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Faumuina To'aletai Mafaufau David Tua (born 21 November 1972), best known as David Tua, is a Samoan-New Zealand former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2013. A highly ranked heavyweight contender for most of his career, Tua was known for his formidable punching power, especially in his devastating left hook. He scored sixteen wins by knockout in the first round, which included knockouts of world heavyweight champions John Ruiz and Michael Moorer within thirty seconds of the first round, as well as late stoppages of world champions Oleg Maskaev and Hasim Rahman. He was ranked by BoxRec in the world's top 10 heavyweights from 1996 to 2003, reaching his highest ranking of No.3 in 1998. Tua ended his career with a knockout-to-win ratio of 82.6%. In a 2003 article by The Ring magazine, Tua was ranked 48th on a list of 100 greatest punchers of all time.
Nicknamed the "Tuamanator", his fast-paced bob and weave pressure fighting style has often drawn comparisons to Mike Tyson. Tua fought many of the best boxers of his era and challenged once for the unified world heavyweight title against Lennox Lewis in 2000. In his five professional losses, Tua was never subject to a stoppage, and possessed one of the most durable chins of his time.
Early life
Tua said that he lived with four brothers, four sisters and ten other relatives while growing up, and that his mother worked three jobs, and that his father worked long hours. Tua said that his father forced him to start boxing when he was seven years old, and Tua said that he is grateful to his father for introducing him to boxing.
Amateur career
In his early career, Tua trained three days a week at a small gym in Mangere Bridge, under boxing trainer Gerry Preston. Tua became New Zealand national heavyweight champion in 1988 at age 15.
At the age of 19 Tua won a bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. He lost his semi-final to David Izonritei, whom he would later knock out as a professional. Tua turned professional later the same year.
Highlights
Amateur career breakdown:
at the 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona, Spain (Heavyweight (– 91 kg))
Qualified at the 1992 National Olympic Trials, Apia, Samoa (Heavyweight)
at the 1991 World Championships, Sydney, Australia (Heavyweight)
at the 1991 New Zealand Championships (Heavyweight)
Finals: Defeated Toakipa Tasefa on points
1990 Junior World Championships, Lima, Peru (Heavyweight)
at the 1990 Oceanian Championships, Nukuʻalofa, Tonga (Heavyweight)
at the 1990 New Zealand Championships (Heavyweight)
at the 1989 New Zealand Championships (Heavyweight)
at the 1986 New Zealand Juniors Championships (Juniormiddleweight)
Professional career
Tua debuted in December 1992. Of his first 27 fights, 23 were won by knockout.
In Tua's 1997 fight against Ike Ibeabuchi, the two fighters combined to set the record for most punches thrown in a heavyweight fight on record. Ibeabuchi won the decision, handing Tua his first professional loss. Prior to this, Tua had scored devastating knockouts against future titlist John Ruiz (via 1st-round KO, in only 19 seconds) and Darroll Wilson. Tua also beat David Izon and future champion Oleg Maskaev to set up the fight with Ibeabuchi. After the loss to Ibeabuchi, Tua took on future champ Hasim Rahman and TKO'd Rahman in the 10th round. The victory over Rahman marked the beginning of Tua's struggles with his weight. He ballooned up to 253 pounds when he defeated Obed Sullivan in 2000 by KO. Later that year, he weighed 245 pounds in the loss to Lennox Lewis. Tua was disappointing in the fight, with both fighters avoiding each other and Tua not throwing combinations. Tua lost a clear-cut decision.
The fight with Lewis was for the WBC, IBF, & IBO heavyweight titles and took place in November 2000. Tua lost on points by a wide margin.
Following the Lewis loss, Tua regained steam with a KO over Danell Nicholson but lost by a close decision in his next fight to future champion Chris Byrd. In 2002 he beat prospect Fres Oquendo and demolished Michael Moorer in his next fight with a powerful shot 30 seconds into the first round, which put Moorer out cold. In 2003 he drew in a 12-round rematch with Rahman.
2005 comeback
Tua was inactive for over two years before he stepped into the ring on 31 March 2005 and bested Talmadge Griffis in a 10-round bout—ending the match and earning a TKO victory with 26 seconds remaining. Tua's next contest in October 2005 ended in a split decision over Cisse Salif with Tua dominating in the late rounds.
Tua defeated Edward Gutierrez by knockout in the fourth round of a scheduled 10-rounder on 26 July 2006. The fight was held at the Manhattan Center ballroom in New York City, and featured on ESPN2. Tua started slowly, scored a knockdown with his famous left hook in the second round, and put Gutierrez down for the count in the fourth round with a combination of two left hooks, one to the head and the decisive one to the body.
In November 2006 Tua defeated Maurice Wheeler in the seventh round of a scheduled 10-rounder by knockout. Tua ended the bout with a solid left uppercut to the body which immediately sent the howling Wheeler to the canvas.
Tua continued his comeback in February 2007 with a unanimous decision over Robert Hawkins in a 10-round bout. Tua ended the match being the aggressor and hurt Hawkins in both the ninth and tenth rounds with body punches, but was unable to end the match with a knockout.
Tua, looking in good shape and weighing in at 237½ lbs (his lightest fight weight since 2001), was featured as the main event of a Pay Per View show on 18 August 2007 in Sandy, Utah and ended the bout quickly with a first-round knockout of Mexican champion Saul Montana. Tua threw two powerful left hooks to the head that sent Montana sprawling to the canvas giving Tua his sixth win in a row.
Tua, again looking in good shape and weighing in at 234 lbs, fought the unheralded Cerrone Fox at the Soaring Eagle Casino, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan on 7 September 2007. Tua made short work of his over matched opponent ending the bout at 1:41 of the second round.
While Tua's promoter, Cedric Kushner, stated Tua was scheduled to fight an opponent on 18 October 2007, the fight never materialized.
2009 comeback
Tua fought fellow New Zealander Shane Cameron at Mystery Creek, Hamilton on 3 October 2009 with Tua knocking Cameron out seven seconds into the second round to pick up the WBO Asia Pacific and Oriental Heavyweight titles. The promoters for the fight were John McRae and David Higgins of Duco Events. The fight had been scheduled for an earlier date, but was delayed due to Cameron having surgery on a fractured hand.
On 31 March 2010 Tua fought Friday Ahunanya, winning on points after 12 rounds. The fight promoters for this fight were again John McRae and David Higgins of Duco Events.
The Tua-Barrett fight had been tentatively scheduled for 26 June in São Paulo, Brazil. However, the fight was moved to 17 July at the Tropicana Casino and Resort in Atlantic City in a bid to promote David Tua's career in the United States. At 38 years old, Monte Barrett (34-9, 20 KOs) was viewed by some as an easy opponent for Tua as he had lost his previous three fights. The match was a controversial draw with Tua being knocked down for the first time in his professional career late in the 12th round.
Tua fought Demetrice King on 19 March 2011. Tua defeated King by unanimous decision with the scores of 100–91, 100–91, and 100–90.
Tua's rematch against Monte Barrett on 13 August 2011 resulted in a unanimous points decision going in favour of Barrett. The judges scored the bout 113–112, 115–112, and 115–112.
In December 2011, it emerged that Monte Barrett tested positive for banned stimulant methylhexanamine following a urine test after his 13 August points decision over Tua. Tua's lawyer, Blair Edwards, called for action against the 40-year-old New Yorker requesting the return of Tua's WBO Asia-Pacific and Oriental titles and the restoration of ranking points.
