, criticized the F-35's price and performance. "This airplane is nothing to write home about," he stated, it is "a gigantic performance disappointment". Wheeler said: "As an American, this program should be terminated immediately. It's unaffordable and the performance is unacceptable already. We need to start over and form a competitive fly-before-you-buy selection."
In April 2011 the USAF listed "a more affordable JSF" as its top acquisition priority.
On 20 May 2011, Senators on the Armed Services Committee asked Ashton Carter to report on alternatives should the F-35 program fail to delivery timely affordable capabilities, after Carter said that there were no good alternatives to the F-35.
Retiring Defense Secretary Bob Gates has said that troop pay, benefits, and numbers may need to be cut to pay for the F-35 cost overruns.
While the 2012 defense department Selected Acquisition Report shows the USAF purchase of 60 to 80 aircraft per year from 2016 to 2030, the USAF's goals for total numbers of fighter aircraft could be met by maintaining the 48 aircraft per year purchase rate of 2017. The increase in production rate would leave the USAF with 300 more aircraft than planned for in 2030.
On 29 November 2012, the Pentagon reached an agreement on Lot 5 of the F-35 program, buying 32 aircraft. Lot 5 contains 22 F-35As, 3 F-35Bs, and 7 F-35Cs. The contract deal was rushed to protect them from possible sequestration cuts. However the JSF was noted as one of major programs that would suffer cuts if the house of representatives fails to follow the Senate's lead in passing a bill to resolve the United States fiscal cliff. Lot 6 was awarded on 28 December 2012. The contract is for 18 F-35As, 6 F-35Bs, and 7 F-35Cs. Deliveries of the Lot 6 order will begin in mid-2014. Lot 6 included the 31 aircraft for the U.S., plus 3 F-35As for Italy and 2 F-35As for Australia. As of 30 July 2013, Lockheed has delivered 67 F-35s from the first five production lots, with 28 still on order. On 30 July 2013, Lockheed agreed to reduce prices on Lot 6 by 4 percent compared to Lot 5, and will reduce the price of Lot 7 by another 4 percent. Pricing for Lot 5 took one year of negotiating, while Lots 6 and 7 took six months. Lot 6 prices are $100.8 million for the F-35A, $108.5 million for the F-35B, and $120 million for the F-35C. Lot 7 deliveries for 35 aircraft will begin in mid-2015, and includes 19 F-35As for the USAF, 6 F-35Bs for the USMC, 4 F-35Cs for the USN, 3 F-35As for Italy, 2 F-35As for Norway, and 1 F-35B for the U.K. Lot 7 prices are $96.8 million for the F-35A, $104.2 million for the F-35B, and $115.2 million for the F-35C. Full-rate production for the F-35A is expected at $80–90 million per unit. A deal for Lots 6 and 7 was officially finalized on 24 September 2013.
By March 2014 due to budgetary constraints the US Navy indicated that it would buy only 36 F-35Cs instead of 69 between 2015 and 2020. The USAF will also defer the purchase of four F-35As in 2015, while Marine Corps orders will not change. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel further indicated that the number of F-35s to be funded between 2014 and 2019 could be further reduced unless Congress revokes the automatic budget cuts programmed for FY2016 and later by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013.
In April 2015, the US Navy indicated that it was looking at purchasing additional F-18 Super Hornets to fill in a gap in aircraft in service forecast as a result of increasing delays in the F-35 program.
Level 1 partner
United Kingdom
In 2006 the United Kingdom was expected to acquire 138 F-35s, down from the 2005 plan for 150 aircraft: 90 for the Royal Air Force; and 60 for the Royal Navy.
The UK became increasingly frustrated by a lack of U.S. commitment to grant access to the technology that would allow the UK to maintain and upgrade its F-35s without U.S. involvement. For five years, British officials sought an ITAR waiver to secure greater technology transfer. Although this had the support of the Bush administration it was repeatedly blocked by U.S. Representative Henry Hyde, on the grounds that British laws were insufficient to prevent unauthorised transfer of U.S. technology to third parties.
On 27 May 2006, President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Tony Blair announced that "Both governments agree that the UK will have the ability to successfully operate, upgrade, employ, and maintain the Joint Strike Fighter such that the UK retains operational sovereignty over the aircraft." In December 2006, an agreement was signed which met the UK's demands for further participation, i.e., access to software source code and operational sovereignty. The agreement allows "an unbroken British chain of command" for operation of the aircraft.
In 2007, the Ministry of Defence placed orders for two aircraft carriers to operate the F-35B variant.
On 18 March 2009, Defence Secretary John Hutton announced the MoD had agreed to purchase three test F-35Bs, and on 22 December 2009 financial approval for the purchase of the third aircraft was given.
On 26 January 2010, following over 18 months of simulator training, Squadron Leader Steve Long completed a test flight becoming the first British active duty pilot to fly the F-35.
Speculation mounted in 2009 that the UK government would switch from the F-35B to the F-35C model, with its greater range and payload. The UK would require fewer F-35Cs and save about $25 million for each aircraft ordered. In October 2010, press reports suggested that the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government were considering reducing the order for the F-35 from 138 to an unspecified but lower number as of the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review. This was confirmed by a MoD spokeswoman in 2012. The proposed cuts would also close RAF Lossiemouth, chosen as the main operating base for the F-35. On 19 October 2010 Prime Minister David Cameron announced in the Strategic Defence and Security Review that the UK would procure an unspecified number of F-35Cs, to fly from a Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier, instead of the F-35B. This change would require the aircraft carrier to be equipped with catapults and arresting gear.
In January 2012, British Defence Minister Philip Hammond visited the United States to seek clarification about the impact of the new American military strategy on the availability of the F-35 for Britain's new carriers. In May 2012, Hammond announced that the UK coalition government had reverted to the previous government's plan to operate the F-35B STOVL variant, due to rising estimated shipbuilding costs associated with the F-35C, and an earlier estimated in-service date for the F-35B. In July 2012, Hammond stated that an initial 48 F-35Bs would be purchased to equip the carrier fleet, but a final figure of F-35 purchases would not be decided until the Strategic Defence and Security Review in 2015 – it was also suggested that the UK may later purchase F-35A variants to replace the country's Eurofighter Typhoon fleet.
In November 2015, the Chancellor George Osborne announced that the UK will order the full original total of 138 F-35 aircraft to equip the Royal Navy's two new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers. The aircraft will also be used by the Royal Air Force over time, and be one of the replacements for the Panavia Tornado. It was stated that at least 24 of the aircraft would be available by 2023 for use on board one of the navy's aircraft carriers, thus leaving more time for testing and training before it becomes operational. It was expected that all 138 F-35 aircraft will be in service by the 2030s. At least one permanent F-35 squadron would be stood up sometime around 2018, and expected to increase to two or three squadrons in the 2020s.
The airplane is one of the two main fast jet aircraft operated by the Royal Air Force, the other being the Eurofighter Typhoon. Further acquisition of the F-35 by the Royal Air Force has been criticised due to its possible "outdated" capabilities by the 2030s (when the RAF would seek to begin replacing its Eurofighters) and lack of interoperability of the F-35B variant on the Royal Navy's aircraft carriers. Instead, the Eurofighters may be replaced with the New Generation Fighter (NGF) or the BAE Systems Tempest.
A UK Defence Command paper released on 22 March 2021 removed the commitment to procuring 138 F-35s, stating instead that it will increase the fleet size beyond the 48 F-35Bs already ordered. On 23 March, the First Sea Lord reportedly estimated that the final fleet will total between 60 and 80 aircraft.
Level 2 partners
Italy
Italy is the second largest JSF contributing partner after the UK. In October 2008, the Italian government outlined a requirement for 131 F-35s for the Aeronautica Militare and Marina Militare, consisting of 69 F-35As and 62 F-35Bs. Under this plan the Italian Navy would have received 22 F-35Bs while the Air Force would get 69 F-35A and 40 F-35B STOVL version aircraft. The Navy plans to use the F-35Bs on the new Cavour STOVL carrier.
Alenia Aermacchi will be the second source supplier of the wing box. Under the terms of agreement Alenia Aeronautica is slated to produce more than 1,200 wings for the F-35 for the nine partners, United States, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Turkey, Australia, Canada, Denmark and Norway. Other participation in the program includes work on the electro-optical targeting system, on the electronic-warfare suite, ejection seat, radio, 25 mm gun and DAS systems, performed by Leonardo-Finmeccanica's companies. Avio participated in both the Pratt & Whitney F135 and General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 powerplant programs.
On 7 October 2008, Italy announced it would not participate in initial F-35 testing and evaluation, and will not purchase test aircraft.
Italy's Air Base of Cameri will be the only Final Assembly and Check Out/Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul & Upgrade (FACO/MRO&U) facility outside the US, for the final assembly of F-35s to be delivered to Italy and the Netherlands, with an estimated cost of $775 million. The FACO could also operate as a regional F-35 maintenance and support center. , there are 800 Italians and 30-40 LM personnel at Cameri.
On 24 November 2010, Guido Crosetto said that Italy was reconsidering its purchase of the STOVL F-35B, in light of the UK's withdrawal from that variant. (The UK government later reversed their decision to switch from F-35B to F-35C.)
In early February 2012, Corriere della Sera reported that the Italian purchase would be cut back to 100 to 110 aircraft, but the defense ministry said at that time that no decision had been made. On 15 February Defence Minister Giampaolo Di Paola announced that Italy would cut its F-35 order by 41 aircraft from the initially announced 131 to 90 as a result of the country's sovereign debt crisis.
On 26 June 2013, Italy's ruling parties agreed to again seek parliament approval before advancing further in the program. Parliament approved a six-month review of the program by a vote of 381 to 149. On 16 July 2013 the senate agreed to allow the existing purchase to go through, but said they would review any further purchase. The first F-35A assembled in Italy flew from Cameri on 7 September 2015.
In July 2018, after the rise of the Conte Cabinet, it was reported that no more Italian orders for F-35 are expected, and the current order could be cut to save money. In October that year, the Italian government announced it would cut €450 million from its 2019 defense budget. One of the measures taken to achieve this is a slowdown in the purchase of F-35 aircraft to spread out payment. In November 2018 it was reported that the slowdown would reduce Italy's acquisition rate from ten aircraft per year down to six or seven, but still ultimately buying 90 aircraft total. In December 2018, the Italian Defence Ministry reiterated that the government would not reduce the order, and that Italy stands by its decision to procure the F-35, despite conflicting statements by coalition party members in the past.
Netherlands
The Netherlands had plans to acquire 85 F-35As for the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The aircraft will replace an aging fleet of F-16AMs. The Dutch government had expected that the costs would be €5.5 billion for the initial purchase and €9.1 billion for 30 years of service, which comes down to a lifetime cost of about US$215 million per unit. On 19 November 2007, in the Dutch Parliament, the Secretary of Defence was questioned about the JSF delay, technical problems and rising costs. However, on 29 February 2008, the executive council of the Dutch government decided to go ahead with the purchase of two test aircraft, and a memorandum of understanding was signed. On 7 September 2008 Dutch television show "Reporter" reports that counter orders are lagging behind compared to promises and that an active lobby by the Royal Netherlands Air Force has manipulated the Dutch government into participating in the project.
In 2010, the Dutch parliament voted to cancel its order for the first test series. Because there was only a caretaker government at that time, Defence Minister Van Middelkoop stated he can and will not honor the wishes of the parliament, but that the next government should decide on the issue. The next defence Minister Hans Hillen planned to continue the purchase in the face of budget cuts that will see thousands of defense employees go as well as the sell off of Dutch military aircraft and ships, in order to maintain Dutch industrial participation in the F-35 program. On 20 April 2011 the newly elected Dutch parliament reversed the vote by its predecessor and voted to purchase a second test F-35.
In December 2010, Defence Minister Hans Hillen said that he had "great difficulty" with a cost increase of 20% over what the Netherlands had budgeted and that he would work with the UK and Norway on the issue.
On 8 April 2011, the Netherlands agreed to buy a second test aircraft, and signed a deal to purchase it at the end of the month. Later that month, Dutch defence minister Hans Hillen suggested that their purchase level would be lower than 85, as the plan was to replace F-16s on a one for one basis and Dutch F-16 numbers had already dropped to 68. Lockheed was confident that the Netherlands will purchase the full order of 85 F-35 fighters. However, the Dutch Minister of Defence announced in March 2013 that the test program would be stopped until further notice and that the purchase of the F-35 was not at all certain. The two F-35s on order will be placed in storage until a decision is made.
Considerations of some Dutch politicians to buy alternatives such as Saab AB's Gripen, Boeing F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet or the EADS Eurofighter, caused the US DoD to suggest (in April 2013) these options would cost more in the long run. In 2013 the Netherlands Court of Audit found that increasing per-unit costs of the F-35 had driven the number of aircraft that could be afforded below the minimum level needed to fulfill NATO requirements. In September the Dutch government stated a commitment to replace the F-16 with F-35. The anticipated number is 37, and the budget is 4.5 billion euros ($6.01 billion) for the warplanes and an additional 270 million euros per year in operating costs.
On 17 September 2013 the Dutch government announced that it will purchase 37 JSF fighters for a purchase price of around 4.5 billion euro.
In January 2014, the Dutch defence and foreign affairs ministers revealed that their F-35s could be used for delivery of nuclear weapons. The previous year Parliament support no nuclear role for the F-35 and the ministers still support disarmament, but they say the Netherlands still has a nuclear role "for the time being" due to their role within NATO.
In September 2018, the Ministry of Defence removed the cap of €4.5 billion allocated to the procurement of the F-35, a political decision that was reached in 2013 as it was a demand from the coalition partner Labour Party. The potentially enlarged budget would allow the Royal Netherlands Air Force to procure the initially planned 67 aircraft spread over 4 squadrons. In December 2018, Dutch Minister of Defence Ank Bijleveld stated that the Netherlands is investing in its armed forces to grow towards and eventually reach the NATO 2% of GDP defense spending norm. In this statement, minister Bijleveld also stated that NATO desires a third Dutch F-35 squadron, which equals to 15 aircraft in addition to the current order of 37.
On 30 May 2022, as part of bringing the Dutch defense budget to 2% of GDP NATO standards, the Ministry of Defense decided on an additional purchase of 6 F-35s resulting in a total order of 52.
Level 3 partners
Australia
Australia is participating in the F-35's development, and expects that overall, 72 or more F-35As will be ordered to replace the Royal Australian Air Force's (RAAF's) F/A-18 Hornet aircraft. The government of Australia announced that it would buy into the F-35's development on 22 June 2002. This decision ended the competition to replace Australia's F/A-18 and F-111 aircraft before it formally began, with other aircraft manufacturers being advised that it would not be worth submitting proposals. The government argued that joining the F-35 program at an early stage would allow Australia to influence the F-35's development, provide the government with information on the aircraft's suitability, and generate savings of over $600 million if an order for F-35s is eventually placed. Australia formally signed up to the F-35 "systems development and demonstration phase" as a Level 3 participant on 30 October 2002.
In 2002, the Howard government ignored military advice that it was too soon to join the F-35 program, and directed the "Air 6000" program to settle on the JSF. The expected cost was $28 million per fighter in 1994 US dollars.
In November 2006, declaring satisfaction with the F-35's progress to date, the government gave 'first-pass' initial approval to the project under which F-35s will be acquired, deferring to late 2008 a decision on whether to actually order the aircraft. Following this initial approval, on 13 December 2006 Australia signed the JSF Production, Sustainment and Follow-on Development Memorandum of Understanding, which commits Australia to the next phase of the F-35's development. In October 2006 the deputy chief of the Air Force, Air Vice Marshal John Blackburn, publicly stated that the RAAF had considered suitable aircraft which could be acquired if the F-35 was delayed, but that such aircraft were not believed to be necessary on the basis of the F-35 program's progress at the time. Concerns over the F-35 delivery schedule developed in Australia during 2007. In February the defence minister announced that a risk mitigation strategy, which involved obtaining F/A-18F Hornets, was being developed to prevent a gap in the RAAF's air combat capability if the F-35 program was delayed. This strategy was adopted, and an order for 24 F/A-18Fs was announced on 6 March 2007. The first aircraft was delivered in 2009 and the first squadron was declared operational in December 2010.
Following the 2007 Australian Federal Election, the new Australian Labor Party Government launched an inquiry into the replacement of the RAAF's air combat capability. The party had expressed concerns over the F-35's adequacy while it was in opposition, and proposed acquiring F-22s to replace or supplement the RAAF's F-35 force. An approach was made to the U.S. Government for F-22s in early 2008, but was not successful as these aircraft are not available for export. In April 2008 it was reported that the air combat review had found that the F-35 was the most suitable aircraft for Australia. In 2011 leaked documents revealed that the review and the attempt to purchase the F-22 were simply to satisfy domestic politics in Australia and no serious consideration had been given to any aircraft other than the F-35.
In October 2008 it was reported that the Australian Government may order 75 F-35s instead of the 100 originally (and still officially) planned, due to the impact of the global financial crisis and a large long-term funding gap in the Defence budget. The Government's Defence white paper released in April 2009 argued for a purchase of up to 100 F-35s, however.
There has been much debate in Australia over whether the F-35 is the most suitable aircraft for the RAAF. It has been claimed that the F-35's performance is inferior to Russian-built fighters operated by countries near Australia (such as the Su-27 and Su-30 in Indonesia), that it cannot meet the RAAF's long-range strike requirement, and that further delays to the F-35 program may result in the RAAF experiencing a shortage of combat aircraft. The RAAF has stated that it believes that the F-35 will meet Australia's needs, and both of Australia's major political parties currently support the development and purchase of the aircraft (though differences remain on the deadline and the number of aircraft). Former defence minister Joel Fitzgibbon has charged the defence chiefs with an obsession for the JSF.
On 21 August 2009, it was reported that the RAAF would get two F-35s for testing in 2014 and that the initial squadron would be delayed until 2017. On 11 September 2009, Air Marshall Mark Binskin said that a fourth squadron of F-35s for the RAAF would be imperative.
On 25 November 2009, Australia committed to placing a first order for 14 aircraft at a cost of A$3.2 billion, with deliveries to begin in 2014. However, in May 2012, it was announced that the purchase of twelve F-35As from the initial order were being deferred to 2014 as part of wider ADF budget cuts in order to balance the Federal Government budget for the 2012-13 financial year. Two F-35As from the initial order are in production and are still expected to be in Australian service in 2014 for testing and evaluation.
Air Marshal Geoff Brown, the Chief of Air Force, has said that "anything less than 100 JSFs severely limits the options available to government and only provides a boutique capability", and that the fighter is necessary for the RAAF to be able to keep up with the aircraft other air forces in Australia's region are expected to operate in the 2020s.
The construction of the amphibious vessels for the Royal Australian Navy has led to suggestions from some quarters that the RAN should procure a number of the F-35B STOVL version to operate from these ships. However, while cross-decking with other nations may well occur, the RAN has stated that the operation of Australian fixed wing aircraft is unlikely. In 2014 Defence Minister David Johnston said that the government was considering the purchase of F-35Bs to use aboard the ships. Tony Abbott directed that the team developing a new defence white paper consider the issue. This assessment found that the cost of modifying the ships to operate F-35Bs would be very high, and the idea was rejected before the completion of the White Paper.
On 23 April 2014, Australia confirmed the purchase of 58 F-35A Lightning II fighters in a US$11.5 billion deal. The 58 fighter order is the second tranche of the Australian Defence Force's Air 6000 Phase 2A/2B new air combat capability (NACC) project, with a previous order of 14 F-35s being the first tranche. The 72 F-35s will replace the RAAF's fleet of 71 F/A-18A/B Hornets and supplement the country's F/A-18F Super Hornet and EA-18G Growler fleets. The first four F-35s are to be delivered to Australia in 2018, with initial operating capability being reached in 2020. A Phase 2C tranche of the plan is to purchase 28 more planes to replace the Air Force's 24 Super Hornets. Although Super Hornets were bought as a bridging capability until the arrival of the F-35, delays in the JSF program will keep the Super Hornets and Growlers flying for 20 years, with a decision regarding Phase 2C deferred until the early 2020s. The purchase will be in line with previous defense budget planning.
Australia's first F-35A, designated AU-1 by Lockheed and A35-001 by the RAAF, made its first flight on 29 September 2014 at the company's Fort Worth, Texas facility, flying for two hours. AU-1 and AU-2 will be transferred to the USAF training school at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona in early 2015. RAAF F-35s will remain at Luke AFB until 2018, when they will be delivered to Australia for national-specific operational test and evaluation work.
Australia started an program in 2015 to provide better security for its F-35 bases.
Canada
Canada has been involved in the Joint Strike Fighter Program from its beginning, investing US$10 million to be an "informed partner" during the evaluation process. Once Lockheed Martin was selected as the primary contractor for the JSF program, Canada elected to become a level 3 participant, along with Norway, Denmark, Turkey and Australia. An additional US$100 million from the Canadian Department of National Defence (DND) over 10 years and another $50 million from Industry Canada were dedicated in 2002, making them an early participant of the JSF program.
On 16 July 2010, the Canadian government announced that it would buy 65 F-35s to replace the existing 80 CF-18s for $16B (with all ancillary costs included) with deliveries planned for 2016.
The intention to sign a sole-sourced, untendered F-35 contract and the government's refusal to provide detailed costing became one of the major causes of a finding of contempt of Parliament and the subsequent defeat of Stephen Harper's Conservative government through a non-confidence vote on 25 March 2011. This directly led to the F-35 purchase becoming an issue in the 2011 federal election, in which Harper's Conservatives won an increased number of seats to form a majority government.
On 19 October 2015, the Liberal Party of Canada under Justin Trudeau won a large majority in part on a campaign promise to not purchase the F-35, but instead an aircraft more suited to Canada's defence requirements. However, the new Defence Minister has refused to rule out the F-35 in a new procurement competition.
On 28 March 2022, the Government of Canada announced that the competition had placed the F-35A first and planned to buy 88 of them. Under procurement rules, the government will now enter into negotiations with Lockheed Martin for the purchase and if an acceptable agreement is not reached then negotiations for the second place Saab Gripen will begin.
In December 2022, the government placed an order for an initial batch of 16 F-35As, securing delivery positions prior to the year end.
On 9 January 2023, the Government of Canada announced the purchase of 88 F-35As, at a total cost of $19 billion Canadian Dollars. First aircraft are to arrive in 2026, first squadron will be operational in 2029 and full fleet operational between 2032 and 2034.
Denmark
Denmark has joined the Joint Strike Fighter program as a Level 3 partner in 2002. The Royal Danish Air Force is replacing its fleet of 48 aging F-16 fighters with F-35As.
Denmark's members of parliament were not expected to vote on a purchase of the F-35A before 2014, and were considering alternatives such as the JAS 39 Gripen NG and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, while the consortium behind the Eurofighter Typhoon withdrew in 2007.
As of 2010, a Royal Danish Air Force F-16BM (ET 210) is stationed at Edwards Air Force Base for flight testing of the F-35. The Danish test pilot Lieutenant Colonel Casper Børge Nielsen is part of the Joint Strike Fighter program.
On 13 March 2013, Denmark restarted their selection process for 30 new fighter aircraft. Candidates include the two-seated F/A-18F Super Hornet, and Eurofighter Typhoon, with the F-35A remaining as a candidate.
On 9 June 2016, the Danish defence committee agreed to purchase 27 F-35As to succeed the F-16 for US$3 billion.
In September 2016, Boeing, the builder of the F/A18E/F Super Hornet, indicated that they would take legal action against the Danish decision to buy the F-35A, indicating that data used was flawed. In March 2018, Boeing lost the case with the court stating "The court has found that the authorities' decisions on refusal of access to the documents are legal and valid."
In May 2019, Danish Minister of Defence Claus Hjort Frederiksen stated that Denmark is considering stationing fighter jets in Greenland to counter Russia's expanding military presence in the Arctic region. In an additional interview with Ritzau, the minister said that to provide air defense of Greenland would require at least four fighter planes, which would require Denmark to make an additional purchase.
In January 2020, Lockheed Martin announced that assembly had begun on L-001, the first of 27 F-35As destined for the Royal Danish Air Force.
Norway
Norway participates in the F-35 program as a Level 3 partner in the system development and demonstration phase, with a view to enabling its industry to compete for industrial opportunities. Norwegian National Deputy Rune Fagerli, the country's sole representative on the Joint Strike Fighter program, told SPACE.com that the Norwegian Royal Ministry of Defence has pledged $125 million in preparation to replace a fleet of F-16 jets that have about 12 years left of operation. "By getting involved here on the ground level, we can try and address the needs of Norway into this capable fighter early," said Fagerli, a colonel. For example, Norwegian F-16s are fitted with drag chutes because of wet, slippery runways. Likewise, international cooperation in aircraft development could also yield aircraft from cooperating nations that fit well together during combat. Fagerli also mentioned that Norwegian pilots currently fly missions over Afghanistan in F-16s alongside Danish and Dutch aviators.
Norway has several times threatened to put their support on hold unless substantial guarantees for an increased industrial share is provided. Despite this Norway has signed all the Memoranda of Understanding, including the latest one detailing the future production phase of the JSF program. They have, however, indicated that they will increase and strengthen their cooperation with both competitors of the JSF, the Typhoon and the Gripen. Norway has delayed a decision on the purchase of four training F-35s until later in 2011.
The F-35 was evaluated along with JAS 39 Gripen by the Norwegian Future Combat Aircraft Capability Project as a replacement for the F-16s. On 20 November 2008, the government released a statement saying it will support buying F-35s for the Royal Norwegian Air Force instead of the Gripen NG. The government's reasoning for choosing the F-35 over Gripen was that only the U.S. aircraft supposedly fulfilled the operational requirements, and that it was allegedly offered at a more competitive price than the Swedish fighter. This has been strongly criticized by Saab, saying that Norway made errors when calculating the cost for Gripen NG vs the cost for the JSF.
The Norwegian Air Force has decided to develop the Joint Strike Missile for the F-35 and other aircraft.
In December 2010, leaked United States diplomatic cables revealed that the U.S. decided to delay a request by Sweden for an AESA radar for the Gripen until after Norway had announced their decision to buy the F-35. The same cables indicated that Norwegian consideration of the Gripen "was just a show" and that Norway had decided to purchase the F-35 as a result of "high-level political pressure" from the US. Following the successful sale of the F-35 to Norway, U.S. officials compiled a "lessons learned" memo that included a list of tactics for future sales to other countries. These included using the active involvement of the local U.S. embassy and its ambassador to market the aircraft, coordinating sales strategies with Lockheed Martin and using diplomatic events to specifically talk about the F-35. These events could include ambassadorial luncheons with national people of influence as invited guests. The documents indicate that U.S. officials were attempting to make the sale "without appearing to bully or attempt to force a decision".
In June 2011, the Socialist Left party called for a probe into the rising costs of the jets.
Like Canada, Norway also needs to use satellite communications for operations north of the Arctic Circle, a capability not to be delivered with the first batch of aircraft.
On 24 November 2011, Norwegian officials estimated the life cycle costs for 52 F-35A to be $40 billion, in a hearing in the House of Commons of Canada.
On 14 June 2012, Norway placed an order for its first two aircraft, after receiving a promise of American support to integrate the Joint Strike Missile on the F-35. The number of aircraft ordered grew to 16 by October 2013.
On 22 September 2015, the first Norwegian F-35A was rolled out in Fort Worth, Texas. The first two examples for Norway are scheduled to be delivered to the Royal Norwegian Air Force later in 2015, and will be based at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, where they will be used for Norwegian and partner country pilot training.
Norway received its first three F-35s in-country in November 2017, reached initial operating capability in November 2019, and scrambled its F-35s for the first time in response to two Russian Tupolev Tu-142 and a Mikoyan MiG-31 passing near Norwegian airspace in March 2020.
Turkey
On 12 July 2002, Turkey became the seventh international partner in the JSF Project, joining the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Denmark and Norway. On 25 January 2007, Turkey signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for involvement in F-35 production. The Turkish Air Force is planning to initially order 116 F-35A "CTOL/Air Force versions" at a reported cost of $11 billion. In October 2009, Murad Bayar, head of the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, has said that Turkey may increase its order to 120 aircraft instead of purchasing Eurofighter Typhoons.
The plan is that the F-35 will be produced under license in Turkey by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI). TAI is one of the two international suppliers to Northrop Grumman (the other being Terma in Denmark). A Letter of Intent (LOI) was signed between TAI and Northrop Grumman ISS (NGISS) International on 6 February 2007. With the LOI, TAI became the second source for the F-35 center fuselage. The number of center fuselages to be produced by TAI will depend on the number of F-35s Turkey procures and the number of F-35s produced worldwide. On 10 December 2007, TAI was authorized by Northrop Grumman to commence fabricating access doors and composite parts for the first two F-35 production aircraft. These components are used in the F-35 center fuselage, a major section of the aircraft being produced by Northrop Grumman, a principal member of the Lockheed Martin-led F-35 global industry team.
Northrop Grumman currently produces all F-35 center fuselages at its F-35 assembly facility in Palmdale, California. After 2013, TAI will assemble the F-35 under license from Lockheed Martin Corporation, as was the case with the F-16 program.
By January 2011 there were indications that Turkey was reconsidering its participation in the F-35 program and its procurement of the aircraft. Political friction between Turkey and the US resulted in the US refusing to ship or delaying shipments of F-16 parts to Turkey over relations with Israel and Turkish officials are concerned that similar problems will make F-35 production and support of the 100 F-35s it has planned to buy non-viable. Rising costs in the F-35 program are also a factor and Turkey is considering developing its own fighter instead in cooperation with other nations. However Defense Minister Vecdi Gonul, has said that Turkey may buy as many as 116 of the Joint Strike Fighter.
Turkey, like other partner nations, has complained about the United States refusal to share the software source code for the F-35. On 24 March 2011 Turkey announced it is placing its order for 100 jets on hold due to the ongoing source code refusal issue. Defense Minister Vecdi Gönül said that the negotiations for access to the F-35 source codes, including codes that can be used to control the aircraft remotely, had not yielded "satisfactory results" and that under these conditions Turkey could not accept the aircraft.
In April 2012, Turkey suggested that program costs could be reduced by outsourcing more production to Turkish defense and aerospace companies, which operate with lower labour costs compared to their counterparts in the U.S. and other partner countries of the project.
Despite the software dispute, Turkey agreed in principle to order two F-35As in January 2012. However, this decision was postponed during the SSIK meeting in January 2013 due to the technical problems with the aircraft and the uncertainties over the rising costs. Turkey's first F-35s are now due to be delivered in 2017, as opposed to 2015. On 6 May 2014, Turkey approved an initial order for two F-35s after a 15-month delay. They will be manufactured in the Block 3F configuration. Turkey is to take delivery of 10 aircraft per year after they enter service in 2018, with 100 F-35s total on order. The country has invested $195 million in the program since 1999 and total program cost is expected to reach $16 billion.
In January 2015 Turkey ordered a further four F-35s, for a total of six.
On 30 June 2018, Turkey received its first F-35 at Lockheed Martin facilities in Fort Worth, Texas. The first aircraft, with tail number 18-0001, was to be assigned to Luke Air Force Base for pilot training. On 29 August 2018, a Turkish pilot carried out the first flight with an F-35 as part of training in the U.S.
Removal from program
On 18 June 2018, the U.S. Senate passed a bill blocking the transfer of F-35 fighter jets to Turkey. The prohibition was established due to concerns over Turkey's intent to procure the Russian S-400 air defence system, which would allegedly put the secrets of the F-35 at risk. In August 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed the bill, which blocked the transfer of F-35 fighter jets to Turkey. Despite the suspension of deliveries, the F-35 Joint Program Office claimed on 21 August, that it would execute the program according to existing plans. Another bill was passed by the US Senate on 23 August, which prohibited any spending related to the transfer of F-35s to Turkey until it was certified that Turkey would not purchase nor accept delivery of the Russian S-400 air defence system.
In early April 2019, it was reported that delivery of F-35 jets to Turkey was suspended due to Turkey's decision to continue procuring the S-400 air defence system. On 10 April 2019, Turkish Foreign Minister reiterated that the S-400 purchase was going on as planned and suggested that Turkey could also look towards acquiring Russian jets, namely the Su-34 and Su-57, if the F-35 deal were to fall through.
In early May 2019, it was reported that the Pentagon was looking to move manufacturing of parts and equipment of the F-35 out of Turkey. On 18 May 2019, the Turkish President announced that Turkey would jointly produce the S-500 missile system with Russia. In June 2019, it was reported that the United States had decided to stop training additional Turkish pilots on the F-35. Soon after, it was reported that training of all Turkish pilots was halted.
On 17 July 2019, following the delivery of Russian S-400 air defence systems, the United States announced that Turkey would be removed from the F-35 program. Besides the ban on training of pilots and delivery of the aircraft, the move would also include removing Turkey from the supply chain. Although Turkey has since been formally removed from the program, U.S. Defense officials stated in June 2020 that Turkey would still manufacture key fuselage and engine parts through 2022, as existing manufacturing contracts will still be honored to completion, and to prevent "costly, disruptive and wasteful contract terminations".
Security Cooperative Participants (SCP)
Israel
In 2003, Israel signed a formal letter of agreement, worth almost $20 million, to join the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) effort for the F-35 as a "security cooperation participant" (SCP). The Israeli Air Force (IAF) stated in 2006 that the F-35 is a key part of IAF's recapitalization plans, and that Israel intended to buy over 100 F-35A fighters at an estimated cost of over $5 billion to replace their F-16s over time. Israel was reinstated as a partner in the development of the F-35 on 31 July 2006, after Israeli participation was put on hold following the Chinese arms deal crisis. Israel will buy 20 initial examples of the F-35A, with a total of 75 fighters desired.
Singapore
In February 2003, Singapore joined the JSF program's System Design and Development (SDD) Phase, as a Security Co-operation Participant (SCP). It was speculated that Singapore could be buying up to 100 F-35s. In late 2013, Singapore said they were in "no particular hurry" to buy the F-35, and that they were focusing on upgrading their F-16s in the near-term. It was speculated that Singapore has specific interest in acquiring the F-35B STOVL variant due to the use of road bases adjacent to airfields, most shorter than . It was speculated that the F-35B could also prove useful if the Endurance-class ships were converted to landing helicopter docks. In August 2016, the speculation ended with Singapore announcing it has placed on hold any decision to buy up to 12 F-35.
In January 2019, Singapore's Minister for Defense Ng Eng Hen announced that Singapore's F-16C/Ds would retire "soon after 2030", and that he was happy to report that the Defence Science and Technology Agency and Republic of Singapore Air Force completed their evaluation and decided on the F-35 to be the most likely aircraft to replace it. The Ministry of Defense announced in a statement that the Republic of Singapore Air Force would first procure an unspecified "small number" of F-35s for full evaluation of their capabilities and sustainability before deciding on a full fleet.
In March 2019, Singapore's Minister of Defence Ng Eng Hen announced Singapore would procure 4 F-35 aircraft for further evaluation, with an option to procure an additional 8 under the same contract. Ng Eng Hen added that a letter of request would be submitted to the United States in the near future, but did not clarify which variant of the F-35 was to be requested.
In January 2020, the US government approved the procurement of four F-35B jets with the option to buy eight more of the same aircraft, as well as up to 13 engines, electronic warfare systems and related support and logistics services for US$2.75 billion by Singapore.
Exports
Belgium
In 2009, Belgium suggested that they might buy some F-35s in the 2020s.
An article published in Belgian newspaper L'Avenir on 19 April 2015 speculated that if the nuclear strike role as part of Belgium's Nuclear sharing policy were retained in the request for proposals, Belgium would be almost forced to buy the F-35 in order to maintain this role.
Belgium officially launched its F-16 replacement program in March 2017, issuing requests for proposals to three European and two US manufacturers: Boeing Defense, Space & Security, Lockheed Martin, Dassault Aviation, Eurofighter GmbH and Saab Group, offering the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, F-35 Lightning II, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon and Saab JAS 39 Gripen respectively.
In April 2017, Boeing announced it would not compete with its F/A-18E/F Super Hornet in the competition, citing it "does not see an opportunity to compete on a truly level playing field", hinting that the program may be biased. In July 2017, Saab, too, announced it decided not to respond to the request citing Swedish foreign policy and political mandate reasons.
In October 2017, just after the deadline closed, France's Dassault Aviation responded with a much deeper offer, not only offering 34 Dassault Rafale aircraft, but also invoking broad cooperation in the fields of service, training and operations. The French Ministry of the Armed Forces stated that the offer would also strengthen European defence. The Belgian Ministry of Defence responded by stating that the offer was not submitted correctly and that only two conforming bids were received, for the Eurofighter Typhoon and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. The Ministry also stated it was seeking legal advice to further investigate the offer, but noted that none of the questions stated in the request for proposals was answered by the French offer.
In January 2018, the United States Department of State approved the potential Foreign Military Sale of 34 F-35As to Belgium for an estimated cost of US$6.53 billion.
In March 2018, leaked documents from the Belgian Ministry of Defence supposedly indicated that the Belgian Air Component leadership had long been making preparations to procure the F-35, after a promise was made to NATO about its procurement in 2013, without informing Belgium's political leaders. According to some, the procurement procedure was modified to give the F-35 an advantage and it was expected to win the competition by a wide margin. In April 2018 the leaked documents were discussed in a much publicized parliamentary hearing during which it became clear that at least some of the documents had been taken out of context. In May 2019, new documents surfaced that added to the theory that the competition was biased. These documents soon turned out to be fabricated.
In June 2018, despite earlier claims by a spokesperson of the Minister of Defence that the F-16 replacement program was going ahead as planned, the Belgian government decided to delay the decision until October and began reconsidering the option of purchasing Dassault Rafale fighters, as well as upgrading their existing fleet of aircraft.
On 25 October 2018, Belgium officially selected the offer for 34 F-35As to replace the current fleet of around 54 F-16s. In the accompanied news conference, government officials stated that the decision to select the F-35 over the Eurofighter Typhoon came down to the price, and later stated that "The offer from the Americans was the best in all seven evaluation criteria". The total purchasing price for the aircraft and its support until 2030 totaled €4 billion, €600 million cheaper than the initially budgeted €4.6 billion. First deliveries are scheduled to take place in 2023.
In March 2019, Belgium's independent parliamentary watchdog concluded that the competition had been conducted in a fair and transparent way. A December 2019 audit from the same parliamentary watchdog concluded that the F-16 was becoming increasingly hard and costly to maintain, casting serious doubt over the once proposed option to extend their service lives.
In April 2020, the first official contract for the procurement of the F-35 was signed, with deliveries scheduled to begin in 2023.
Finland
The Finnish Air Force has expressed its interest in the F-35, and other "advanced aircraft", as the replacement for its F-18C Hornets. Major General Lauri Puranen said in June 2015, "These five fighters are Eurofighter, French Dassault Rafale, American Boeing Super Hornet or Lockheed Martin JSF F-35, and Swedish JAS 39 Gripen. All of these are possible and we don't have a favorite." The selection process began in 2018 with a decision by 2020 or 2021.
On 27 April 2018, the Finnish Defence Forces issued a Request for Quotation for the HX Fighter Program. The request asked quotations on the Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet, Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Lockheed Martin F-35 and Saab Gripen. The final quotations are to be requested in 2020 and a decision would be made in 2021. Their existing fleet of Hornets would begin to be phased out in 2025. The program also includes an obligation for at least 30 percent domestic industrial participation.
On 6 December 2021 multiple reports emerged that the Finnish Defense Forces have selected the F-35A as the winner of its HX Fighter program, to replace its legacy fleet of F/A-18 Hornets. The same sources have reported that the odds of the Finnish Government rejecting the decision are "quite slim". In 2020 the U.S. State Department granted Finland full approval to order the F-35 if it were to be selected.
On 10 December 2021 F-35A was selected as the winner of the HX programme. The order is for 64 F-35's, valued at around 8.4 billion EUR, with deliveries beginning in 2026.
Germany
German officials first met with Lockheed Martin officials in June 2017, during the Paris Air Show after having issued a request for a confidential meeting to discuss the F-35 as a potential Panavia Tornado replacement a month before.
After it became clear that the F-35 was a serious candidate by September 2017, the German Federal Ministry of Defence sent a letter to Boeing, requesting a similar classified meeting on the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, as well as Airbus for additional information on the Eurofighter Typhoon, an aircraft the German Air Force already operates.
In November 2017, the German Air Force had come up with a shortlist for the types of aircraft most fit to replace its Panavia Tornado fleet. The F-35 was considered the preferred choice as it fulfilled most of the requirements and offered a number of additional benefits beside.
Soon after, however, mixed signals started arriving from the German Air Force, Federal Ministry of Defence and the Parliament, with some officials distancing themselves from the choices made in shortlisting the F-35, and touting the Eurofighter Typhoon as the preferred alternative.
In March 2018, Lieutenant general of the German Air Force Karl Müllner was dismissed from service after stating his preference for the F-35. Although the official reason was a reorganization in the German Air Force's structure, it is widely speculated that the dismissal is part of an effort to steer the German Air Force away from the F-35.
It was speculated that Germany's choice was limited to the F-35 because of its need to fulfill a credible nuclear strike capability as per the NATO nuclear sharing agreement. The Eurofighter Typhoon is not currently able to fulfill this role, and its ability to penetrate potentially hostile Russian airspace in the event of a nuclear escalation is considered weaker than that of the F-35. However, in January 2019 the F-35 was eliminated from the competition, leaving only the Typhoon and the Super Hornet as candidates.
In March 2020, German newspaper Handelsblatt reported that the German Federal Ministry of Defence was preparing to procure a mixture of 90 new Typhoons and 45 Super Hornets. The Super Hornets are to be tasked with performing nuclear strike roles under the NATO nuclear sharing agreement. As of March 2020, the Super Hornet is not currently certified to carry and launch the B61 nuclear weapons located in Germany, but Dan Gillian, head of Boeing's Super Hornet program, previously stated that "We certainly think that we, working with the U.S. government, can meet the German requirements there on the [Germans'] timeline."
On 3 February 2022, reports started spreading around from a source close to the German military that a possible F-35 purchase was "back on the table", but no decisions were expected anytime soon.
On 14 March 2022, Germany's defense ministry officially announced its intention to purchase up to 35 F-35 to replace its ageing Tornado IDS in the controversial nuclear strike role. The US State Department made a determination approving a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Government of Germany of F-35 Aircraft, Munitions, and related equipment for an estimated cost of $8.4 billion on 28 July 2022.
On 14 December 2022 funding was approved for a batch of procurements in Germany that included the F-35 deal. The first jets are expected to be delivered to Germany in 2026 with initial operating capability being expected in 2028.
Japan
Japan's arms export ban has kept it out of the development phase of the F-35 project, which has contributed to the decline of its arms industries so Japan is considering an off the shelf purchase of the F-35 with no national industrial participation. Lockheed Martin has offered final assembly of the Japanese F-35s to Japanese industry, along with "maintenance, repair and upgrade capability". In October 2011 Lockheed upped the amount of workshare to be offered to the Japanese to include manufacture of major components and engine assembly. This is because the United States government has now allowed Lockheed to reveal confidential technologies to Japanese firms.
On 20 December 2011 the Japanese Government announced that it intended to purchase 42 F-35s for approximately US$8 billion, with initial delivery to begin in 2016 to replace its existing F-4 Phantom II aircraft. In order to fully participate in the program, the Japanese government is loosening their weapons export ban. May 2012, a notification to Congress, the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency outlined the details of the proposed Foreign Military Sales (FMS) deal, sale of 42 Lockheed Martin F-35A fighter aircraft to Japan at $10 billion.
In 2012 it was reported that the F-35s purchased after FY13 would include Japanese parts. In 2013, the Japanese government decided that since Japanese companies would merely function as subcontractors that these parts would be exempt from the usual weapons export ban. In August 2013, it was confirmed that Japanese companies will manufacture 24 components of the F-35 related to the engine and radar. Mitsubishi Electric will manufacture 7 components of the radar, and IHI Corporation will manufacture 17 fan and turbine components of the engine. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries will also be included in some form in the manufacturing of the rear fuselage, wings, and undercarriage, which will allow Japanese industry to gain a greater understanding of low-observability stealth technology and manufacture. While four F-35As ordered in 2012 will be finished products, the two to be ordered in 2013 will have Japanese manufactured components. Technological insights gained from the manufacture of components related to stealth will most certainly be applied to the development of the indigenous Mitsubishi ATD-X.
In 2014, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries pressed for a Japanese government subsidy to manufacture F-35 parts for export.
The first four aircraft will be assembled in Texas, with the remainder built in Nagoya.
In July 2014, Japanese Minister of Defence Itsunori Onodera unveiled plans to replace nearly 100 F-15Js not slated for upgrade with F-35s.
In September 2014 the Japanese government announced that it will develop its own stealth fighter, a design that will outperform the F-35. Harukazu Saito, chief of staff at the Air Self-Defense Force, stated, "We can respond more quickly to an unpredictable situation that might happen to our fighters if they are made domestically than in the case of foreign-made fighters, and we can operate domestically made fighters more smoothly."
In December 2017, Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun reported that the Japanese government was considering modifying its helicopter destroyers to operate with roughly 10 F-35B aircraft. Multiple plans are reportedly under consideration, some of which call for US Marine Corps F-35s to use the vessels, but others for Japan to procure its own aircraft. The plan quickly raised criticism from China, where government officials reacted negatively and urged Japan to "act cautiously".
In February 2018, the Yomiuri Shimbun reported that the Japanese government was also considering a purchase of F-35Bs for the defence of remote islands. Cited sources claim the Japanese government may already be considering a purchase in the 2019 defence budget, which could see the first deliveries in 2024, and operational capability from 2026.
In November 2018, Nikkei Asian Review reported that Japan was planning to order an additional 100 F-35 aircraft, including both the F-35A and F-35B variant, the latter not previously procured. The planned procurement of the F-35B is rumored to be associated with the currently researched possibility of deploying fixed-wing aircraft on the helicopter destroyers. The plans were reportedly in response of Chinese military build-up in the region. In December 2018, the Japanese government approved the plan to procure an additional 105 F-35 aircraft, reportedly 63 of these are to be F-35A aircraft, and 42 F-35B aircraft. The plan increases Japan's total F-35 aircraft ordered to 147.
Initially, to save money, these additional aircraft were planned to not be assembled in Japan. This decision was reversed in 2021, due to declining F-35 local production cost.
The United States has refused to share the F-35 software source code with its partners, despite their repeated requests for it. However, in April 2019, the United States proposed disclosing portions of that source code with Japan, if Lockheed Martin is successful in its bid to develop the new Japanese F-3 stealth fighter; those portions of the F-35 software would be reused for the F-3.
On June 18, 2019, Japan's Ministry of Defense requested the Pentagon upgrade Japan's status as a customer to a full-fledge partner in the F-35 program. This request came near the time of Turkey's expulsion from the F-35 program. The letter, written by Atsuo Suzuki, director general for the Bureau of Defense Buildup Planning, and sent to Pentagon acquisition head Ellen Lord, stated, "I believe becoming a partner country in F-35 program is an option. I would like to have your thoughts on whether or not Japan has a possibility to be a partner country in the first place. Also, I would like you to provide the Ministry of Defense with detailed information about the responsibilities and rights of a partner country, as well as cost sharing and conditions such as the approval process and the required period. We would like to make a final decision whether we could proceed to become a partner country by thoroughly examining the rights and obligations associated with becoming a partner country based on the terms and conditions you would provide." The request was welcomed by some officials of the program due to Turkey's expulsion as a partner and Japan's commitment to being the second largest buyer of F-35s. However, it is likely that the request would be denied due to political reasons, as this would allow other "customer nations" to petition for partner-level status; creating further complications in the F-35 program.
In June 2020, Japan Marine United started work on refitting the first of two JMSDF helicopter destroyers for operations with the F-35B, confirming rumors of planned naval operation.
On 9 July 2020, the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) announced that the US Department of State has approved a potential US$23.11 billion sale of 105 F-35 aircraft to Japan - 63 F-35As and 42 F-35Bs, along with related equipment and services. This is in addition to the 42 F-35A already ordered. This would be the second-largest foreign military sale ever by the US. The deal still needs approval by the US Congress.
"This proposed sale will support the foreign policy goals and national security objectives of the United States by improving the security of a major ally that is a force for political stability and economic progress in the Asia-Pacific region", the DSCA said. "It is vital to U.S. national interest to assist Japan in developing and maintaining a strong and effective self-defense capability". It added that "the proposed sale of aircraft and support will augment Japan's operational aircraft inventory and enhance its air-to-air and air-to-ground self-defense capability. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force's F-4 aircraft are being decommissioned as F-35s are added to the inventory. Japan will have no difficulty absorbing these aircraft into its armed forces."
The DSCA also stated that the proposed deal "will not alter the basic military balance in the region".
Poland
On 6 February 2014, the Polish Ministry of National Defence set out a budget in which its interests include buying 64 fifth-generation multi-role fighters that will not include the previous F-16 Fighting Falcon deals. Possible options are reportedly 64 F-35 fighters from 2021 to replace the MiG-29s operated by the Polish Air Force.
In June 2017, the Polish Deputy Defence Minister announced plans to acquire fifth-generation combat aircraft by around 2025 under a new project named "Harpia", which aims to replace Poland's ageing fleet of Sukhoi Su-22 and Mikoyan MiG-29 aircraft. Officials have stated this may mean a purchase of two squadrons of F-35 aircraft, totaling 32 aircraft, but that Poland is also looking into used US Air Force F-16s.
In February 2019, Poland's Minister of Defence Mariusz Błaszczak announced the signing of a military modernization plan, which includes the procurement of 32 fifth-generation aircraft as a priority procurement. The minister added he expected senior military staff to initiate action on this task immediately.
In April 2019, U.S. Vice Admiral and head of the Pentagon's F-35 office Mathias Winter submitted a written testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives in which Poland was identified as a "future potential Foreign Military Sales customer". Later that day Poland's Minister of Defence Błaszczak stated that "Since the US side talks about it publicly, it means the purchase can be accelerated", adding "I am happy with this information. It is not a surprise, because we have already started negotiations. I have prepared the legal and financial basis to acquire at least 32 fifth-generation combat aircraft". On 25 April during a visit to Warsaw, U.S. Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson said that a U.S. Air Force team was to visit Poland in May in order to demonstrate the F-35s capabilities. A few days later, Polish Minister of Defence Błaszczak stated on a televised interview that the signing of a contract to purchase F-35 jets was "not far away". Błaszczak implied the signing of the contract could coincide with the signing of a contract to permanently base U.S. troops in Poland, which is scheduled to be agreed before the end of the year.
On 28 May 2019, the Polish Minister of Defence announced that Poland had sent a request for quotation for the acquisition of 32 F-35A aircraft.
On 11 September 2019, the Department of Defense Security Cooperation Agency announced that Poland had been cleared to purchase 32 F-35A fighters, along with associated equipment, for an estimated cost of $6.5 billion. On 27 September 2019 the US Congress approved the sale. On 31 January 2020, Poland signed a $4.6 billion deal for 32 F-35 fighters.
South Korea
South Korea started considering the F-35 in 2009, among several other competitors, for its F-X Phase III fighter program. South Korean officials had indicated that the F-35 would only be available for delivery after 2018, but Steve O'Bryan, Lockheed's vice president for F-35 business development, said at that time that Lockheed could deliver the F-35 to South Korea by 2016. Some Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) officers have outlined possible missions for the stealth fighter, such as surprise raids deep into nuclear armed North Korea. Lockheed has refused to allow ROKAF pilots access to the aircraft to test it prior to the selection, however simulations available to South Korea are more extensive than the processes used by other customers, such as Israel and Japan. In August 2013, the F-35 was essentially eliminated from the competition when the American foreign military sales process prevented Lockheed Martin from offering a price that did not exceed South Korea's budget for the program, leaving just the Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle within the nation's budget. Lockheed Martin responded that it would work with the American government to continue to offer the F-35 to South Korea. The defense ministry rejected the award and said a new competition would be held to "secure military capability in line with recent aviation technology developments". In November 2013, the Korean Joint Chiefs of Staff Council recommended purchasing 40 F-35A as North Korea seemed to have difficulty dealing with radar-evading aircraft. On 27 January 2014, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration said that a contract for the 40 aircraft would be reviewed and, once approved, signed in September. With deliveries planned to begin in 2018, South Korea would benefit from the scale of F-35 production at the time. With full-scale production having begun, the Unit Recurring Flyaway (URF) cost of one F-35A is expected to be $80–$85 million, which includes the aircraft, avionics and mission systems, the engine, logistics support, and a flight simulator. Through the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) agreement and past budget issues, the cost projection may be likely to rise. South Korea's formal selection of the F-35 purchase was finalized on 24 September 2014. South Korea is the third FMS country to procure the F-35A after Israel and Japan.
In December 2017, Korean media reported that the Defense Acquisition Program Administration had established a process for acquiring an additional 20 F-35 aircraft, in addition to the 40 it had already ordered in 2014.
Korean news agency Yonhap also reported later in December 2017 that the Korean military was considering operating F-35B aircraft from Dokdo-class amphibious assault ships operated by the Korean Navy.
The first F-35A was delivered in Fort Worth, Texas on 28 March 2018. The aircraft will remain in the US as South Korean crews will begin training with the aircraft at Luke Air Force Base. The arrival of the first F-35s in South Korea occurred in March 2019, when two F-35As were delivered to a base in Cheongju.
In December 2019, 13 F-35A of 17th Fighter Wing has declared as operational within the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF).
Switzerland
The Swiss Air Force sought a replacement for its current fleet of Northrop F-5 and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet aircraft. These aircraft had been scheduled to be replaced by the Saab Gripen, but this was blocked by Swiss voters in a 2014 referendum. In response, the Swiss government launched the Air 2030 program, seeking again to find a replacement aircraft.
In March 2018, Swiss officials named the contenders in its Air 2030 program: The Saab Gripen E (disqualified in June 2019 as it was considered not ready to perform all tests), Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the Lockheed Martin F-35. The program has a budget of to cover both combat aircraft and ground-based air defense systems.
In October 2018, it was reported by Jane's that the Swiss Air Force may limit the purchase to a single-engine fighter for budgetary reasons.
A team of four F-35s performed demonstrations for Swiss personnel at Payerne Air Base in June 2019. The aircraft was evaluated in a series of eight flights and compared with flights performed by other bidders.
The Swiss population was asked whether or not to proceed with Air 2030 program in a referendum on 27 September 2020. The program was approved with a very slim margin of less than 9,000 votes.
On 30 June 2021 the Swiss Federal Council proposed the acquisition of 36 F-35As to Parliament at a cost of up to 6 billion Swiss francs (US$6.5 billion), citing the aircraft's cost- and combat-effectiveness. However, it was later confirmed that the costs were capped for a period of just 10 years. It has also been reported that the operating costs would have been reduced by replacing some actual flying with bundled simulators. As in other countries, there have also been complaints that the F-35 is 3 dB louder than the F/A-18C/D, and the Liberal Greens promised to examine its environmental impact. The Swiss anti-military group GSoA also intended to contest the purchase in another national referendum supported by the Green Party of Switzerland and the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (which previously managed to block the Gripen). In August 2022, they registered the initiative, with 120,000 people having signed in less than a year (with 100,000 required). The budget was narrowly approved by single majority, but rejecting the selection would have required a double majority.
On November 26, 2021, it was announced that Armasuisse had agreed to contract terms with the US government for 36 F-35As for CHF 6.035 billion. The next step was to request Parliament approve funds in the 2022 Armed Forces Dispatch. The order was then subject to parliamentary approval and the popular initiative not proceeding or failing. A parliamentary inquiry found the purchase worrisome but legal. The government did not wait for the popular initiative to proceed, which was legally permitted.
On 15 September 2022 the Swiss National council gave the Federal council permission to sign the purchase deal, with a time limit for signing of March 2023. The deal to buy 36 F-35A was signed on 19 September 2022, with deliveries to commence in 2027 and conclude by 2030.
On 20 September 2022 the popular initiative was withdrawn, due to the contract signing.
Potential exports
Czech Republic
The Czech Air Force has been offered 24 F-35As to replace their leased 14 JAS 39 Gripens, as their lease expires in 2027 or 2029. On 3 November 2021, Janes reported the Czech Republic's requirement for 40 aircraft, with the F-35 being offered as an option.
On 20 July 2022 the Czech government announced that they intend to begin the process of procuring 24 F-35s.
On 30 June 2023, US State Department approved sale of 24 F-35 fighters for the Czech Republic. The plan for the purchase of the aircraft, staff training, ammunition, fuel as well as upgrades to the Čáslav Air Base was approved on 27 September 2023. The total cost is CZK 150 billion or $6.47 billion. According to Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala, the first fighters would be ready in 2029 and the others by 2035.
Greece
Lockheed Martin offered the F-35 to Greece's Hellenic Air Force as a replacement for F-4E Peace Icarus 2000 and F-16C/D Block 30 aircraft in 2009.
As of October 2017, largely due to the Greek government-debt crisis, Greece has decided to upgrade the Hellenic Air Force's fleet of ageing General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft, and to postpone a decision on further procurement until the 2020s. The F-35 was reportedly still on the table, and if economically viable by the 2020 timeframe, plans call for a purchase of 15 to 20 aircraft.
In April 2019, U.S. Vice Admiral and head of the Pentagon's F-35 office Mathias Winter submitted a written testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives in which Greece was identified as a "future potential Foreign Military Sales customer". Later the same day, Greek defense minister Evangelos Apostolakis stated that Greece would consider the possibility of acquiring the F-35 as part of its efforts to upgrade the Hellenic Air Force fleet.
In January 2020, Greek prime minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis visited Donald Trump in the White House and discussed Greece's interest in the F-35. In the following days, Greece's Minister for National Defence Nikos Panagiotopoulos announced that, alongside upgrading Greece's fleet of F-16s, Greece is looking to procure 24 F-35 aircraft at an estimated cost of US$3 billion.
On October 10, 2021, the Greek Minister of Defense, Nikos Panagiotopoulos, stated that "The requirement of the Greek Armed Forces to adequately cover the Defense needs of the country is for 48 new-gen aircraft, as well as for 12 to 13 frigates with maybe some corvettes". Sources claim that the requirement for 48 aircraft may not include the recently acquired 24 Rafales. Then on November 20, 2021, he directly addressed the potential acquisition of the F-35, saying "(...)when we are preparing and discussing possibly the procurement of a Fifth Generation F-35 aircraft - at some point we will enter this discussion - (...)" which confirmed a report from Janes on November 3, 2021, that Greece continues to be "in active campaign" for the F-35.
On 30 June 2022 Greece's prime minister confirmed that the country has sent a request to the United States for the purchase of 20 F-35s, with the option of buying a second group of jets also being examined. The expected delivery date is 2027-2028.
India
In 2010, the Indian navy received a briefing from Lockheed Martin on the F-35 via an RFI
In January 2018, sources in the Indian Ministry of Defence were reportedly considering the possibility of an order for the F-35, and a request for information should follow at an unknown later date.
In February 2018, it was reported that the Indian Air Force was interested in the procurement of 126 F-35As, and that a classified briefing by Lockheed Martin had been requested. Any deal would have to include partial local manufacturing facilities as per Indian legislation as part of the Make in India initiative.
In March 2018, Indian Air Force Chief of the Air Staff Birender Singh Dhanoa stated that no request was made for the F-35, nor for a classified briefing.
Soon after, however, US Navy Admiral and United States Pacific Command commander Harry B. Harris Jr. came out in support of a potential F-35 sale to India, stating that the US Pacific Command supports a series of potential sales, including the F-35. A meeting between US and Indian foreign and defense chiefs is scheduled for April 2018, and the topic may be discussed.
Morocco
It is reported that Morocco is interested in purchasing F-35s to counter Algeria's potential Su-57 acquisition. In order to acquire the F-35, Morocco might leverage its relationship with Israel.
Portugal
The Portuguese Ministry of National Defense and the Portuguese Air Force have started in recent years some discussions on the replacement of the F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter by a fifth-generation fighter. The evidence points to the integration of a fifth generation fighter in the Portuguese Air Force in 2030, when the Portuguese F-16 fighter reach the end of its useful life. The Portuguese Military Programming law, signed in 2019, defines as of 2027 the first funds allocated to the air force for the beginning of the process of replacing the F-16 fighter, having already the President of Republic and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, alerted to the need to plan in advance the replacement of the F-16 fighter. Portugal joined in 2000 one group of countries (Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway and USA) that joined forces over the years to modernize the F-16 fighter combat platforms, being Portugal the only country in this group of countries not to start replacing the F-16 fighter with the F-35 fighter due to the Portuguese F-16 fighter being more recent than those of the other countries, making their useful life a little longer. Several news confirms the will of the air force and the Defense Ministry to integrate a 5th generation fighter. In the current political-military scenario, with Portugal being one of the founding countries of NATO and the partnership between the Portuguese aerospace company OGMA responsible for the modernization of several European Air Forces military aircraft of American origin, such as the C-130 Hercules, F-16 and Lockheed P-3 Orion, the only fifth-generation fighter that fits in the Portuguese Air Force, is the American F-35 fighter. In 2020, the Portuguese air force developed a technological solution capable of integrating the data transmission of its JTAC with the 5th generation platform of F35 fighters.
Qatar
In October 2020, Qatar became interested in the purchase of the F-35, but the US government has a policy of providing Israel with a qualitative military edge.
Romania
In 2012, the Romanian Ministry of Defence has expressed interest in buying the F-35 for its air force sometime after 2020.
In October 2017, Romania's Minister of National Defence stated that Romania was targeting one squadron of F-35 aircraft as part of a 10-year program spanning 2017 to 2026.
In April 2019, U.S. Vice Admiral and head of the Pentagon's F-35 office Mathias Winter submitted a written testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives in which Romania was identified as a "future potential Foreign Military Sales customer". Later that month, Romania's Minister of National Defence commented on the news during an announcement to procure additional ex-Portuguese F-16s that it would be "a bit too much" for Romania.
On 2 February 2022, the President of Romania stated the intent to purchase the F-35 as part of the Air Force modernization program, which plans to spend a total of 9.8 billion euros until 2026 to boost its defense capabilities. Soon after, then Minister of Defence Vasile Dîncu responded that the acquisition procedure for the F-35 will start from 2032. During the 2022 exposition, Lockheed Martin brought an F-35 simulator, and a scale model of the F-35 in Romanian markings was displayed.
In March 2023, the chief of the General Directorate for Armaments, Major-General Teodor Incicaș, stated in an interview that the first steps of the procedure are to start in 2023 or 2024, with the first F-35 squadron to be operational after 2030. On 11 April 2023, the F-35 acquisition procedure was approved following a meeting of the Romanian Supreme Council of National Defense. The process can take at least 5 years. In June 2023, a Romanian delegation together with the Chief of the Romanian Air Force Staff, Lieutenant general Viorel Pană, took part in a tour hosted by the 187th Fighter Wing. The tour provided Romania with insight on the F-35 conversion process, as the 187th Fighter Wing is set to receive the fifth-generation fighter aircraft in December 2023. According to a statement given by Angel Tîlvăr, the Minister of Defence, the F-35 program is going to be discussed in Parliament in the autumn of 2023. A request for the approval of the purchase was sent to the Parliament on 9 August. If the acceptance letter will be signed in 2024, the first F-35s are to arrive in 2032. A total of 48 aircraft are desired for equipping three squadrons. On 26 September, it was announced that the first phase of the contract, worth $6.5 billion, will consist of 32 aircraft as well as logistical support and training services, engines, flight simulators and ammunition. Another 16 aircraft will be procured in a second phase.
Saudi Arabia
In March 2012, The Saudi Ministry of Defense was said to be keeping all options open for future fighter jet purchases, including notably the Boeing F-15SE Silent Eagle and the Lockheed Martin F-35.
In November 2017, Saudi Arabia again expressed interest in the F-35, following a similar expression from the United Arab Emirates a few days prior.
The potential sale of F-35 aircraft drew criticism with regards to maintaining Israel's qualitative military edge, a policy enshrined in U.S. law, as well as concerns regarding human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War and Saudi Arabia's role therein. Additionally, concerns have been raised that procurement of the F-35 could spark a regional arms race.
Spain
The Spanish Navy amphibious assault ship Juan Carlos I is adapted to carry JSF and AV-8B Harrier.
JSF Program Executive Officer Air Force Major General Charles Davis said in 2008 that discussions had been held with Spain, which could eventually lead to the F-35B replacing the Spanish Navy's EAV-8B Harrier fleet.
In 2014 Spain decided to extend the lifespan of the Harriers to beyond 2025 as funding was not available to replace the type.
In November 2014 the congress of ministers approved a section of 47.6 million euros to extend that of the AV-8B of the Spanish navy until 2034, the date on which the BPE Juan Carlos I is close to its withdrawal. It is not necessary to replace the AV-8B
In 2017 it was reported that the Spanish Air Force and Navy had a preference for the F-35 as a replacement for the Harrier and Hornet fighters. The decision needed to be reached by 2018 at the latest. It was expected to be one of the priorities of the Armed Forces Capacity Objective.
On November 22, 2017, the defense ministry declares that Spain is not interested in buying the F-35 in any of its variants
In April 2019, U.S. Vice Admiral and head of the Pentagon's F-35 office Mathias Winter submitted a written testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives in which Spain was identified as a "future potential Foreign Military Sales customer".
In June 2019, it was reported that the Spanish Navy and Spanish Air Force were as of May that year in the beginning stages of an analysis in which the F-35 is a key contender. The Spanish Navy is looking for the F-35B to replace its amphibious assault ship-based Harrier VTOL aircraft, and the Spanish Air Force is investigating the F-35A to replace its aging fleet of F-18 Hornet aircraft.
In March 2021 "The F-35 Bravo is a purely American aircraft. This purchase does not serve Europe. Strategic autonomy is important not only for military reasons, but also because European money finances industry, employment, research and technology in Europe. ". This was expressed this week by the socialist deputy Zaida Cantera, spokesperson for the Defense Commission in Congress
On 9 November 2021, the Defense Ministry stated that there are no plans to join the F-35 project as Spain is fully committed to the FCAS.
However, on 15 November 2021, Greg Ulmer, Lockheed Martin's Vice President of Aeronautics, revealed that the Spanish government remains in contact with Lockheed Martin about a potential acquisition of F-35B jets, as the only possible replacement for fixed-wing fighter aircraft, for Spain's aging fleet of 13 VTOL Harrier II jets which operate from Spain's amphibious assault ship. Ulmer also stressed that "discussions with Spain were in the preliminary stages and had not progressed into classified briefings".
Ukraine
Ukraine has expressed interest in the F-35.
Failed proposals
Indonesia
On 12 March 2020 Bloomberg reported that Indonesia canceled the Su-35 deal due to United States pressure. Indonesia is instead looking to negotiate the purchase of F-35 aircraft. On 18 March 2020, Indonesia's Deputy Defense Minister Sakti Wahyu Trenggono confirmed that the government could consider the purchase of the F-35.
In 15 October 2020, Indonesian defense minister Prabowo was told by the Trump administration that the US had refused to sell the F-35s to Indonesia, citing "production backlog" and " a 9-years waiting time."
It has been reported that the US has agreed to sell F/A-18E/F Super Hornets, F-15Es or F-16Vs instead of the F-35. In February 2022, the US State Department approved the sale of up to 36 F-15IDs, a proposed export version of the F-15EX Eagle II for the Indonesian Air Force, and related equipment to Indonesia worth around $13.9 billion.
Taiwan
Taiwan has requested to buy the F-35 from the US. However this has been rejected by the US in fear of a critical response from China. In March 2009 Taiwan again was looking to buy U.S. fifth-generation fighter jets featuring stealth and vertical takeoff capabilities. However, in September 2011, during a visit to the US, the Deputy Minister of National Defense of Taiwan confirmed that while the country was busy upgrading its current F-16s it was still also looking to procure a next-generation aircraft such as the F-35. This received the usual critical response from China.
Taiwan renewed its push for an F-35 purchase under the Presidency of Donald Trump in early 2017, again causing criticism from China.
In March 2018, Taiwan once again reiterated its interest in the F-35 in light of an anticipated round of arms procurement from the United States. The F-35B STOVL variant is reportedly the political favorite as it would allow the Republic of China Air Force to continue operations after its limited number of runways were to be bombed in an escalation with the People's Republic of China. Following this renewed interest, senior U.S. senators publicly called for the sale of the F-35 to Taiwan as it would "retain a democracy in the face of threats from China".
In April 2018 however it became clear that the U.S. government was reluctant about selling the F-35 to Taiwan over worries of Chinese spies within the Taiwanese military, possibly compromising classified data concerning the aircraft and granting Chinese military officials access.
In November 2018, it was reported that Taiwanese military leadership had abandoned the procurement of the F-35 in favor of a larger number of F-16V Viper aircraft. The decision was reportedly motivated by concerns about industry independence, as well as cost and previously raised espionage concerns.
United Arab Emirates
In 2010, the United Arab Emirates requested information about a possible sale of F-35s, however the United States delayed responding for months. The United States continued to decline requests by Gulf States including the United Arab Emirates until as late as 2015.
In early November 2017, the Trump administration agreed to consider the continued request by the United Arab Emirates for preliminary talks concerning potential sale of the F-35. Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Stephen W. Wilson confirmed on 11 November that preliminary talks were taking place with regional partner nations, later adding that included the United Arab Emirates. The potential sale of the F-35 to the United Arab Emirates raised concerns about maintaining Israel's Qualitative Military Edge, a policy also enshrined in US law. Additional skepticism was raised by senior US Air Force and Central Command personnel concerning the United Arab Emirates Air Force's plan to also jointly develop and procure a fifth-generation combat aircraft with Russia.
In November 2019 at the Dubai Air Show, US officials denied that the United Arab Emirates was a potential export nation.
In October 2020, the White House announced that US intends to sell 50 F-35s to the UAE. Due to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and the UAE, Israel indicated it has no objections to a potential deal. On 10 November 2020, the Donald Trump administration sent a formal notification to the United States Congress about the sale of 50 F-35s to the United Arab Emirates, under an arms deal worth $23 billion. On 1 December 2020, the Human Rights Watch called to the US to stop selling weapons to the UAE, including the sale of F-35s. This advanced arms sale to the UAE was viewed by the Human Rights Watch as a threat to the humanitarian situation in conflict zones such as Yemen.
The UAE signed the deal to acquire 50 F-35s on 20 January 2021, just before the inauguration of Joe Biden as US president. After pausing the bill to review the sale, the Biden administration confirmed to move forward with the deal on 13 April 2021.
In December 2021, the United Arab Emirates unilaterally suspended talks with the US regarding the procurement, stating that technical requirements, sovereign operational restrictions, and cost/benefit analysis led to the re-assessment and suspension of the deal.
Thailand
The Royal Thai Air Force is seeking for multirole fighter to replace F-16A/B Block 15 ADF in service. On 31 December 2021, the RTAF Commander-in-chief announced that the Air Force proposes buying 8 to 12 F-35As in 2023. On 12 January 2022, Thailand's cabinet approved a budget for the first four F-35A, estimated at 13.8 billion baht in FY2023. On 22 May 2023 The United States Department of Defense has implied it will turn down Thailand's bid to buy F-35 fighter jets, and instead offer F-16 Block 70/72 Viper and F-15EX Eagle II fighters, a Royal Thai Air Force source said.
Orders and procurement costs
Estimated cost of airplane in Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) and Full Rate Production (FRP) batches:
Orders
Confirmed Purchases
Confirmed orders to purchase the F-35.
Potential Orders & Procurement Programs
Countries with on-going fighter jet procurement programs, who are considering the F-35 as a potential choice in their respective procurement programs. No final contract, nor resolute commitment made towards acquiring the F-35. Listed countries are actively engaged with Lockheed Martin and the U.S. in regards to the F-35.
Initial Production Orders
Initial production orders to date.
Impact of COVID-19
In early 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the F-35 global production and supply chain. In April 2020 Lockheed Martin announced an alternate week work schedule to compensate for the delay in getting supplies from vendors and entered into an agreement with International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers to use an alternate week work schedule.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Borgu, Aldo. A Big Deal: Australia's Future Air Combat Capability. Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2004. .
Gunston, Bill. Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. .
Keijsper, Gerald. Lockheed F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. London: Pen & Sword Aviation, 2007. .