2013 comeback and retirement
In June 2013 it was confirmed that Tua was once again getting back into the ring. Belarusian Alexander Ustinov defeated him by unanimous points decision, following which he announced his retirement from professional boxing. Ringside Report were mixed in their evaluation of his career, referring to him as "one of the best heavyweights never to win a world title".
Outside the ring
On 10 October 1992 Tua appeared on the New Zealand version of the gameshow Wheel of Fortune. He had asked for an "O for Olsen" (possibly a reference to Olsen Filipaina) but this was heard by some (and widely reported) as "O for awesome". He requested "P" when buying a vowel on the same episode. He was also heard to ask if he could buy a "constonant" during the same show.
From 1992 to 2003, Tua was managed by former boxer Kevin Barry, who also trained him from 2001. But in 2003, Tua ended his business relationship with Barry and financial manager Martin Pugh. Though Barry accepted his dismissal as trainer, he resisted Tua's decision to end their contract, which still had two years to go.
In 2004, Tua's accountant learned that the boxer's finances with his boxing company, Tuaman Inc. Ltd., were tangled with company expenses; Tua no longer has most of his $NZ 20 million in purses from his professional matches, and important assets Tua thought he owned alone were anything but, including a piece of coastal land at Pakiri. Tuaman Inc. Ltd had business expenses flowing in various directions, involving companies and clients Tua had no knowledge of. Tua's own home was purchased with borrowed money, and the boxer's purses were linked to renovation costs for Martin Pugh's property. These findings were based on documents from Pugh's offices.
In 2005 Tua took Kevin Barry and Martin Pugh to court over their business arrangements. Barry and Pugh accused Tua of manipulating them to collect revenue, yet Tua maintained that he knew little of the men's affairs and did what they told him to do out of trust. The dispute gave both sides legal victories: over the issue of the coastal land property, the court ruled in favor of Barry and Pugh, since Tua failed to properly clarify his ownership over the land; on the issue of the terminated 2003 contract, the court ruled in Tua's favour, concluding he clearly owed no expenses to his former management from that contract. In October 2009, it was reported in The New Zealand Herald that the parties had settled all previously unresolved matters arising from the protracted litigation.
In May 2007, Cedric Kushner, president of Gotham Boxing Inc. and Tua's promoter, filed a $5 million lawsuit against IBF heavyweight champion Wladimir Klitschko and promoter Shelly Finkel among others – and while the lawsuit is unrelated to Tua, Kushner has stated he will drop the lawsuit if Tua is given a title bout against Klitschko in 2008, which ultimately failed to materialize.
In September 2009, Tua's aunt was killed in the Samoa tsunami. In early October he travelled to Samoa with cousin Va'aiga Tuigamala to see how they could help.
In the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours, Tua was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to youth, boxing and the community, having previously been appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to boxing, in the 2001 New Year Honours.
In 1996, Tua was honored by the country of Tuvalu, with a stamp commemorating the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, United States bearing Tua's likeness and name on it.
In popular culture
Tua is mentioned in an episode of the animated series Family Guy, when character Stewie draws Tua's likeness on a wall.
In 2020, he is seen to be in a gathering opposing the legalisation of recreational use of cannabis.
Professional boxing record
Awards and recognitions
2022 Florida Boxing Hall of Fame
2020 US National Boxing Hall of Fame
2020 NZ Boxing Hall of Fame
2019 Gladrap Boxing Hall of fame
2019 Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Samoan male boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Boxers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit
Olympic boxers for New Zealand
Olympic bronze medalists for New Zealand
Olympic medalists in boxing
People educated at Otahuhu College
Boxers trained by Kevin Barry
Boxers trained by Chris Martin
People from A'ana
Samoan emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics |
Robert Kerr "Jock" McLaren MC & Bar (27 April 1902 – 3 March 1956) was a decorated Australian Army officer, who rose from enlisted rank and was noted for his involvement in guerrilla operations against the Japanese during World War II.
Early life
McLaren was born on 27 April 1902 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland. His father was James Bryce McLaren, a chemist, while his mother was Annie Maxwell (née Kerr).
Military career
World War I
During World War I, McLaren served in the British Army with the 51st Highland Division. After the war he moved to Queensland, Australia where he served as a veterinary officer in Bundaberg. In 1938, he married Catherine Ahern in Childers.
World War II
Following the outbreak of World War II, he continued to serve as a veterinary officer, although he joined the Citizens Military Force in March 1941. Shortly after, he volunteered for overseas service and opted to transfer to the Australian Imperial Force. He was assigned to the 2/10th Australian Field Workshops with the 8th Australian Division in British Malaya when Singapore fell to the Japanese army. At this time, he was thirty-nine years old.
He could not endure imprisonment and immediately organized an escape party. Escaping from the POW camp with two comrades, they successfully made it almost to Kuala Lumpur, often with the aid of Malayan Chinese and Chinese communist guerrillas, before they were betrayed to the Japanese by Malays. It was during this escape that McLaren began to hate the Japanese as he passed the bodies of hundreds of Chinese men, women and children, who had been tortured, raped, and then killed by Japanese occupation forces.
Imprisoned once again, McLaren sought to escape from the Singapore prison camps. He managed to add himself to a contingent of prisoners being sent to Borneo to a labour camp. Once he arrived at Berhala Island, in Sandakan Harbour on northeastern Borneo, he began, with several other prisoners, to plan an escape. Hearing that they were to be sent to a more permanent camp at Sandakan with less opportunity for escape, they moved up their escape and, stealing a boat from a nearby leper colony, they set off to the Tawi Tawi islands where they were told other Australians were fighting as guerrillas. On their arrival, they soon made contact with Filipino guerrillas, who assisted McLaren and six others to make contact, in June 1943, with the guerrilla organization on Mindanao. Their escape from Berhala Island saved their lives as they then missed the early 1945 Sandakan Death Marches.
Eventually, McLaren and his comrades arrived on Mindanao where they made contact with American and Filipino guerrillas under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Wendell Fertig. Their hopes of returning to Australia to join formal army units were curtailed due to the need for experienced leaders for the guerrilla forces and lack of transportation. Eventually, some of the party were sent to Australia by submarine.
Surprisingly, McLaren wished to remain behind, as transfer to a formal unit would not only inhibit his actions and desire for revenge, but his age would preclude participation in combat. Except for a short leave in Australia toward the end of the war, he spent most of the war years serving as a coastwatcher and guerrilla leader. He participated in numerous raids on the Japanese, sometimes in command of small, heavily armed, coastal vessels. At one time, he radioed information on a ship carrying 3,000 Japanese troops to another island. Most of the troops were killed or drowned when American submarines sank the ship. The rest were killed by Filipinos as the Japanese survivors reached shore exhausted and in no condition to fight. McLaren's numerous land and sea guerrilla actions so disrupted Japanese operations that eventually the Japanese placed a reward of 70,000 pesos on McLaren's head.
During one period of his service in the Philippines, McLaren commandeered a 26-foot whaleboat that he called The Bastard. McLaren and his crew often used surprise to their advantage, entering Japanese-controlled ports in broad daylight, to fire at supply vessels and piers with machine guns and a mortar, before retreating.
As senior officers at both the guerrilla unit and army levels began to appreciate his initiative and dependability, he was often assigned to make small unit and solo forays into Japanese held areas for intelligence. Toward the end of the war, high-level U.S. and Australian commands relied on him to penetrate Japanese areas in the Philippines and former Dutch colonies ahead of planned invasions for the latest intelligence and to scout possible enemy routes of retreat which could then be interdicted. As a member of the American forces in the Philippines, McLaren was under U.S. command. However, on 20 April 1945, upon the request of the Australians who had a need for his talents, General Robert L. Eichelberger personally signed an order releasing McLaren back to Australian command.