Kopp, Carlo and Peter Goon. "Joint Strike Fighter." Air Power Australia. Retrieved: 15 July 2007.
Spick, Mike. The Illustrated Directory of Fighters. London: Salamander, 2002. .
Winchester, Jim. "Lockheed Martin X-35/F-35 JSF." Concept Aircraft: Prototypes, X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft. Kent, UK: Grange Books plc., 2005. .
External links
Official JSF web site
Official Team JSF industry web site
JSF UK Team
F-35 JSF - Leonardo-Finmeccanica web site
F-35 - Royal Air Force
US Navy Research, Development & Acquisition, F-35 page
F-35 - Global Security
F-35 profile and F-35 weapons carriage on Aerospaceweb.org
F-35 Lightning II News on f-35jsf.net
F-35B Roll out pictures
F-35 Article - Armed Forces
United States military aircraft
United States Marine Corps projects
United States defense policymaking
Foreign Military Sales |
The BN-1200 reactor is a sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor project, under development by OKBM Afrikantov in Zarechny, Russia. The BN-1200 is based on the earlier BN-600 and especially BN-800, with which it shares a number of features. The reactor's name comes from its electrical output, nominally 1220 MWe.
Originally part of an aggressive expansion plan including as many as eight BN-Reactors starting construction in 2012, plans for the BN-1200 were repeatedly scaled back until only two were ordered. The first was to begin construction at the Beloyarsk nuclear power plant in 2015, with initial commissioning in 2017, followed by a second unit at the same location. A possible new station known as South Ural would host another two BN-1200s at some future point.
In 2015, after several minor delays, problems at the recently completed BN-800 indicated a redesign of the fuel was needed. Construction of the BN-1200 was put on "indefinite hold", and Rosenergoatom stated that no decision to continue would be made before 2019. In January 2022, Rosatom announced that a pilot BN-1200M would be built by 2035.
Background
Fast reactors of the BN series use a core running on enriched fuels like highly (80%) or, at least, medium (20%) enriched uranium or plutonium. This design produces many neutrons that are able to escape the core area due to its basic geometry and details of operating cycle. These neutrons are then used to create additional reactions in a "blanket" of material, normally natural or even depleted uranium or thorium, where respectively new plutonium- or uranium 233 atoms are formed. These atoms have different chemical behavior and can be extracted from the blanket material through basic reprocessing. The resulting plutonium metal can then be mixed with other fuels and used in conventional reactor designs.
For the breeding reaction to be positive, producing more fuel than it uses, the neutrons released from the core should retain as much energy as they can. Additionally, as the core is very compact, the heating loads are very high. These requirements both lead to the use of liquid sodium as a coolant, as this is both an excellent conductor of heat, as well as being largely transparent to neutrons. Sodium is highly reactive, and careful design is needed to build a primary cooling loop that can be safely operated. Alternate designs use lead.
Although the plutonium produced by breeders is useful for weapons, there are more traditional designs, notably the graphite-moderated reactor, that generate plutonium more easily. However, these designs deliberately operate at low energy levels for safety reasons, and are not useful for economic electrical generation. It is the breeder's ability to produce more new fuel than was spent while also producing electricity that makes it economically interesting (uses 99% of uranium energy, instead of 1%, so energy for over 5000 years, instead of some decades). However, to date the low cost of uranium fuel has made this unattractive, as it's 4 times cheaper than the BN600 model.
History
Previous designs
The successive Soviet and Russian governments have been experimenting with breeders since the 1960s. In 1973, the first prototype of a power-producing reactor was constructed, the BN-350 reactor, which operated successfully until 1999. This reactor suffered an almost continual series of fires in its sodium coolant, but due to its safety features these were contained. Experience gained in the BN-350 led to a somewhat larger design, the BN-600 reactor, which went into operation in 1980 and continues to run to this day ().
Design of a larger plant with the explicit goal of economic fuel production began in 1983 as the BN-800 reactor, and construction began in 1984. By this time the French Superphénix had recently begun operation. The Super Phenix had several startup problems and took some time to reach operational reliability. A slump in uranium prices added to the concerns, making the breeder concept economically infeasible. The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 led to construction being stopped until new safety systems could be added.
BN-800 underwent a major redesign in 1987, and a more minor one in 1993, but construction did not restart until 2006. The reactor did not reach criticality until 2014, and further progress stopped due to problems with the fuel design. It restarted in 2015, and reached full power in August 2016, entering commercial operation.
Design concept
The BN-1200 concept is essentially a further developed BN-800 design with the twin goals of being more economically attractive while also meeting Generation IV reactor safety limits. To improve economics, it uses a new fueling procedure that is simpler than the one on the BN-600 and BN-800 designs, and has an extended design lifetime of 60 years. Safety enhancements are the elimination of outer primary circuit sodium pipelines and a passive emergency heat removal.
The design has a breeding ratio of 1.2 to 1.3–1.35 for mixed uranium-plutonium oxide fuel and 1.45 for nitride fuel. Boron carbide would be used for in-reactor shielding. Thermal power should be nominal 2900 MW with an electric output of 1220 MW. Primary coolant temperature at the intermediate heat exchanger is 550 °C and at the steam generator 527 °C. Gross efficiency is expected to be 42%, net 39%. It is intended to be a Generation IV design and produce electricity at RUR 0.65/kWh (US 2.23 cents/kWh).
The World Nuclear Association lists the BN-1200 as a commercial reactor, in contrast to its predecessors. An even larger design, the BN-1600, was also considered, which was very similar to the BN-1200 in most ways.
Planned construction
OKBM initially expected to commission the first unit with MOX fuel in 2020, bringing on additional units until eight were constructed (11 GWe total output) by 2030. SPb AEP also claims design involvement. Rosenergoatom also considered foreign specialists in its design, with India and China particularly mentioned.
In early 2012, Rosatom's Science and Technology Council approved the construction of a BN-1200 reactor at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station. Technical design was scheduled for completion by 2013, and manufacture of equipment would start in 2014. Construction would begin in 2015 with first fuel loads in 2017 and full commercial operation as early as 2020. A second unit, either a BN-1200 or BN-1600, would follow, along with the possibility of a BREST-300 lead-cooled breeder. These plans were approved by Sverdlovsk regional government in June 2012.
Current status: on hold, design improvements ongoing
The construction of the BN-1200 till design will be improved to reach economics "comparable to VVER-1200". As far as design improvements will get certified, no decision to start construction will be made until 2019.
A total of two BN-1200s remains in Russia's master plan for nuclear buildout, which includes another nine reactors of other types. This report suggests one BN-1200 in two locations, Beloyarsk and South Urals. The rest are a mix of VVER-600 and VVER-TOI.
See also
BN-350 reactor
Generation IV reactor
References
External links
(A possible updated link: Fast neutron reactors )
- on OKBM Afrikantov official pdf
Liquid metal fast reactors
Nuclear power in Russia
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Soviet inventions |
Saad Shaddad Al-Asmari () (born 24 September 1968) is a Saudi Arabian runner who specialized in the 3000 metres steeplechase.
He has won five medals from the Asian Championships, three from the Arab Athletics Championships and a gold medal from the 1997 Asian Cross Country Championships.
International competitions
Personal bests
1500 metres - 3:41.1 min (1994)
3000 metres - 8:12.27 min (2000)
3000 metres steeplechase - 8:08.14 min (2002)
See also
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (men)
List of Asian Games medalists in athletics
Steeplechase at the World Championships in Athletics
External links
1968 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian male long-distance runners
Saudi Arabian male steeplechase runners
Saudi Arabian male cross country runners
Asian Games silver medalists for Saudi Arabia
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Saudi Arabia
World Athletics Championships medalists
Asian Athletics Championships winners
Asian Cross Country Championships winners
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Jewell Isaac Young (January 18, 1913 – April 16, 2003) was an American basketball player. He was an All-American at Purdue University and an early professional.
Young played at Lafayette Jefferson High School in Lafayette, Indiana and played collegiately at nearby Purdue University for future Hall of Fame coach Ward "Piggy" Lambert. Young was a two-time consensus All-American at Purdue in 1937 and 1938. He led the Western Conference both years at 14.3 and 15.3 points per game respectively.
Following the completion of his collegiate career, Young played professionally with the Indianapolis Kautskys of the National Basketball League until the Kautskys ceased operations in 1942 due to World War II. Young played one season with the Oshkosh All-Stars in 1942–43, then completed his NBL career with the Kautskys in 1946. In his five NBL seasons, he averaged 7.8 points per game. He was the league Rookie of the Year in 1938-39 and was an NBL All-Star in 1938-39 and in 1941-42 He later became a high school coach for 17 years for Southport High School in Indianapolis.
Young was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 1964.
References
1913 births
2003 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
Basketball players from Indiana
High school basketball coaches in the United States
Indianapolis Kautskys players
Oshkosh All-Stars players
People from Warren County, Indiana
Purdue Boilermakers men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Lafayette, Indiana
American men's basketball players
Forwards (basketball) |
Yahya Boussakou (; born 4 March 2000) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a winger or right-back for club Telstar.
Career
ADO Den Haag
Boussakou played youth football for HVV Laakkwartier, Haaglandia, and ADO Den Haag, where he signed his first contract in 2017. On 14 March 2019, Boussakou signed a professional contract with ADO Den Haag. He made his professional debut with ADO Den Haag in a 3–1 Eredivisie win over Excelsior on 25 April 2019, replacing Sheraldo Becker in the 88th minute. In the 2019–20 season, he represented the reserve team, Jong ADO, in the Derde Divisie, scoring four goals in 12 appearances. In December 2021, Boussakou, despite being under contract with ADO Den Haag, went on a two-week trial with Den Bosch to explore the possibility of a potential loan period. However, this move never materialised.
`
Telstar
Boussakou joined Eerste Divisie club Telstar on 12 August 2022, where he signed a two-year contract. He made his debut for the club on 19 August, replacing Cain Seedorf in the 72nd minute of a 2–1 away loss to Willem II.
In the early stages of the 2022–23 season's second half, Boussakou began to make a name for himself as a right-back, despite his primary position being that of a winger. He quickly became one of Telstar's most notable players during this time. The opportunity to play in this new role came about due to injuries to Jay Kruiver and Yaël Liesdek, and head coach Mike Snoei had recognised Boussakou's attacking playing style and decided to utilise him as a right-back during their absence. On 9 March 2023, he signed a professional deal with Telstar, keeping him at the club until 2024 with an optional for an additional year.
Personal life
Born in the Netherlands, Boussakou is of Moroccan descent.
Career statistics
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Footballers from The Hague
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Men's association football forwards
ADO Den Haag players
SC Telstar players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players |
Piet De Jongh (born 15 November 1934) is a Dutch racing cyclist. He rode in the 1957 Tour de France.
References
1934 births
Living people
Dutch male cyclists
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Dutch people |
Aberdeen Historic District may refer to several places in the United States:
Aberdeen Downtown Historic District, Aberdeen, Mississippi, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Monroe County, Mississippi
North Aberdeen Historic District, Aberdeen, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Monroe County, Mississippi
South Central Aberdeen Historic District, Aberdeen, Mississippi, listed on the NRHP in Monroe County, Mississippi
Aberdeen Historic District (Aberdeen, North Carolina), listed on the NRHP in Moore County, North Carolina
Aberdeen Commercial Historic District, Aberdeen, South Dakota, listed on the NRHP in Brown County, South Dakota
Aberdeen Highlands Historic District, Aberdeen, South Dakota, listed on the NRHP in Brown County, South Dakota
Aberdeen Historic District (Aberdeen, South Dakota), NRHP-listed
See also
Aberdeen (disambiguation) |
Latin American Federation of the Society of Jesus (FLACSI) promotes the Ignatian model in the network of schools and organizations of the Society of Jesus in the Latin America and Caribbean area.
The federation includes 90 schools spread across Latin America. This network of Jesuit schools is part of the "Education Sector" of the Society of Jesus in Latin America, along with the international organizations Fe y Alegría and the Association of Universities Entrusted to the Society of Jesus in Latin America (AUSJAL), all being dependent on the Conference of Provincials for Latin America (CPAL).
The non-profit FLACSI along with CPAL were founded in 2001.
Related organizations
Fe y Alegría
Association of Universities Entrusted to the Society of Jesus in Latin America
Pontifical Xavierian University
Alberto Hurtado University
References
Society of Jesus
Education in Latin America
Organizations based in Latin America |
The Municipal District of Greenview No. 16 is a municipal district (MD) in northwest Alberta, Canada. It covers the full extent of Census Division 18, and with an area of , it is the largest municipal district in Alberta. Its administrative office is located in the Town of Valleyview.
History
Human settlement of the area now forming Greenview occurred millennia ago with archaeological evidence of native peoples in the Grande Cache area dating back over 10,000 years.
Modern settlement occurred predominantly in the early twentieth century throughout the municipal district. Settlers and homesteaders followed various trails to found homesteads and early communities including DeBolt, Ridgevalley, and Grovedale. During the initial influx, the Edson to Grande Prairie Trail was a common route for many settlers reaching the north and east sections of Greenview.
In 1968 three improvement districts, formerly 110,111 and 126, were conglomerated to establish Improvement District 16. As an Improvement District it was initially administered under Alberta's Department of Municipal Affairs. In 1996 Improvement District 16 became the MD of Greenview No. 16 and was fully self-governed.
In January 2019, the former Town of Grande Cache was dissolved, becoming a hamlet under the jurisdiction of Greenview.
Geography
Greenview covers a landmass with an area of 32,984.24 square kilometres and contains several geographic formations. Its westernmost portion runs along the Alberta – British Columbia border and is part of the Canadian Rockies. Its northern portion is located in Peace Country while most of the south and interior is boreal forest. The Wapiti River makes up a portion of the boundary between the County of Grande Prairie No. 1 and Greenview which also includes the Simmonette, Smoky and Little Smoky River valleys. Numerous lakes are located in Greenview. Some of the most notable are Sturgeon, Musreau, and Swan Lake as well as a portion of Snipe Lake in its northeasternmost corner.
The MD encompasses two other municipalities: the towns of Valleyview and Fox Creek as well as three reserves administered by the Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation. Greenview, in turn, is immediately neighboured by six municipalities, Wilmore Wilderness Park in the southwest and British Columbia. Grande Cache was formerly a third town within the MD until its dissolution. The town became a hamlet within Greenview on January 1, 2019.
Lying on part of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin which includes some of the largest coal and oil deposits in the world, Greenview is well known for its oil and gas-rich geology. The Hamlet of DeBolt gives its name to the Debolt Formation. Geothermal reservoirs are also abundant in certain parts of the municipal district.
Communities and localities
The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the MD of Greenview No. 16.
Cities
none
Towns
Fox Creek
Valleyview
Villages
none
Summer villages
none
The following hamlets are located within the MD of Greenview No. 16.
Hamlets
Grande Cache
DeBolt
Grovedale
Landry Heights
Little Smoky
Ridgevalley
The following localities are located within the MD of Greenview No. 16.
Localities
Amundson
Aspen Grove
Botten
Braaten
Calais
Clarkson Valley
Cosy Cove
Crooked Creek
Denard
Dorscheid
East Grove
Goodwin
Grande Cache Lake
Grey
Grizzly
Hilltop
Kaybob
Latornell
Little Smoky River
Muskeg River
The Narrows
New Fish Creek
Owen
Pass Creek
Sturgeon Heights
Sturgeon Lake Settlement
Sunset House
Susa Creek
Sweathouse Creek
Thordarson
Tolstad
Two Creeks
Wapiti
Winniandy
Other places
Wanyandie Flats
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the MD of Greenview No. 16 had a population of 8,584 living in 3,230 of its 3,955 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 9,154. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the MD of Greenview No. 16 had a population of 5,583 living in 2,067 of its 2,473 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 5,299. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
The MD of Greenview No. 16's 2013 municipal census counted a population of 5,242, a change from its 2000 municipal census population of 5,516.
Economy
Oil and gas is the main economic driver in the MD, along with forestry and agriculture.
Attractions
DeBolt and District Pioneer Museum
Kakwa Wildlands Park
Musreau Lake
O'Brien Provincial Park
Pierre Grey's Lakes Provincial Park
Sturgeon Lake
Willmore Wilderness Park
Government
Municipal politics
The MD of Greenview No. 16 is governed in accordance with Alberta's Municipal Government Act. Residents elect 8 ward councillors every four years.
Provincial politics
Greenview is served by the provincial electoral divisions of Grande Prairie – Smoky, Grande Prairie – Wapiti and, West Yellowhead.
Following the 2015 Alberta general election the major provincial parties had one representative each.
Federal politics
Greenview is served by the federal electoral divisions of Grande Prairie Mackenzie, Peace River- Westlock and Yellowhead. All three are currently represented by members of the Conservative Party.
Infrastructure
As part of the CANAMEX Corridor, the presence of Highway 43 within the MD makes Greenview an important industry travel route. The Bighorn Highway (Highway 40) as well as Highway 49 also play a large role in making the area a major transportation route for the north of the province.
Several small airports and heliports are in the area including the Valleyview Airport, Fox Creek Airport and DeBolt Aerodrome. They predominantly serve industry and medical facilities in the area with light aircraft.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of municipal districts in Alberta
References
External links
Greenview |
Edward Hatton, also known as E. G. Hatton, was a footballer who played centre forward for Reading F.C. and Thames Ironworks, the team that eventually became West Ham United. He joined Thames Ironworks in 1896, scoring a brace on his debut in a 3–1 win in a London League fixture against Vampires F.C.
During his two seasons at the club he played in six London League games, scoring four goals and in four FA Cup games, scoring one goal. He also made an appearance in the London Senior Cup, making a total of eleven senior appearances for the club and is known to have made appearances in at least two friendlies.
See also
1896–97 Thames Ironworks F.C. season
1897–98 Thames Ironworks F.C. season
Notes
In erroneous sources this players' name is also given as E. G. Hutton.
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
English men's footballers
Reading F.C. players
Thames Ironworks F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Place of birth missing |
Goniurellia is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.
Species
Goniurellia apicalis Merz, 2002
Goniurellia ebejeri Merz, 2002
Goniurellia lacerata (Becker, 1913)
Goniurellia longicauda Freidberg, 1980
Goniurellia munroi Freidberg, 1980
Goniurellia octoradiata Merz, 2002
Goniurellia omissa Freidberg, 1980
Goniurellia persignata Freidberg, 1980
Goniurellia spinifera Freidberg, 1980
Goniurellia tridens (Hendel, 1910)
References
Tephritinae
Tephritidae genera
Diptera of Africa
Diptera of Asia
Diptera of Europe |
Papa (, translit. Baba) is a 2012 Egyptian comedy film written by Karim Famy, directed by Akram Farid, and produced by Walid Al Kurdi for New Century Production. The film stars Ahmed El Sakka, Dorra Zarrouk, Nicole Saba and Salah Abdallah, and was first released in Egypt on 12 August 2012.
Plot
Hazem (Ahmed Al Sakka) is a successful gynaecologist who falls in love with Farida (Dorra Zarrouk) who works as an interior designer. When they get married, Hazem discovers his inability to father children and the two seek a medical solution through in vitro fertilization…
Cast
Ahmed El Sakka as Hazem
Dorra Zarrouk as Farida
Nicole Saba
Salah Abdallah
Edward
Soleiman Eid
Lotfy Labib
External links
Baba at the Internet Movie Database
2012 films
Egyptian romantic comedy films
2010s Arabic-language films |
Tau Beta Pi is an engineering honor society.
Collegiate chapters
Following is a list of Tau Beta Pi collegiate chapters. Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive chapters are in italics.
Alumni chapters
Following is a list of Tau Beta Pi alumni chapters. Active chapters are indicated in bold. Inactive chapters are in italics.
References
Lists of chapters of Association of College Honor Societies members by society
chapters |
West Creek High School is a public high school located in Clarksville, Tennessee. It is part of the Clarksville-Montgomery County School System.
West Creek High School was established in the Fall of 2009. It was built to provide another school for the overpopulated Northeast High School. For the opening of its first year, it was led under the leadership of principal Dr. Clara Patterson. The first graduating class held 149 seniors.
West Creek High School's Junior Classical League chapter has earned numerous awards at regional, mid-state, state, and national levels. The JROTC drill team is nationally ranked, taking first place overall at the National High School Drill Team Championship, hosted by Sports Network International in Daytona Beach, FL. The raider team is nationally ranked.
West Creek High School is also known for having the first radio broadcasting class for students of Montgomery County.
The mascot is a coyote and the school motto is We Are West Creek.
References
Education in Clarksville, Tennessee
Educational institutions established in 2009
Public high schools in Tennessee
Schools in Montgomery County, Tennessee
2009 establishments in Tennessee |
Alinean, Inc. is a privately held company founded in September 2001 in Orlando, Florida by Tom Pisello. Alinean develops sales and marketing software. The company offers services to analyze different technology products and business services. Its offerings include Alinean Interactive White Papers, a demand generation tool for B2B marketers.
History
The Orlando Sentinel reported that between 2007 and 2010, the company experienced 20-30% growth. In 2010, Alinean was ranked number 2942 in the top companies from Inc. The site reported a three-year growth of 73 percent. In the same year, Alinean received several awards. Grow FL awarded Alinean a Florida Company to Watch recognition. Inc. 5000 identified Alinean as one of the fastest growing companies.
Notes
2001 establishments in Florida
Software companies based in Florida
Companies based in Orlando, Florida
Defunct software companies of the United States |
The shadow government, also referred to as cryptocracy, secret government, or invisible government, is a family of theories based on the notion that real and actual political power resides not only with publicly elected representatives but with private individuals who are exercising power behind the scenes, beyond the scrutiny of democratic institutions. According to this belief, the official elected government is subservient to the shadow government, which is the true executive power.
Some of the groups proposed by these theories as constituting the shadow government include central banks, Freemasons, communists, Nazis, intelligence agencies, think tanks, organized Jewry, the Vatican, Jesuits, or Catholics in general, as well as secret societies, moneyed interests, extraterrestrials and globalist elites and supranational organizations who seek to manipulate policy in their own interest or in order to serve a larger agenda that is hidden from the general public.
History
Literature on the subject postulates the existence of a secret government which is the true power behind the apparent government. Examples of such literature include works by Dan Smoot, William Guy Carr, Jim Marrs, Carroll Quigley, Gary Allen, Alex Jones, Des Griffin, G. Edward Griffin, David Icke, and Michael A. Hoffman II. Some of these authors believe members of the secret government may represent or be agents for groups such as the Council on Foreign Relations, United Nations, the Royal Institute for International Affairs, Tavistock Institute, the Trilateral Commission, the Club of Rome, the Bilderberg Group, the World Health Organization, George Soros, and the Koch Brothers, in co-operation with international banks and financial institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the Bank for International Settlements. Also popularizing the idea was the hit US television show, The X-Files.
Milton William Cooper claimed that the shadow government was in cooperation with extraterrestrial aliens. His 1991 book Behold a Pale Horse, influential among "UFO and militia circles", describes "the doings of the secret world government" and "a variety of other covert activities associated with the Illuminati's declaration of war upon the people of America". Cooper claimed to have seen secret documents while in the Navy describing governmental dealings with aliens. Cooper linked the Illuminati with his beliefs that extraterrestrials were secretly involved with the US government, but later retracted these claims. He accused Dwight D. Eisenhower of negotiating a treaty with extraterrestrials in 1954, then establishing an inner circle of Illuminati to manage relations with them and keep their presence a secret from the general public. Cooper believed that aliens "manipulated and/or ruled the human race through various secret societies, religions, magic, witchcraft, and the occult", and that even the Illuminati were unknowingly being manipulated by them.
During the American Revolution, Committees of Safety were different local committees of Patriots that formed a shadow government to take control of the Thirteen Colonies away from British royal officials.
See also
Deep state in the United States
Fifth column
New World Order (conspiracy theory)
Power behind the throne
Puppet regime
Shadow cabinet
Smoke-filled room
Succession crisis
References
Conspiracy theories
Covert organizations
Oligarchy |
Kas is a district of South Darfur state, Sudan.
References
Districts of Sudan |
The Color of Fame () is a 2008 Venezuelan drama film about a Marilyn Monroe poser and a transsexual who believes to be her reincarnation. The film was Venezuela's official submission for the 81st Annual Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film.
Plot
Magaly (Elaiza Gil) enters a television contest looking for a Marilyn Monroe lookalike for a $25,000 prize. Her husband, Arturo (Alberto Arifa), believes is the best way to get through the financial crisis they are facing. As the challenge goes by, Magaly partners with Héctor (Miguel Ferrari) who believes to be the Monroe's reincarnation in a "third world transsexual man". She begins to lose her identity and follows the same downfall of the late actress.
References
External links
2008 drama films
2008 LGBT-related films
2008 films
2000s Spanish-language films
Transgender-related films
Venezuelan LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films |
Bogdanka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brzeziny, within Brzeziny County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Brzeziny and east of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Brzeziny County |
Saint Nicholas Croatian Catholic Church was a Roman Catholic church located at 1326 East Ohio Street in the Troy Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Croatian Catholic parish of St. Nicholas was established in 1894 as the first Croatian Catholic parish in the United States, in the city of Allegheny, now Pittsburgh's North Shore.
Founding
As the number of Croatian residents increased in the North Shore area, the congregation of St. Nicholas split in 1900 and formed a second parish, also named St. Nicholas, in Troy Hill. This particular site, known as St. Nicholas Northside, was an offshoot of that first Croatian Catholic Parish in the United States. The original parish of St. Nicholas Croatian Church was moved to Millvale with its pastor, Father Glonjaric.
To design the new structure, the congregation chose Frederick C. Sauer, designer of the Allegheny St. Nicholas. Construction began in 1900 and completed in 1904. Because the St. Nicholas in Allegheny burned in 1921 and was replaced by a new church in 1922, again designed by Sauer, the Troy Hill St. Nicholas was an older structure leading many to believe it was the first of the two congregations. This acrimony led to bitter tensions between the two parishes that linger even to this day in spite of the fact that under canon law a parish moves with its pastor, and the first parish site in Allegheny superseded both Millvale and Troy Hill.
Closure and demolition
The structure was added to the List of City of Pittsburgh historic designations on July 13, 2001. The congregation protested the designation saying it would limit later uses and alterations to the building. Following a structural inspection 2004, it was determined that the Troy Hill building was unfit to use. The pastoral council met and voted to recommend closure, with the member from North Side refusing to vote. An attempt in November 2004 to unite the two St. Nicholas Congregations failed due to the aforementioned acrimony leaving the Troy Hill sanctuary vacant and it former members defecting to other parishes.
Several potential buyers proposed offers to the Diocese of Pittsburgh however, none was able to agree on terms with the diocese. Citing the $360,000 annual maintenance cost and concern over its structural integrity, the diocese sought to demolish the property. The city's Historic Review Commission denied the diocese's request citing an offer to convert the sanctuary to a museum.
The congregation and diocese appealed to the Common Pleas Court and was successful in summer 2012. Work began in October 2012 to remove windows and some artifacts and the structure was razed in January, 2013. The National Trust for Historic Preservation cited the site as one of ten historic sites lost in 2013.
Even if a buyer for the structure had been found to preserve the building, it is likely that it would still have been demolished. Concurrent with the debate over the building's fate were plans for PennDOT to widen Pennsylvania Route 28 and eliminate at-grade crossings from Millvale to the North Shore, making it a complete freeway from the city to Kittanning. PennDOT subsequently bought the property from the diocese after demolition via eminent domain, using the leftover land after widening as a small park with a promenade and a retaining wall which features several murals on the city's history, including that of the structure itself on the structure's site.
References
External links
Roman Catholic churches in Pittsburgh
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1904
Former Roman Catholic church buildings in Pennsylvania
Croatian-American culture in Pennsylvania
Croatian-American history
Religious organizations established in 1894
Religious organizations disestablished in 2012
Troy Hill (Pittsburgh)
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Demolished buildings and structures in Pittsburgh
Buildings and structures demolished in 2013 |
William Franklin Baker (born September 20, 1942) is an American broadcaster, author, academic, and explorer.
Baker directs the Bernard L. Schwartz Center for Media, Education, and Public Policy at Fordham University, where he is also Journalist-in-Residence and a professor in the Graduate School of Education. He is also the Distinguished Professor of media & entertainment at IESE Business School, Barcelona, Spain, and President Emeritus of WNET, New York's public television station. He teaches a business class at the Juilliard School in New York City.
Career
In 1972 while with WEWS in Cleveland, Ohio, Baker along with the station's general manager Don Perris created The Morning Exchange, an easygoing morning show program offering news and weather updates only at the top and bottom of every hour and used the rest of the time to discuss general-interest/entertainment topics.
During his 21-year tenure as president of WNET in New York, Baker developed one of the first — and then largest — endowments in the history of public broadcasting, and presided over its heyday as the pre-eminent producer of arts, nature, biography and public affairs programming in the nation.
Baker was president of Westinghouse Broadcasting and chairman of their cable and programming companies. At Westinghouse, Baker introduced Oprah Winfrey as a talk show host and established PM Magazine as the #1 syndicated program in America in the 1980s. Baker was involved with the early stages of launching both the Discovery Channel and the Disney Channel.
Baker established WNET's Educational Resources Center, the nation's most prolific trainer in multimedia teaching techniques. He also founded the Bernard L. Schwartz Center for Media, Education, & Public Policy at Fordham University, and was an annual speaker at WNET's Celebration of Teaching and Learning.
Publications and productions
Baker is co-author of the books The World's Your Stage: How Performing Artists Can Make a Living While Still Doing What They Love(Amacom, 2016) based on a class he teaches at The Juilliard School and Fordham University, Every Leader is an Artist and Leading with Kindness: How Good People Consistently Get Superior Results. Baker is also the co-author of Down the Tube: An Insider’s Account of the Failure of American Television and the author of Lighthouse Island: Our Family Escape.
Baker is the executive producer of The Face: Jesus in Art, a landmark Emmy-winning feature film that traces the image of Jesus Christ in art around the world and across two millennia. He is also executive producer of the film Sacred, which depicts sites and rituals from the sacred calendar of a diversity of world religions. Sacred was released worldwide in theaters and festivals in 2017. Baker also hosted the 2008 PBS documentary Leading with Kindness.
Awards
Baker is the recipient of seven Emmy Awards and is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been inducted into the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences (NATAS) Management Hall of Fame and received the Mark Schubart award from the Lincoln Center Institute, given to individuals who most exemplify the Institute's ideal of integrating the arts with education. He has also been inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame and the New York State Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame. Baker is also the recipient of two Columbia DuPont Journalism Awards, and honored in 2016 by the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center for his work in the performing arts.
Baker has also received the Gabriel Personal Achievement Award, two Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award and the 1987 Trustees Emmy Award, given in recognition of outstanding contribution to the advancement of television.
Personal
Baker holds a B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. in Communications Sciences and Organizational Behavior from Case Western Reserve University. Baker is a former Chairman of the National Parks System Advisory Board, and serves on the board of Rodale, Inc. in Emmaus, Pennsylvania. In cooperation with Fordham University, he teaches The Business of the Performing Arts, Juilliard's only business course.
Baker is believed to be the eighth person in history to have stood on both the North Pole and the South Pole.
References
External links
http://schwartzcenterny.org
1942 births
Living people
American chief executives in the media industry
American television executives
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fordham University faculty |
Icarus's Mother is a one-act play by Sam Shepard.
It was first staged at the Caffe Cino in 1965, directed by Michael Smith, a drama critic, with a cast that included John Coe, a veteran of the Living Theatre.
Those two plays, as well as Icarus' Mother and two other plays, were included in the first published collection of Shepard's play scripts, entitled Five Plays (1966).
Overview
As the play opens, a group of five people (three men, two women) are digesting a big picnic meal and belching. They are lying on a lawn near a beach, while waiting for a fireworks display to begin. Although the characters don't specifically mention the Fourth of July, a number of patriotic references are used. A jet plane is flying overhead. Various kinds of funny but tense conflicts, word games, and mind games take place among the group. Two of the men, Howard and Bill, seem to be conspiring against the others. They send up smoke signals three times from a barbecue while the others are absent and hide the fact that they're doing this. There's no explanation as to why they're sending up the signals or what the signals are supposed to mean. The two women, Pat and Jill, who have been off stage, return to boast that they have been stripping and shimmying, in an attempt to distract the jet pilot. Just as the fireworks begin, the jet plane crashes nearby, sending the other man, Frank, into an extended verbal spasm, indicating he may be on drugs or has lost his mind. His lengthy monologue contains some inspired poetry, especially among Shepard's early plays. At the end of his speech Frank staggers off stage, deeply lost and confused, while bellowing that he has just seen something memorable and historic. Pat and Jill run across the stage, announcing wildly that the jet plane has crashed. Possibly frightened and trying to comfort each other, although they could just as easily be gloating about their success, Howard and Bill silently hold hands and stare at the audience, as the offstage fireworks continue and the play ends.
References
1965 plays
Plays by Sam Shepard |
Myaung Township is a township in Sagaing District in the Sagaing Division of Burma.
External links
Maplandia World Gazetteer - map showing the township boundary
Townships of Sagaing Region |
Amanda Jay Mortimer Burden ( Mortimer; January 18, 1944) is a principal at Bloomberg Associates, an international consulting service founded by Michael Bloomberg as a philanthropic venture to help city governments improve the quality of life of their citizens. She was the director of the New York City Department of City Planning and chair of the City Planning Commission under Mayor Bloomberg from 2002 to 2013.
She was a proponent of revitalizing Lower Manhattan, improving public access to the Brooklyn waterfronts, improving commuter rail into the city, and reconsidering rezoning plans. Burden was an important supporter and active contributor to the success of the project for public redevelopment of the High Line. She had a reputation of holding developers to stricter design standards than previous planning directors. As stated in a 2007 profile of Burden in The New York Times: "Whether walking up and down 368 blocks in Jamaica, Queens, to see which streets can accommodate 12-story buildings, or grabbing a tape measure from her desk to set the dimensions of seating in public plazas across the city, Ms. Burden is leaving an indelible legacy of how all five boroughs will look and feel for decades to come."
Burden previously worked for the New York State Urban Development Corporation. She worked on Battery Park City from 1983 to 1990. She is also a member of the International Best Dressed List since 1996.
Early life
Burden is the daughter of socialite Babe Paley and her first husband, Stanley Grafton Mortimer Jr. (1913–1999), an heir to the Standard Oil fortune. She is a descendant of the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, John Jay, and a granddaughter of Dr. Harvey Cushing, the "Father of American Neurosurgery" and Pulitzer Prize winning author. She has a brother, Stanley Grafton Mortimer III; five half-siblings, William Cushing Paley, Kate Cushing Paley, Averell Mortimer, Jay Mortimer, and David Mortimer; and two step-siblings, Hilary Paley Califano and Jeffrey Paley. In 1947, her mother married William S. Paley, the son of a successful immigrant cigar entrepreneur who built a family acquisition into CBS. Her stepmother, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer, was a daughter of railroad heir and United States ambassador W. Averell Harriman.
She graduated from the Westover School in Middlebury, Connecticut and attended Wellesley College until her marriage in 1964. She graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1976, with a concentration in environmental science. She later earned a Master of Urban Planning from Columbia University, writing an award-winning thesis about solid-waste management.
Career
Burden worked with the architecture firm Gruzen & Partners and one of her mentors was William H. Whyte, the urbanologist, with whom she worked on his Project for Public Spaces.
From 1983 until 1990, Burden was Vice President for Planning and Design of the Battery Park City Authority. She was responsible for the development and implementation of design guidelines for the site as well as for overseeing the design of all open spaces and parkland, including the waterfront esplanade. In an interview for New York magazine, she cited her stepfather's influence on her design sensibilities, noting the Canadian black granite she chose for the esplanade was the same stone he selected in 1964 for "Black Rock", the CBS headquarters. Among her other New York projects are the Midtown Community Court and the Red Hook Community Justice Center, which provides integrated legal, economic and social services.
Starting in 1990, Burden served on the New York City Planning Commission, when she was appointed by New York City Council president Andrew Stein. She served as Commissioner from 2002 to 2013 under Mayor Bloomberg, and since then has become a Principal at Bloomberg Associates.
Burden also worked as a public school teaching aide in Harlem in the 1960s.
New York City Planning Commission
Burden served as Chairperson of the New York City Planning Commission and Director of the Department of City Planning from 2002 to 2013 under Mayor Michael Bloomberg. She had served on the commission since her appointment by New York City Council president Andrew Stein in 1990. During her tenure, the department rezoned almost 40% of the city. The department helped to create the East River Esplanade, transform the High Line into High Line Park, and develop the Brooklyn Waterfront and Hudson Yards. The Bloomberg administration also launched a "comprehensive waterfront plan known as Vision 2020", which would increase access to the water for kayakers and canoeists and address climate change. Burden said the goal of the initiative was for the water to become the "sixth borough" of the city. "The water should become a part of our everyday lives", she declared.
In her term, Burden sought to combine the large transformative change of Robert Moses with a neighborhood-sensitive ethic inspired by Jane Jacobs, writing in 2006, "Big projects are a necessary part of the diversity, competition and growth that both Jacobs and Moses fought for. But today's big projects must have a human scale; must be designed, from idea to construction, to fit into the city. Projects may fail to live up to Jane Jacob's standards, but they are still judged by her rules."
During her tenure, the commission and the Bloomberg administration as a whole were widely seen to have an "overall friendliness to development". Burden herself characterized the administration as "unabashedly pro-development", and said, "What I have tried to do, and think I have done, is create value for these developers, every single day of my term." The administration believed it could address issues of rising living costs in the city with new development, strategically increased density, and an increase in housing supply, while attracting a wealthier tax base through gentrification.
When asked how his administration would address the city's income gap, Bloomberg argued against the idea an income gap is negative, saying "They [rich people] are the ones that pay a lot of the taxes. They're the ones that spend a lot of money in the stores and restaurants and create a big chunk of our economy ... If we could get every billionaire around the world to move here it would be a godsend that would create a much bigger income gap." Describing the administration's approach to development, Burden said, "Improvement of neighborhoods — some people call it gentrification — provides more jobs, provides housing, much of it affordable, and private investment, which is tax revenue for the city."
Burden also focused on managing the aesthetics of new development in a way that maintains the character of a neighborhood. "We have tried to diagnose the DNA of each neighborhood", she said. "I have spent a lot of time in the streets, talking to communities." She emphasized public features like "open space, continuous shop fronts, and the inclusion of trees and other elements that foster lively street life." Because of Burden's contextual zoning, which required new development to fit in with the height and style of nearby structures, some developers were forced to restrain and redesign proposals, like 53W53, which was reduced by 200 feet.
The Regional Plan Association argued Burden's control over the aesthetics of development led to "profoundly conservative building" and a "local zeitgeist [that] has switched from big and bold to keeping everything small, nondescript and similar to everything else in the neighborhood." According to Eliot Brown in The New York Observer, "Ms. Burden is an increasingly powerful and apparently emboldened force in the Bloomberg administration—one whose often forceful views are imprinted and emblazoned on nearly every major skyscraper, mall, public plaza and large development that rises in city limits."
By the end of Burden's (and Bloomberg's) term, homelessness rates had more than doubled since the year 2000. Housing prices had appreciated by 98%, and the median rent in New York City had increased by $1,380 per year, while the median income of renter households decreased by $3,344. The Furman Center found that "new construction primarily targets a luxury market", with "the majority of newly constructed units rented at levels well beyond the means of the average renter household in New York City." Despite a focus on increased development and intent to respect the wishes and diversity of neighborhoods, the increase in housing supply, density and major zoning changes had not translated into affordable rents or homes. Burden herself acknowledged the failure to address livability when speaking in 2013 at a CityLab panel on urban expansion:
Honors
Burden, then 22, was named to the Best Dressed List of the New York Couture Group in 1966, replacing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who had graduated to the Best Dressed List's Hall of Fame.
In 2005, Pratt Institute awarded Ms. Burden an Honorary Doctorate in Public Administration and the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects presented her with its 2005 Center for Architecture Award. Ms. Burden's dedication to design excellence was recognized by the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, which presented her with its 2004 Design Patron Award. In 2008, Ms. Burden was inducted into the membership of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) College of Fellows, and was named the 5th most powerful person in New York real estate by The New York Observer.
In 2009, Burden received ULI's J.C. Nichols Prize for Visionaries in Urban Development. This prize is the Institute's highest honor and comes with a $100,000 award. Burden announced that she will donate the J.C. Nichols prize money to ULI to create a yearly award honoring transformative and exciting public spaces around the world. In 2011, Burden received the American Architectural Foundation Keystone Award, which recognizes an individual or organization from outside the architectural discipline for exemplary leadership in design that improves lives and transforms communities. The Award recognizes Commissioner Burden's legacy as a champion of good design and her continuous efforts to use design excellence to increase quality of life in the five boroughs and promote New York City as a world-class city. Previous recipients include Rick Lowe, Charleston, South Carolina mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr., the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), the Pritzker Family, Save America's Treasures, Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), and former Miami mayor Manuel A. Diaz.
Personal life
Burden has been married twice. Her first husband was Shirley Carter Burden Jr. (1941–1996), a multimillionaire descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt and a great-nephew of the actor Douglas Fairbanks Sr. Their engagement was announced in September 1963 and at the time of their marriage on June 13, 1964, Carter Burden was a student at Columbia Law School. An owner of The Village Voice and New York magazine and later a New York City councilman, he worked as an aide to Sen. Robert Kennedy in the 1960s, sparking his wife's interest in social justice and inspiring her to pursue a teaching career. They had two children, Flobelle Fairbanks Burden (b. 1969) and S. Carter Burden III, before divorcing in 1972. Their son, S. Carter Burden III, is the founder of the managed web hosting provider Logicworks.
Her second husband was Steven J. Ross (1927–1992), the head of Warner Communications; they married in 1979 and divorced in 1981.
Burden had a relationship with television personality Charlie Rose from 1993 to about 2006.
References
Further reading
"Amanda Burden — Engine Driving Mayor's Redevelopment Frenzy" by Max Driscoll, e-OCULUS, 04.15.08
"Greetings from the Chair". NYC.gov
External links
, filmed March 2014 at TED2014
Amanda M. Burden Principal at Bloomberg Associates
Bloomberg Associates, Team
New York City public officials
American urban planners
Women urban planners
Living people
1944 births
Mortimer family of New York
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Wellesley College alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni
Women government officials |
Stegen is a municipality in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It borders on the city of Freiburg, being about 8 km away as the crow flies, lying in the valley of the river Dreisam. The municipality includes three population centres: the town of Stegen (which itself includes the villages of Weiler, Oberbirken, Unterbirken and Rechtenbach) and the villages of Eschbach and Wittental.
Economically, Stegen is partly an offshoot of Freiburg; for example, the Forest Zoology Institute of the University of Freiburg maintains a field station at Wittental. It also plays a role in Black Forest tourism, with guest houses and other facilities catering to visitors. It is the first town that a hiker on the Freiburg-Lake Constance Black Forest Trail passes through when travelling eastwards on the path from Freiburg.
References
Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
Baden |
Upper Aragon in Common (, AAeC) is a political party in Spain founded in March 2018. It was originally formed in 2015 as an electoral coalition by Podemos, Now in Common (AeC) and Equo in the province of Huesca ahead of the 2015 Spanish general election.
Electoral performance
Cortes Generales
References
Podemos (Spanish political party)
Political parties established in 2015
Political parties in Aragon
2015 establishments in Aragon
Socialist parties in Spain
Unidas Podemos |
ChemistryOpen is a monthly peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal covering all areas of chemistry and related fields. It is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.630, ranking it 109th out of 179 journals in the category "Chemistry, Multidisciplinary".
References
External links
Chemistry Europe academic journals
Wiley-VCH academic journals
English-language journals
Chemistry journals
Open access journals
Monthly journals |
I. India Thusi is a lawyer and academic specializing in criminal law, especially as it relates to vice, police abolition, and critical race theory. She is currently a law professor at Indiana University Bloomington and serves on the Academics Committee of the American Bar Association Professional Development Division. As of 2023, she is a visiting Professor of Law at Cornell Law School.
Career
Thusi was born in Nigeria and moved to the United States at an early age. She attended Gorton High School and received her BA from Emory University, where she studied anthropology and English. After graduation, she taught at Gorton for a year. She then enrolled at Fordham University School of Law, where she wrote a student note about criminal procedure for the Fordham Urban Law Journal.
After graduating cum laude, she clerked for Judge Robert L. Carter at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. She then worked at the American Civil Liberties Union for a year, where she focused on the school-to-prison pipeline. After that, she clerked for Judge Damon Keith on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. She then clerked for Justice Johann van der Westhuizen at the Constitutional Court of South Africa.
Following her clerkships, she enrolled at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she completed her PhD in Social Anthropology & Law and Society. Following her W.E.B. Du Bois Institute Fellowship at Harvard University, she worked at the Opportunity Agenda for two years. In 2017, she was named to the faculty of California Western School of Law. While there she earned Fulbright Global Scholar award to support her research in Sweden and New Zealand. She taught for one year at Widener University Delaware Law School, and currently teaches at Indiana University Bloomington, where she holds a joint appointment at Indiana University Maurer School of Law and the Kinsey Institute.
Works
Books
Thusi, I. India. (2022). Policing Bodies: Law, Sex Work, and Desire in Johannesburg. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503629752.
Academic Articles
Thusi, I. India. (2020). "Blue Lives & The Permanence of Racism". Cornell Law Review Online. 105:14. 14–30 – via SSRN.
Thusi, I. India. (2010). "Deconstructing the Marginalization of Underclass Students: Disciplinary Alternative Education". University of Toledo Law Review. 42. 429–465 – via HeinOnline.
Thusi, I. India & Kim, Catherine Y. (2009). "Policing in Schools: Developing a Governance Document for School Resource Officers in K-12 Schools".
Thusi, I. India. (2018). "Radical Feminist Harms on Sex Workers". Lewis & Clark Law Review. 22:1. 185–229 – via HeinOnline.
Thusi, I. India (2021). "Feminist Scripts for Punishment". Harvard Law Review. 134:7. 2449–2484 – via Harvard Law Review.
News Articles
Thusi, I. India. (September 10, 2020). "South Africa Shows that Diversity is not the Answer to Police Violence". The Hill. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
Thusi, I. India. (December 20, 2021). "It's Time to Stop Policing Women's Bodies". The Hill. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
Thusi, I. India. (December 4, 2016). "Failure to Prosecute Cops Undermines Public Trust". The Hill. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
References
Emory University alumni
Fordham University School of Law alumni
Critical race theory
Feminism and law
Criminal law
Police abolition movement
Legal scholars
21st-century educators
Women legal scholars
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
Parakou is the largest city in northern Benin, with an estimated population of around 206,667 people, and capital of the Borgou Department. Administratively the commune of Parakou makes up one of Benin's 77 communes. Since 2015, its mayor is Souradjou Adamou Karimou.
History
The city was founded in the 16th century by traders. Among traders there is a first occupant of the Old City , a hunter named sina kpebiegi. This hunter was from baatonou community. Even the traditional leaders are living from slaves trade the population are living from fishing and agriculture.
Economy
Parakou lies on the main north-south highway RNIE 2 and at the end of a railway to Cotonou.
Markets
This has made it an important market town, with major industries including cotton and textiles, peanut oil manufacture and brewing. The town grew initially from revenue generated from passing merchants that took goods from the region across the Sahara and the Mediterranean to Europe. Parakou later became well known in the slave trade. Later traders concentrated on cotton and Parakou remains the hub of the Beninese cotton trade to this day, with considerable interest from Europe.
There are several markets trading, notably the largest, Grand Marché Arzeke which one of the largest in Benin, an international market spanning over a block. This market has a large covered hall overlapping onto the streets with stalls, with 500 and 1000 vendors. The market sells an enormous range of goods from items of pottery including vases and bowls, to cotton textiles, cassettes and CD's of local and international artists, local spices, fruits, gasaru/wagasi (cow's milk cheese) and kitchen utensils. Another market, located several blocks north, is called the "Marché Kobo Kobo", which lies across the street from the French Cultural Centre. Marché Kobo Kobo is known for its clothing retailing, primarily second hand goods, and in another section livestock. The Marché Depot is located near Parakou Railway Station around numerous hotels and sells mostly food but also calabashes and baskets. There is also the Marché Guema, located next to Guema Church on the northern road to Malanville in the Albarika quarter of the city. The market was founded by the Somba people of the Atacora, and takes place every Sunday at 10 am. The market consists of a collection of grass huts, and specialises in beef and pork and local millet beer known as choukachou or simply "chouk".
Inland Port
Parakou is the site of a proposed inland port.
The dry port is a multi-modal platform located 3 km from the centre of Parakou, close to the railway. It gives the Backbone Project a strategic position for imports and exports to neighbouring countries, notably Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Togo.
Demographics
The name, Parakou, is derived from a Dendi word meaning "the city of everyone", named for the city's diversity of ethnicities. As a market town attracting many people as a trading and stop-off point, Parakou has a large mix of African ethnicities, including fula, Dendi, Somba, Fon, Mina, Bariba, Djerma, Yoruba (of the Nago tribe), Hausa, Kabrais, Warma, and Tuareg.
In 1979 the city was reported as having 60,915 people and according to the official census of 1992, Parakou had a population of 103,577. In the last 15–20 years the population of Parakou has nearly doubled with 149,819 recorded in 2002 and with the most recent census in 2013, the population was 255,478.
Climate
Culture
The city has a museum, the Musée en Plein Air de Parakou.
Administration
Parakou is one of the 77 official communes of Benin. The mayor of the commune and city as of 2008 is Samou Seidou Adambi.
Villages
The commune of Parakou contains the following villages:
Amawihon, Bakaga, Bakounkparou, Bakounourou, Baperou, Bereyadou, Borarou, Darou Kourarou, Debregourou, Dokparou, Douerou, Forane Kparou, Gagbebou, Ganou, Ga Yakabou, Gommboko, Gorobani, Gouforou, Goutere, Guema, Guererou, Guinrerou, Kaborokpo, Kabro, Karobouarou, Kipare, Konkoma, Koumerou, Kperou Guera, Moundouro, Nekinparo, Nikikperou, Ouroungourou, Pepekino, Pepepeterou, Sanro, Senouorou, Sokoumeno, Sokouno, Sonoumo, Sourou, Suinrou, Tabayorourou, Tankaro, Tankaro Ga, Teougourou Gando, Tian, Tinekonparou, Tora, Tourou, Wansirou, Weria, Wore, Worora, Yakassirou
Education
Parakou is home to one university, the University of Parakou, founded in 2001.
Places of worship
Among the places of worship, most predominant are Muslim mosques. There are also several Christian denominations represented: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Parakou (Catholic Church), Protestant Methodist Church in Benin (World Methodist Council), Union of Baptist Churches of Benin (Baptist World Alliance), Living Faith Church Worldwide, Redeemed Christian Church of God and the Assemblies of God.
Transport
Parakou Railway Station is the last railway station on the Parakou-Cotonou railway, however at present it is not open to passenger transportation. Both the national highways RNIE 2 and RNIE 6 pass through Parakou. The city is also served by Parakou Airport. The government has proposed extending the railway to Dosso in Niger.
Sport
The main football clubs are Dynamo Unacob FC de Parakou and Buffles du Borgou FC which play in the Benin Premier League, the highest division of Beninese football.
Notable people
Hubert Maga, first President of Benin (1916–2000)
Chabi Mama, politician (1921–1996)
Marc Aillet, French bishop
Chérif Dine Akakpo, Beninese professional footballer (born 1997)
Mohamed Chikoto, footballer
Nouhoum Kobéna, former footballer
Arouna Mama, politician (1925–1974)
Steve Mounié, footballer
Achille Rouga, former footballer
Abdel Fadel Suanon, footballer
See also
Railway stations in Benin
West Africa Regional Rail Integration
References
Bibliography
.
Communes of Benin
Populated places in the Borgou Department |
is a Japanese anime television series centered around the mostly female crew of a commercial Warship, the Pascal Magi, which is trying to fight pirates in the near future. The series is mix of serious combat, political intrigue, light romance, and comedy, a classic story of the underdogs trying prove their worth amidst superior enemies, and doubtful arrogant allies. The series was produced with mix of traditional and computer generated animation. This was an anime produced with cooperation from the Japanese Self-Defense Force (JSDF) during a period that there was no collaboration between anime producers and fandoms of similar types of anime.
The show was broadcast on TV Kanagawa, Chiba TV, TV Saitama, TV Aichi, Sun TV and KBS Kyoto. Reportedly, the Pascal Magi was based on the Murasame-class destroyer, and the ship in the show was given a designation with the consent of the JSDF, which the producers worked with to create realistic battle scenes and models for the anime. The theme song, ending theme, and background music for the show were created by Lantis Co., Ltd.
Premise
In the near future, a hypercane has appeared in the Pacific Ocean, causing a series of worldwide climate changes. This storm, dubbed the "Grand Roar," has been stable for over 50 years. Climate changes make air travel and transport less reliable, and thus the world has begun reverting to a second naval age, particularly in the Asian region. However, the world's condition also heralds the return of piracy and the growth of maritime terrorism, causing many large international companies to arm themselves and setting up their own private naval security forces.
At the outset of the series, Systems Engineer Hyōsuke Nagimiya runs into the crew of the Pascal Magi, one such maritime security ship. He gets into a few typical compromising situations before finally being introduced as a software engineer assigned to update the systems on board the ship. He meets his stepsister, the captain of the war vessel, Captain Nanaha Misaki, who treats him as a stranger. Although he refers to her as 'sister,' he still thinks of her as a woman nonetheless. During the duration of his duties, the ship is called into combat, where Hyosuke begins to understand the nature of the Pascal Magi and its crew's battle potential as the vessel flings itself into the fight.
Cast
Main protagonists
Hyōusuke Nagimiya (voiced by Hisayoshi Suganuma) was brought onto the Pascal Magi to upgrade the ship's computers. At first like many others he believed that his sister's ship wouldn't be able to do much against pirates and was surprised that it had a completely female crew. However, after seeing their skill and the ship's prowess in battle, he began to have respect and admiration for them. He calls the captain Nana-nee since they grew up together but sees her as a woman instead of a step-sister. He still keeps with him the compass Misaki gave him when they were children. In an interview with the show's cast, Suganama said she saw Hyousuke and Nanaha more as friends than lovers.
Nanaha "Nanami" Misaki (voiced by Mai Nakahara) is the captain of the ship and has a cold and professional attitude and cares very much for her crew. Even though she can be quite serious most of the time, when her crew mates are put in danger or do something dangerous for her she turns into a crybaby. Nanaha can also be quite childish, she uses a character OS for her desktop and started whacking Tanya when she found out. She sees Hyousuke as a little brother as they are step siblings but then later questions herself if she actually likes him. Whenever she is alone with Hyousuke, she drops her serious attitude and refers to him with more familiarity. A lot of things happened to her in the military and she regrets not having the time to contact Hyousuke. In the same interview with the show's cast, Nakahara said she tried to exude the impression of being the "perfect" captain and the "perfect" girl.
Tsubasa Watatsumi (voiced by Mikako Takahashi) is a pilot on the ship and seems to hate men. However this seems to just be a facade she puts so she can appear stronger in front of them. After a short while she seems to like Hyousuke and later confesses. In a cast interview, Takahashi said that Tsubasa liked Hyousuke because he is messy, with the bonds between them deepening through the various battles.
Sango Fukami (voiced by Kana Ueda) is a crewman on the ship and has a very wild imagination. She works in and is the head of the engine room and has close friends on the ship. In an interview with the cast, Ueda said that her character was "able to overcome the death of my best friend" and grow from that.
Miharu Kairi (voiced by Yumiko Kobayashi) is a very smart young girl who developed the battle system Nav-Staff OS for the ship. It is apparent she has a genius intellect after she mentioned in a conversation with Hyousuke that she developed her first program when she was three and is easily able to do things Hyousuke cannot after programming for years. She seems to have developed a crush on Hyousuke since the first time she sees him. In a cast interview, Kobayashi said that she had a lot of fun playing Miharu and found it rewarding, noting the childlike qualities Miharu had.
Manatsu Akoya (voiced by Kumiko Higa) is a twin sister to Mashu and a gunner on the ship. She has blond pigtails and like her sister she likes playing tricks on people and combat. She runs communications. In an interview with the show's cast, Higa stated that she the importance of Manatsu and Mashu as twins.
Mashū Akoya (voiced by Satomi Arai) is a twin sister to Manatsu and also a gunner on the ship. She and her sister both like combat and also like to play tricks on others. She lets her hair down and is longer. She runs observations. In a cast interview, Arai said that Mashu and Mantsu are friends who have something in common, using the same cosmetics, and so much more.
Mitori Shimabara (voiced by Junko Minagawa) is the ship's physician and is very kind and friendly to everyone and is a constant flirt, especially to Hyousuke even though she is married, as shown in the episodes "Scenery With K" and "Sunset Festival," which is why some have stated that she is bisexual. When she is drunk she likes to play with the captain.
Tanya L. Kojima (voiced by Kaya Miyake) is the Vice-Captain of the ship and very loyal to the Captain who is more of a friend than a boss. They even went to the Naval Academy together. Whenever she is drunk she becomes possessive of the captain and will get into fights with Mitori over her. In an interview with the show's cast, Miyake, she said that while Tanya doesn't have anything to do with romance, "everyone is longing for" for Hyousake, with Tanya different than any of the other characters.
Clio Aquanaut (voiced by Rio Natsuki) is the bisexual "player" of the crew, with many girls after her, meaning she lives to seek sexual variety, rather than having a long-term romantic relationship. She likes to tease and flirt with Hyousuke as well as anyone else and is the Weapons Chief. In a cast interview, Natsuki said that there aren't as many nurses in animated shows, saying that she isn't "a chill woman" but is rather taking "good care of the crew's heart." In another interview, she says that Clio "seems to like both men and women."
Supporting characters
Lemala Hamaguchi (voiced by Daiki Nakamura) is the ships overseer from the company Haru-Nico that owns the ship and is very judgmental of the crew and its captain.
Kunio Okamachi (voiced by Kenji Nomura) is the manager of the Haru-Nico Security Company for which the Pascal Magi is part of, supporting the ship, admired as a boss, and formerly part of the army.
Remara Hamaguchi (voiced by Hamaguchi Remara) is the insurance department supervisor of Haru-Nico, and is often self-centered, although also timid and opportunistic.
Wujifushi Keigoro (voiced by Shinpachi Tsuji) is captain of a ship affiliated with the Pascal Mahi, the Coleman, claiming that "a woman is not needed on the destroyer" and is respected by the Himico leadership.
Jardimmar Esterella (voiced by Mai Kadowaki) is vice-president of the East Ruth Republic, although also a 14-year-old girl, and has well-educated parents, while preferring old ships like the Pascal Magi, and since she greets everyone who enters her kingdom with a kiss, including women, this makes Nanaha uncomfortable
Furūdo (Fluid) (voiced by Rina Sato) is a female terrorist who had traveled through numerous organizations and is acting with a certain belief, although she claims to be "free."
Furōto (Float)(voiced by Akino Watanabe) is a twin sister of Furūdo, wearing gorgeous gothic lolita fashion and is accompanied by an 8mm film camera. She is also a so-called "free" terrorist.
Hassan (voiced by Shoto Kashii) is a man who was "hunting for an escort ship," claiming to be a captain, actually a pirate.
Beyond Rush (voiced by Keisuke Fujita) is an active university student and was fascinated by Enoki, trying to outsmart the Pascal Magi.
Other characters
Jornada (voiced by Ryuka Yuki) is one of the secretaries of Esterella, having a cool and calm personality, even giving strong opinions to Estellara.
Vent is a giant that serves as a guardian of the East Ruth Republic, accompanying Esterella and Jornada.
President Mariscos is the president of the East Ruth Republic and is only mentioned by name, with his brute force leading to revolt, and an armed resistance movement against the government.
Rydir's representative (voiced by Hidetoshi Nakamura) is the president of the conglomerate of large conglomerates and after the Grand Roar, he succeeds in rapidly fostering enterprises centered on the munitions industry and formed the world's best corporate alliance.
Toutetsu (voiced by Yoshino Ohashi) is a former professor of political science at Rush's staff
Regen (voiced by Junko Minagawa) is a developer of a hacking program "Provencal" and is relatively intelligent.
Hakubi (voiced by Mamiko Noto) is secretary and advisor of Ridil's representative and a drafter of a nine-proposition thesis which supports the activities of Ridil who is striving to realize it.
Ranburufisshu (voiced by Keichi Sonobe) is an elder of the “Olfat” tribe living in Taaloa Island, a resort area.
Mysterious girl who appears in almost all stories, with long black hair with golden eyes, a black dress and a light pink shawl, and a flower that looks like a hibiscus on her head.
Seiko Totti has red short hair and a yellow dress, serving as a person does work for villains.
Kasato Satoshi (voiced by Eri Nakao) is a first lieutenant, radar member, a sister of three daughters, and is well trusted by Nanaha.
Suzune Nijiura (voiced by Akari Higuchi) is a first-class lieutenant and helmsman, who looks like a child among the three daughters.
Mizumo Ayuhara (voiced by Fuoka Oura) is a first-class lieutenant and speed transmission member.
Asarigi Yui (voiced by Ryoko Ono) is a second lieutenant, part of the artillery department, and is one of the subordinates that Clio trusts.
Aina Emi (voiced by Akari Higuchi) is part of the CIC crew, a third-class captain, and part of the artillery department.
Kamegaki Mamiko, part of the CIC crew, a third-class lieutenant, and part of the communication department.
Colon Amata (voiced by Eri Nakao) is part of the CIC crew, a second lieutenant, and she is part of the communication department.
Mayor Lucca, is part of the CIC crew, a third captain, and she is part of the observation department.
Saika Lee (voiced by Junko Minagawa) is part of the CIC crew, a second lieutenant, and he is part of the observation department.
Isomura Hayase (voiced by Fuoka Oura) is part of the engine room crew, a first-class lieutenant, engine department, and is an emergency chief.
Tateyama Honami (voiced by Ryoko Ono) is part of the engine room crew, a first-class lieutenant, engine department, and a chief engineer.
Sasahara Sakura (voiced by Ami Hikayama) is a third-class lieutenant, part of equipment department, while being cheerful and straightforward.
Carson Kumiko J. (voiced by Naoko Suzuki) is part of the flight department, a third-class lieutenant, assists pilots, has a bullish personality, and is also one of the crew's most heavy drinkers.
Rachels Shiina (voiced by Nozomi Kobayashi) is part of the flight department, a third-class lieutenant, and in charge of specific data analysis.
Episodes
Technology, locations, and terminology
There are many weapons shown in the show apart from the Pascal Magi. For instance, the Haru-Nico has frigates designed for commercial escort like the Rajdae class destroyer, Oliver, and Coleman. For the Western Army, there is a flagship, a support fleet flagship, and a destroyer. For the escort hunters, they have large ship which hunts escort ships, a stealth system, a missile boat, a supersonic missile named alfal, a camouflaged container carrier, and a Wecken attack helicopter. Additionally, there is the Wacken system which controls attack helicopters, an attack submarine called the Methusela, an electronic jamming device called an ECM buoy, anti-air mines, and a work research vessel that has the functions of sunken ship and floating dock called Friedkin, and many more.
The show has a number of different locations. One of the key one is Namba Island, a huge man-made island in the Western Pacific Ocean, as it is a small natural island in the center, with a donut-shaped artificial island surrounding it. Additionally, a large train operates on the artificial island, is connected to an airfield with a 4000m-class runway that floats far west of the island. The city is roughly composed of a resort area in the north, a residential area in the northeast, a commercial area in the southeast, an industrial area and a harbor in the south, and a Western Guard base in the southwest. In addition, a hydrogen plant group floats in a semicircular shape concentric with the artificial island on the eastern offshore. The haru-nico security guarantee Nanbajima branch office and the company's wharf are located at a corner of the port on the south side of the island, and the company's ships, including Pascal Mage, are moored. The show's other locations were also affected by the Grand Roar, a huge cyclone that suddenly appeared in the Western Pacific 50 years before the story premiered, the catastrophe caused when the cyclone occurred, and a spiral cloud that extends from the cyclone called the Spiral Band. These locations included the Column Ally, an infamous strait, with general shipping routes compressed due to the influence of the Grand Roar, the small country of East Luz in the Southwest Pacific, which suffers from corruption, poverty, and other issues, the plant nation known as the Republic of Nachroma which started when the refugees who had been generated in large numbers after the Grand Roar and who were discharged from economically vulnerable states living on floating regions. Finally, there is the Sea Realm Movement, a megafloat (artificial island) constructed on the sea should be recognized as a territory, and a movement to claim territorial waters and an exclusive economic zone based on it.
There are a number of terms used in the show. On the Pascal Magi, enemy ships of unknown affiliation which engaged in piracy were defined as "illegal," while condition zebra meant that all ships are now in full control of their combat regime, damage control refers to a department that provides first-aid measures when a ship is damaged by battle. There were also terms to refer to each side of the helm, specific call signs like "Current Alpha" and "Drop One" which both are used by the Pascal Magi. Additionally, the crew used the phrase "Aye, Shorty!" which is a synonym for "Aye, Sir!" (used on the Coleman), meaning that something will be immediately executed. Although the female form should be "Aye, ma'am!", shorty refer to a slang term for attractive women, girlfriends and girls. Also, the phrase "Aye, Fellow!" is uttered by a crew member understands when a crew member reports or makes a statement with "fellow" referring to "colleagues." Finally, Nanaha uses the term "Right over" meaning that she understands the matter, and it seems to be a response word used by the highest commander on the spot.
Related products
On the DVD for the show were seven short episodes, which were not depicted in the main story, directed by Yoshitaka Fujimoto, and storyboarded by Takeshi Ito. These accompanied each episode, along with images noting JSDF coverage, specific images, mechanical drawings of characters, and settings. Two singles of music from the song were introduced, as was the "Tactical Roar" Original Soundtrack. There were also models of the Pascal Magi (manufactured by Pit Road), and two other models of ships from the show. Also on October 6, 2006, Hobby Japan published the Complete Tactical Roar book, the characters were reportedly featured in a comic and an event was held relating to the show in some manner. The anime had a Blu-Ray release on December 24, 2015, with a retail price of 15,000 Yen.
Mai Nakahara, who plays Nanami, and Kana Ueda, who plays Sango, humorously talked on a radio show as their characters. A few years later, in a post announcing a DVD of these records said that Nakahara and Ueda's "logbooks," which aired from November 4, 2005, to June 30, 2006, before the show began airing, were "extremely popular."
Reception
Reception to the show has been generally positive. Some pointed out that this "futuristic science-fiction anime" has comedic moments apart from the "military drama, action, and adventure," with nudity present but "nothing sexual about it," while claiming Nanaha is openly lesbian, pointing out the "strong plot," 3D visuals, and drama. The same reviewer said that the anime run of 13 episodes is "normal for many Japanese anime titles," praising the show's premise, the focus on weather and climate change, focus on science, and the comedic elements. Another reviewer pointed out that Nanaha has been kissed by two characters, her stepbrother, Hyousuke, and Estrela, a vice-president, noting the show's yuri themes and its fan service. Others said that the anime resembled the Girls und Panzer anime due to its realistic military portrayal and "beautiful girl[s]" when reviewing an event with the show's staff. They also praised the "realistic contemporary naval warfare," while noting the anime's romantic and comedic elements. Other critics praised the marine/naval battle action of the show, with most of the characters as women, and the commitment to the show's production, as part of an article which interviewed some from the show's staff and crew.
References
External links
Official Tactical Roar site
Tactical Roa Staff Room / Web blog (archived in October 2006)
Tactical Roar Complete Book, sold by Hobby Japan
Tactical Roar page on AT-X site
Page on Tactical Roar on the Anime Information Survey Office website
Tactical Roar characters list on Rakuten, Inc.'s Showtime website, using official information from Bandai Visual
2000s animated television series
2006 Japanese television series endings
Japanese adult animated comic science fiction television series
Actas
Anime with original screenplays
Japanese LGBT-related television shows
LGBT in anime and manga
Science fiction anime and manga |
The Last Matinee () is a 2020 Spanish-language horror film also known as Red Screening directed by Maximiliano Contenti. An international co-production of Uruguay, Mexico and Argentina, the film stars Luciana Grasso, Ricardo Islas, Julieta Spinelli, and Franco Durán. It premiered in Uruguay in September 2020. Set in 1993 in Montevideo, an engineering student named Ana takes over the duties of her father, a projectionist at a declining movie theatre. Unbeknownst to her, the audience watching the film at the theatre is being murdered by a black-gloved killer.
Plot
In 1993 in Montevideo, a mysterious man dressed in a black coat and wearing black gloves sneaks into a declining movie theatre. Eventually, an engineering student named Ana, who is the daughter of the theatre projectionist, arrives to take over her father's duties for him due to his ill health; likewise, she also needs a place to study for an exam. Even though he refuses at first, he reluctantly leaves as Ana has already known how to use a movie projector since an early age.
At the theatre where a thriller movie is running, the man in the black coat stealthily kills an old man unbeknownst to the rest of the audience: a trio of teenagers, a couple on a date, a boy who sneaks in, and a girl waiting for her boyfriend. Ana is visited by Mauricio, a cocky security guard who asks her about an alarm clock he left in the projector room to remind him to take his pills. Ana feels frustrated due to the distraction, asks him to leave her alone to study, and Mauricio bitterly agrees, saying he will take a nap downstairs. After Mauricio sees the ticket seller leaving, he is murdered when his throat is sliced by the killer at the theater entrance. Having killed the guard, the killer locks the theater using a metal bar. He then tries to enter the projection room but he can't, due to Ana having locked the door in order not to be disturbed.
In the theater, one of the teenagers Goni approaches the lone girl to flirt with her. As they both talk and kiss, the killer murders them by piercing their skulls at once with the metal bar. Meanwhile, the couple prepares to leave, however, the woman Gabriela gives a hand job to her date Horacio, which prompts him to go to the men's room. The killer follows Horacio and kills him inside one of the toilet stalls. Ana finds the alarm clock when it rings and takes it to look for Mauricio; however, she can't find him, so she returns to the projection room.
Goni's friends Angela and Esteban feel something is off with Goni and the girl, as they do not see them moving, so Angela goes down to check on him, only to find the two of them dead. Meanwhile, the killer attacks Gabriela and kills her when he stabs her in the heart with a pocket knife. Due to some technical difficulties Ana confuses the screams with complaints and restores the movie, which had stopped due to the film breaking. She eventually goes down into the theater, finding all the victims with their eyes gouged out, and is horrified. She encounters a frightened Angela, who then barely escapes the killer when she knocks him out with a fire extinguisher. They try to escape but when they find Mauricio's corpse, Ana realizes the killer has the keys. When the killer awakens he chases the boy Tomás, but he is saved by Ana, as she stabs the killer in his right eye with a shard of glass.
Ana, Angela, and Tomás take refuge inside the projection room, where Ana calls the police. However, within seconds the killer breaks through the locked door, and shows them the glass jar in which he keeps the eyes of his victims, as he chews his own severed eye in front of them. As the killer approaches them with a knife, Angela tosses a pile of tapes at him, creating a distraction that allows Tomas and Ana to escape. Angela runs through a back room and tries to escape through the roof stairs, but the killer catches her and kills her by hitting her head repeatedly with the projector, covering it with her blood. Ana comforts Tomás and takes him back to the theater. As they wait for the police, she pulls the metal bar out of the dead teenagers, and they go to the entrance, where the killer then attacks them. Ana is stabbed by the killer, and he then goes after Tomás. Although she is wounded, Ana takes the metal bar and stabs the killer through the chest from behind, killing him. He drops the glass jar and it breaks, scattering eyeballs everywhere. The police arrive at the theater, and as Ana hugs Tomás to comfort him, he stares at the victims' eyes.
Cast
Production
An international co-production film between Uruguay, Mexico and Argentina. Regarding the film's conception, Maximiliano Contenti stated that wanted to make a film that paid tribute to both Italian giallo films and American slasher films. He added: "[...] I also wanted to pay tribute to the movie theater, to the ceremony of going to see a movie in a theater, to the dark, to the mystery that projections have, which is something we may be saying goodbye to."
The film being shown in the theatre in which The Last Matinee is set is 2011's Frankenstein: Day of the Beast, directed by Ricardo Islas, who plays the killer Come Ojos in The Last Matinee.