After being transferred to Z Special Unit, under the command of the Services Reconnaissance Department, attached to the Allied Intelligence Bureau, McLaren subsequently took part in an airborne operation near Balikpapan in late June 1945. Dropping in advance of the main Allied landing in early July 1945, McLaren led a section of four men on a reconnaissance mission. Despite losing two men, one from injury following the landing and another in an ambush, McLaren and the other two men were able to return to Australian lines on 6 July and report the Japanese dispositions to the Australian 7th Division's headquarters. Following this, in late July, McLaren took part in an operation on British North Borneo, leading an eight-man section. It was his last operation of the war, and after hostilities he remained in Borneo to help re-establish administration before being returned to Australia in November 1945.
Having been promoted to sergeant soon after joining the guerrilla forces, Jock McLaren later received a field commission from Australia and ended the war with the substantive rank of captain. During the course of his service, McLaren was decorated with the Military Cross twice for his heroic actions, as well as being Mentioned in Despatches.
Later life
Following the end of the war, McLaren was discharged from the AIF and transferred to the Reserve of Officers List in early 1946. Following this he became a government veterinarian in New Guinea. He remained in this role until 1956 when he began growing coffee, buying a plantation at Wau. On 3 March 1956, McLaren was accidentally killed near his home, after he backed a vehicle against a dead tree, and timber fell on him.
Notes
References
Schmidt LS. (1982). American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945. M.S. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. 274 pp.
External links
Australian Honours Web site – Robert Kerr McLaren – First award
Australian Honours Web site – Robert Kerr McLaren – Second award
Surgical Drama of Mindanao Jungle Report in The Argus (Melbourne newspaper) of Robert K. McLaren removing his own appendix; receiving the U.S. Silver Star from General MacArthur.
Episode 2: Capt. Robert McLaren M.C. Citation – Australian radio show with dramatized stories of Australian military heroes
1902 births
1956 deaths
Military personnel from Fife
Accidental deaths in Papua New Guinea
Australian prisoners of war
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Z Special Unit personnel |
Acla was a Spanish colonial town founded by order of the Governor of Castilla de Oro, Pedrarias Dávila, in 1515. It was located on the central coastline of the modern-day Guna Yala, to the northeast of Panamá. The town's name means bones of men in the indigenous language. The name comes from the large number of bones strewn about the nearby plains, which supposedly came from the conflicts between two indigenous brothers who fought to become chiefs of the region.
The town was established principally to be the Caribbean anchor of a trail that was planned to lead to a future town on the Gulf of San Miguel on the Pacific Ocean, which had recently been discovered by Vasco Núñez de Balboa. This town is mostly famous because it was the site of the judgement and decapitation of Núñez de Balboa in 1519 at the hands of Governor Dávila.
Due to the unhealthy nature of the climate and terrain surrounding the town, and especially after the founding of Panama City and Nombre de Dios a few months later, it was slowly abandoned until it was left totally deserted in 1532. However, a document from the General Archive of Indies (Archivo General de Indias) documenting an Assault to the town of Acla dates back to May 31st, 1535.
References
History of Panama
Populated places established in 1515
1515 establishments in the Spanish Empire |
The Volkswagen Group A00 platform is an automobile platform shared among two models of city cars from the Volkswagen Group. It is based on a shortened A03 platform (PQ23), as used in the Volkswagen Polo Typ 6N.
A00 platform cars
Volkswagen Lupo (Typ 6X/6E, 1998-2005)
SEAT Arosa (Typ 6H, 1997-2005)
Successor
Successor of that platform is the new NSF platform which is also known as the PQ12 platform.
References
External links
Volkswagen Group corporate website
A00 |
Anpere: Anthropological Perspectives on Religion, is an open access journal founded in 2006 by Swedish anthropologists Pierre Wiktorin and André Möller. The journal's focus is anthropology of religion.
External links
www.anpere.net
Open access journals
Anthropology journals
Religious studies journals
Anthropology of religion |
Cassady is a grape variety which is greenish-white in color. It is related to the "Fox Grape", Vitis labrusca, and it is an offspring of an open pollination variant of V. labrusca, which means that it is classified as an interspecific crossing, a hybrid grape. It was first described in the Interim Fruit Report of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society in November, 1853. The first Cassady grapevine sprang up as a volunteer (unplanted) seedling in the yard of P.H. Cassady at 29 Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1847. It did not bear fruit for five years, but when it finally did, the grapes it produced were found by Cassady to be juicy, pleasantly flavoured, and of very good quality. The Cassady grape was propagated and subsequently crossed with the better-known Concord grape to produce a new white grape variety, the Niagara grape, which is the cultivar most commonly used for the production of white grape juice in North America.
The original description of the Cassady grape was published in November 1853 on page 563 of The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs, Vol. XIX, 1853:
ART. III. Societies.
PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL.
Ad Interim Fruit Report, for November, 1853. — Since the October meeting
of the Society, the following fruits have been forwarded to the Fruit
Committee for examination : —
From P. H. Casaady, 29 Logan Square, two varieties of grapes.
1. The Cassady. — An accidental seedling white grape, with native leaf,
and dark purplish wood, that sprung up in Mr. Cassady's yard in 1847, and
fruited in 1852 for the first time. Bunch, of medium size, tolerably compact,
and sometimes shouldered. Berry, below medium, five-eighths of an
inch in diameter ; form round ; color, greenish white with occasionally a
faint salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom ; flesh, juicy with
but little pulp; flavor, pleasant; quality "very good."
Synonyms
Cassady is also known under the synonyms Arcott, Arnott, and Arrott.
References
Hovey, C.M. (editor). 1853. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and All Useful Discoveries and Improvements in Rural Affairs, Vol. XIX, 1853 (VOL. IX, new series), p. 563 (published by Hovey and Company, Merchant's Row, Boston, Mass).
Hybrid grape varieties
White wine grape varieties |
John McElroy may refer to:
John McElroy (author) (1846–1929), American printer, newspaper publisher, soldier, journalist and author
John McElroy (Canada), Royal Canadian Air Force pilot, veteran of World War II, Mahal (Israel) in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
John McElroy (Jesuit) (1782–1877), Jesuit priest
John McElroy (producer), audiobook producer, see 1998 Grammy Awards
John McElroy (blogger), Autoline Detroit blogger
See also
Jack McElroy (disambiguation) |
The 2021 Orlando Pride season was Orlando Pride's sixth season in the National Women's Soccer League, the top division of women's soccer in the United States.
Notable events
On November 12, 2020, with the addition of Racing Louisville FC ahead of the 2021 NWSL season, the NWSL held the 2020 NWSL Expansion Draft. Alanna Kennedy, who had been with the Pride since 2017, was selected as were the NWSL rights to Caitlin Foord which Orlando had acquired from Portland Thorns FC as part of the trade for Emily Sonnett in January 2020 but she had elected to sign outside the NWSL with English FA WSL team Arsenal instead.
On January 12, Orlando announced Ian Fleming had joined from the Houston Dynamo and Dash group to become general manager of the Pride, filling the vacant role left by Erik Ustruck in January 2020.
On February 25, the NWSL announced the list of federated players for the upcoming season. It included four Pride players: US internationals Ashlyn Harris, Ali Krieger and Alex Morgan all retained their status while Canadian goalkeeper Erin McLeod was given federated status for the first time since 2015 meaning she would no longer require an international roster slot.