Release
The Last Matinee premiered in Uruguay on 3 September 2020. It screened at the Sitges Film Festival that same year. It later screened at both Panic Fest and the Cleveland International Film Festival in April 2021.
On 15 April 2021, it was announced that Dark Star Pictures has acquired the North American distribution rights to the film, in collaboration with horror outfit Bloody Disgusting. The film was scheduled to be released in theatres in North America on August 6, 2021, before being released on video-on-demand, digital platforms, and DVD on August 24. It has since been shown in the United States on channels such as Showtime and The Movie Channel.
Awards
The Last Matinee won the award for the Best Ibero-American Fantastic Film at the Curtas Festival do Imaxinario 2020. It was a candidate for Best Latin American Film at the 2020 Mar del Plata International Film Festival.
References
External links
2020 films
2020 horror films
Uruguayan horror films
Mexican horror films
Films set in Montevideo
Films shot in Uruguay
2020s Spanish-language films
2020s Uruguayan films
2020s Mexican films
2020s Argentine films |
Vesyoly () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Prokhorovsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 123 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Vesyoly is located 17 km west of Prokhorovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kostroma is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Prokhorovsky District |
Emil Karl Heinrich von Richthofen (11 July 1810 – 20 June 1895, at Baden-Baden), was a Prussian baron (freiherr) and diplomat. He was the son of Ludwig Philipp Heinrich, Freiherr von Richthofen (1770–1850).
In 1833, he married Marie Augustin in Potsdam. After joining the Prussian diplomatic service, his first posting was in 1846 as the Prussian Consul General in Jassy (Iași), capital of the semi-independent principality of Moldavia. His son Oswald von Richthofen, the future Imperial German foreign minister, was born in Jassy in 1847.
From 1851 to 1856 he was the Prussian Minister (envoy) to Mexico, later publishing the works Die politischen Zustände der Republik Mexiko (The political conditions of the Republic of Mexico) in 1859 and Die mexikanische Frage in 1862. In July 1855 he secured a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation between Mexico and Prussia (and the other states of the Zollverein).
Despite being neutral in the Crimean War, Prussia participated in the Congress of Paris (1856) which brought that conflict to an end. One of its provisions was the re-organisation of the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, under the supervision of the European great powers. Emil von Richthofen was appointed the Prussian representative on the commission established for this purpose.
In 1859 he became the Prussian envoy to the Hanseatic free cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck and to the two Mecklenburg states. During this time he organised a visit to Hamburg by the fledgling Prussian Navy, led by Prince Adalbert of Prussia, to whom he was appointed Premier Lieutenant and Personal Adjutant.
During the crisis of 1866 which resulted in the Austro-Prussian War, he applied pressure on Hamburg which forced it (and the other Hanseatic cities) to join the new federation proposed by Prussia (North German Federation). Richthofen had to persuade the Senate of Hamburg to give in to Prussia's demands – to break off relations with those hostile to Prussia, to send a military contingent to assist Prussia and to agree to a new close federation under Prussia's control. On 24 June 1866, he visited two prominent members of Hamburg's House of Burgesses (Burgerschaft), Isaac Wolffson (former President of the Burgerschaft and member of the Right party) and Johannes Halben (leader of the Left party), to inform them of the intended rejection of the Prussian proposals by the Senate. He pointed out that Prussia would not accept a refusal without further action. He mentioned that Prussia would dissolve the Senate and take over the government. The Burgerschaft would remain undisturbed, as would the population, if they kept quiet. Otherwise, 10,000 Prussian troops would occupy the city. Friedrich Krüger, the Hanseatic plenipotentiary at the Bundestag of the German Confederation at Frankfurt had been in Hamburg since 22 June. Carl Merck (Hamburg's foreign minister), to whom Wolffson and Halben had already reported Richthofen's visit, sent him to Richthofen to obtain certainty about the Prussian threats.
At the 26 June meeting of the Hamburg Senate, Merck said that to avoid occupation of Hamburg, dissolution of the government or further coercion, it was now necessary to give way. All of northern Germany had joined Prussia, and one could not be sure what energetic steps Prussia could take. Krüger, still their Bundestag envoy, was not without influence on the decisions during the critical hours, and then had to return to Frankfurt to make a joint statement of the three cities. His attitude had been cautious since 16 June. A milder answer to Prussia than originally proposed on 22 June was then sent, giving way to Prussia on the main demands.
Finally from 1868 to 1871 Richthofen was the Minister (envoy) of the North German Federation at Stockholm, Sweden.
References
Prussian diplomats
19th-century diplomats
1810 births
1895 deaths |
The White Rose Cycle Route in Yorkshire, England, part of the National Cycle Network (NCN), was opened by Sustrans in 1998. It linked Middlesbrough with the City of Kingston upon Hull via the North York Moors, the Vale of York, the Yorkshire Wolds, a distance of and in some descriptions continued to Hornsea on the coast (). A map and guide for the route were published in 1999 and 2000.
The route is no longer branded as the White Rose Route.
NCN routes on White Rose route
Route 1
Route 65
Route 66
Route 71
Route 656
Route 657
Route 658
References
Cycleways in England
Cycling in Yorkshire |
John D. "Duke" Wells (February 5, 1914 – November 28, 1989) was an American football, basketball, and baseball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Henderson State Teachers College—now known as Henderson State University—in Arkadelphia, Arkansas in 1941 and from 1945 to 1961, compiling a record of 73–78–11. He was also Henderson State's head basketball coach from 1941 to 1949, tallying a mark of 63–62. The school's basketball arena is named after him.
Head coaching record
Football
References
External links
1914 births
1989 deaths
Baseball second basemen
Baseball third basemen
Fulton Tigers players
Henderson State Reddies athletic directors
Henderson State Reddies baseball coaches
Henderson State Reddies baseball players
Henderson State Reddies football coaches
Henderson State Reddies football players
Henderson State Reddies men's basketball coaches
Henderson State Reddies men's basketball players
Hot Springs Bathers players
Jackson Generals (KITTY League) players
American men's basketball players |
Microphisa Boisduval, 1840 is a synonym of either of two genera of moths in the family Erebidae and subfamily Boletobiinae:
Odice Hübner, [1823]
Eublemma Hübner, 1829 |
Sammy Lee Creason (27 November 1944 – 21 December 1995) was an American session drummer who played with Tony Joe White, Kris Kristofferson and Bob Dylan amongst others.
Life and career
Growing up in Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States, he learned to play in a blooming music scene that included Joe Lee, Larry Donn, Billy Lee Riley, Bob Tucker, Sonny Burgess and Carl Perkins. He first started playing with Ray Coble and the JazzKatz in 1958, standing in for his brother Gary, who had broken his foot.
Creason played with Sonny Burgess and Larry Donn in early 1961, but being in the high school band, he was required to play at all school functions, which occasionally interfered with Burgess' schedule.
After finishing high school, Creason moved to Memphis and worked for Ray Brown's booking agency, where he began working with The Spyders, who became The Tarantulas and had a chart record with an instrumental hit "Tarantula".
After illness kept Bill Black from appearing with The Bill Black Combo (a brain tumor eventually killed him in October 1965), The Tarantulas became The Bill Black Combo with the addition of Reggie Young on guitar.
In 1963, Bob Tucker joined the Bill Black Combo as a road manager and guitar/bass player. Bill Black was already ill and unable to travel as a result of a brain tumor that would cause his death in 1965. The Bill Black Combo created musical history in 1964 when they became the opening act for The Beatles on their historical 13-city tour of America after their appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. Bill Black himself was not well enough to make the tour.
In 1968 and 1969, Creason recorded two albums with Tony Joe White; Tony Joe and ...Continued which included White's hit "Rainy Night in Georgia". He also appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, American television's popular late-night talk show. He was nominated at least twice in the drummer category of Playboy magazine's Jazz and Pop Poll in the late 60s and early 70s.
In the late 1960s, pianist Jim Dickinson, drummer Sammy Creason, organist Michael Utley, guitarist Charlie Freeman and bassist Tommy McClure, formed "the Dixie Flyers" and moved to Miami to work as a studio band for Atlantic Records, where they recorded with artists such as Aretha Franklin and Wilson Pickett. Creason also worked with B. J. Thomas, Brook Benton, Jimmy Buffett, Sam the Sham, Dr. John, Sam & Dave, Bob Dylan, Ronnie Hawkins, Charlie Rich, Dottie West, Junior Parker and Ted Nugent.
Between 1971 and 1975, Creason and the Flyers formed a relationship with Rita Coolidge, appearing on her albums Nice Feelin', The Lady's Not for Sale, Full Moon (with Kris Kristofferson, Fall into Spring, Breakaway (with Kris Kristofferson) and It's Only Love.
Through Coolidge's marriage to Kris Kristofferson, Creason played on Kristofferson's Who's to Bless and Who's to Blame, Spooky Lady's Sideshow, Live at the Philharmonic, To the Bone, Shake Hands with the Devil, Easter Island, and Surreal Thing, and the soundtrack album to A Star Is Born.
In January 1973, Creason played in the first Pat Garrett & Billy The Kid session held in CBS Discos Studios, Mexico City.
Creason had been living in the Boston area for several years, working for Wells Fargo company and playing alongside Kristofferson.
Through his association with Kristofferson, Creason appeared in small parts in the movies Convoy (1978) and A Star Is Born (1976)
Creason died from a brain aneurism in Nashville, Tennessee, in December 1995, at the age of 51.
Artists played with
Willie Nelson, Aretha Franklin, Tony Joe White, Kris Kristofferson, Carmen McRae, The Memphis Horns, Brook Benton, Barbra Streisand, Delbert McClinton, Rita Coolidge, Dan Penn, Esther Phillips, Delaney & Bonnie, Geoff Muldaur, Billy Swan, Tom Pacheco, Hoyt Axton, Gene Clark, Jimmy Buffett, Bob Neuwirth, Duane Allman, Donnie Fritts, Jim Dickinson, Ronnie Hawkins, Petula Clark, Jerry Jaye, Jerry Jeff Walker, Lulu.
References
External links
Delta Boogie
Obit
Anecdotes
Artists Worked With
1944 births
1995 deaths
People from Jonesboro, Arkansas
American session musicians
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians
Neurological disease deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm |
Meiho University (MU; ) is an accredited, private university in Neipu Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan. It has nearly 8,000 students. MU is known for its nursing program.
Meiho University offers undergraduate and graduate programs across a wide range of disciplines, including business, engineering, computer science, design, humanities, and social sciences. The university has six colleges: the College of Engineering, the College of Business and Management, the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, the College of Design, the College of Health and Medical Sciences, and the College of Tourism.
History
The university began in 1966 as Taiwan's first private nursing college named Meiho Junior College of Nursing. In 1990, the school was renamed to Meiho Junior College of Nursing and Management and again renamed to Meiho Institute of Technology in 1999. In 2010, the school was renamed Meiho University.
Academics
MU houses 18 departments and three graduate institutes organized in three colleges.
College of Health and Nursing
College of Business and Management
College of Human Ecology
MU offers graduate programs in Healthcare Management, Biotechnology, and Business Administration.
See also
List of universities in Taiwan
References
External links
1966 establishments in Taiwan
Educational institutions established in 1966
Private universities and colleges in Taiwan
Universities and colleges in Pingtung County
Universities and colleges in Taiwan
Technical universities and colleges in Taiwan |
École supérieure d'ingénieurs des travaux de la construction de Metz (ESITC Metz) a French engineering College.
The School has been created in 1992 by Marcel Poinsignon at the request of construction companies.
Located in Metz, the ESITC Metz is a private higher education institution of general interest recognised by the State. The school is a member of the Union of Independent Grandes Écoles (UGEI).
References
External links
Engineering universities and colleges in France
ESITC Metz
Metz
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in France |
Catastrophe Ballet is the second studio album by American rock band Christian Death. It was released in 1984, through record label Contempo.
Besides founder Rozz Williams, the lineup on the album is completely different from the band's debut, Only Theatre of Pain, and is the first record to feature future band leader Valor Kand. This and the follow-up record Ashes would be the final releases to feature Williams before his departure in mid 1985.
Content
Catastrophe Ballet, featured a change in Williams' vocal delivery. While Only Theatre of Pain and the Deathwish EP had Williams presenting a rhythmic spoken word style with an almost androgynous pitch to his voice, Catastrophe Ballet showed a richer, less harsh side to his vocal stylings, with more influence from David Bowie and Lou Reed. Rather than the occult-oriented lyrics from the first album, the singer showed a new-found interest in Surrealism and the Dada movement. Kand, Demone and Glass shared these interests, and the synergy between them helped cultivate the musical change from the old band's murky, dark punk to a more elegant, romantic strain of guitar-driven rock, though a tribalistic drumming was also added into the mix.
Album cover
The popular front cover art of this album was by Serge Burner of the Invitation Au Suicide label staff.
Reception
Trouser Press described the album as "a gem" and "goth that can afford to take itself seriously".
Track listing
Arranged by Valor. All songs copyright QAH Music U.S.A.
"Awake at the Wall" (Music-Williams-Demone-Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"Sleepwalk" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"The Drowning" (Music & Lyrics-Williams)
"The Blue Hour" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"As Evening Falls" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"Androgynous Noise Hand Permeates" (Music-Valor & Parkinson)
"Electra Descending" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"Cervix Couch" (Music-Williams-Demone-Valor, Lyrics- Williams)
"This Glass House" (Music-Williams & Valor, Lyrics-Williams)
"The Fleeing Somnambulist" (Music-Williams & Valor)
Re-releases
The album was re-released in 1987 as A Catastrophe Ballet with Rhapsody of Youth and Rain with three bonus tracks:
"The Somnolent Pursuit" ("The Fleeing Somnabulist" backwards)
"Between Youth" (B-side track from Believers of the Unpure)
"After the Rain" (B-side track from Believers of the Unpure)
In 1999 it was released with live recordings of "Awake at the Wall" and "The Drowning" and a CD-Rom track with pictures.
In 2009, the album was re-released once more with an unreleased studio track entitled "Beneath His Widow" featuring Rozz Williams.
Personnel
Rozz Williams – vocals, producer
Valor Kand – guitars, backing vocals
Gitane Demone – keyboards, backing vocals
Constance Smith – bass
David Glass – drums
Production
Eric Westfall – producer, recording, engineering
References
External links
"Catastrophe Ballet" at discogs
1984 albums
Christian Death albums
Season of Mist albums |
Porrittia imbecilla is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
The larvae feed on Conyza dioscoridis.
References
Pterophorini
Lepidoptera of Egypt
Lepidoptera of Israel
Moths described in 1925
Moths of the Arabian Peninsula
Taxa named by Edward Meyrick |
Prarthana Gulabrao Thombare (born 18 June 1994) is an Indian tennis player. A doubles specialist, she is the former Indian number one in women's doubles, and an Olympian.
Thombare has won three singles and 25 doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. On 25 August 2014, she reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 335. On 16 October 2017, she peaked at No. 125 in the WTA doubles rankings.
Playing for India Fed Cup team, Thombare has a win–loss record of 13–8.
She won a bronze medal in women's doubles at the Asian Games, along with Sania Mirza.
Asian Games finals
Doubles: 1 (bronze medal)
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 5 (3 titles, 2 runner–ups)
Doubles: 54 (25 titles, 29 runner–ups)
Notes
References
External links
1994 births
Sportswomen from Maharashtra
Racket sportspeople from Maharashtra
Tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2018 Asian Games
Tennis players at the 2022 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in tennis
Asian Games bronze medalists for India
Living people
Indian female tennis players
Olympic tennis players for India
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
South Asian Games gold medalists for India
South Asian Games silver medalists for India
South Asian Games medalists in tennis |
The blue acara (Andinoacara pulcher) is a colorful freshwater fish in the cichlid family. This fish can be found in various freshwater habitats, ranging from standing water to flowing streams, in Venezuela and Trinidad. They can reach lengths of . The scientific species name is indicative to its looks; pulcher meaning "beautiful" in Latin. The blue acara is a common cichlid sold in many aquarium stores, and is sometimes confused with the larger green terror (A. rivulatus).
The body of the blue acara is stocky and compact with a steel blue-gray coloration. Noticeable horizontal green lines occur on their faces and their blueish-green scales give them a sparkling appearance. They also have long, flowing fins with a hint of orange to the tips.
Blue acaras natively live in a tropical climate and prefer water with a pH of 6.5-8.0, a water hardness of 25° dGH, and a water temperature of .
Description
The blue acara normally grows to around , but can reach up to .
The body is compact and stocky, while the fins are long and flowing, with a rounder head than on similar cichlids.
The main body colour can vary from browns to blues to black due to local diversity. The body is decorated with five to eight vertical black stripes (which may not always be distinctly visible) and blue iridescent spots, and the face sports a few horizontal green lines. The fins have a hint of orange on the tips and some specimens have a red topfin rim. A distinctive black line is present going from the eye down the cheek; this one line is not found on other similar cichlids.
Taxonomy
Formerly placed in the genus Aequidens, this species was moved to Andinoacara in 2009.
References
Blue acara
Fish of South America
Fish of Trinidad and Tobago
Fish described in 1858
Taxa named by Theodore Gill |
The Death of Frank Sinatra is a 1996 novel by Michael Ventura.
Plot
Mike Rose is a Las Vegas private eye. His schizophrenic brother Alvi is released from the mental hospital and mouths off to Zig, a gangster who long ago killed Rose's father and slept with his mother. Plus a devilish client wants Rose to murder her husband.
References
1996 novels
English-language novels
American detective novels
Hardboiled crime novels |
Philodoria costalis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It was first described by Otto Herman Swezey in 1934. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu.
The larvae feed on Pipturus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larvae emerge from the mine to form an oval brown cocoon on the surface of the leaves.
External links
Philodoria
Endemic moths of Hawaii |
Tunnel running is a kind of motor vehicle road rally for owners of high-performance vehicles. It emphasizes recreational driving in a group and journeys involving tunnels in particular, focusing on the enjoyment of the noises engines make in enclosed spaces rather than outright speed, and is a rare activity among sports car clubs. It is often at night when little other traffic is present. Similar to flash mobs, tunnel runs tend to be organized in a clandestine manner, although some groups do inform police about 'runs' beforehand.
The activity originated in 2004 in the United Kingdom. The original group, known as London Tunnel Runners, has facilitated regular tunnel runs since their founding in 2004. At times, convoys of over 200 cars have driven through tunnels in this manner.
Background and history
Tunnel running, or "tunneling", originated as a social activity amongst TVR enthusiasts in 2004. Some sources state it was originated by Eddie Wharram, others that it started with a group of six enthusiasts. Autocar states that six people "turned up" following a suggestion. Eddie Wharram stated in an interview that the initial motive was simply the "unbelievable" noise caused by echoes of a large-displacement engine within the confines of a tunnel.
Tunnel running has since evolved into a much larger membership where runs are organised in a democratic manner with no overall leaders. Unwritten rules have been created whereby participation and mutual appreciation of others' cars are the aim instead of any perceived competition.
Semi-regular meetings have since followed, often at night or pre-dawn to avoid congestion and gatecrashing by people who may not care for the safety of others.
Runs could comprise more than 200 cars. Late-night start times allowed participants unfamiliar with London geography to follow in convoy. Since forming, The London Tunnel Runners have visited areas such as Wales, the south coast of England and as far as Paris.
Route and logistical information is often provided by the organisers, themselves enthusiasts. Due to the size and nature of the group, traffic jams have been known to occur due to passers-by trying to take photographs.
Police attended to a minor traffic jam on the Paris run near the Eiffel tower as pictures were taken by locals, whose actions were for the most part limited to curiosity and chatting with participants.
Since November 2007, Missbanzai, a Japanese sports car club, has organised tunnel runs through central London for Japanese car enthusiasts. These events have had up to 450 modified Japanese cars in attendance, from Nissan Skylines to Honda Preludes, and have raised over £15,000 for charities.
Organization
Vehicles
While it is not a requirement to have a particular type of car in order to attend, due to the nature of the groups, an attendee's car tends to be one of the following:
a recognized high-performance vehicle
a recognized classic vehicle
a vehicle considered to be unique enough to attract interest
a performance version of a standard car (e.g. Golf R32, BMW M3)
Membership
The criteria for membership to the London Tunnel Runners is stated by the organizers to be one of maturity, respect for others and their property. The runs are organized within a restricted Internet forum to prevent them from being gatecrashed by unwanted parties, who may not have the same core beliefs, and bring the London Tunnel Run into disrepute.
International aspects
There are a number of international members who drive to the UK so they can join the runs. From 2007 onwards, a group of Dutch members have participated in tunnel runs on more than one occasion. They will usually arrive early on a Saturday morning to be met by a number of the UK Tunnel Runners where they may go to an event before the tunnel run.
Safety issues
The original group maintains active relations with the Metropolitan Police Service to make sure that inconvenience to the general public is kept to a minimum. Many other groups have been founded since tunnel running has become more popular, as a result of this, some groups who do not maintain the same respect for the law have caused negative feelings towards tunnel runners. To combat this, the London Tunnel Runners liaise with the police before every run, to enable the police to deal with genuine complaints that may be made towards the group, such as the complaint from Islington London Borough Council.
Complaints and criticisms
"Modified cars racing through east London's tunnels are endangering motorists and making life a misery for residents," stated Poplar and Limehouse Member of Parliament Jim Fitzpatrick.
"Up to 400 cars are congregating in Dartford and Essex and racing along a route which covers the Blackwall Tunnel and the Limehouse Link."
The Labour MP, who has written to Tower Hamlets Police and the council demanding action on the organised events, also said the cars are using the tunnels at Westferry Circus to regroup and film stunts.
He pointed out a YouTube video from 20 October 2012 which saw an estimated 265 Japanese fast cars gather in the roads under the Canary Wharf estate.
The MP, who has received numerous complaints from constituents, sent a Twitter message following the 20 October meet which read: "@MissBanzai Well, another #TunnelRun draws to a close. 3hrs from Start to Finish for most, 10 Tunnels, 265 Jap Motors woke up #London, one more time."
In late 2006, complaints by Islington London Borough Council led to contact from the police. This was caused by tunnel runners who had developed a predilection for the underpasses under the Barbican Estate, which are wide and spacious, allowing multiple cars in the tunnels at once. The complaint centered on the problem that they are above ground and act as underpasses for a 2000-apartment central-London housing estate, meaning the noise would reverberate through the apartment block. This combined with the time of the runs caused some tenants to complain.
The council named the problem group as the "London Tunnelers", in doing so, they described them as a "clandestine group of sports car enthusiasts" and stated that they were "quite notorious in certain circles" due to their choice of location and activity.
The police stated that "It seems the idea [of the runs] is to make as much noise as possible, using high-powered sports cars. But there have been no allegations of speeding or dangerous driving."
Current Status
Tunnel Runs ceased around 2018, with members dropping off and runs not being organised. The ever increasing network of safety cameras in London, many of them average speed, has rendered this pastime one that many now consider too risky for their licence.
London tunnel runs in the media
The programme Vroom Vroom aired on mainstream satellite channel Sky One carried a report on the tunnel run where presenter Emma Parker Bowles was invited to join the run. Throughout the event, the presenter changed between cars experiencing the many different aspects of a run.
A video of a tunnel run has also been made by a tunnel runner so people can appreciate the experience.
Channel 4's 4car website produced an article detailing a tunnel run event with a gallery of photos.
Redline Magazine produced an article on London Tunnel Runners in December 2007.
References |
The 2001–02 National First Division was the 6th season of the second tier of South African soccer since the reorganisation in 1996.
It consisted of two streams, an Inland stream of 16 teams, and a Coastal stream of 14 teams.
The Coastal stream was won by African Wanderers and the Inland stream by Dynamos, with both earning promotion to the 2002–03 Premier Soccer League.
Two seasons after setting a number of records for worst performing team in the Premier Division, Mother City were relegated from the Coastal Stream, finishing bottom.
Bribery allegations
The manager of promotion-chasing Avendale Athletico, Trevor Heinrich, along with the coach, David Byrne, claimed to have been approached shortly before the club's game against William Pescod by a man offering that he could arrange for the game to go their way, for R6,000. The man claimed that another club, also in the promotion race, had offered the referee R4,500. Avendale refused the offer, and the game was drawn 1-1, with Avendale having a goal disallowed in the last minute.
League winners Wanderers defeated Avendale Athletico 1–0 in another key game, with a goal controversially disallowed amongst allegations of bribery and corruption.
Coastal stream
League table
Inland stream
League table
References
National First Division seasons
2001–02 in South African soccer |
Pyroclast, Pyroclastic or Pyroclastics may refer to:
Geology
Pyroclast, or airborne Tephra fragments
Other
See also
Pyro (disambiguation)
Volcanic ash |
was a Japanese theoretical physicist, known for molecular physics and biophysics.
Kotani was born in Kyoto and spent his primary and middle school days in Osaka. He moved to Tokyo to enter the First Higher School and then the Imperial University of Tokyo. In 1929, he received his BSc degree in physics and was appointed as a lecturer at the faculty of engineering in the Imperial University of Tokyo. Three years later, he became an associate professor in the physics department. In 1943, he received the degree of DSc and was promoted to a full professor. In 1965, he moved to Osaka University as a professor in the faculty of engineering science. He retired from the chair in 1969. One year later, he was elected president of the Tokyo Science University, where he served as president for three terms, a total of 12 years, and retired in 1982. He was associated with the Tokyo Science University until his death, as an expert advisor to its two institutes for general and life sciences.
Kotani received many awards. He was a recipient of the Japan Academy Prize in 1948. This was for his joint work with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga on the theory of magnetrons and microwave circuits. He received the 1969 Tohyoh Rayon Prize for the work in quantum mechanical study of molecular electronic structure, the 1974 Fujiwara Award for his contribution to the basic studies of molecular physics and biophysics, and the 1977 International Society of Quantum Biology Award. In 1977, the Japanese government commended him in recognition of his cultural services. In 1980, he received an Order of Culture.
See also
International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Masao Kotani: in "Early Ideas in the History of Quantum Chemistry"
Notes
Mathematical physicists
Japanese physicists
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Academic staff of Osaka University
University of Tokyo alumni
1906 births
1993 deaths
Theoretical physicists
Presidents of the Physical Society of Japan |
The Damara canary (Serinus alario leucolaema) is a small passerine bird in the finch family.
Taxonomy
The taxonomic status of this bird is uncertain. It is listed by the International Ornithologists' Union as a subspecies of the black-headed canary (Serinus alario).
Description
The Damara canary is 12–15 cm in length. The adult male has rich brown upper parts and tail, a white hind collar and mainly white underparts. The head pattern is striking; whereas the male black-headed canary has a solidly black head and central breast, the Damara canary has a white supercilium, and a white throat and foreneck with a black moustachial stripe. The black of the central breast is therefore separate from the black of the head.
The adult female is similar, but has a dull grey head, and is dark-streaked on the head and upper parts. It has a rich brown wing bar. The female is similar to the female black-headed canary, but shows faint traces of the male head pattern. The juvenile resembles the female, but is paler and has streaking on the breast and a weaker wing bar.
Distribution and habitat
It is a resident breeder in South Africa, Namibia and southern Botswana. It is sometimes placed in the genus Alario as Alario leucolaema, and some authorities treat it as a subspecies of the black-headed canary (Serinus alario). Its habitat is dry open scrub and grassland, the edges of cultivation, and suburban gardens.
Behaviour
The Damara canary is a common and gregarious seed-eater, forming flocks of up to 200 birds. Its call is a low tseett, and the male's song is a jumble of unmusical notes.
References
Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (Struik 2002)
Clement, Harris and Davis, Finches and Sparrows
Birds of Southern Africa
Serinus
Birds described in 1903
fr:Serin de Namibie |
Tersilochus is a genus of the parasitic wasp family Ichneumonidae. The type species is Tersilochus jocator.
Species
Subgenus Gonolochus Förster, 1869
Tersilochus caudatus Holmgren, 1860
Tersilochus fenestralis Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus nitens Horstmann & Kolarov, 1988
Tersilochus rugulosus Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus stenocari Gregor, 1941
Tersilochus thuringiacus Schmiedeknecht, 1911
Subgenus Pectinolochus Aubert, 1960
Tersilochus acutangulus Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus apicator Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus asper Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus bulyuki Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus coeliodicola Silvestri, 1917
Tersilochus ensifer Brischke, 1880
Tersilochus griseolus Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus hungaricus Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus intermedius Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus junius Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus kerzhneri Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus lapponicus Hellén, 1958
Tersilochus luteicornis Hellén, 1958
Tersilochus rossicus Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus rubrigaster Khalaim, 2007
Tersilochus spiracularis Horstmann, 1971
Tersilochus striola Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus terebrator Horstmann, 1971
Tersilochus ungularis Horstmann, 1981
Subgenus Tersilochus Holmgren, 1859
Tersilochus abyssinicus Khalaim, 2006
Tersilochus brevissimus Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus conotracheli Riley, 1871
Tersilochus curvator Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus deficiens Provancher, 1888
Tersilochus dentatus Horstmann & Kolarov, 1988
Tersilochus filicornis Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus fulvipes Gravenhorst, 1829
Tersilochus heterocerus Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus jocator Holmgren, 1859
Tersilochus liopleuris Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus longicaudatus Horstmann, 1971
Tersilochus longicornis Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus meridionalis Morley, 1913
Tersilochus microgaster Szépligeti, 1899
Tersilochus ningxiator Khalaim & Sheng, 2009
Tersilochus nitidipleuris Horstmann, 1971
Tersilochus obliquus Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus obscurator Aubert, 1959
Tersilochus orientalis Uchida, 1942
Tersilochus petiolaris Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus ruberi Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus rufovarius Horstmann, 1981
Tersilochus runatus Khalaim & Sheng, 2009
Tersilochus rusticulus Khalaim, 2006
Tersilochus similis Szépligeti, 1899
Tersilochus subdepressus Thomson, 1889
Tersilochus thyridialis Horstmann, 1971
Tersilochus triangularis Gravenhorst, 1807
Tersilochus tripartitus Brischke, 1880
Tersilochus varius Horstmann, 1981
Species incertae sedis:
Tersilochus consimilis Holmgren, 1860
Tersilochus dilatatus Brischke, 1880
Tersilochus longulus Brischke, 1880
Tersilochus quercetorum Strobl, 1901
Tersilochus sericeus Brischke, 1880
Tersilochus sulcatus Hellén, 1958
Gallery
External links
Species List
Review of Tersilochinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) of China, with descriptions of four new species Zookeys Pensoft
Ichneumonidae genera
Taxa named by August Holmgren |
Sir Thomas Gerard, 1st Baronet (1560 – 16 February 1621) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1597 and 1621.
Gerard was the son of Sir Thomas Gerard, of Bryn Hall and his wife Elizabeth Port, daughter of Sir John Port, of Etwall, Derbyshire. His brother Fr. John Gerard, was later ordained a Roman Catholic priest of the Society of Jesus and operated an underground ministry in Elizabethan England. Thomas Gerard matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford on 20 July 1578, aged 18. In 1579 he was a student of the Inner Temple. His parents and brother John were Catholics and he was tutored by a Catholic. His first wife Cecily was "a recusant and indicted thereof" and he employed a "notorious recusant" to educate his child and was described as "of evil affection in religion" in 1590.
Gerard was involved in an unfortunate incident in July 1583. He and wife were looking after a young Lancashire heiress Suzanne Abraham. A fencing master who was a relation of the girl invited them to a house in London near Cecil House. While the rest of the women were playing cards, the wife of the fencing master took Suzanne Abraham upstairs where she was secretly married to a stranger to gain her fortune. Recorder Fleetwood was appalled at the case.
Nevertheless, in 1597, he was elected Member of Parliament for Liverpool. He succeeded his father to the family estates in September 1601. He was knighted on 18 April 1603. When the order of baronet was first instituted on 22 May 1611, he was created a baronet and the £1,000, that was due to the Crown for such creation, was returned in consideration of his Father's sufferings in the cause of the King's mother Mary, Queen of Scots. In 1614 he was elected MP for Lancashire. He was elected MP for Wigan in 1621.
Gerard died at the age of about 60 and was buried at St Margaret's, Westminster, on 16 February 1621.
Gerard married firstly Cecily Maney, daughter of Sir Walter Maney, of Staplehurst in about 1580, with whom he had a son and heir Thomas. He married secondly, after 1606, Mary Lee, widow of Sir Robert Lee, Lord Mayor of London, and formerly of William Smith, of London and daughter of Sir James Hawes who was also Lord Mayor. His third wife was Mary Uvedale, widow of Sir Edward Uvedale and formerly of the Hon. Anthony Browne and daughter of Sir William Dormer, of Wing, Buckinghamshire. He had no children by his second and third wives.
References
1560 births
1621 deaths
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Lancashire
Members of the Inner Temple
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Liverpool
People from Wigan
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Burials at St Margaret's, Westminster
English MPs 1597–1598
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1621–1622 |
Patrick D'Rozario, CSC (; born 1 October 1943) is a Bangladeshi prelate of the Catholic Church who was Archbishop of Dhaka from 2011 to 2020. He became a cardinal in 2016, the first from Bangladesh. He led other dioceses in Bangladesh from 1995 to 2010.
Biography
Patrick D'Rozario was born on 1 October 1943 in Padrishibpur, Barisal, British India (now part of Bangladesh). He took his vows as a member of the Congregation of Holy Cross on 14 June 1962 and was ordained a priest by the Servant of God Archbishop Theotonius Amal Ganguly on 8 October 1972.
On 21 May 1990, Pope John Paul II appointed D'Rozario the first Bishop of Rajshahi, a diocese newly created from the Diocese of Dinajpur. He received his episcopal consecration on 12 September 1990 from Bishop Theotonius Gomes of Dinajpur. On 3 February 1995, Pope John Paul named him Bishop of Chittagong. On 25 November 2010, he was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Dhaka by Pope Benedict XVI. On 22 October 2011, he succeeded Archbishop Paulinus Costa as Archbishop of Dhaka.
As president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Bangladesh, he attended the Synod on the Family in October 2014. He has also served as Chair of the Governing Body of Notre Dame College, Dhaka.
Pope Francis raised D'Rozario to the rank of cardinal at a consistory held on 19 November 2016. He was given the rank of Cardinal-Priest and assigned the titular church of Nostra Signora del Santissimo Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi. He was the second member of his order to join the College of Cardinals, after John O'Hara, Archbishop of Philadelphia, in 1958. Francis made him a member of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development on 23 December 2017.
Pope Francis accepted D'Rozario's resignation as Archbishop of Dhaka on 30 September 2020.
References
External links
Catholic Hierarchy
Holy Cross Congregation
Living people
1943 births
Roman Catholic archbishops of Dhaka
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Bangladesh
Cardinals created by Pope Francis
Congregation of Holy Cross bishops
Congregation of Holy Cross cardinals
Bangladeshi cardinals
Anglo-Indian people
Notre Dame College, Dhaka alumni
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bangladesh
Bangladeshi Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic bishops of Chittagong
Roman Catholic bishops of Rajshahi |
Physics education or physics teaching refers to the education methods currently used to teach physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher. Physics education research refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures. These concepts are better understood when lectures are accompanied with demonstration, hand-on experiments, and questions that require students to ponder what will happen in an experiment and why. Students who participate in active learning for example with hands-on experiments learn through self-discovery. By trial and error they learn to change their preconceptions about phenomena in physics and discover the underlying concepts. Physics education is part of the broader area of science education.
Ancient Greece
Aristotle wrote what is considered now as the first textbook of physics. Aristotle's ideas were taught unchanged until the Late Middle Ages, when scientists started making discoveries that didn't fit them. For example, Copernicus' discovery contradicted Aristotle's idea of an Earth-centric universe. Aristotle's ideas about motion weren't displaced until the end of the 17th century, when Newton published his ideas.
Today's physics students often think of physics concepts in Aristotelian terms, despite being taught only Newtonian concepts.
Hong Kong
High schools
In Hong Kong, physics is a subject for public examination. Local students in Form 6 take the public exam of Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE).
Compare to the other syllabus include GCSE, GCE etc. which learn wider and boarder of different topics, the Hong Kong syllabus is learning more deeply and more challenges with calculations. Topics are narrow down to a smaller amount compared to the A-level due to the insufficient teaching hours at secondary schools in Hong Kong, which include temperature, heat, internal energy, change of state, gases, position, motion, force, projectile motion, work, energy, power, momentum, uniform circular motion, gravitation, wave, light, sound, electrostatics, circuits, electromagnetism, radiation, radioactivity, atomic model, nuclear energy, universe, astronomy, stars, Rutherford model, photoelectric effect, Bohr model, particles, nanoscopic scale, building, transportation, renewable energy sources, eye, ear, non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation etc.