On April 5, U.S. Soccer and NWSL announced it would be trialing the new IFAB approved concussion substitutes rule allowing for two additional substitutions in each match to be used for players with suspected concussions. The new rule was implemented on top of the increase from three to five "normal" substitutes carried over from the 2020 season.
On April 21, Orlando Pride beat Washington Spirit 1–0 in the Challenge Cup, their first win since August 21, 2019, snapping a streak of 13 winless games in 609 days. The match also marked the first time Marta, Sydney Leroux and Alex Morgan all started a game for Orlando together since July 2018.
Four Orlando Pride players were selected to represent their nations at the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics in July: Marta, Erin McLeod, Alex Morgan and Ali Riley.
On July 21, the sale of Orlando City SC and related soccer assets including Orlando Pride by Flavio Augusto da Silva, who took over in 2013, was completed. Zygi, Leonard and Mark Wilf became the new majority owners with the DeVos family, led by Dan DeVos, entering as minority owners. The combined value of the deal was estimated at $400–450 million.
On July 23, Marc Skinner stepped down as head coach amid reports he had agreed terms with Manchester United. His assistant, Carl Green, took temporary control for the team's match against OL Reign the following day before also departing. Becky Burleigh, who had retired after 26 seasons as head coach of the Florida Gators in April, was appointed interim head coach for the remainder of the 2021 season on July 25.
On July 28, it was announced Alex Leitão, the chief executive officer of the Orlando City SC organization since 2015, was stepping down from his role.
On October 1, the NWSL announced all scheduled games would not take place that weekend following allegations of historic abuse and sexual coercion against former North Carolina Courage coach Paul Riley. Riley was the fourth head coach to be sacked having been accused of misconduct during the 2021 season after Farid Benstiti, Richie Burke and Christy Holly.
Roster
Staff
.
Match results
Friendlies
As per the league schedule, NWSL teams were permitted to begin preseason activities on February 1, 2021. Orlando Pride scheduled five preseason friendlies.
National Women's Soccer League
The NWSL regular season will begin on May 15 and conclude on October 30. Six teams will qualify for the playoffs.
Results summary
Results by round
Results
League standings
NWSL Challenge Cup
Following the success of the 2020 NWSL Challenge Cup as a replacement tournament, the NWSL announced the return of the competition as part of the regular schedule in 2021. The competition is scheduled to begin on April 9, prior to the start of the NWSL regular season. With the league split regionally into two groups of five, teams were scheduled to play each divisional opponent once with the top team progressing to the final. Orlando Pride were placed in the East division with North Carolina Courage, NJ/NY Gotham FC, Washington Spirit, and new expansion franchise Racing Louisville.
Group stage
Squad statistics
Appearances
Starting appearances are listed first, followed by substitute appearances after the + symbol where applicable.
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! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Goalkeepers
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! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Defenders
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! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Midfielders
|-
! colspan=12 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Forwards
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|colspan="12"|Players away from the club on loan:
|}
Goalscorers
Shutouts
Disciplinary record
Transfers and loans
2021 NWSL Draft
Draft picks are not automatically signed to the team roster. The 2021 college draft was held on January 13, 2021. Orlando had four selections. All four draftees elected to take up the NCAA waiver in light of the COVID-19 pandemic that meant they were able to remain in college to contest the rescheduled college spring season. The Pride retained the NWSL rights to all four. At the end of the college season, Kaylie Collins signed a National Team Replacement contract on June 4, and Viviana Villacorta was signed to a one-year plus option year contract and immediately placed on the season-ending disabled list on August 6. Mikayla Colohan and Kerry Abello both announced they would return to their respective colleges for the 2021 season and exhaust their final year of eligibility.
Transfers in
Transfers out
Loans out
Preseason trialists
Orlando Pride began preseason training on February 1, 2021. The squad included two non-roster invitees on trial with the team during preseason. Haran had been with Orlando during the 2020 Fall Series and made two appearances. Tymrak was not yet contracted and rostered having come out of retirement when Orlando acquired her playing rights in a trade in January. They were later joined by Gabby English who had most recently been in Portugal with Boavista and Jamaican international Lauren Silver who had spent the 2020 Fall Series signed to Houston Dash.
References
External links
2021 National Women's Soccer League season
2021
American soccer clubs 2021 season
2021 in sports in Florida |
Tango 3.0 is the third album by the electronic band Gotan Project. It was released in 2010 on ¡Ya Basta! Records under license from XL Recordings for the UK and US market, and Universal Music in the rest of the world.
Track listing
"Tango Square" – 3:46
"Rayuela" – 4:27
"Desilusión" – 4:24
"Peligro" – 3:57
"La Gloria" – 3:47
"Mil Millones" – 5:49
"Tu Misterio" – 3:21 (featuring Daniel Melingo)
"De Hombre a Hombre" – 3:25
"El Mensajero" – 2:35
"Panamericana" – 4:33
"Érase Una Vez" – 4:20
Personnel (from the deluxe edition)
Philippe Cohen Solal - electric guitar, bass, keyboards, whistle, dub FX
Eduardo Makaroff - acoustic and electric guitar
Christoph H. Müller - bass, keyboards, tenori-on, vocoders, programming, dub FX
Cristina Vilallonga - vocals
Additional personnel
Gustavo Beytelmann - piano.
Nini Flores - bandoneon.
Rodrigo Guerra - musical saw, mandolin.
Dr. John - Hammond B3 organ (on "Tango Square").
Line Kruse - violin.
Franco Luciani - harmonica.
Daniel Melingo - vocals and clarinet on "Tu Misterio".
Victor Hugo Morales - soccer commentator (relator de fútbol) on "La Gloria".
Rudi Flores - acoustic guitar
Romain Lecuyer - double-bass
Cecile Audebert - harp
Strings and horns arranged and conducted by Gustavo Beytelmann
Cyril Garac (leader), Corine Auclin, Noelle Barbereau, Véronique Bohn, David Braccini, Michel Dietz, David Galoustov, Nicolas Gros, Philippe Huynh: violins
Francoise Bordenave, Cécile Brossard, Sébastien Levy: violas
Lionel Allemand, Etienne Samuel: cellos
Cécile Audebert: harp
Claude Egéa: trumpet
Denis Leloup: trombone
André Villeger, Rémi Sciuto: saxophones
Children's choir on Rayuela
Emilia Fullana, María & Miguel Makaroff, Maylis & Noela Müller, Pablo Muñoz, Inés Salamanca, Maria Paulina Spucches, Mateo & Rafael Rodriguez
Children's choir directed by
Sandra Rumolino
Technical personnel
Gotan Project: production, composition, engineering and mixing (at Substudioz)
Didier Pouydesseau: engineering (at Studio Acousti)
Chris Finney: engineering for Dr. John (at The Music Shed)
Laurent Jais: engineering for Daniel Melingo (at Studio Acousti)
Greg Calbi: mastering (at Sterling Sound, New York)
Benjamin Joubert: editing (at Translab, Paris)
Additional information
All music composed by Gotan Project.
Lyrics by Eduardo Makaroff on tracks 3, 6 & 7; 5, 7 & 16 by Sergio Makaroff on tracks 4 & 9, by Philippe Cohen Solal & Eduardo Makaroff on tracks 10 & 11, by Gotan Project on track 2 (deluxe edition)
All tracks published by Science & Melodie Publishing
"Rayuela" contains parts of readings by Julio Cortázar of his book "Rayuela" (from "Voz Viva de America Latina") and of "Preámbulo a las Instrucciones para dar Cuerda al Reloj", used by kind permission of Agencia Literaria Carmen Balcells, UNAM, La Casa de las Américas
Chart positions
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2010 albums
Gotan Project albums
XL Recordings albums |
Muehler v. Mena, 544 U.S. 93 (2005), was a unanimous decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows detention of an occupant in handcuffs while a search is being conducted, and that it does not require officers to have an independent reasonable suspicion before questioning a subject about their immigration status.
Background
Police officers executed a warrant to search Iris Mena's house for deadly weapons and evidence of gang membership. Mena had rented a room in her house to a gang member who was a suspect in a drive-by shooting. At 7 a.m. on February 3, 1998, petitioners, along with the SWAT team and other officers, executed the warrant. Mena was asleep in her bed when the SWAT team, clad in helmets and black vests, entered her bedroom and placed her in handcuffs at gunpoint. The SWAT team also handcuffed three other individuals found on the property. Mena was then detained in her garage for two to three hours in handcuffs under the guard of two officers.
Mena brought a § 1983 suit against the officers, alleging that she was detained “for an unreasonable time and in an unreasonable manner” in violation of the Fourth Amendment. In addition, she claimed that the warrant and its execution were overbroad, that the officers failed to comply with the “knock and announce” rule, and that the officers had needlessly destroyed property during the search. After a trial, a jury found that Officers Muehler and Brill violated Mena's Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizures by detaining her so long and awarded Mena $60,000 in actual and punitive damages. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the verdict and the damages.
Decision
The Supreme Court of the United States began its analysis by pointing out that "Mena's detention was, under Michigan v. Summers, plainly permissible." According to the Court, the fact that Mena was an occupant of the residence being searched was sufficient to justify her detention under Summers.
The Court went on to explain that "[i]nherent in Summers''' authorization to detain an occupant of the place to be searched is the authority to use reasonable force to effectuate the detention." In this case, the Court said, the governmental interest in applying handcuffs to Mena—who was already being lawfully detained—outweighed the intrusion. The court noted that the governmental interests were particularly high because this was a search for weapons and a wanted gang member resided on the premises. The Court acknowledged that the duration of detention does impact the balancing, but held that the two-to-three hour detention in handcuffs did not outweigh the government's safety interest.
The Court's decision in Muehler v. Mena has been criticized by civil rights attorney Amir H. Ali, in his contribution to the Harvard Civil Rights Journal. Ali commented that the decision arguably represents a serious expansion of the personal intrusion that had been permitted in Michigan v. Summers''. He went on to say that had the Court undergone a balancing of the totality of the circumstances, it would have been hard to justify the Mena's prolonged detention in handcuffs. In addition, the Muehler Court's one sentence justification—“this case involved the detention of four detainees by two officers during a search of a gang house for dangerous weapons”—set the bar remarkably low. Ali also emphasized, "the Court did not address the fact that, although two officers were on guard, there were actually eighteen officers on the scene, or the concurring Justices' observation that 'this 5-foot-2-inch young lady posed no threat to the officers.'"
References
External links
Petitioner Brief in Muehler v. Mena
ACLU Amicus Brief in Muehler v. Mena
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Fourth Amendment case law
2005 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court |
Behind the Mask of Zorro (aka E Zorro cabalga otra vez/ Zorro Rides Again), is a 1965 Italian western film directed by Ricardo Blasco. Tony Russel plays Zorro.
Cast
Tony Russel ... Patricio / Alfonso / Zorro
María José Alfonso ... Manuela
Roberto Paoletti (as Robert Paoletti)
Jesús Puente ... General Esteban Garcia
Mirella Maravidi ... Alicia
Pepe Rubio ... Marcel (as José Rubio)
Ángela Rhu
Agustín González ... Captain
Sancho Gracia ... Juan (as Félix Sancho Gracia)
Enrique Navarro
María Gónzales
Rafael Corés
Enrico Salvatore
Aldo Cecconi
Joaquín Pamplona
External links
1965 films
1965 Western (genre) films
Spaghetti Western films
Spanish Western (genre) films
1960s Italian-language films
Zorro films
Films based on works by Johnston McCulley
1960s Spanish films
1960s Italian films |
The N7 road is a national primary road in Ireland, connecting Limerick and Dublin. The majority of the route (between Naas and Limerick) is motorway standard and is designated as the M7 motorway. At the Rosbrien interchange in Limerick the route continues as the N18 dual carriageway to Shannon and Ennis. The road passes through the midlands of Ireland, and acts as a trunk route out of Dublin for the N8 and N9 national primary routes to Cork and Waterford respectively. It forms part of European route E20.
Route
N7 - Naas Road
From the M50, the N7 passes south of Clondalkin leaving the city as part of the Naas Road. (The Naas Road begins at the Grand Canal as a regional road (R810), a continuation of the Tyrconnell Road. It continues 3.4 km southwest to the M50 motorway, at the Red Cow interchange, where it becomes the N7.) The N7 route continues in a south-west direction with 3 lanes of traffic each way towards Naas for approximately . Construction of the third lane commenced on 4 January 2005 and concluded on 14 August 2006 (thumbnail left); having been originally dualled between 1963 and 1968.
At Newlands Cross a flyover and exit slip roads replaced the at-grade signal-controlled crossing in November 2014. This eliminated the last signal-controlled crossing on the N7/M7 route between the M50 and Limerick. Traffic for Clondalkin to the north and Tallaght to the south leave the N7 by slip roads connecting to the R113. The N7 continues southwards to bypass Citywest, Saggart, Rathcoole, Kill and Johnstown in County Kildare. These locations are all served with grade-separated interchanges which were constructed as part of the upgrade works completed in the mid-2000s. The old junctions consisted of traffic lights with a break in the dual-carriageway median. The three-lane section used to end at junction 9 (Naas, Sallins) with a left-hand lane-drop/lane-gain for traffic leaving/entering here.
The section of the N7 between Naas and the M50 Motorway is the second busiest road in the country with frequent daily tailbacks from the Naas North junction on the southbound side.
This part of the route is the only section that remains designated as N7 as the road is not motorway standard. Left-in/left-out access is provided to minor roads and to homes, farms and businesses along this section.
M7 - Naas to Limerick
From Naas, motorway restrictions are enforced and the route is designated as the M7 motorway. The route continues in a south-west direction bypassing the towns of Naas, Newbridge, Kildare, Monasterevin and Portlaoise. The M9 to Waterford diverges from the route at junction 11. South of Portlaoise the M8 diverges from the M7 to Cork and the south at junction 19 with the M7 continuing south-westwards bypassing the towns of Mountrath, Borris-in-Ossory, Castletown (County Laois), Roscrea, Moneygall, Toomevara, Nenagh and Birdhill. From Birdhill the route continues towards Limerick city where it forms part of the Limerick Southern Ring Road bypassing Annacotty and Castletroy. The route terminates at the Rosbrien Interchange to the south of Limerick City. The road continues as the N18 into county Clare. At the Rosbrien Interchange, access is available to the M20 motorway via a slip road from the M7.
History
Originally the N7 was a single carriage-way route between Dublin and Limerick and passed through the main towns on the route that are now bypassed. The old N7 route was downgraded to regional road status (as soon as sections of the M7 motorway were complete) and is currently designated as the R445 road. The R445 is an alternative route between Limerick and Dublin.