Some schools only allow students choose physics as elective subject since Form 4, some schools provide physics compulsory curriculum in Form 3 and then allow students to choose in Form 4, and some other schools allow students choose physics as elective subject since Form 3. Also, most schools use English language as the medium of instruction for physics, whereas a few of the schools use Chinese language as the medium of instruction for physics.
Other than having lectures in classrooms or laboratories, schools in Hong Kong organise outside-school activities to motivate students learning Physics.
Universities
Pure Physics major programmes are provided in the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and University of Hong Kong (HKU). Topics include engineering physics, mechanics, thermodynamics, fluids, wave, optics, modern physics, laboratory, heat, electromagnetism, quantitative methods, computational physics, astronomy, astrophysics, classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, quantum information, statistical physics, theoretical physics, computer simulation, soft matter, practical electronics, contemporary physics, instrumentation, statistical mechanics, solid state physics, meteorology, nanoscience, optical physics, theory of relativity and particle physics etc.
There are different approaches of delivering physics lectures in different universities in Hong Kong. In CUHK, most relevant knowledge including quantitative methods and computer simulation are learnt in the Department of Physics, which may let the students learn deeper into the concept that applied to the physics problems, whereas in HKUST, quantitative methods and computer simulation are learnt by students in the courses delivered by Department of Mathematics and Department of Computer Science respectively which allow the students to learn boarder with knowledge of different aspects.
There are also Enrichment Stream in Theoretical Physics offered by CUHK and International Research Enrichment Track offered by HKUST. In that stream, additional topics include astrophysics, particle physics, computational physics, and quantum physics. The practices of solving theoretical systems and the discussions of physical insight are very in-depth, which promote the graduates into a high level of the understanding of physics. However, the working opportunity for graduates with theoretical background in Hong Kong is too narrow. Most graduates pursue further studies overseas or become teachers.
Moreover, Applied Physics major programmes are offered only in most other universities in Hong Kong.
United Kingdom
Secondary schools
England, Wales and Northern Ireland
At GCSE level, students can choose to study physics either as a whole subject separate from biology and chemistry (referred to as "triple science") or as part of a so-called "combined science" course, in which all three sciences are sandwiched into a single qualification worth two GCSEs. At GCSE, students are taught the basics of a broad range of physical concepts including energy, waves, Newtonian mechanics, electricity, thermal physics and nuclear physics among others. There is also a practical element (known as "required practicals"), which is conducted in the classroom and then assessed via questions in the final exam papers. Because of this, it is theoretically possible for students to pass the GCSE required practical element without doing a single experiment.
Students wishing to continue to study physics after their GCSEs may then choose to study the subject as an A-level qualification (lasting two years) or an AS-level (lasting one year). A-level physics also includes required practicals, but unlike at GCSE, these are assessed in-class by teachers. Students who pass are given "practical accreditation", which some universities require before allowing a student onto certain science courses. There are still questions in the final exams regarding practical technique, but answering these questions correctly does not contribute to practical accreditation. Much of the content of A-level physics is elaborating (albeit quite extensively) on topics covered at GCSE, with the addition of units not present in the GCSE course, such as particle physics. Despite containing significantly less mathematical rigour nowadays than in the past, physics is still widely regarded as the most demanding A-level course available, and is one of the least popular subjects in proportion to its availability. There is some concern that not enough 17- to 18-year-olds are leaving school with A-level physics to meet the demands of the modern job market.
Scotland
In Scotland, Highers and Advanced Highers replace GCSEs and A-levels respectively. The content of the qualifications is fairly similar. Since Scottish post-16 school students finish school a year earlier than their counterparts in the rest of the UK, the content of the first year of the physics degrees offered at most Scottish universities is similar to the second year of A-level physics.
Universities
Most university physics courses in the UK have their content moderated by the Institute of Physics (IOP) and are referred to as being "IOP-accredited". The aim of this is to ensure that all physics students graduate with the knowledge and skills required to work as a professional physicist. Physics can be studied as a 3-year Bachelor of Science degree (4 years in Scotland) or as an integrated Master's degree, in which students who pass the first 3 or 4 years then take a final "master's year" without having to apply again for any Master's courses. Alternatively, students who initially apply to study BSc Physics can apply to study for a Master's degree when they graduate.
Teaching strategies
Teaching strategies are the various techniques used to facilitate the education of students with different learning styles.
The different teaching strategies are intended to help students develop critical thinking and engage with the material.
The choice of teaching strategy depends on the concept being taught, and indeed on the interest of the students.
Methods/Approaches for teaching physics
Lecture: Lecturing is one of the more traditional ways of teaching science. Owing to the convenience of this method, and the fact that most teachers are taught by it, it remains popular in spite of certain limitations (compared to other methods, it does little to develop critical thinking and scientific attitude among students). This method is teacher centric.
Recitation: Also known as the Socratic method. In this method, the student plays a greater role than they would in a lecture. The teacher asks questions with the aim of prompting the thoughts of the students. This method can be very effective in developing higher order thinking in pupils. To apply this strategy, the students should be partially informed about the content. The efficacy of the recitation method depends largely on the quality of the questions. This method is student centric.
Demonstration: In this method, the teacher performs certain experiments, which students observe and ask questions about. After the demonstration, the teacher can explain the experiment further and test the students' understanding via questions. This method is an important one, as science is not an entirely theoretical subject.
Lecture-cum-Demonstration: As its name suggests, this is a combination of two of the above methods: lecture and demonstration. The teacher performs the experiment and explains it simultaneously. By this method, the teacher can provide more information in less time. As with the demonstration method, the students only observe; they do not get any practical experience of their own. It is not possible to teach all topics by this method.
Laboratory Activities: Laboratories have students conduct physics experiments and collect data by interacting with physics equipment. Generally, students follow instructions in a lab manual. These instructions often take students through an experiment step-by-step. Typical learning objectives include reinforcing the course content through real-world interaction (similar to demonstrations) and thinking like experimental physicists. Lately, there has been some effort to shift lab activities toward the latter objective by separating from the course content, having students make their own decisions, and calling to question the notion of a "correct" experimental result. Unlike the demonstration method, the laboratory method gives students practical experience performing experiments like professional scientists. However, it often requires a significant amount of time and resources to work properly.
Research
Physics education research is the study of how physics is taught and how students learn physics. It a subfield of educational research.
See also
American Association of Physics Teachers
Balsa wood bridge
Concept inventory
Egg drop competition
Feynman lectures
Harvard Project Physics
Learning Assistant Model
List of physics concepts in primary and secondary education curricula
Mousetrap car
Physical Science Study Committee
Physics First
SAT Subject Test in Physics
Physics Outreach
Science education
Teaching quantum mechanics
Mathematics education
Engineering education
Discipline-based education research
References
Further reading
PER Reviews:
Miscellaneous:
Education by subject |
Cecil Clifford Pritchard (1 May 1902 - 27 August 1966) was an international rugby union hooker who represented Wales on eight occasions and was best associated at club level with Pontypool RFC.
Personal history
Pritchard was born in the Tranch are of Pontypool, Wales in 1902. He was the second of three brothers who would all go on to have rugby careers. Pritchard work as a collier before later working for the local council. He died in Newport, Wales in 1966.
Rugby career
Pritchard first played rugby for local team, Tranch Rovers, same as his elder brother George 'Cogley' and younger brother Royce. George played local rugby for Blaenavon RFC before moving to the south west of England where he played for Barnstaple RFC and Torquay Athletic RFC.
International matches played
Wales
1928, 1929
1928, 1929
1928, 1929
1928, 1929
Bibliography
References
1902 births
1966 deaths
Barbarian F.C. players
Cross Keys RFC players
Pontypool RFC players
Rugby union hookers
Rugby union players from Pontypool
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players |
Nordly "Cap" Capi (born July 11, 1992) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent. He played college football at Akron. He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2015.
Professional career
Jacksonville Jaguars
Capi was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent on May 11, 2015. He was waived on September 4, 2015.
Baltimore Ravens
On October 20, 2015, Capi was signed to the Baltimore Ravens' practice squad. He was released on November 10, 2015 but was later re-signed on December 21, 2015. He was released on May 13, 2016.
Atlanta Falcons
On June 7, 2016, Capi was signed by the Atlanta Falcons. He was waived on September 2, 2016 and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was released on September 20, 2016.
Arizona Cardinals
On October 3, 2016, Capi was signed to the Arizona Cardinals' practice squad. On January 3, 2017, he signed a future contract with the Cardinals. He was waived on September 2, 2017.
New York Giants
On September 4, 2017, Capi was signed to the New York Giants' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on September 28, 2017. He was placed on injured reserve on October 31, 2017 with a hamstring injury. He was released on November 10, 2017.
Buffalo Bills
On November 21, 2017, Capi was signed to the Buffalo Bills' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 5, 2017. On April 17, 2018, Capi was waived by the Bills.
Arizona Cardinals (second stint)
On August 2, 2018, Capi signed with the Arizona Cardinals. Despite leading the preseason with four sacks, Capi was waived by the Cardinals on September 1, 2018.
References
1992 births
Living people
Akron Zips football players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Baltimore Ravens players
Atlanta Falcons players
Arizona Cardinals players
New York Giants players
Buffalo Bills players |
Kurt Bollacker is an American computer scientist with a research background in the areas of machine learning, digital libraries, semantic networks, and electro-cardiographic modeling.
He received a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from The University of Texas at Austin. Bollacker spent time as a biomedical research engineer at the Duke University Medical Center where worked on electro-cardiography. He is co-creator of the CiteSeer research tool which was produced while he was a visiting researcher at the NEC Research Institute.
During his tenure as Technical Director of the Internet Archive, Bollacker lead the work to create The Wayback Machine. While Chief Scientist at Metaweb Technologies he was key contributor to the development of Freebase. After Metaweb, Bollacker worked at Applied Minds and as a consulting Data Scientist.
Bollacker is a dedicated activist who is involved with multiple non-profit organizations. He serves on the Advisory Board of The Common Crawl Foundation For several years he has pursued research on long term digital archiving as the Digital Research Director at the non-profit Long Now Foundation.
References
External links
U.T. Austin student page for Kurt Bollacker
CiteSeer
Bollacker's article in American Scientist "Avoiding a Digital Dark Age"
American computer scientists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Raise Up the Tent is the fifth studio album by Tea Leaf Green. Released on July 22, 2008 by Surfdog Records, It was produced by Camper Van Beethoven founder and Cracker cofounder, David Lowery.
Track listing
All songs written by Trevor Garrod.
"Let Us Go" - 3:31
"Don't Curse at the Night" - 4:34
"Red Ribbons" - 4:06
"I've Got a Truck" - 3:45
"Innocence" - 3:58
"Not Fit" - 4:35
"Borrowed Time" - 3:19
"Slept Through Sunday" - 5:30
"Standing Still" - 4:38
"Stick to the Shallows (Don't Drift Away)" - 3:28
"Keeping the Faith" - 3:50
Artists
Josh Clark - Guitar, vocals
Reed Mathis - Bass, cello, and vocals
Scott Rager - Drums, percussion, and backing vocals
Trevor Garrod - Keyboards, banjo, harmonica, and vocals
Guest Artists
Dan Lebowitz - Pedal Steel on "Stick to the Shallow"
Aaron Redner - Violin on "Innocence"
Sasha Butterfly Rose - Backing vocals on "Innocence" and "Standing Still"
2008 albums
Tea Leaf Green albums |
Ellen Alida Rose (born June 17, 1843) was an American practical agriculturist and woman suffragist. She was one of the first and most active members of the Grange. Through Rose's efforts and the members of the National Grange Organization, the anti-option bill was passed. She was a prominent member of the Patrons of Industry and by her lectures and publications, did much to educate the farmers in the prominent reforms of the day, in which the advancement of women was one which always interested her. Rose was an active worker in the National Woman Suffrage Association, and in 1888, was appointed District President of that organization.
Early years and education
Ellen Alida Rudd was born in Champion, New York, June 17, 1843. She was the youngest daughter of John C. and Lumeda Fowler Rudd. She was of English descent. The district school, with a few terms in the village academy, furnished her education.
Career
On December 5, 1861, she married Alfred Rose. In 1862, they moved to Wisconsin, where her life was spent on a farm near Brodhead, Wisconsin. Associated with her husband in an equal partnership, she has lived and worked with him in a companionship which was seldom in that time as other marriages were founded on the idea of masculine supremacy. They had one child, a daughter, who became a well known artist In conjunction with her husband.
Rose oversaw all the work of the farm and took a part in all of it. She was a careful, conservative, successful farmer, and in her life, she vindicated woman's right to labor. She was also a reader, thinker and reformer. She took notes of every bill that passed the legislature, and watched every act of Congress. Her reform work was chiefly in connection with the Woman Suffrage Association, and in the ranks of the Labor party. She was an able speaker for both causes. As a farmer, she saw early on the how the financial system disfavored the laboring classes, and was led to associate herself with those who were seeking the emancipation of labor. In 1873, near her home in Brodhead, she joined the National Grange, and for seventeen years, was an active member of that organization, holding many offices, among them county secretary and a member of the State committee on woman's work. As a result of her efforts, assisted by two or three other members, a Grange store was organized, which was in successful operation many years and saved many thousands of dollars for the farmers of Green County, Wisconsin. In 1888, when speculation in wheat produced hard times, Rose prepared and presented to her Grange the following resolutions:
Those resolutions were unanimously adopted and forwarded through county and State Granges to the National Grange, where they were adopted and placed in the hands of the legislative committee of the Grange in Washington, D.C. where they were urged upon Congress with such force that the Anti-Option Bill in Congress was the result.
Rose became a prominent member of the Patrons of Industry, being one of the executive committee of the State association, and by lectures and publications, was educating the farmers in the prominent reforms of the day, including the advancement of women. From her earliest recollection, she was an advocate of woman suffrage, although she did not join any organization until 1886, when she became a member of the Wisconsin Woman's Suffrage Association and was instrumental in forming a local club, becoming its first president. In 1887, she assisted in organizing a county association and was appointed county organizer. In 1888, she was appointed district president.
References
Citations
Attribution
1843 births
Year of death unknown
People from Champion, New York
Suffragists from Wisconsin
American agriculturalists
Activists from Wisconsin
American trade union leaders
Farmers from Wisconsin
American women farmers
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century
19th-century women farmers
19th-century American farmers
National Woman Suffrage Association activists |
Fenimorea moseri is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.
The subspecies Fenimorea moseri brunnescens Rehder, 1943 is accepted as Fenimorea moseri (Dall, 1889)
Description
The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 35 mm; its diameter 10 mm.
(Original description) The color of the shell varies from a rich rose color, with paler bands on the base, fasciole, etc., to yellowish white. The protoconch contains two whorls, followed by nine or ten subsequent whorls. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous very shallow grooves with wider flat interspaces. The grooves are cross-striated by close-set fine elevated incremental lines. This sculpture is very easily eroded and sometimes nearly absent. The transverse sculpture consists of about eleven strong wave-like ribs with wider interspaces, the crests rounded. These extend from the suture to the base, and are narrowed and curved like the top of an interrogation point when they pass over the fasciole. The fasciole is constricted rather than excavated, the grooving is closer and finer than on the rest of the shell, and if the shell is colored the fasciole is paler. The whorl is strongly appressed at the suture and a little undulated by the ribs. The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is large and rounded. The callus is thick and elevated. The columella is nearly straight. The siphonal canal is short, wide and turned to the right. The siphonal fasciole is strong. The varix is large and stout.
Distribution
This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Gulf of Mexico; in the Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas, North Carolina, the Florida Keys and Brazil.
This species was also found as a fossil in the strata of the Caloosahatchee Formation, Quaternary of Florida at North St Petersburg.
References
W.H. Dall (1889) A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States, with illustrations of many of the species; Bulletin of the United States National Museum ; no. 37.
Tucker, J.K. 2004 Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Zootaxa 682:1–1295
External links
Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas
Fallon P.J. (2016). Taxonomic review of tropical western Atlantic shallow water Drilliidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) including descriptions of 100 new species. Zootaxa. 4090(1): 1–363
moseri
Gastropods described in 1889 |
Wickremasinghe B. Rajaguru (born 31 August 1938) was the 25th Inspector General of the Sri Lanka Police (IGP) (1995–1998).
Rajaguru attended St. Anthony's College, Kandy.
In 1993 he was forcibly retired at the age of 55 but following the election of the People's Alliance government at the 1994 parliamentary elections they granted the option for senior police officers who had faced potential political victimisation to appeal and request to be re-instated with back-wages. Rajaguru was one of the six officers reinstated and placed in the rank of Senior DIG.
He was appointed as IGP on 29 July 1995. In 1996 he established the Central Anti Vice Striking Force (CAVSF), a police division whose focus was stopping public-order crimes like gambling, narcotics, prostitution, and illegal sales of alcohol.
On 7 December 1996 an American-built Bell 212 air force helicopter carrying Sri Lanka’s Deputy Defence Minister, Anuruddha Ratwatte, Army Commander, Rohan Daluwatte and Rajaguru crashed several miles north of the Weli Oya army base in Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam-held jungle of northern Sri Lanka. The officers trekked before being found by commandos sent to rescue them.
Rajaguru retired from the police service on 31 August 1998. He was succeeded by Lakdasa Kodituwakku.
Bibliography
References
1938 births
Living people
Alumni of St. Anthony's College, Kandy
Sinhalese police officers
Sri Lankan Inspectors General of Police |
Francois Uys (born 12 March 1986) is a South African rugby union footballer who normally plays as a lock or flanker. He plays in the French Pro D2 competition with .
Career
Uys started his career in Johannesburg with the but, he found first-team opportunities hard to come by and in 2009 he switched to the . Initially he played mainly in the Vodacom Cup and Currie Cup competitions and even had a spell on loan at the in 2012. He made sporadic appearances for the senior team in Super Rugby after his debut in 2009 before finally nailing down a regular starting berth during the 2013 Super Rugby season.
In 2014, he extended his contract at the until October 2016.
Toyota Verblitz
Uys joined Japanese Top League side Toyota Verblitz on a short-term deal during the 2015–16 Top League season.
International
Uys was a member of the South Africa Under 19 side that competed in the 2005 IRB Under 19 World Championship.
References
External links
Living people
1986 births
South African rugby union players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union flankers
Sportspeople from Springs, Gauteng
Afrikaner people
Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Free State Cheetahs players
Golden Lions players
Griffons (rugby union) players
University of Johannesburg alumni
Toyota Verblitz players
South African expatriate rugby union players
South African expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate rugby union players in Japan
FC Grenoble Rugby players
Valence Romans Drôme Rugby players
South African expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France |
The Unjadi (Unyadi) were an indigenous Australian people of the Cape York Peninsula of northern Queensland.
Language
According to Lauriston Sharp, the Unjadi language differed only marginally from that spoken by the neighbouring Okara.
Country
The Unjadi's traditional lands, embracing some of territory, lay around the upper Dulhunty tributary of the Ducie river as far north as the headwaters of the Jardine River.
Social organization
The American anthropologist R. Lauriston Sharp described the Unjadi as belonging to what he called the Jathaikana type with regard to their totemic organization. By this he meant that the Unjadi lacked a moiety and section division. Their totemic clans were patrilineal whose totems were not normally tabu, tabus being applied rigorously only to personal totems from the mother's clan, which were assigned to male and female individuals with the onset of puberty.
Alternative names
Unyadi.
Onyengadi.
Oyungo, Oyonggo. (a Tjongkandji exonym).
Empikeno. ( a Jathaikana exonym)
Umtadee. (?)
Wundjur. (?)
Notes
Citations
Sources
Aboriginal peoples of Queensland |
Stanwich Congregational Church is a nondenominational Christian church in Greenwich, Connecticut. It was founded in 1731. The congregation launched a second campus in Stamford, Connecticut, in 2014.
History
Stanwich Church was founded in 1731, one year before George Washington, was born. 13 families of Greenwich (then Horse Neck) and North Stamford asked the parish to establish a new church in the Stanwich section (now known as Stanwich Historic District) of town. The initial meetinghouse was torn down in 1804, to make space for a larger church. The new building was known as one of Greenwichs landmarks and social points in Backcountry and included a library.
In 1895, an unoccupied Methodist Chapel, was purchased by three members of Stanwich. On August 22, 1923, the original church, burnt down due to a lightning incident and the community was forced to move the church operations into the Methodist Chapel at 237 Taconic Road. After the chapel fell in disrepair and was found to small by the congregation an anonymous group 'Friends of Stanwich' purchased 30 acres of land and a new church (current building) was constructed entirely through private donations.
References
External links
Stanwich Church
Churches in Greenwich, Connecticut |
June Haver (born Beverly June Stovenour; June 10, 1926 – July 4, 2005) was an American film actress, singer and dancer. Once groomed by 20th Century Fox to be "the next Betty Grable," Haver appeared in a string of musicals, but she never achieved Grable's popularity. Haver's second husband was the actor Fred MacMurray, whom she married after she retired from showbusiness.
Early life
Beverly June Stovenour was born in Rock Island, Illinois and later took the surname of her stepfather, Bert Haver. Her mother Maria Haver (née Carter) was an actress and her father Fred Christian Stovenour was a musician. After the family moved to Ohio, seven-year-old Haver entered and won a contest of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. At age eight, she won a film test by imitating famous actresses including Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn and Helen Hayes, but her mother prohibited her from becoming a child actress because she felt that Haver was too young to work in the film industry.
When Haver was 10, the family returned to Rock Island, where she began performing for Rudy Vallée and became a well-known child star on the radio. She worked regularly as a band singer by the time that she was in her teens, performing with the Ted Fio Rito Orchestra for $75 a week. She also worked with bandleaders Dick Jurgens and Freddy Martin.
Career
In the summer of 1942, Haver moved to Hollywood, where she finished high school. She acted in plays in her spare time, and during a performance as a southern belle, she was discovered by a scout from 20th Century Fox. In 1943, Haver signed a $3,500-per-week contract with the studio and made her film debut playing an uncredited role as a hat-check girl in The Gang's All Here. She was dropped shortly after because the studio executives felt that she looked too young, but she was later signed again after her costume and hairstyle were changed.
20th Century Fox had plans to mold Haver as a glamour girl stand-in for the studio's two greatest stars, Alice Faye and Betty Grable. She debuted on screen in a supporting role as Cri-Cri in Home in Indiana (1944) and had just turned 17 years old when her scenes were filmed. Even before Home in Indiana was released, she was assigned to replace Faye in the Technicolor musical Irish Eyes Are Smiling. Later that year, she costarred with her future husband Fred MacMurray in Where Do We Go From Here?, which was the only time that the pair appeared together in a film.
During her career at Fox, Haver was originally groomed to be the next Betty Grable (standing a diminutive 5'2", she was known as "Pocket Grable"). She costarred with Grable in the 1945 film The Dolly Sisters, for which she had to gain weight. While filming, rumors about a possible clash between the two actresses arose, mostly because of their frequent comparison, but Haver said: "Betty is a big star and I'm just starting. I try to be nice to her, and she reciprocated by being just as nice to me. It's silly to think two girls can't work together without quarreling. You see, I've two sisters. I'm the ham between the bread and butter — the middle sister — and I understand girls pretty well. Betty likes to talk about her baby, so we talk about her baby."
In 1946, Haver starred and received top billing in Wake Up and Dream and Three Little Girls in Blue, both of which were well-received and brought moderate success. The following year, the role of Katie was written into the film I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now just for Haver.
Haver's comedy star turn in 1948's Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! was a major success. The same year, she starred as Marilyn Miller in the musical Look for the Silver Lining (1949).
The following year, she starred in The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady and I'll Get By. In 1951, Haver was teamed with Fox's newest asset, Marilyn Monroe, and previous costar William Lundigan (her co-star from I'll Get By) in the low-budget comedy Love Nest. Though Haver was the lead and received top billing, most of the film's publicity centered on Monroe, who had a minor role and garnered under-the-title billing. Love Nest was Haver's only full-length film in black and white. Her other 15 films between 1943 and 1953 were shot in three-strip Technicolor.
Following her marriage to MacMurray in 1954, Haver mostly retired from acting (her last appearances were as herself on The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour in 1958 and in Disneyland '59). Her final film appearance was in 1953's The Girl Next Door. Haver and MacMurray adopted two daughters and remained together until MacMurray's death int 1991.
At the urging of friends Ann Miller and Ann Rutherford, Haver finally joined the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences at the age of 75. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Haver has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1777 Vine Street.
Personal life
Haver insisted that she had always been very close with her family. Her sisters followed her to Hollywood and served as her stand-ins, and her mother was Haver's personal secretary.
On March 9, 1947, Haver married trumpet player James Zito. She had met him at age 15 while touring with Ted Fio Rito's orchestra. They initially lost contact after Haver moved from Illinois to Beverly Hills but started dating when Haver made a short visit to her home town when she was already a film actress. Haver filed for divorce less than a year after eloping with Zito, winning interlocutory decree on March 25, 1948. She admitted to the press that the marriage was a failure from the beginning, saying: "I want to forget as soon as possible. We hadn't been married hours before I realized I had never really known Jimmy. He was a stranger. He was either down in the dumps or up high. I never knew from one moment to the next how he would be."
After her divorce from Zito, Haver started dating Dr. John L. Duzik, whom she had dated before her marriage to Zito. They planned to marry, but Duzik died on October 31, 1949, following surgery complications. While taking care of him in his final days, she started attending church more often. According to friends, she was inspired to become a nun during this period. Following Duzik's death, Haver reportedly became tired of Hollywood and did not fall in love with the men whom she dated afterward. In February 1953, Haver became a postulant nun with the Sisters of Charity of Leavenworth, an organization based in Leavenworth, Kansas, and she stayed until October, saying she left because of "poor health."
Around this time, Haver met Fred MacMurray, one of the wealthiest and most conservative actors in Hollywood, and a romantic relationship developed. On June 28, 1954, they were married. She told the press: "When I married Fred, he was terribly set in his ways. He was a fuss-budget. He hadn't quite progressed to being a lint picker, but he was already an ash-tray emptier, and that's just about as set in his ways as a man can get." Haver insisted on adopting a girl, but MacMurray, 18 years her senior, initially refused, explaining that he already had been a father. Shortly after, he agreed to adopt a child, and with the help of a doctor, they were able to adopt twin daughters. MacMurray died in 1991.
Haver died from respiratory failure on July 4, 2005, in Brentwood, California, at the age of 79. She was buried with MacMurray at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.
Haver was a Republican and supported Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.
Archive
The Academy Film Archive houses the Fred MacMurray-June Haver Collection. The film material is complemented by material in the Fred MacMurray and June Haver papers at the academy's Margaret Herrick Library.
Filmography
References
External links
1926 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
20th Century Studios contract players
Actresses from Illinois
American film actresses
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Deaths from respiratory failure
People from Brentwood, Los Angeles
People from Rock Island, Illinois
Catholics from Illinois
Illinois Republicans
California Republicans |
Harriet or Harrieta Keōpūolani Nāhiʻenaʻena (1815–1836) was a high-ranking princess during the founding of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the conversion of some of the ruling class to Christianity.
Life
In the Hawaiian language nā ahi ʻena ʻena means "the red-hot raging fires".
Nāhiʻenaʻena was born in 1815 at Keauhou Bay, South Kona, island of Hawaiʻi. Her parents were Kamehameha I and Keōpūolani, the Queen consort. She had two older brothers, hiapo (first born) Liholiho, and Kauikeaouli, who later became Kings Kamehameha II and III. Nāhiʻenaʻena was the sacred muli loa (last born) child, and was trained for the immense kuleana (privilege and responsibility) that would accompany someone of such high birth.
In 1825, the ship returned with the bodies of King Kamehameha II and the Queen Kamāmalu, who had died on a trip to London. Ship's artist Robert Dampier painted a portrait of the ten-year-old princess, dressed in a red feather cloak for the state funeral.
Nāhiʻenaʻena was in love with her brother Kamehameha III and the chiefs strongly encouraged their marriage, but the missionaries were opposed to the union, calling it incest and therefore a sin. The practice of marriage between siblings in the royal family was considered a way of keeping the bloodlines pure in ancient Hawaii. Nāhiʻenaʻena's own maternal grandparents were half sister and brother.
The missionary culture at the time meant that many people, including Nāhiʻenaʻena, practiced both Hawaiian and Christian beliefs. She practiced cultural traditions such as hula, but also drank rum just as the missionaries did. However, she showed rebellion and distaste for many Christian tasks. She would interrupt church services and openly defy missionary teachings. Although she and many others were fragmented on beliefs, she never fully converted. On her death bed, missionary wives tried to urge her to repent for her sins.
She was eventually betrothed to William Pitt Leleiohoku I, the son of William Pitt Kalanimoku, Prime Minister of Hawaii. Kamehameha III tried to delay the wedding by insisting Leleiohoku be educated first. Leleiohoku and Nāhiʻenaʻena were married November 25, 1835 by William Richards at Waineʻe Church.
Death
On September 17, 1836 Nāhiʻenaʻena gave birth to a child. Kamehameha III announced that the child would be the heir to the throne because he believed it to be his, but the child lived for only a few hours. Nāhiʻenaʻena never recovered physically or emotionally from the birth of her child. British physician Thomas Charles Byde Rooke, the husband of High Chiefess Grace Kamaʻikuʻi, examined her but was unable to determine the cause of the illness. He called upon Dr. Ruschenberger, a visiting surgeon, to assist him. Nāhiʻenaʻena died three and half months after giving birth, near Hale Uluhe, the home of her brother, Kamehameha III.
Although tradition holds that Nāhiʻenaʻena died on , the actual date of her death is described in the notes of the visiting American naturalist John Kirk Townsend as having been . Townsend wrote on January 3, 1837 that he met with the King and found him "suffering great distress of mind on account of the extreme illness of his favorite and only sister, the princess Harieta Nahienaena" and "While we were yet conversing with the king, a messenger came to say that she was worse, and desired to see him." A few days later, on January 6, 1837, he wrote "Yesterday the Princess Harieta died. Scarcely was the circumstance known in the town, when it was announced to all by the most terrific and distressing crying and wailing amongst all ranks and classes of people." Later that month, on January 27, 1837, Townsend paid his respects at the princess's casket and described the plaque upon it as saying "Harieta Nahienaena, aged 22 years, died on the 30th of December, in the year of our Lord, 1836" and then goes on to say "This appears like a contradiction. It is stated on the coffin plate, that the princess died on the 30th of December, when it did not actually occur until the 5th of January. This is accounted for, by the peculiar, and in some measure, reasonable doctrine of the Sandwich Islanders, that a person experiences two deaths; one of the mind, and another of the body. Now the mind of the princess died, i.e., became deranged, on the 30th of December, although her body did not die until the 5th of January."
After nearly five weeks of intense grieving, the princess's body was brought in procession to Kawaiahaʻo Church for funeral services. The procession was led by traditional warriors and kāhuna laʻau lapaʻau (healers). On April 12, 1837 her body was brought aboard the ship Don Qixote (purchased and renamed Kai Keōpūolani by her brother), to the resting place at the tomb on the premise of Halekamani in Lāhainā, Maui. She was interred next to her mother and Kaumualiʻi. Later their remains were transferred to a tomb on the island of Mokuʻula sometime in 1837 and eventually in 1884 to the cemetery of Waiola Church.
Her death had a sobering effect on her brother, King Kamehameha III.
Ancestry
See also
Nāhiʻenaʻena's Paʻū
References
Further reading
External links
Nāhiʻenaʻena, Feathers, and Gender
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Hawaiian princesses
House of Kamehameha
1815 births
1836 deaths
Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
Converts to Christianity from pagan religions
Burials at Waiola Church
Deaths in childbirth
Daughters of kings |
```sqlpl
-- Description: adding field in SEC_FILTER
alter table SEC_FILTER add column CODE varchar(200);
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Heimenia is an extinct genus of prehistoric sarcopterygian or lobe-finned fish.
See also
Sarcopterygii
List of sarcopterygians
List of prehistoric bony fish
References
Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera |
Bombairiya () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language black comedy crime-drama film directed by Pia Sukanya and written by Michael E. Ward, with story by Ward, Sukanya and Aarti Bagdi. Ward was also the producer. The film stars Radhika Apte, Siddhanth Kapoor, Akshay Oberoi, Adil Hussain, Ravi Kishan, Amit Sial, Ajinkya Deo and Shilpa Shukla. It follows Meghna, a native of Mumbai who gets embroiled in a series of events after her phone is stolen. The film was released on 18 January 2019.
Cast
Radhika Apte as Meghna
Siddhanth Kapoor as Biker
Akshay Oberoi as Abhishek
Adil Hussain as Kamlesh Pandya
Ravi Kishan as Karan Kapoor
Amit Sial as Gujral
Ajinkya Deo as Police commissioner Wadia
Shilpa Shukla as Iravati Angre
Saniya Anklesaria as Alice
Shailesh Hejmady as Constable Dheere
Production
The film is inspired by Ward's experience of living in Mumbai for 13 years with his wife Sukanya. Principal photography for the film had begun in 2015, but production was delayed due to the difficulties in filming in Mumbai. The film was shot in over 40 locations, most of which were streets of Mumbai, with sync sound. Siddhanth Kapoor was injured while filming and received 47 stitches in his arm. The film's visual effect's work also took a year to finish.
Reception
Critical response
Bombairiya received mixed reviews from critics. A review for the Indo-Asian News Service carried by Hindustan Times opined: "Radhika Apte's film is a crazy, heartwarming homage to Mumbai. It captures the polarised propensities of the split city with vigour and humour. Sure, towards the midpoint, the edifice of chaos built on the premise of ‘One Day in the Life Of Radhika Apte’ (she gets top solo billing), begins to fall apart. And you feel the film is trying to cram in too much physical activity at the cost of giving the plot and the characters space to breathe. But then, this is a homage to a breathless city. And the rhythms of the film follow suit. No time to ask why. Just act".
Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack was composed by Arko Pravo Mukherjee and Amjad Nadeem, with the latter also writing the lyrics.
References
External links
Films shot in Mumbai
Indian black comedy films
2010s Hindi-language films
TriStar Pictures films
Sony Pictures films
Columbia Pictures films
Sony Pictures Networks India films |
Pterobrimus is a monotypic genus of stick insects (Phasmatodea), containing the species Pterobrimus depressus, wich is native to Fiji.
Description
The females reach a length of . The males are long. This makes the species one of the smallest Obrimini along with Tisamenus hebardi. Morphologically, the animals resemble the representatives of the genus Tisamenus, but differ among other things by the small, scaly, rudimentary elytra in both sexes. Pterobrimus depressus is the only Obriminae species described with wings or wing remains, along with the fully winged Miroceramia westwoodii. In common with Tisamenus, Pterobrimus has large, laterally flattened spines on the front edge of the pronotum and indicated triangle on the top of the mesonotum. In addition to the pronatal spines, there are only a few spines on the head especially in males. The body shape is somewhat reminiscent of that of flat Tisamenus representatives such as Tisamenus deplanatus, whose species name, like that of Pterobrimus depressus, already indicates the compressed body shape. The abdomen of the females ends in the secondary ovipositor typical of Obrimini. This ovipositor is formed dorsally from the supraanal plate (also called epiproct) and is serrated at the tip, atypical for Obrimini in Pterobrimus depressus. The first segment of the antennae, the scapus, has an apical outer spine, which is otherwise only found in the representatives of the subfamily Dataminae.
Distribution area
Fiji was already mentioned as a type locality by Redtenbacher in the species description. Since this locality is far to the east of the range of the other Heteropterygidae, the occurrence there and thus the type locality was occasionally questioned. A specimen collected by Daniel Otte in Naitasiri Province on Viti Levu finally confirmed Fiji as distribution of this species.