Until 2012, the N7 was the only one of the inter-urban routes out of Dublin which did not commence in Dublin city centre, but rather at the M50. The original N7 route (under the Local Government (Roads and Motorways) Act, 1974 (Declaration of National Roads) Order, 1977) started the route in Dublin city centre, like the other national routes, with the route originally running through Inchicore village before reaching the Naas Road. However, in 1994, following the construction of the Chapelizod bypass which brought the N4 road (now R148) into Dublin city centre as dual carriageway, the N7 inside the M50 was downgraded to regional road status (as the R110 road), with N7 traffic signposted to use the N4 and M50 rather than the original route through Inchicore.
The N7 is noted for two firsts in the history of Irish roads - the first substantial length of dual carriageway in Ireland, running from Dublin to Naas which was completed in 1968 and also Ireland's first section of motorway, the Naas Bypass, opened in 1983 bypassing the original route through the town.
The old N7 route (now R445/R110) also formed most of the T5 trunk route between Dublin and Limerick. This was an old method of designating routes in Ireland before the current method was introduced.
History of upgrades to the N7 and M7
Towards the start of the 21st Century, a substantial effort was made to upgrade all sections of the N7 road to motorway standard, creating a high-quality standard connection between Dublin and Limerick. Prior to the year 2000, only short sections of the N7 were of motorway or dual-carriageway status:
Widening of the N7 between Dublin and Naas to dual carriageway status - 1960s (the third lane constructed each way completed in 2006)
M7 Naas Bypass - completed 1983
M7 Newbridge Bypass - completed 1993
M7 Portlaoise Bypass - completed 1997
As part of the National Development Plan undertaken by the Irish Government from the mid-2000s onwards; work took place to link existing sections of the M7 and extend it to Limerick:
M7 Kildare Bypass - completed 2003
M7 Monasterevin Bypass and Limerick Bypass - completed in 2004
M7 Nenagh to Limerick, Portlaoise to Castletown and Castletown to Nenagh - all completed in 2010.
Map of route
Route of N7 overlaid on Google Maps
Junctions
The junctions on the Naas Bypass and Newbridge Bypass sections of the M7 were previously numbered J7-J11 (now renumbered Junctions 9–13), in the expectation that an M7 motorway would be built along a new alignment. Instead, the Naas Road dual-carriageway was upgraded. There remain some private accesses and minor exits prior to J9, the beginning of the M7 motorway.
See also
Roads in Ireland
Motorways in Ireland
National secondary road
Regional road
References
07
Roads in County Dublin
Roads in County Kildare
Roads in County Laois
Roads in County Tipperary
Roads in County Offaly
Roads in County Limerick |
```cmake
# This file is part of the ios-cmake project. It was retrieved from
# path_to_url which is a fork of
# path_to_url Which in turn is based off of
# the Platform/Darwin.cmake and Platform/UnixPaths.cmake files which
# are included with CMake 2.8.4
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# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
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#
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# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
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# BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
# CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
# ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
# POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# This file is based off of the Platform/Darwin.cmake and
# Platform/UnixPaths.cmake files which are included with CMake 2.8.4
# It has been altered for iOS development.
#
# Updated by Alex Stewart (alexs.mac@gmail.com)
#
# *****************************************************************************
# Now maintained by Alexander Widerberg (widerbergaren [at] gmail.com)
# under the BSD-Clause-3 licence
# *****************************************************************************
#
# INFORMATION / HELP
#
# The following variables control the behaviour of this toolchain:
#
# IOS_PLATFORM: OS (default) or SIMULATOR or SIMULATOR64 or TVOS or SIMULATOR_TVOS
# OS = Build for iPhoneOS.
# SIMULATOR = Build for x86 i386 iPhone Simulator.
# SIMULATOR64 = Build for x86_64 iPhone Simulator.
# TVOS = Build for AppleTVOS.
# SIMULATOR_TVOS = Build for x86_64 AppleTV Simulator.
# CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT: Path to the iOS SDK to use. By default this is
# automatically determined from IOS_PLATFORM and xcodebuild, but
# can also be manually specified (although this should not be required).
# CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT: Path to the Developer directory for the iOS platform
# being compiled for. By default this is automatically determined from
# CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT, but can also be manually specified (although this should
# not be required).
# ENABLE_BITCODE: (1|0) Enables or disables bitcode support. Default 1 (true)
# ENABLE_ARC: (1|0) Enables or disables ARC support. Default 1 (true, ARC enabled by default)
# IOS_ARCH: (armv7 armv7s arm64 i386 x86_64) If specified, will override the default architectures for the given IOS_PLATFORM
# OS = armv7 armv7s arm64
# SIMULATOR = i386
# SIMULATOR64 = x86_64
# TVOS = arm64
# SIMULATOR_TVOS = x86_64
#
# This toolchain defines the following variables for use externally:
#
# XCODE_VERSION: Version number (not including Build version) of Xcode detected.
# IOS_SDK_VERSION: Version of iOS SDK being used.
# CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES: Architectures being compiled for (generated from
# IOS_PLATFORM).
#
# This toolchain defines the following macros for use externally:
#
# set_xcode_property (TARGET XCODE_PROPERTY XCODE_VALUE XCODE_VARIANT)
# A convenience macro for setting xcode specific properties on targets.
# Available variants are: All, Release, RelWithDebInfo, Debug, MinSizeRel
# example: set_xcode_property (myioslib IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET "3.1" "all").
#
# find_host_package (PROGRAM ARGS)
# A macro used to find executable programs on the host system, not within the
# iOS environment. Thanks to the android-cmake project for providing the
# command.
# Fix for PThread library not in path
set(CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT "-lpthread")
set(CMAKE_HAVE_THREADS_LIBRARY 1)
set(CMAKE_USE_WIN32_THREADS_INIT 0)
set(CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT 1)
# Get the Xcode version being used.
execute_process(COMMAND xcodebuild -version
OUTPUT_VARIABLE XCODE_VERSION
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
string(REGEX MATCH "Xcode [0-9\\.]+" XCODE_VERSION "${XCODE_VERSION}")
string(REGEX REPLACE "Xcode ([0-9\\.]+)" "\\1" XCODE_VERSION "${XCODE_VERSION}")
message(STATUS "Building with Xcode version: ${XCODE_VERSION}")
# Default to building for iPhoneOS if not specified otherwise, and we cannot
# determine the platform from the CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES variable. The use
# of CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES is such that try_compile() projects can correctly
# determine the value of IOS_PLATFORM from the root project, as
# CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES is propagated to them by CMake.
if (NOT DEFINED IOS_PLATFORM)
if (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES)
if (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES MATCHES ".*arm.*")
set(IOS_PLATFORM "OS")
elseif (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES MATCHES "i386")
set(IOS_PLATFORM "SIMULATOR")
elseif (CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES MATCHES "x86_64")
set(IOS_PLATFORM "SIMULATOR64")
endif()
endif()
if (NOT IOS_PLATFORM)
set(IOS_PLATFORM "OS")
endif()
endif()
set(IOS_PLATFORM ${IOS_PLATFORM} CACHE STRING
"Type of iOS platform for which to build.")