Taxonomy
Pterobrimus depressus was described in 1906 by Redtenbacher in the genus Pterobrimus, which was specially established for this species. While the species name refers to the flat, compressed body shape of the species, the genus name is a combination of "ptero" for Ancient Greek πτερόν pterón "wing" and "Obrimus". Redtenbacher chooses this name because of the rudimentary wings and the proximity of the genus to Obrimus, or more precisely to the tribe Obrimini, in which he places the species. He calls the genus a transition between Heterocopus and Tisamenus and described both sexes using specimens from the Zoological Museum in Hamburg. Of the specimens mentioned, a damaged male classified as syntype can be found there. A severely damaged female syntype is deposited in the Natural History Museum in Vienna.
The affiliation of the genus to the Obrimini was doubted very early on. James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John William Holman Rehn suspect that the genus belongs to a different tribe. The tribes in question were raised in 2004 by Oliver Zompro to the status of separate subfamilies. He places the genus Pterobrimus in the tribe Eubulidini set up by him within the Obriminae. Frank H. Hennemann et al. synonymized this tribe and placed the genus in the tribe Tisamenini set up by them. Sarah Bank et al. were able to clarify the relationships within the family in a study on the spread of the Heteropterygidae based on genetic analysis. They synonymized the Tisamenini and confirmed the assignment of Redtenbacher to the Obrimini as well as the type locality he specified on the basis of more recent finds. The full-winged Miroceramia was identified as the sister genus. Both genera together form a sister clade to all other Obrimini. The genus Tisamenus mentioned by Redtenbacher is also closely related. The monotypic genus Heterocopus was not part of this study.
References
External links
Phasmatodea genera
Insects described in 1906 |
The Gaiety Girl is a 1924 American silent romantic film directed by King Baggot and starring Mary Philbin.
Plot
William Tudor has a huge debt and is forced to give up his family castle. He sells it to war millionaire John Kershaw and goes to London to visit his granddaughter Irene. Meanwhile, Tudor's nephew and Irene's sweetheart Owen travels to South Africa to oversee his father's mines. Irene becomes a chorus girl at the Gaiety Theatre. Here, John's son Christopher Kershaw falls in love with her. She does not want to have anything to do with him, but becomes desperate after her father gets ill. She gets the message Owen has been killed in the war and agrees to marry Christopher. Right after the marriage, an alive Owen shows up at the castle. Meanwhile, a huge chandelier crashes down on Christopher's head. He is now killed, which makes Irene and Owen able to reunite. Owen buys the castle back from John and Irene's grandfather comes back to his home.
Cast
Preservation
With no prints of The Gaiety Girl located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
References
External links
1924 films
1924 romantic drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by King Baggot
English-language romantic drama films
Universal Pictures films
Lost American romantic drama films
1924 lost films
1920s English-language films
1920s American films
Silent American romantic drama films |
Gene Felton (1936–2020) was an American race car driver. He hailed from Atlanta, GA. Felton graduated from the University of North Carolina and served in the United States Marine Corps (USMC). He resided in Roswell, GA. at the time of his death
Amateur racing career
Felton began his motor sports career drag racing. In 1954, he had 6 wins as a drag racer.
From 1958 to 1960, while in the USMC, he raced motorcycles in Okinawa, Japan and won a championship consisting of 13 Pacer's Motorcycle Club Okinawa wins.
In 1964, Felton won the Chimney Rock Hillclimb which was the first event he ever entered. In 1967, Felton was the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) A Sedan Class Southeastern regional champion. Over the course of 1964 to 1969, he had 42 wins.
In 1971, he was the SCCA D Production Class Southeastern regional champion. Also in 1971, he was the Peachbowl Speedway Ministock champion. In 1971, he also competed in the NASCAR Grand American series and garnered 3 top-5 finishes.
Early professional racing career
In 1972, Felton won his first professional race, the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) Camel GT series Presidential 250 at Daytona International Speedway. This race was only his third professional race. Gene raced a big block Camaro during this win. Felton would go on to having 13 wins at Daytona.
In 1973, Felton won another 250-mile race, the IMSA Camel GT series Paul Revere 250, at Daytona. He drove the same big block Camaro from the 1972 Presidential 250 during this race. In 1976, Gene qualified for his first NASCAR Grand National race at the Atlanta Motor Speedway Dixie 500. He finished 16th driving for Junie Dunleavy.
From 1974 through 1977, Gene Felton garnered 15 IMSA Champion Spark Plug Series event wins. During this time, he competed in NASCAR Permatex Modified Series in the same Camaro.
From 1977 through 1980, Felton won the IMSA Kelly American Challenge series all four years. During this run, he accumulated 25 wins. In the 1980 season, he qualified for the pole and won all nine races.
Also in 1980, Felton had 3 wins at the Dixie Speedway racing on a 3/8 mile dirt track.
In 1981 and 1982, Felton was runner-up for consecutive years in the IMSA American Challenge series.
In 1982, Felton was runner-up in the GTO Class at the 24 Hours of Le Mans race at the Circuit de la Sarthe in Sarthe, France. These wins occurred during the 1982 IMSA Championship Season.
In 1983, Felton had 3 wins during the 1983 IMSA Championship Season including the Miami Grand Prix. He also won the first Trans-Am race in which he was entered, beating out David Hobbs and other factory teams.
In 1984, Felton won the GTO Class at the 24 Hours race at Daytona. He also won 12 Hours of Sebring, Road Atlanta, Charlotte, Pocono, and the first Miami Grand Prix event in the GTO Class. These wins occurred during the 1984 IMSA Championship Season. He co-drove with Terry LaBonte and car owner, Billy Hagan. Gene was the points leader until the team folded due to a lack of funds. Gene won six races and set seventeen IMSA GTO track records. Gene's accolades in 1984 include two second-place finishes, two third-place finishes, nine top-five finishes, eleven top-ten finishes, eleven pole positions, six fastest race lap times records, and eleven qualifying records. He also competed in several American Challenge races finishing season with one win and two second place. He finished second in the GT championship competing in only a half a season.
In October 1984, Felton was critically injured during a Trans-Am race at the Riverside International Speedway in California. He sustained severe injuries to the neck and spine to include his vocal chords. While in the hospital, Felton was advised by IMSA that he had surpassed Peter Gregg and Hurley Haywood in overall wins and that he had become IMSA's winningest driver.
Late racing career
In 1985 through 1986, Felton continued to race in IMSA Kelly American Challenge and GTO series events. He accomplished seven top-5 finishes including one win.
In 1992, Felton founded the Historic Stock Car Race series and was the HSR Sprint Challenge champion. He continued to race in historic stock car racing events and has accumulated 91 wins, to date. He also began buying and restoring older NASCAR race cars at this time.
Later years and death
From 1992 to 2019, Felton restored road course race-ready cars along with other select race cars. Gene also raced in historic stock car racing events in which he had gathered over 45 wins. Felton was a member of the Road Racing Driver's Club.
He died on November 6, 2020 after long period of emphysema.
Honors
1979 - IMSA Mechanic of the Year
Feb 1984 - Motor Trend Illustrated Racer of the Week
Apr 1985 - Champion Racer of the Week
1993 - Invited & Competed in Fastmasters Championship
1993 - Nominated for International Motorsports Hall of Fame
1999 - Invited & Competed in Pro-Am Champion Celebrity Race in Tustin, CA
In 2003, Felton was nominated to the International Motor Sports Hall of Fame.
2003-2009 - Invited and Competed in Goodwood Festival of Speed in England, U.K.
In 2005, Felton was inducted into the Georgia Automobile Racing Hall of Fame. He had 12 championships, 50 total professional wins, 215 podium finishes, won 70 poles, and held or holds 63 records in a short professional career and 15 racing series. Gene Felton has driven for 42 teams and in cars built by 14 different manufacturers. He has been called "one of America's top road race drivers."
2009 - Victory Lane Magazine Award
Darlington Historic Racing Festival
References
External links
1936 births
2020 deaths
NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Marietta, Georgia
Sportspeople from Roswell, Georgia
Racing drivers from Atlanta
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
SCCA National Championship Runoffs participants
Respiratory disease deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
Deaths from emphysema |
Poetry Ireland Review is a journal of Irish poetry published three times a year by Poetry Ireland, the national Irish poetry organisation.
Poetry Ireland Review publishes the work of both emerging and established Irish and international poets. In line with keeping the journal fresh, vibrant and progressive it usually appoints a new editor for every four journals. An original Poetry Ireland journal appeared in April 1948, edited by David Marcus. It reappeared in Autumn 1962, published by Dolmen Press and edited by John Jordan with an editorial board of James Liddy, James J. McAuley and Richard Weber.
Poetry Ireland Review in its current format appeared in 1981, edited by John Jordan and is administrated by Poetry Ireland.
See also
List of literary magazines
References
Further information
‘The Reception of Contemporary Scottish Poetry in Ireland: The Case of Poetry Ireland Review’, by Val Nolan, in The Enclave of My Nation: Cross-currents in Irish and Scottish Studies, eds. Shane Alcobia-Murphy and Margret Maxwell (Aberdeen: AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, 2008).
Poetry magazines published in Ireland
Magazines established in 1948
Triannual magazines |
The Australian Music Vault is a free permanent exhibition that showcases past and present Australian contemporary music.
It is located in the central Melbourne suburb of Southbank, within the Arts Centre Melbourne.
Australian Music Vault exhibits physical objects such as costumes, lyric books, and tour paraphernalia from the Arts Centre Melbourne's Australian Performing Arts Collection. Exhibits include material from artists such as Baker Boy, Mo’Ju, Missy Higgins, Chrissy Amphlett, AC/DC, Olivia Newton-John, Archie Roach, and Kylie Minogue, as well as interactive digital activities. Recorded interviews with musicians and key music industry promoters are also displayed.
It was developed by Arts Centre Melbourne in consultation with the music industry.
Patrons of the Australian Music Vault include Kylie Minogue, Tina Arena, Ian “Molly” Meldrum, Archie Roach and Michael Gudinski.
Founded in 2017, it reached 1 million visitors within two years of opening. It was Australia's first physical "hall of fame" for music.
It has been noted for their inclusion of a number of Indigenous performers such as Yothu Yindi, No Fixed Address, Archie Roach, and women artists including Chrissie Amphlett, Little Patti, Judith Durham and Ngaiire.
Gallery
References
External links
Australian Music Vault website
Music museums in Australia
Museums in Melbourne
2017 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures in the City of Melbourne (LGA)
Southbank, Victoria |
Upplanda is a locality situated in Tierp Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden with 364 inhabitants in 2010.
References
Populated places in Uppsala County
Populated places in Tierp Municipality |
The Juan Carlos Castagnino Municipal Museum of Art is a museum of fine arts in Mar del Plata, Argentina. Its building, the Ortiz Basualdo Villa, is a National Monument of Argentina.
Overview
Commissioned by the Ortíz Basualdo family of Buenos Aires, the villa on Mar del Plata's Stella Maris Hill was built in 1909 as a summer residence. Designed by Luis Dubois and Pablo Pater, the eclecticist, the art nouveau villa followed a picturesque movement in French architecture common to new, upscale residences in both France and Argentina, at the time (the exterior's half-timber motif, accordingly, was painted on). The structure, predominantly in stone, was capped by zinc mansard roofing.
The oceanfront city was given its first municipal museum of fine art in 1938, when the facility was inaugurated in the Mar del Plata City Hall. The museum gathered a collection of mainly modern art in subsequent decades, and in particular works by local realist painter and muralist Juan Carlos Castagnino.
The donation of the villa by the Ortíz Basualdo family resulted in the museum's relocation, and the institution was re-inaugurated therein on July 9, 1980. The family's donation included a large selection of furniture acquired between 1909 and the villa's remodel in 1918. The collection, designed by Belgian architect and cabinetmaker Gustave Serrurier-Bovy, is widely considered among the world's finest of its type, and was incorporated into the museum's exhibits.
The museum's collections feature nearly 600 paintings, sculptures, lithographs, photographs and other works, including those by Argentine artists Antonio Berni, Alberto Bruzzone, Prilidiano Pueyrredón, Luis Seoane, Raúl Soldi, and Juan Carlos Castagnino, for whom the museum was renamed in 1982, and of whom the museum houses 138 works.
Across the street from the Mar del Plata Museum of the Sea, the villa, an exhibit in itself, was declared Cultural Patrimony of the City of Mar del Plata in 1995.
In December 2020, the Ortiz Basualdo Villa was declared National Monument of Argentina.
References and external links
External links
Tourist attractions in Mar del Plata
Art museums and galleries in Argentina
Houses completed in 1909
Buildings and structures in Mar del Plata
Art museums established in 1938
1938 establishments in Argentina
Museums in Buenos Aires Province
Art Nouveau architecture in Argentina
Art Nouveau houses
Houses in Argentina |
```smalltalk
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics.Contracts;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace ReClassNET.UI
{
public sealed class GlobalWindowManagerEventArgs : EventArgs
{
public Form Form { get; }
public GlobalWindowManagerEventArgs(Form form)
{
Contract.Requires(form != null);
Form = form;
}
}
public static class GlobalWindowManager
{
private static readonly List<Form> windows = new List<Form>();
public static Form TopWindow => windows.LastOrDefault();
public static IEnumerable<Form> Windows => windows;
public static event EventHandler<GlobalWindowManagerEventArgs> WindowAdded;
public static event EventHandler<GlobalWindowManagerEventArgs> WindowRemoved;
public static void AddWindow(Form form)
{
Contract.Requires(form != null);
windows.Add(form);
form.TopMost = Program.Settings.StayOnTop;
WindowAdded?.Invoke(null, new GlobalWindowManagerEventArgs(form));
}
public static void RemoveWindow(Form form)
{
Contract.Requires(form != null);
if (windows.Remove(form))
{
WindowRemoved?.Invoke(null, new GlobalWindowManagerEventArgs(form));
}
}
}
}
``` |
Antananarivo Province is a former province of Madagascar with an area of . It had a population of 5,370,900 in 2004. Its capital was Antananarivo, which is also the capital of the country. Established in 1965, it was the most important province of Madagascar in terms of industrial production. It was one of the most literate provinces and was dominated by the Merina people. Along with the other five provinces, it was abolished in 2007 after a referendum in favour of creation of smaller regions to help in development was approved. It was badly affected by plagues in the 20th century. In 2002 a state of emergency was proclaimed by the then president Didier Ratsiraka. The events that followed led to the other five provinces announcing the creation of a new republic that would have excluded Antananarivo Province. Peace was restored only when Marc Ravalomanana was installed as the country's president.
History and location
The province was administered by a provincial council whose members were elected by the local citizens for a term of five years. The council consisted of a governor and 12 general commissioners at maximum. The province used to be the most literate one in Madagascar and offered the most employment opportunities. As of 1997, only 34% of the population was illiterate and about 30% of the inhabitants had received education up to secondary level. In the same year about 42% of the country's total civil servants were working in the province and two-thirds of the province's inhabitants were above the poverty line. This was due to the presence of the country's capital in the province . The province was located on a plateau generally called "The Blue Forest". It was the most important political and commercial centre in Madagascar. The French colonial authority had established the province in 1946. During 1993 to 2001 the rate of people below poverty line in the province decreased steadily from 63.4% in 1993 to 61.8% in 1997, then to 57.1% in 1999 and finally 48.3% in 2001. In 1993 only Mahajanga Province was better in terms of percentage of poor population at 47.9%. In all the later surveys Antananarivo Province emerged as the best in terms of people above poverty. Around 30% of the Madagascar's total population lived in the province. In 2003 a research paper titled Madagascar: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper and published by the International Monetary Fund revealed that about 92% of the province's households had access to potable water. Since it lies in Southern Hemisphere the province experiences winter season from April to October and humid summers during the rest of the year.
Except for Antsiranana Province, Antananarivo Province bordered all of the country's other provinces. It was surrounded by Mahajanga Province in the north, Toamasina Province in the east, Fianarantsoa Province in the south and Toliara Province in the west. Antananarivo was the only landlocked province of Madagascar. Several plagues have affected the province. It was badly affected by plagues in 1924–25 and 1933–37. The earlier one caused 650 deaths in the entire province. A cholera epidemic in 1999–2000 which broke out in Mahajanga province also affected Antananarivo province. A malaria epidemic in 1987–88 claimed several lives in the capital.
Political instability
This is the home province of the noted politicians Didier Ratsiraka, Norbert Ratsirahonana and Marc Ravalomanana. Ravalomanana was born in the village of Imerinkasinina, in Manjakandriana District of the province. Before becoming the country's president, he had served as the mayor of Antananarivo. The province was dominated in population by the Merina, the island's largest and most politically prominent ethnic group. In 2002 a state of emergency was proclaimed by the then president Didier Ratsiraka after Marc Ravalomanana announced that he had won a majority in the presidential election held in December 2001. However, the initial results of the election suggested that a second round was necessary. This led to severe political tension and public protests. The provinces supporting the presidency of Ratsiraka announced the creation of a new republic which excluded Antananarivo Province. In coastal areas the Merina people were subject to ethnic violence. Ratsiraka left the country and fled to France once the news of plans to assassinate him surfaced. In April 2002, the High Constitutional Court of Madagascar declared Ravalomanana the winner. Following the announcement he was appointed as the country's president. and peace was restored within the country.
Abolition
The President (PDS – Président de la Délégation Spéciale) of the province was Emile Rakotomalala. The provinces were abolished following the results of Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2007 which led to the formation of 22 smaller areas (faritra or regions) to facilitate regional development.
Administrative divisions
Antananarivo Province was divided into four regions of Madagascar - Analamanga, Bongolava, Itasy and Vakinankaratra. These four regions became the first-level administrative divisions when the provinces were abolished in 2009. They are sub-divided into 19 districts:
Analamanga region (blue):
2. Ambohidratrimo
3. Andramasina
4. Anjozorobe
5. Ankazobe
6. Antananarivo-Atsimondrano
7. Antananarivo-Avaradrano
8. Antananarivo-Renivohitra
16. Manjakandriana
Bongolava region (brown):
15. Fenoarivobe
19. Tsiroanomandidy
Itasy region (green):
12. Arivonimamo
17. Miarinarivo
18. Soavinandriana
Vakinankaratra region (orange):
1. Ambatolampy
9. Antanifotsy
10. Antsirabe Rural
11. Antsirabe Urban
13. Betafo
14. Faratsiho
Towns
Antananarivo
Antsirabe
Tsiroanomandidy
Miarinarivo
References
Bibliography
External links
Province autonome d'Antananarivo - Gouvernorat official website (not updated since 2001)
Provinces of Madagascar
Antananarivo |
Phillip "Rocky" McKenzie is an Aboriginal Australian chef and actor from Broome, Western Australia. He played Willie in the film version of Bran Nue Dae. In 2010, he won a Deadly Award for Male Actor of the Year.
In 2015, he became an apprentice chef.
Early life
Career
In 2009, McKenzie role the character of Willie in the Australian musical comedy-drama film Bran Nue Dae alongside Jessica Mauboy, Ernie Dingo, Missy Higgins, Geoffrey Rush, Deborah Mailman, Tom Budge, Magda Szubanski, Ningali Lawford, and Dan Sultan.
Filmography
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian male child actors
Australian male film actors
Indigenous Australian male actors
People from Broome, Western Australia |
El cuarto mandamiento (English: The fourth commandment), is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and originally transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.
Cast
Lupita Lara - Olivia
Guillermo Zetina
Pituka de Foronda
Gloria Leticia Ortiz
References
External links
Televisa telenovelas
Spanish-language telenovelas
1967 telenovelas
1967 Mexican television series debuts
1967 Mexican television series endings |
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Yekaterinburg, Russia.
Prior to 20th century
1723 - built.
1725 - Verkhne-Isetski ironworks established.
1735 - Mint begins operating.
1758 - St. Catherine's Cathedral founded.
1774 - Epiphany Cathedral founded.
1783 - Yekaterinburg coat of arms design adopted.
1824 - Rastorguyev-Kharitonov Palace built.
1839 - Trinity Cathedral consecrated.
1845 - Ekaterinburg Drama Theatre founded.
1853 - Natural history museum opens.
1860 - Population: 19,830.
1876 - Bolshoi Zlatoust (church belltower) built.
1878 - Perm-Ekaterinburg railway begins operating.
1883 - Population: 25,133.
1885 - Russian Orthodox established.
1895 - Trans-Siberian Railway begins operating.
1897 - Population: 43,052.
20th century
1913 - Population: 70,000.
1918 - 17 July: Execution of the Romanov family by Bolsheviks.
1919 - City becomes capital of the .
1920 - Ural State University founded (including Ural Industrial Institute).
1923 - City becomes capital of Ural Oblast.
1924 - City renamed "Sverdlovsk."
1926 - Population: 136,421.
1928 - Nizhne-Isetski becomes part of city.
1930
established.
Avangard football club formed.
Bolshoi Zlatoust (church belltower) demolished.
1932 - Uktus Airfield in operation.
1933 - Ural Heavy Machine Building Plant begins operating.
1934
Urals State Conservatory founded.
City becomes capital of the Sverdlovsk Oblast.
1936 - Ural Philharmonic Orchestra founded.
1939 - Population: 425,544.
1941 - Red Army Theatre relocates temporarily to Sverdlovsk.
1943 - Koltsovo Airport in operation.
1955 - Television Centre begins broadcasting.
1957 - Central Stadium built.
1965 - Population: 919,000.
1977 - Ipatiev House demolished.
1979
2 April: Sverdlovsk anthrax leak.
Population: 1,239,000.
1983 - TV Tower construction begins.
1985 - Population: 1,300,000.
1991
City named "Yekaterinburg" again.
Yekaterinburg Metro begins operating.
Yekaterinburg Commodity Exchange founded.
1992 - Arkady Mikhailovich Chernetsky becomes mayor.
1993 - 27 September: declared.
1999 - Bishop ousted.
2000 - City becomes part of the Ural Federal District.
21st century
2003 - Church of All Saints built.
2006 - IKEA branch in business.
2009
16 June: 1st BRIC summit held in city.
Yeltsin Presidential Center founded.
2010
Alexander Yacob becomes head of city administration.
built on
Population: 1,349,772.
2011
Russian Orthodox established.
Vysotsky (skyscraper) built.
2013
15 February: Chelyabinsk meteor visible from city.
28 August: Search for escaped crocodile.
8 September: held; Yevgeny Roizman wins.
Population: 1,424,702.
See also
Yekaterinburg history
List of administrative-territorial units headquartered in Yekaterinburg (in Russian)
References
This article incorporates information from the Russian Wikipedia.
Bibliography
External links
Yekaterinburg
Yekaterinburg
Years in Russia |
Rhymney Bridge railway station was a station on the London and North Western Railway's Heads of the Valleys line serving the village of Llechrhyd in the Welsh county of Glamorganshire.
History
The first section of the Merthyr, Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway from Abergavenny to was opened on 29 September 1862. The line was leased and operated by the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) which acquired the smaller railway company on 30 June 1866. On 1 March 1864, the line was extended from Brynmawr to . A further extension to Rhymney Bridge through to was jointly constructed by the L&NWR and the Rhymney Railway; the section to Rhymney Bridge was double-track whilst the Rhymney portion was single-track. The joint line came into operation on 5 September 1871 when the junction was opened; the L&NWR had running powers over the Rhymney's line to Cardiff Docks.
The station, which was at first known as Rumney Bridge, opened to Rhymney services on 2 October 1871 and to L&NWR services on 1 January 1873. It took its name from the bridge over the River Rhymney which was situated a short distance to the south-east; the nearest settlement was the village of Llechrhyd. The station had three platform faces and, as with the junction at Nantybwch, the signal box stood in the "V" of an island platform. The two platforms serving the Abergavenny and Merthyr line had no passenger accommodation, although a brick station building stood on the Merthyr platform. This structure has been described as "resembling a peasant's dwelling from the bleak wastes of northern China". Rhymney Bridge itself was situated in a desolate location, with scant protection from the inclement weather provided by a weather-boarded footbridge linking the platforms. The Rhymney branch platform was situated at a lower level to the main line platforms and was skirted by two goods loops which were useful for slow-moving goods trains.
As a result of decline in the local industry and the costs of working the line between Abergavenny and Merthyr, passenger services ended on 4 January 1958. Services on the Rhymney branch had ceased on 23 September 1953 and goods facilities were withdrawn from Rhymney Bridge on 22 November 1954. The last public service over the Merthyr line was an SLS railtour on 5 January 1958 hauled by LNWR 0-8-0 49121 and L&NWR Coal Tank No. 58926. At Rhymney Bridge, a laurel wreath was placed on the smokebox door of No. 58926. Official closure came on 6 January.
Present
The site of the station has been lost under the A465 road. The branch to Rhymney has been obliterated by the A469 road.
References
Notes
Sources
Disused railway stations in Caerphilly County Borough
Former London and North Western Railway stations
Former Rhymney Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1871
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1958
1871 establishments in Wales
1958 disestablishments in Wales |
The sublingual papilla or sublingual fold is a small fold of soft tissue located on each side of the lingual frenulum binding the lips to the gums within the mouth. The sublingual papilla marks the site of the sublingual gland with its major sublingual duct and its minor sublingual ducts opening upon the papilla.
Clinical significance
In cases of pathology, papillotomy procedures are undertaken for cases of obstructive salivary gland diseases. The appearance of papillae may be influenced by the underlying pathology. Based on the classification proposed by Anicin et al., papilla typology affects the duration of sialendoscope introduction and may influence the frequency of intraoperative complications of sialendoscopy.
References
Mouth |
Filip Firbacher (born 21 December 2001) is a Czech football player who plays as forward for Hradec Králové in Czech National Football League.
In 2018, The Guardian named Firbacher in a list of the 60 top football talents born in the year 2001. At the time, Firbacher was playing for FC Hradec Králové's under-19 team.
References
External links
Hradec Králové profile
2001 births
Living people
Czech men's footballers
Czech National Football League players
FC Hradec Králové players
Men's association football forwards
Czech Republic men's youth international footballers |
NY International FC is an amateur American soccer club. It currently competes in Division 2 of the Cosmopolitan Soccer League, comparable the seventh tier of the United States soccer league system.
History
Officially founded in the summer of 2019, NY International FC was the creation of seven men with ties to various teams in the Cosmopolitan Soccer League. The group had started a team in 2011 known as New Amsterdam United FC which eventually became a feeder club to another CSL side named Beyond FC. The renamed Beyond FC Metro played four seasons before the group rebranded and separated the club into NYIFC. The name change came from club's new international ethos. The team's original 2019–20 roster contained players from 15 different nations, emphasizing the inclusive mission of the team while also trying to combined multiple different soccer styles into a single unit.
The team's inaugural season in 2019–20 was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The team led the CSL Metro Division South with eight wins and one loss (24 points) heading into the winter break. Prior to the Spring season starting in March 2020, the CSL postponed and eventually cancelled the season due to the pandemic. The team was promoted to CSL Division 3 the following season and finished first in the North Conference to guarantee promotion. International also won the Division 3 playoff title over Lansdowne Yonkers FC Metro to secure its first playoff silverware as a club.
On Thursday, December 2, 2021, NYIFC defender and Columbia University graduate student Davide Giri was killed while walking home from a team practice. The remainder of the 2021–22 was played in his honor with the team wearing black armbands, retiring his number No. 2 kit from ever being worn again, and displaying a tifo with Giri's image and the phrase “Win for Davide, live for Davide". The team went on to win the CSL Division 2 Reserves championship, a team that Giri had regularly captained, in a penalty kick shootout.
Charity
NYIFC works closely with EVLovesNYC, a non-profit that helps fight food insecurity within New York City. The relationship includes a training kit sponsorship and players volunteering at various EV events.
The team also organizes a yearly charity 5K run in Astoria, Queens to honor Davide Giri. Funds raised go into the Davide Giri Memorial Fund, at the Computer Science Department at Columbia University.
Year-by-year
Notable alumni
Jan Washausen
References
External links
Official Site
Cosmopolitan Soccer League Profile
Cosmopolitan Soccer League
Soccer clubs in New York City
2019 establishments in New York City
Association football clubs established in 2019 |
China–Nicaragua relations are the bilateral relationship between China and Nicaragua. Official relations began in 1985, but were broken in 1990 as a result of Nicaragua's recognition of Taiwan. Relations were restored in 2021. China has an embassy in Managua and Nicaragua has an embassy in Beijing.
History
During the Cold War, Nicaragua only maintained formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan). The Xinhua News Agency opened a branch office in Managua after the Nicaraguan Revolution broke out in 1979. The Nicaraguan government, which was led by Daniel Ortega, first established formal relations with China in 1985, and both countries soon opened resident embassies in their respective capitals.
However, after a difficult presidency marred by war and economic collapse, Ortega was defeated in the 1990 Nicaraguan general election by Violeta Chamorro, who declared the restoration of diplomatic relations with Taiwan. China subsequently severed diplomatic relations. Additionally, Nicaragua shut down its consulate before the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong, which was established during British rule. In December 2021, Nicaragua suspended its relations with Taiwan, and restored its relations with China.
See also
Hong Kong–Nicaragua relations
References
China
Nicaragua |
The letters of Gustave Flaubert (French: la correspondance de Flaubert), the 19th-century French novelist, range in date from 1829, when he was 7 or 8 years old, to a day or two before his death in 1880. They are considered one of the finest bodies of letters in French literature, admired even by many who are critical of Flaubert's novels. His main correspondents include family members, business associates and fellow-writers such as Théophile Gautier, the Goncourt brothers, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, George Sand, Ivan Turgenev and Émile Zola. They provide a valuable glimpse of his methods of work and his literary philosophy, as well as documenting his social life, political opinions, and increasing disgust with bourgeois society.
Correspondents
4481 letters by Flaubert survive, a number which would have been considerably higher but for a series of burnings of his letters to his friends. Many of those addressed to Maxime Du Camp, Guy de Maupassant and Louis Bouilhet were destroyed in this way. From those that survive it appears that his principal correspondents were as follows. His family members:
His friends, associates and readers:
Themes
Flaubert's personality was rigorously excluded from his novels, but in the letters, written at night after the day's literary work was done, he expresses much more spontaneously his own personal views. Their themes often arise from his life as a reader and writer. They discuss the subject-matter and structural difficulties of his novels, and explore the problems Flaubert faced in their composition, giving the reader a unique glimpse of his art in the making. They illustrate his extensive reading of the creative literatures of France, England (he loved Shakespeare, Byron and Dickens), Germany and the classical world; also his deep researches into history, philosophy and the sciences. Above all, they constantly state and restate Flaubert's belief in the duty of the writer to maintain his independence, and in his own need to reach literary beauty through a quasi-scientific objectivity.
But his letters also demonstrate an enjoyment of the simple pleasures of Flaubert's youth. Friendship, love, conversation, a delight in foreign travel, the pleasures of the table and of the bed are all in evidence. These do not disappear in his maturer years, but they are offset by discussions of politics and current affairs which reveal an increasing disgust with society, especially bourgeois society, and with the age he lived in. They exude a sadness and a sense of having grown old before his time. As a whole, said the literary critic Eric Le Calvez, Flaubert's correspondence, "reveals his vision of life and of the relation between life and art: since the human condition is miserable, life can be legitimated only through an eternal pursuit of art."
Critical reception
For many years after the first publication of the letters critical opinion was divided. Albert Thibaudet thought them "the expression of a first-rate intellect", and André Gide wrote that "For more than five years his correspondence took the place of the Bible at my bedside. It was my reservoir of energy". Frank Harris said that in his letters "he lets himself go and unconsciously paints himself for us to the life; and this Gustave Flaubert is enormously more interesting than anything in Madame Bovary". On the other hand, Marcel Proust found Flaubert's epistolary style "even worse" than that of his novels, while for Henry James the Flaubert of the letters was "impossible as a companion".
This ambivalence is a thing of the past, and there is now widespread agreement that the Flaubert correspondence is one of the finest in French literature. Publication of them "has crowned his reputation as the exemplary artist". Enid Starkie wrote that Flaubert was one of his own greatest literary creations, and that the letters might well be seen in the future as his greatest book, and the one in which "he has most fully distilled his personality and his wisdom". Jean-Paul Sartre, an inveterate enemy of Flaubert's novels, considered the letters a perfect example of pre-Freudian free association, and for Julian Barnes this description "hints at their fluency, profligacy, range and sexual frankness; to which we should add power, control, wit, emotion and furious intelligence. The Correspondance...has always added up to Flaubert's best biography." Rosemary Lloyd analyses the elements of their appeal as being "partly [their] wide sweep, partly the sense of seeing what Baudelaire called the strings and pulleys of the writer's workshop, and partly the immediacy of Flaubert's changeable, complex and challenging personality." She continues, "Reading Flaubert's correspondence brings startlingly alive a man of enormous complexity, of remarkable appetites and debilitating lethargies, a knotted network of prejudices, insights, blind spots, passions and ambitions."
Editions
This four-volume edition was the first to try to collect Flaubert's letters. The unnamed editor was Flaubert's niece Caroline Commanville; she censored the letters freely, cutting out many passages which she thought indecent or which referred unflatteringly to living persons, especially to herself, and very often failing to notify the reader of these cuts by the use of ellipses. She also corrected his punctuation and sometimes "improved" his phrasing.
A five-volume edition which has been described as "seriously flawed".
In four volumes. The first scholarly edition.
In nine volumes, containing 1992 letters. Most of the notes were taken from René Descharmes' edition.
Adds 1296 letters to the edition of 1926–1933.
In five volumes, the first four edited by Jean Bruneau, and the fifth, which was published after Bruneau's death, co-edited with Yvan Leclerc (FR). This edition boasts an extremely thorough critical apparatus, with letters written to Flaubert, excerpts from the Goncourt Journal and other third-party documentation, together with explanatory and critical notes by the editor. Julian Barnes points out that in the third volume the appendices, notes and variants take up more pages than the letters themselves.
In five volumes.
Two volumes were published, taking the edition up to 1861, but the editor's death brought the project to a halt.
A freely available Web-based edition comprising 4481 letters, 134 of which have not previously been published.
There have also been many single-correspondent editions of Flaubert's letters to one or another of his friends and associates, and selections from the collected letters.
Translations
The first selection of the letters in English.
Includes 122 letters.
According to The Nation, Steegmuller "edited them with discretion after translating them with authority".
In two volumes. Jean Bruneau, editor of the then half-completed Pléiade edition, gave Steegmuller unfettered access to all his files, including the manuscripts of newly-discovered letters, with the result that some appeared in Steegmuller's English before they had been published in the original French. Its publication, The Times later said, "was a major event in the English-speaking literary world".
Includes about 100 letters not to be found in the 1922 Mckenzie translation. Barbara Bray translated George Sand's letters, and Francis Steegmuller Flaubert's. It has been called "a graceful and expressive translation in a scrupulous edition that has the effect of the best kind of biography – and a double one at that."
Footnotes
References
External links
The McKenzie translation of the Flaubert–Sand letters
A digital edition of Flaubert's letters in the original French, by Yvan Leclerc and Danielle Girard
Books published posthumously
Correspondences
Letters |
Mehele is a village development committee in the Himalayas of Taplejung District in the Mechi Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 2,357 people living in 463 individual households. There were 1,148 males and 1,209 females at the time of census.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Taplejung District
Populated places in Taplejung District |
The Lady of the Lake (, , , , ) is a name or a title used by several either fairy or fairy-like but human enchantresses in the Matter of Britain, the body of medieval literature and mythology associated with the legend of King Arthur. She plays several important roles in many stories, including providing Arthur with the sword Excalibur, eliminating Merlin, raising Lancelot after the death of his father, and helping to take the dying Arthur to Avalon. Different sorceresses known as the Lady of the Lake appear concurrently as separate characters in some versions of the legend since at least the Post-Vulgate Cycle and consequently the seminal Le Morte d'Arthur, with the latter describing them as a hierarchical group, while some texts also give this title to either Morgan or her sister.
Given name
Today, the Lady of the Lake is best known as the character called either Nimue, or several scribal variants of Ninianne and Viviane. Medieval authors and copyists produced various forms of the latter two, including: Nymenche (in addition to Ninianne / Ninienne) in the Vulgate Lancelot; Nim[i]ane and Ui[n/ui]ane (in addition to Viviane) in the Vulgate Merlin (Niniane in the version Livre d'Artus); Nin[i]eve / Nivene / Niviène / Nivienne and Vivienne in the Post-Vulgate Merlin (Niviana in the Spanish Baladro del Sage Merlin); and Nimiane / Niniame and Vivian / Vivien in Arthour and Merlin and Henry Lovelich's Merlin. Further variations of these include alternate spellings with the letter i written as y, such as in the cases of Nymanne (Nimanne as in Michel le Noir's Merlin) and Nynyane (Niniane).
According to Lucy Paton, the most primitive French form of this name might have been Niniane. The much later form Nimue, in which the letter e can be written as ë or é, was invented and popularized by Thomas Malory through his 15th-century Le Morte d'Arthur and itself has several variations: her name appears as Nymue, Nyneue, Nyneve and Nynyue in William Caxton's print edition, but it had been rather Nynyve (used predominantly) and Nenyve in Malory's original Winchester Manuscript. Even though 'Nymue' (with the m) appears only in the Caxton text, the modernized and standardized 'Nimue' is now the most common form of the name of Malory's character, as Caxton's edition was the only version of Le Morte d'Arthur published until 1947. Nimue is also sometimes rendered by modern authors and artists as either Nimüe and Nimuë, the forms introduced in the 19th century (in Tennyson's poem and a painting by Burne-Jones, respectively), or Nimueh.
Origins
Arthurian scholar A. O. H. Jarman, following suggestions first made in the 19th century, proposed that the name Viviane used in French Arthurian romances, was ultimately derived from (and a corruption of) the Welsh word chwyfleian (also spelled hwimleian and chwibleian in medieval Welsh sources), meaning "a wanderer of pallid countenance", which was originally applied as an epithet to the famous prototype of Merlin, a prophetic wild man figure Myrddin Wyllt in medieval Welsh poetry. Due to the relative obscurity of the word, it was misunderstood as "fair wanton maiden" and taken to be the name of Myrddin's female captor. Others have linked the name Nymenche with the Irish mythology's figure Niamh (an otherworldly woman from the legend of Tír na nÓg), and the name Niniane with the Welsh mythology's figure Rhiannon (another otherworldly woman of a Celtic myth), or, as a feminine form of the masculine name Ninian, with the likes of the 5th-century (male) saint Ninian and the river Ninian.
Further theories connect her to the Welsh lake fairies known as the Gwragedd Annwn (including a Lady of the Lake unrelated to the legend of Arthur), the Celtic water goddess Covianna (worshipped in the Romano-British times as Coventina), and the Irish goddess of the underworld Bé Finn (Bébinn, mother of the hero Fráech). It has been also noted how the North Caucasian goddess Satana (Satanaya) from the Nart sagas is both associated with water and helps the Scythian hero Batraz gain his magic sword. Possible literary prototypes include two characters from Geoffrey of Monmouth's Vita Merlini: Merlin's one-time wife Guendoloena and Merlin's half-sister Ganieda. Another possibility involves Diana, the Roman goddess of hunt and nature, a direct or spiritual descent from whom is actually explicitly attributed to Viviane within some French prose narratives.
The mythical Greek sea nymph Thetis, mother of the hero Achilles, similarly provides her son with magical weapons. Like the Lady of the Lake, Thetis is a water spirit who raises the greatest warrior of her time. Thetis' husband is named Peleus, while in some tales the Lady of the Lake has the knight Pelleas as her lover; Thetis also uses magic to make her son invulnerable, similar to how Lancelot receives a ring that protects him from magic. The Greek myth may therefore have inspired or influenced the Arthurian legend, especially since The Iliad involving Thetis was well known across the former Roman Empire and among the medieval writers dealing with Celtic myths and lore. The Roman fort Aballava, known to the post-Roman Britons as Avalana and today seen by some as the location of the historical Avalon, had been also curiously dedicated the Roman water goddess Dea Latis. Laurence Gardner, who interpreted the Arthurian romances', stated Biblical origins of Lancelot's bloodline by noting the belief about Jesus' purported wife Mary Magdalene's later life in Gaul (today's France) and her death at Aquae Sextiae; he identified her descendant as the 6th-century Comtess of Avallon named Viviane del Acqs ("of the water"), whose three daughters (associated with the mothers of Lancelot, of Arthur, and of Gawain) would thus become known as the 'Ladies of the Lake'.
Chrétien de Troyes's French Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, the first known story featuring Lancelot as a prominent character, was also the first to mention his upbringing by a fairy in a lake. If it is accepted that the Franco-German Lanzelet by Ulrich von Zatzikhoven contains elements of a more primitive version of this tale than Chrétien's, the infant Lancelot was spirited away to a lake by a water fairy (merfeine in Old High German) known as the Lady of the Sea and then raised in her Land of Maidens (Meide lant). The fairy queen character and her paradise island in Lanzelet are reminiscent of Morgen (Morgan) of the Island of Avallon in Geoffrey's work. Furthermore, the fairy from Lanzelet has a son whose name Mabuz is an Anglo-Norman form of Mabon, son of Morgan's early Welsh counterpart Modron. According to Roger Sherman Loomis, "it seems almost certain" that Morgan and the Lady of the Lake have originally began as one character in the legend. In a related hypothesis, the early Myrddyn tradition may have been merged with the popular 'fairy lover' motive, with this role later split between the 'good' fairy and the 'bad' one.
Medieval literature
Lancelot's guardian
Following the above-mentioned works of Chrétien and Ulrich, the Lady of the Lake began appearing by this title in the French chivalric romance prose by the early 13th century. As a fairy godmother-type foster mother of the hero Lancelot, she inherits the role of an unnamed aquatic fairy queen, her prototype from 12th-century poetry. While Ulrich's Lanzelet uses the changeling part of the fairy abduction lore in regards to Mabuz and Lancelot, the Lady has no offspring of her own in Chrétien's and later versions.
In the Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate) prose cycle, the Lady resides in an otherworldly enchanted realm, the entry to which is disguised as an illusion of a lake (the Post-Vulgate explains it as Merlin's work). There, she raises Lancelot from his infancy having stolen him from his mother following the death of his father, King Ban. She teaches Lancelot arts and writing, infusing him with wisdom and courage, and overseeing his training to become an unsurpassed warrior. She also rears his orphaned cousins Lionel and Bors after having her sorcerous damsel Seraide (Saraïde, later called Celise) rescue them from King Claudas. All this takes her only a few years in the human world. Afterwards, she sends off the adolescent Lancelot to King Arthur's court as the nameless White Knight, due to her own affinity with the color white.
Through much of the Prose Lancelot Propre, the Lady keeps aiding Lancelot in various ways during his early adventures to become a famed knight and discover his true identity, usually acting through her maidens serving as her agents and messengers. She gives him her magical gifts, including a magic ring of protection against enchantments in a manner similar in that to his fairy protectoress in Chrétien's version (the same of another of her magic rings also grants Lancelot's lover Queen Guinevere immunity from Morgan's power in the Prophéties de Merlin). Later she also works to actively encourage Lancelot and Guinevere's relationship and its consummation (this includes sending Guinevere a symbolically illustrated magic shield, the crack in which closes up after the queen finally spends her first night with Lancelot), and furthermore personally arrives to restore Lancelot to sanity during some of his recurring periods of madness.
Merlin's beloved and captor
The Vulgate Cycle is first to tell of either a different or the same Lady of the Lake in the Prose Merlin-derived section. It takes place before its main Vulgate Lancelot section but was written later, linking her with the disappearance of Merlin from the romance tradition of Arthurian legend. She is given the name Viviane (or similar) and a human origin, although she is still being called a fairy. In the Vulgate Merlin, Viviane refuses to give Merlin (who at this time is already old but appears to her in the guise of a handsome young man) her love until he has taught her all his secrets, after which she uses her power to seal him by making him sleep forever. The Post-Vulgate revision changes it into Viviane causing Merlin's death out of her hatred and fear of him. Though Merlin knows beforehand that this will happen due to his power of foresight, he is unable to counteract her because of the 'truth' this ability of foresight holds. He decides to do nothing for his situation other than to continue to teach her his secrets until she takes the opportunity to get rid of him.
Consequently, she entraps and entombs her unresisting mentor within a tree, in a hole underneath a large stone, or inside a cave, depending on the version of this story as it is told in the different texts. In the Prophéties de Merlin, for instance, Viviane is especially cruel in the way she disposes of Merlin and then takes Tristan's brother Meliadus the Younger as her actual lover. There she is proud of how Merlin had never taken her virginity, unlike what happened with his other female students such as Morgan. The Prose Lancelot explains this by a spell she put "on her groin which, as long as it lasted, prevented anyone from deflowering her and having relations with her." The Lancelot too has Viviane leave Merlin for another lover, in this case the evil king Brandin of the Isles, whom she teaches some magic that he then applies to his terrible castle Dolorous Gard; in the Vulgate Merlin, an incognito Viviane abortively turns King Brandegorre's son Evadeam into the deformed Dwarf Knight for refusing her love. Conversely, the Livre d'Artus, a late variant of the Prose Lancelot, shows a completely peaceful scene taking place under a blooming hawthorn tree where Merlin is lovingly put to sleep by Viviane, as it is required by his destined fate that she has learned of. He then wakes up inside an impossibly high and indestructible tower, invisible from the outside, where she will come to meet him there almost every day or night (a motif reminiscent of Ganieda's visits of Merlin's house in an earlier version of his life as described by Geoffrey in Vita Merlini). In any case, as a result of their usually final encounter Merlin almost always either dies or is never seen again by anyone else. Only in the recently found, alternative Bristol Merlin fragment, she resists his seduction with the help of a magic ring during the week they spend together; this particular text ends with him reuniting with Arthur.
According to her backstory in the chronologically later (but happening earlier plotwise) Vulgate Merlin, Viviane was a daughter of the knight Dionas (Dyonas) and a niece of the Duke of Burgundy. She was born in Dionas' domain that included the fairy forests of Briosque (Brocéliande) and Darnantes, and it was an enchantment of her fairy godmother, Diana the Huntress Goddess, that caused Viviane to be so alluring to Merlin when she first met him there as a young teenager. The Vulgate Lancelot informs the reader that, back "in the time of Virgil", Diana had been a Queen of Sicily that was considered a goddess by her subjects. The Post-Vulgate Suite de Merlin describes how Viviane was born and lived in a magnificent castle at the foot of a mountain in Brittany as a daughter of the King of Northumbria. She is initially known as the beautiful 12-year-old Damsel Huntress (Damoiselle Cacheresse) in her introductory episode, in which she serves the role of a damsel in distress in the adventure of the three knights separately sent by Merlin to rescue her from kidnapping; the quest is soon completed by King Pellinore who tracks down and kills her abductor. The Post-Vulgate rewrite also describes how Diana had killed her partner Faunus to be with a man named Felix, but then she was herself killed by her lover at that lake, which came to be called the Lake of Diana (Lac Diane). This is presumably the place where Lancelot du Lac ("of the Lake") is later raised, at first not knowing his real parentage, by Viviane. Nevertheless, in the French romances only the narration of the Vulgate Lancelot actually makes it clear that its Lady of the Lake and Viviane are in fact the one and same character. There, she also uses other names, including Elaine.
Giver of Excalibur
Another, unnamed Lady of the Lake appears in the Post-Vulgate tradition to bestow the magic sword Excalibur from Avalon to Arthur in a now iconic scene. She is presented as a mysterious early benefactor of the young King Arthur, who is directed and led to her by Merlin. Appearing in her lake, she grants him Excalibur and its special scabbard after his original (also unnamed) sword breaks in the duel against King Pellinore. She is a mysterious character who is evidently neither Morgan nor the Damsel Huntress, but may possibly have a connection to the Lady of Avalon (Dame d'Avalon) from the Propheties de Merlin. Later in the Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, this Lady of the Lake is suddenly attacked and beheaded at King Arthur's court by Sir Balin as a result of a kin feud between them (she blames Balin for the death of variably either her brother or her lover, while he blames her for the death of his mother, who had been burned at the stake) and a dispute over another enchanted sword from Avalon; her body later vanishes.
All this takes place during the time when Merlin is still at Arthur's side and prior to the introduction of the young Viviane in the same branch of the Post-Vulgate Cycle. Modern retellings, however, usually omit the episode of her apparent killing by Balin and at the same time often make her the same character as Viviane.
Other identities and relations
In some cases, it is uncertain whether Morgan and the Lady of the Lake are identical or separate characters. According to Anne Berthelot, Morgan herself should be considered "the Lady of the Lake", as compared to the "upstart magician" Viviane, in the French prose cycles. The 13th/14th-century English poem Of Arthour and of Merlin explicitly gives the role of Lady of the Lake to Morgan, explaining her association with the name "Nimiane" by just having her residing near a town called Nimiane (Ninniane). Morgan is also depicted as a fairy from a lake (with an underwater and invisible castle that can be accessed only with a guide water dragon) in the Italian tale Cantari del Falso Scudo, and as a former student of her fellow fairy Viviana in the French romance Claris et Laris.
The 15th-century Italian prose La Tavola Ritonda (The Round Table) makes the Lady a daughter of Uther Pendragon and thus a sister to both Morgan (Fata Morgana) and Arthur. Here she is a character mischievous to the extent that her own brother Arthur swears to burn her at the stake (as he also threatens to do with Morgan). This version of her briefly kidnaps Lancelot when he is an adult (along with Guinevere and Tristan and Isolde), a motif usually associated with Morgan; here it is also Morgan herself who sends the shield to Guinevere in an act recast as having malicious intent. The Lady is also described as Morgan's sister in some other Italian texts, such as the 13th-century poem Pulzella Gaia. Mike Ashley identified Viviane with one of Arthur's other sisters, the otherwise obscure Elaine.
In the 14th-century French prose romance Perceforest, a lengthy romance prequel to the Arthurian legend, the figures of the Lady of the Lake and of the enchantress Sebile have been merged to create the character of Sebile [the Lady] of the Lake (Sébil[l]e [la Dame] du Lac, named as such due to her residence of the Castle of the Lake later known as the Red Castle), who is depicted as an ancestor of Arthur himself from her romance with King Alexander (Alexander the Great). The Lady of the Lake who raises Lancelot is also mentioned in Perceforest, where both hers and Merlin's ancestry lines are derived from the ancient Fairy Morgane (Morg[u]ane la Faee / la Fée, living in a castle on the Isle of Zeeland). Here, their shared ancestors have been born from an illicit love between her beautiful daughter Morg[u]anette and Passelion, an amorous young human protégé of the spirit Zephir, hundreds years earlier when Morgane cursed them so that one of their descendants would one day kill the other.
Le Morte d'Arthur
In Thomas Malory's 15th-century compilation of Arthurian stories, the first Lady of the Lake remains unnamed besides this epithet. When the young King Arthur, accompanied by his mentor Merlin, comes to her lake, she holds the replacement Excalibur (the original sword-from-the-stone having been recently broken in battle) out of the water and offers it to Arthur if he promises to fulfill any request from her later, to which he agrees. Later, when the Lady comes to Camelot to receive her end of the bargain, she asks for the head of Sir Balin the Savage, whom she blames for her brother's death. However, Arthur refuses this request. Instead it is Balin, claiming that "by enchantment and sorcery she has been the destroyer of many good knights", who swiftly decapitates her with his own magic sword (a cursed blade that had been stolen by him from a mysterious lady from Avalon just a moment earlier) in front of Arthur and then sends off his squire with her severed head, much to the distress and shame of the king under whose protection she should have been there. Arthur gives the Lady a rich burial, has her slayer banished despite Merlin telling him Balin would become Arthur's greatest knight, and gives his permission for Sir Launcenor of Ireland (an Irish prince similarly named but entirely unrelated to Malory's "Launcelot" Lancelot) to go after Balin to avenge this disgrace by killing him.
Nimue (Nyneve)
The second Lady of the Lake is sometimes referred to by her title and sometimes referred to by name, today best known as Nimue (rendered Nynyve in Malory's original Winchester Manuscript). Nimue, whom Malory describes as the "chief Lady of the Lake", plays a pivotal role in the Arthurian court throughout his story. The first time the character named Nimue appears is at the wedding of Arthur and Guinevere, as the young huntress rescued by Pellinore. She then proceeds to perform some of the same actions as the Lady of the Lake of his sources but is different in some ways. For instance, in the Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin, Malory's source for the earlier parts of Le Morte d'Arthur, the Lady of the Lake traps Merlin in a tomb, which results in his death. She does this out of cruelty and a hatred of Merlin. In Le Morte d'Arthur, on the other hand, Nimue is still the one to trap Merlin, but Malory gives her a sympathetic reason: Merlin falls in love with her and will not leave her alone; Malory gives no indication that Nimue loves him back. Eventually, since she cannot free herself of him otherwise, she decides to trap him under rock and makes sure he cannot escape. She is tired of his sexual advances, and afraid of his power as "a devil's son", so she does not have much of a choice but to ultimately get rid of him.
After enchanting Merlin, Malory's Nimue replaces him as Arthur's magician aide and trusted adviser. When Arthur himself is in need in Malory's text, some incarnation of the Lady of the Lake, or her magic, or her agent, reaches out to help him. For instance, she saves Arthur from a magical attempt on his life made by his sister Morgan le Fay and from the death at the hands of Morgan's lover Accolon as in the Post-Vulgate, and together with Tristan frees Arthur from the lustful sorceress Annowre in a motif taken from the Prose Tristan. In Malory's version, Brandin of the Isles, renamed Brian (Bryan), is Nimue's evil cousin rather than her paramour. Nimue instead becomes the lover and eventually wife of Pelleas, a gentle young knight whom she then also puts under her protection so "that he was never slain by her days."
In an analysis by Kenneth Hodges, Nimue appears through the story as the chivalric code changes, hinting to the reader that something new will happen in order to help the author achieve the wanted interpretation of the Arthurian legend: each time the Lady reappears in Le Morte d'Arthur, it is at a pivotal moment of the episode, establishing the importance of her character within Arthurian literature, as she transcends any notoriety attached to her character by aiding Arthur and other knights to succeed in their endeavors, subtly helping sway the court in the right direction. According to Hodges, when Malory was looking at other texts to find inspiration, he chose the best aspects of all the other Lady of the Lake characters, making her pragmatic, compassionate, clever, and strong-willed. However, Nimue's character is often seen as still very ambiguous by other scholars. As summarized by Amy S. Kaufman,
Malory does not use Nimue's name for the Lady of the Lake associated with Lancelot, who remains unnamed as well and may be considered a third one (it is possible that Malory had only access to the Suite du Merlin part of the Post-Vulgate Cycle as a relevant source). In the end, a female hand emerging from a lake reclaims Excalibur in a miraculous scene when the sword is thrown into the water by Sir Bedivere just after Arthur's final battle. The narration then counts Nimue among the magical queens who arrive in a black boat with Morgan. Together, they bear the mortally wounded Arthur away to Avalon. (In the original account in the Vulgate Cycle's Mort Artu, the chief lady in the boat, seen holding hands with Morgan and calling for Arthur, is not recognised by Girflet who here is this scene's witness instead of Bedivere.)
Her lake
A number of locations are traditionally associated with the Lady of the Lake's abode. Such places within Great Britain include the lakes Dozmary Pool and The Loe in Cornwall, the lakes Llyn Llydaw and Llyn Ogwen in Snowdonia, River Brue's area of Pomparles Bridge in Somerset, and the lake Loch Arthur in Scotland.
In France, Viviane is also connected with Brittany's Paimpont forest, often identified as the Arthurian enchanted forest of Brocéliande, where her lake (that is, the Lake of Diana) is said to be located at the castle Château de Comper. The oldest localization of the Lake is in the Lancelot en prose, written around 1230: the place where Lancelot is raised is described there as to the north of Trèves-Cunault, on the Loire, in the middle of the (now extinct) forest of Beaufort-en-Vallée (the "Bois en Val" of the book).
Modern culture
Walter Scott wrote an influential poem, The Lady of the Lake, in 1810, drawing on the romance of the legend, but with an entirely different story set around Loch Katrine in the Trossachs of Scotland. Scott's material furnished subject matter for La donna del lago, an 1819 opera by Gioachino Rossini. Franz Schubert set seven songs from Walter Scott's Lady of the Lake, including the three "Ellen songs" ("Ellens Gesang I", "Ellens Gesang II", and "Ellens Gesang III"), although Schubert's music to Ellen's third song has become far more famous in its later adaptation, known as "Ave Maria".
William Wordsworth's 1831 poem, The Egyptian Maid or The Romance of the Water-Lily features the Lady of the Lake Nina, who, inverting Nimue's role in Malory, brings Merlin out of his cave and back to Arthur's court. Alfred, Lord Tennyson adapted several stories of the Lady of the Lake for his 1859–1885 poetic cycle Idylls of the King. He splits her into two characters: Viviane is a Circe-like deceitful villain and an associate of King Mark and Mordred who ensnares Merlin, while the Lady of the Lake is a guardian angel style benevolent figure who raises Lancelot and gives Arthur his sword.
The full French name of the University of Notre Dame, founded in 1842, is Notre Dame du Lac. This is translated as "Our Lady of the Lake", making reference to Mary, mother of Jesus as the Lady of the Lake in a fusion between Arthurian legend and French Catholicism.
Popular culture
20th- and 21st-century authors of Arthurian fiction adapt the legend of the Lady of the Lake in various ways, sometimes using two or more bearers of this title while others choose to emphasize a single character. Typically influenced by Thomas Malory's telling of the story, fantasy writers tend to give their version of Merlin a sorcerous female enemy, usually either Nimue, Morgan (often perceived as more plausible in this role due to her established enmity with Arthur in much of the legend), or Morgan's sister Morgause. Various characters of the Lady (or Ladies) of the Lake appear in many works, including poems, novels, films, television series, stage productions, comics, and games. Though her identity may change, her role as a significant figure in the lives of Arthur and Merlin usually remains consistent. Some examples of such works are listed below.
Nimue appears in T. H. White's book series The Once and Future King as a water nymph and Merlin's enchantress. True to the legend she traps Merlin in a cave, but White's Merlyn does not convey it as negative, and even refers to it as a holiday. They thus disappear together near the beginning of The Ill-Made Knight (1940), however Merlyn later returns in The Book of Merlyn.
Nineue ferch Afallach, "Tennyson's Vivien", is a fairy enchantress in John Cowper Powys's novel Porius: A Romance of the Dark Ages (1951). In Welsh mythology, Modron ("divine mother") was a daughter of Avallach; she was derived from the Gaulish goddess Matrona and may have been the prototype of Morgan. The novel ends with the protagonist Porius saving the wizard Myrddin (the story's Merlin figure) from his entombment by Nineue on the summit of Snowdon, Wales' highest mountain.
The 1960 musical Camelot includes the character Nimue who has a song called "Follow Me" performed in Act I. In the play, Nimue, a beautiful water nymph, has come to draw Merlyn into her cave for an eternal sleep. He begs Nimue for answers, as he has forgotten if he has warned Arthur about Lancelot and Mordred, before his memories fade permanently and he is led away. She does not appear in the film adaptation, but "Follow Me" is echoed in the notably similar "Come with Me" sung by the Lady of the Lake for Galahad in the later musical Spamalot (2005).
The Lady of the Lake is satirized off-screen in the 1975 comedy film Monty Python and the Holy Grail, in which late 20th century notions are inserted into a mythic tale for comical effect. In a famous scene, a peasant named Dennis says, "Strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government. Supreme executive power derives from a mandate from the masses, not from some farcical aquatic ceremony." Arthurian scholar N. J. Higham described this iconic dialogue line as ever "immortal" in 2005.
In the DC Comics Universe, Vivienne is the Lady of the Lake. Nimue is the good Madame Xanadu (introduced in 1978), her youngest sister, and their middle sister is the evil Morgaine le Fey (given name Morgana); their surname is Inwudu. The Lady of the Lake has appeared in Hellblazer, Aquaman, and her sister's own series. In the 1983 DC Comics series Camelot 3000, an unrelated Lady of the Lake is referred to as Nyneve, depicted as a woman with a beautiful body but wearing a mask, who is sent to confront the heroes of Camelot. When Nyneve removes the mask, Merlin, upon seeing her face, is unable to resist her and departs, thus removing him from Morgan's path. Later, when he escapes her control, it is revealed that her only facial feature is a gigantic mouth with a long serpentine tongue, vagina dentata style, which Merlin turns against her.
Mary Stewart's 1979 novel The Last Enchantment in her Arthurian Saga series radically recasts the story of Merlin and Niniane (Nimue), completely removing the aspect of malicious seduction and treachery dominant in the traditional version; it is the witch Morgause, the mother of Mordred (with Mordred notably undergoing a similarly revisionist treatment as Nimue), who takes Nimue's traditional role and then continues as the chief villain. In this depiction, after she saves him from being poisoned by Morgause, Merlin takes Niniane on as an apprentice, with her at first disguised as a boy named Ninian, and willingly teaches her his magic, which he had refused to Morgause. When her identity as a woman is discovered, they fall in love despite their age difference. Their love is peaceful and idyllic; even when Nimue marries Pelleas, this is not a betrayal of Merlin. As Merlin gives her the secrets of his power and how to control it, he seems to lose them himself, which he does not mind. In a depleted, weakened condition, he falls into a coma, and is believed to be dead. Nimue has him buried within his "crystal cave", from which he escapes after a few weeks, through a combination of chance luck and ingenious planning, and travels incognito to let Arthur know he is still alive and can help him against Morgause and Morgan. Nimue takes Merlin's place as the court enchanter, while Merlin retires to the crystal cave and lives a quiet and happy life as a hermit. Niniane takes his place and role to the degree she even proclaims "I am Merlin", thus creating a 'Nimue-Merlin' character.
In John Boorman's 1981 film Excalibur, an uncredited actress plays the Lady of Lake, twice holding up the fabled sword, once for Merlin to give to Uther Pendragon, and once to return to Arthur. Separately, the film's Morgana (Helen Mirren) takes on other parts of the traditional Lady of the Lake story, learning the occult arts from Merlin and ultimately trapping him with his own powerful "Charm of Making", the magic of shapeshifting.
Marion Zimmer Bradley's 1983 novel The Mists of Avalon, a feminist retelling of the legend, expands on the tradition of multiple Ladies, with Viviane, Niniane and Nimue all being separate characters. Furthermore, in Bradley's works, both the 'Lady of the Lake' and the 'Merlin' are names of offices in the Celtic pagan hierarchy: the Lady of the Lake is the title of the ruling priestess of Avalon, and the Merlin is a druid who has pledged his life to the protection of Britain. Various tragic characters assume the title of the Lady of the Lake, including Viviane, the initial High Priestess of Avalon, Arthur's aunt, and Lancelot's mother who ends up killed by Balin (here as her other son Balan's foster-brother); Niniane, Taliesin's daughter and yet another of Arthur's half-sisters who reluctantly becomes the Lady of the Lake after Viviane is slain and becomes Mordred's lover until he kills her; the main protagonist and narrator Morgaine (Morgan), portrayed similar as in the medieval romances but more sympathetically; and Nimue, a sympathetic and tragic young priestess who falls in love with the Merlin but is duty bound by Morgaine to seduce and lure him to his death – following which she drowns herself. Their ancestors (the previous priestesses of Avalon and, before that, of Atlantis) are subjects of Bradley's extended Avalon universe novels, among them the direct prequel Lady of Avalon (1997), the third part of which follows the young Viviane. A 2001 television adaptation of The Mists of Avalon starred Anjelica Huston as Viviane, and Julianna Margulies and Tamsin Egerton as Morgaine.
In his Christian-themed 1987–1999 book series The Pendragon Cycle, Stephen Lawhead takes up the figure of the Lady of the Lake under a different name: the Faery princess Charis, daughter of Avallach, the king of Atlantis and later of Avalon. Married to the Breton prince Taliesin, she gives birth to Merlin. After Taliesin's death, Charis takes care of Merlin at Lake Logres, hence her name "Lady of the Lake". She is the protagonist and narrator of the first book in the cycle, Taliesin. The traditional figure of Nimue belongs to Charis' shapeshifting evil sister Morgian (Morgan), the main antagonist through the entire series, including the modern-day-set Avalon: The Return of King Arthur.
In Bernard Cornwell's 1995–1997 novel series The Warlord Chronicles, more historically grounded and realistic than usual treatments of Arthurian legend, Nimue is an Irish orphan adopted by the British druid Merlin. She is a prominent character in the books, being a childhood friend of, a major love interest for, and finally an adversary to the series' main protagonist, Arthur's warrior Derfel Cadarn. She begins as Merlin's most adept priestess and lover, but as she grows ever more brutal and fanatical, by the time of the final novel she turns against him and imprisons him, torturing him to reveal the last of his magical secrets in her desperate obsession to bring back the Old Gods of Britain at any price. Eventually, she brings Merlin to total madness before ultimately sacrificing him to their lost gods, whose return she believes would rid the island of the Saxons and the Christians alike. As Nimue believes the key to her goal is to sacrifice Gwydre, Arthur's son with Guinevere using Excalibur (as she already did with Gawain), Derfel's final act of casting the sword away is not to return it to her but to hide it from her forever. Stephen Thomas Knight, commenting on Cornwell's vicious Nimue, with her tunnel-vision ruthlessness, vindicativeness, and frequent use of prolonged torture, opined the "pro-Celtic quasi-historian" author "links her to the Saxons as part of her hostility to decent people, including Merlin." Symbolically, both Nimue and the hypocritical Bishop Sansum, representing the Christian side of the books' major theme of the danger of religious extremism, remain still alive as the story comes to the end. Nimue is due to be portrayed by Ellie James in the upcoming television adaptation The Winter King.
In the 1995–1996 animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders, the name of the first season's antagonist Lady Kale (voiced by Corinne Orr), an evil twin sister of the Queen of Avalon and a former student of Merlin who magically imprisons him, was created as an anagram of Lady of the Lake. Lady Kale seeks to steal Merlin's magic so she can rule Avalon forever, later working together with the also evil Morgana. However, a good character of the Lady of the Lake (called the Spirit of Avalon in an alternate version Starla and the Jewel Riders) herself briefly appears during the second seasons's finale in the eponymous episode "Lady of the Lake" ("Spirit of Avalon") to help Princess Gwenevere and Merlin defeat Lady Kale and Morgana.
In the 1998 television miniseries Merlin, the characters of the Lady of the Lake (Miranda Richardson) and Nimue (Isabella Rossellini) are separated, with the former being a goddess-like beneficent fae who is the twin sister of the evil Queen Mab, and the latter being a noblewoman damsel in distress with no supernatural powers who is the object of Merlin's affections. In the motif evoking Edwin Arlington Robinson's 1917 poem Merlin, Nimue and Merlin live together in another world until he leaves in order to help Arthur; in the end, however, Merlin returns to her and makes them both young again with the last of his magic. In the 2006 pseudo-sequel Merlin's Apprentice, Miranda Richardson reprises her role as the Lady of the Lake, as the only returning cast member aside of Merlin's Sam Neill, though she portrays a much different characterization: the Lady is the main antagonist seeking to destroy Camelot. It also depicts Merlin's sleep in the cave; as he slept, the Lady used her magic to conceive a son with Merlin and then enchanted him to sleep for 50 years.
In the 2005–2009 television series Kaamelott, the Lady of the Lake (Audrey Fleurot) is an angel sent to help King Arthur progress in the quest for the Grail. Upending the established connections, the series' Lancelot not only never interacts with the Lady but cannot even see her.
The 2008–2012 television series Merlin also features two characters based on the Lady of the Lake. Nimueh (Michelle Ryan) serves as the primary antagonist of the show's first season, which includes the episode titled "The Mark of Nimueh". The character has no connection to Merlin beyond his opposition to her plans, and her only connection to a lake is her use of a location called the Isle of the Blessed (Thomas Wentworth Higginson's 19th-century name for Avalon). She ends up killed by Merlin in a showdown on her Isle of Nimueh in the season's last episode, "Le Morte d'Arthur". The ninth episode of the second season is titled "The Lady of the Lake", wherein a sorceress named Freya (Laura Donnelly) dies and vows to repay Merlin for his kindness to her. In the third season finale, Freya, now a water spirit, returns Excalibur to Merlin so that he can give it to Prince Arthur Pendragon.
Nimue, the Blood Queen, appears as one of the primary antagonists in the Hellboy comic book series by Mike Mignola, influenced by the classic comics series Prince Valiant. Here she was introduced in 2008 as a witch who driven mad after the powers she acquired from Merlin, gave her knowledge of the Ogdru Jahad, prompting the witches of Britain to dismember her and seal her away underground. Resurrected in the present day by King Arthur's last descendant, Hellboy, she assumes the mantle of the Irish triple war goddess the Morrígan and assembles an army of legendary and folkloric beings to eradicate mankind, only to stopped by Hellboy at the cost of his own life. Although having been turned into an evil creature trying to destroy the word, Nimue still had a human part "that hated and feared what she had become." She is portrayed by Milla Jovovich in the 2019 film adaptation Hellboy.
Nimue is featured in the 2010s television series Once Upon a Time in which Arthurian characters live in the land inhabited by other fairy tale characters. She appears as a secondary antagonist in the first half of Season 5, portrayed by Caroline Ford. She is introduced in the eponymous episode "Nimue" when, fleeing from Vortigan who sacked and burned her village, she meets Merlin and they fall in love; with Merlin being immortal, Nimue drinks from the Holy Grail so they can be together forever. Afterwards, she kills Vortigan, which darkens her magic and turns her into the very first Dark One. Nimue breaks Excalibur but Merlin cannot bring himself to kill her and ends up being trapped in a tree. At some point, Nimue dies but she manages to live on in all of the following Dark Ones, appearing to them as a vision. She forms an alliance with Captain Hook, manipulating him into casting the Dark Curse and reviving her and the Dark Ones, and then leads a Dark One invasion in Storybrooke, which ultimately leads to her demise at the hands of Hook, who betrays her to redeem himself and destroy her and the Dark Ones forever using Excalibur. The separate character of the Lady of the Lake is referenced as Lancelot's mother, but she never appears; even the episode titled "The Lady of the Lake" does not feature her and its title instead refers to Prince Charming's mother.
The 2017 film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword features the Lady of the Lake (Jacqui Ainsley) bound Excalibur to the Pendragon bloodline after Merlin used it to destroy the Mage Tower and appears to catch the sword underwater after Arthur throws it into the lake in shame at his failures; she pulls Arthur underwater and motivates him to fight Vortigern before returning the sword to him. This good Lady of the Lake has her mirror image in the film's monstrous character "Syren" that replaces the two dragons in the film's revision of the legend of Vortigern's Tower.
In the 2020 television series Cursed, a feminist re-imagining of the Arthurian legend based on an illustrated novel of the same title, Nimue is the protagonist, portrayed by Katherine Langford in the adaptation. Writer and showrunner Tom Wheeler said he was inspired by "this really evocative image of this young woman’s hand reaching out of this lake and offering the sword to Arthur, so that image is what captivated us. And it's a really mysterious, magical, sad image, and it begged all of these questions: Why is she giving the sword to Arthur? What was their relationship? Why him? Why does she have the sword?" (Contrary to Wheeler's stated belief, it is not Nimue who gives the sword in Malory's unrevised telling.) In Cursed, before becoming the Lady of the Lake, Nimue, also known as the "Wolf-Blood Witch", is a young woman coming into her Fey abilities, but whilst her home was ravaged by the Christian fanatics called the Red Paladins she is sent on a mission by her dying mother to deliver "The Sword of Power" (Excalibur but never named) to Merlin. Taking great liberties from the source materials, Cursed'''s Lancelot (known until the finale as only "The Weeping Monk") is already adult when Nimue first meets him and is for most part just one of her enemies, Merlin is revealed to be her father, and she is instead Arthur's love interest. The story of Cursed'' ends abruptly when Nimue is shot with arrows by a nun named Iris (an original character with no counterpart in the legend) and falls with the sword into a body of water, where she (or her spirit, as her exact fate is left unexplained) will guard the sword until "a true king rises to claim it." Albeit the TV series adapted the entire original book, it was supposed to continue in the canceled second season.
See also
Grendel's mother
Llyn y Fan Fach
Yeshe Tsogyal
References
External links
The Lady of the Lake and Vivien at The Camelot Project
Arthurian characters
British poems
Fairies
Female characters in literature
Female characters in television
Female legendary creatures
Fictional lords and ladies
Fictional characters who use magic
Mythological queens
Supernatural legends
Diana (mythology)
Thetis
Mary Magdalene |
Tréhorenteuc (; ) is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France. Inhabitants of Tréhorenteuc are called in French Tréhorentais.
See also
Communes of the Morbihan department
References
External links
Mayors of Morbihan Association
Communes of Morbihan |
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