# Determine the platform name and architectures for use in xcodebuild commands
# from the specified IOS_PLATFORM name.
if (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "OS")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM iphoneos)
if(NOT IOS_ARCH)
set(IOS_ARCH armv7 armv7s arm64)
endif()
elseif (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "SIMULATOR")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM iphonesimulator)
if(NOT IOS_ARCH)
set(IOS_ARCH i386)
endif()
elseif(IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "SIMULATOR64")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM iphonesimulator)
if(NOT IOS_ARCH)
set(IOS_ARCH x86_64)
endif()
elseif (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "TVOS")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM appletvos)
if(NOT IOS_ARCH)
set(IOS_ARCH arm64)
endif()
elseif (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "SIMULATOR_TVOS")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM appletvsimulator)
if(NOT IOS_ARCH)
set(IOS_ARCH x86_64)
endif()
else()
message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid IOS_PLATFORM: ${IOS_PLATFORM}")
endif()
message(STATUS "Configuring iOS build for platform: ${IOS_PLATFORM}, "
"architecture(s): ${IOS_ARCH}")
# If user did not specify the SDK root to use, then query xcodebuild for it.
if (NOT CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT)
execute_process(COMMAND xcodebuild -version -sdk ${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM} Path
OUTPUT_VARIABLE CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
message(STATUS "Using SDK: ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} for platform: ${IOS_PLATFORM}")
endif()
if (NOT EXISTS ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT})
message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT: ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} "
"does not exist.")
endif()
# Specify minimum version of deployment target.
if (NOT DEFINED IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET)
# Unless specified, SDK version 8.0 is used by default as minimum target version.
set(IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET "8.0"
CACHE STRING "Minimum iOS version to build for." )
message(STATUS "Using the default min-version since IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET not provided!")
endif()
# Use bitcode or not
if (NOT DEFINED ENABLE_BITCODE)
# Unless specified, enable bitcode support by default
set(ENABLE_BITCODE TRUE CACHE BOOL "Wheter or not to enable bitcode")
message(STATUS "Enabling bitcode support by default. ENABLE_BITCODE not provided!")
endif()
# Use ARC or not
if (NOT DEFINED ENABLE_ARC)
# Unless specified, enable ARC support by default
set(ENABLE_ARC TRUE CACHE BOOL "Wheter or not to enable ARC")
message(STATUS "Enabling ARC support by default. ENABLE_ARC not provided!")
endif()
# Get the SDK version information.
execute_process(COMMAND xcodebuild -sdk ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} -version SDKVersion
OUTPUT_VARIABLE IOS_SDK_VERSION
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
# Find the Developer root for the specific iOS platform being compiled for
# from CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT. Should be ../../ from SDK specified in
# CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT. There does not appear to be a direct way to obtain
# this information from xcrun or xcodebuild.
if (NOT CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT)
get_filename_component(IOS_PLATFORM_SDK_DIR ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} PATH)
get_filename_component(CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT ${IOS_PLATFORM_SDK_DIR} PATH)
endif()
if (NOT EXISTS ${CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT})
message(FATAL_ERROR "Invalid CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT: "
"${CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT} does not exist.")
endif()
# Find the C & C++ compilers for the specified SDK.
if (NOT CMAKE_C_COMPILER)
execute_process(COMMAND xcrun -sdk ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} -find clang
OUTPUT_VARIABLE CMAKE_C_COMPILER
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
message(STATUS "Using C compiler: ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}")
endif()
if (NOT CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER)
execute_process(COMMAND xcrun -sdk ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} -find clang++
OUTPUT_VARIABLE CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
message(STATUS "Using CXX compiler: ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}")
endif()
# Find (Apple's) libtool.
execute_process(COMMAND xcrun -sdk ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT} -find libtool
OUTPUT_VARIABLE IOS_LIBTOOL
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
message(STATUS "Using libtool: ${IOS_LIBTOOL}")
# Configure libtool to be used instead of ar + ranlib to build static libraries.
# This is required on Xcode 7+, but should also work on previous versions of
# Xcode.
set(CMAKE_C_CREATE_STATIC_LIBRARY
"${IOS_LIBTOOL} -static -o <TARGET> <LINK_FLAGS> <OBJECTS> ")
set(CMAKE_CXX_CREATE_STATIC_LIBRARY
"${IOS_LIBTOOL} -static -o <TARGET> <LINK_FLAGS> <OBJECTS> ")
# Get the version of Darwin (OS X) of the host.
execute_process(COMMAND uname -r
OUTPUT_VARIABLE CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_VERSION
ERROR_QUIET
OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE)
# Standard settings.
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME Darwin CACHE INTERNAL "")
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION ${IOS_SDK_VERSION} CACHE INTERNAL "")
set(UNIX TRUE CACHE BOOL "")
set(APPLE TRUE CACHE BOOL "")
set(IOS TRUE CACHE BOOL "")
set(CMAKE_AR ar CACHE FILEPATH "" FORCE)
set(CMAKE_RANLIB ranlib CACHE FILEPATH "" FORCE)
# Force unset of OS X-specific deployment target (otherwise autopopulated),
# required as of cmake 2.8.10.
set(CMAKE_OSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET "" CACHE STRING
"Must be empty for iOS builds." FORCE)
# Set the architectures for which to build.
set(CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES ${IOS_ARCH} CACHE STRING "Build architecture for iOS")
# Skip the platform compiler checks for cross compiling.
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_FORCED TRUE)
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_WORKS TRUE)
set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_FORCED TRUE)
set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_WORKS TRUE)
# All iOS/Darwin specific settings - some may be redundant.
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_PREFIX "lib")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_SUFFIX ".dylib")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_MODULE_PREFIX "lib")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_MODULE_SUFFIX ".so")
set(CMAKE_MODULE_EXISTS 1)
set(CMAKE_DL_LIBS "")
set(CMAKE_C_OSX_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION_FLAG "-compatibility_version ")
set(CMAKE_C_OSX_CURRENT_VERSION_FLAG "-current_version ")
set(CMAKE_CXX_OSX_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION_FLAG "${CMAKE_C_OSX_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION_FLAG}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_OSX_CURRENT_VERSION_FLAG "${CMAKE_C_OSX_CURRENT_VERSION_FLAG}")
message(STATUS "Building for minimum iOS version: ${IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}"
" (SDK version: ${IOS_SDK_VERSION})")
# Note that only Xcode 7+ supports the newer more specific:
# -m${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM}-version-min flags, older versions of Xcode use:
# -m(ios/ios-simulator)-version-min instead.
if (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "OS")
if (XCODE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 7.0)
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS
"-mios-version-min=${IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}")
else()
# Xcode 7.0+ uses flags we can build directly from XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM.
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS
"-m${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM}-version-min=${IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}")
endif()
elseif (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "TVOS")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS
"-mtvos-version-min=${IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}")
elseif (IOS_PLATFORM STREQUAL "SIMULATOR_TVOS")
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS
"-mtvos-simulator-version-min=${IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}")
else()
# SIMULATOR or SIMULATOR64 both use -mios-simulator-version-min.
set(XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS
"-mios-simulator-version-min=${IOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET}")
endif()
message(STATUS "Version flags set to: ${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS}")
if (ENABLE_BITCODE)
set(BITCODE "-fembed-bitcode")
message(STATUS "Enabling bitcode support.")
else()
set(BITCODE "")
message(STATUS "Disabling bitcode support.")
endif()
if (ENABLE_ARC)
set(FOBJC_ARC "-fobjc-arc")
message(STATUS "Enabling ARC support.")
else()
set(FOBJC_ARC "-fno-objc-arc")
message(STATUS "Disabling ARC support.")
endif()
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS
"${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS} ${BITCODE} -fobjc-abi-version=2 ${FOBJC_ARC} ${C_FLAGS}")
# Hidden visibilty is required for C++ on iOS.
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS
"${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS} ${BITCODE} -fvisibility=hidden -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -fobjc-abi-version=2 ${FOBJC_ARC} ${CXX_FLAGS}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -DNDEBUG -Os -fomit-frame-pointer -ffast-math ${BITCODE} ${CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -DNDEBUG -O2 -g -fomit-frame-pointer -ffast-math ${BITCODE} ${CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -DNDEBUG -O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -ffast-math ${BITCODE} ${CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE}")
set(CMAKE_C_LINK_FLAGS "${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS} -Wl,-search_paths_first ${C_LINK_FLAGS}")
set(CMAKE_CXX_LINK_FLAGS "${XCODE_IOS_PLATFORM_VERSION_FLAGS} -Wl,-search_paths_first ${CXX_LINK_FLAGS}")
# In order to ensure that the updated compiler flags are used in try_compile()
# tests, we have to forcibly set them in the CMake cache, not merely set them
# in the local scope.
list(APPEND VARS_TO_FORCE_IN_CACHE
CMAKE_C_FLAGS
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL
CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
CMAKE_C_LINK_FLAGS
CMAKE_CXX_LINK_FLAGS)
foreach(VAR_TO_FORCE ${VARS_TO_FORCE_IN_CACHE})
set(${VAR_TO_FORCE} "${${VAR_TO_FORCE}}" CACHE STRING "" FORCE)
endforeach()
set(CMAKE_PLATFORM_HAS_INSTALLNAME 1)
set(CMAKE_SHARED_LIBRARY_CREATE_C_FLAGS "-dynamiclib -headerpad_max_install_names")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_MODULE_CREATE_C_FLAGS "-bundle -headerpad_max_install_names")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_MODULE_LOADER_C_FLAG "-Wl,-bundle_loader,")
set(CMAKE_SHARED_MODULE_LOADER_CXX_FLAG "-Wl,-bundle_loader,")
set(CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES ".dylib" ".so" ".a")
# Hack: if a new cmake (which uses CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL) runs on an old
# build tree (where install_name_tool was hardcoded) and where
# CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL isn't in the cache and still cmake didn't fail in
# CMakeFindBinUtils.cmake (because it isn't rerun) hardcode
# CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL here to install_name_tool, so it behaves as it did
# before, Alex.
if (NOT DEFINED CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL)
find_program(CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL install_name_tool)
endif (NOT DEFINED CMAKE_INSTALL_NAME_TOOL)
# Set the find root to the iOS developer roots and to user defined paths.
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH ${CMAKE_IOS_DEVELOPER_ROOT} ${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT}
${CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH} CACHE string "iOS find search path root" FORCE)
# Default to searching for frameworks first.
set(CMAKE_FIND_FRAMEWORK FIRST)
# Set up the default search directories for frameworks.
set(CMAKE_SYSTEM_FRAMEWORK_PATH
${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT}/System/Library/Frameworks
${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT}/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks
${CMAKE_OSX_SYSROOT}/Developer/Library/Frameworks)
# Only search the specified iOS SDK, not the remainder of the host filesystem.
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
# This little macro lets you set any XCode specific property.
macro(set_xcode_property TARGET XCODE_PROPERTY XCODE_VALUE XCODE_RELVERSION)
set(XCODE_RELVERSION_I "${XCODE_RELVERSION}")
if (XCODE_RELVERSION_I STREQUAL "All")
set_property(TARGET ${TARGET} PROPERTY
XCODE_ATTRIBUTE_${XCODE_PROPERTY} "${XCODE_VALUE}")
else()
set_property(TARGET ${TARGET} PROPERTY
XCODE_ATTRIBUTE_${XCODE_PROPERTY}[variant=${XCODE_RELVERSION_I}] "${XCODE_VALUE}")
endif()
endmacro(set_xcode_property)
# This macro lets you find executable programs on the host system.
macro(find_host_package)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM NEVER)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY NEVER)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE NEVER)
set(IOS FALSE)
find_package(${ARGN})
set(IOS TRUE)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_PROGRAM ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_LIBRARY ONLY)
set(CMAKE_FIND_ROOT_PATH_MODE_INCLUDE ONLY)
endmacro(find_host_package)
``` |
Kotovo () is a rural locality (a village) in Lyubomirovskoye Rural Settlement, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2002.
Geography
Kotovo is located 24 km southeast of Sheksna (the district's administrative centre) by road. Lyubomirovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Sheksninsky District |
Hayriye (also: Hayriyeköy) is a village in the Söğüt District, Bilecik Province, Turkey. Its population is 120 (2021).
References
Villages in Söğüt District |
Buenaspis is a genus of small ( long) nektaspid arthropod, that lived during the early Cambrian period. Fossil remains of Buenaspis were collected from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland. Buenaspis looks like a soft eyeless trilobite. It has a headshield (or cephalon) slightly larger than the tailshield (pygidium), and in between them six thoracic body segments (somites). The genus is monotypic, its sole species being Buenaspis forteyi.
Etymology
The name of the genus is derived from the Buen Formation, the deposit where the species was collected, and the Greek word aspis (shield). The species was named in honor of Richard Fortey, a famed paleontologist.
Description
Buenaspis forteyi is between 1 and 3 cm along the axis, approximately half a wide as long, in general outline shaped as a bar with parallel sides and rounded front and back ends. It is likely the animal was distinctly convex, considering the many concentric crush-marks found in many specimens. The dorsal exoskeleton consists of a cephalon, a pygidium and six thoracic somites with articulating half-rings, all non-calcified. The cephalon is sub-semicircular, broader than it is long, and with rounded genal angles. Eyes are absent. Antennas are not known. The six thoracic somites are extended into broad posteriorly directed pleural spines, which are free at their tips. The caudal shield is slightly smaller than the cephalic shield, and somewhat more rounded. Some specimens appear to have a lengthwise mid-ridge from the cephalon to the pygidium. Although Budd attributes this feature to deformations, since it does not occur in all specimens known, later authors seem to have accepted it as authentic.
Differences from Liwiidae
Buenaspis forteyi differs from Liwia by having six thoracic somites instead of four. B. forteyi also has an oval pygidium with an entire margin, while Liwia has five pairs of modest marginal pygidial spines, a straight anterior border and a concave posterior border.
B. forteyi differs from Tariccoia arrusensis, that has a subcircular cephalon that is wider than the rest of its body, without a lengthwise mid-ridge, a broad doublure (about ¼× the cephalon length), three thoracic somites, and a pygidium that is longer than wide, with a straight anterior border. Buenaspis and Tariccoia have an entire margin in common.
B. forteyi differs from Soomaspis splendida, that has an oval cephalon that is wider than the rest of its body, without a lengthwise mid-ridge, a broad doublure (about ¼× the cephalon length), three thoracic somites, and a pygidium that is about as long as wide. Buenaspis and Soomaspis have an entire margin in common.
Distribution
B. forteyi has been collected from the Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian) Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland, on the south side of the broad valley known as Sirius Passet at its junction with J.P. Koch Fjord .
Habitat
Buenaspis forteyi was probably a marine bottom dweller, that lived in deeper water. This may be deduced from the dominance of eyeless forms and the absence of seaweeds at the collection site.
Taxonomy
The author that originally described Buenaspis and subsequent publications classified the genus as part of the family Liwiidae. Recently however, Paterson et al. propose to remove Buenaspis from the order Nektaspida entirely, on the argument that it lacks the 'waist' that is a common feature in Liwia, Soomaspis, Tariccoia, Misszhouia, Pseudonaraoia and Naraoia. Also, they regard the ridge on cephalon and pygidium in Buenaspis an artifact, unlike the ridge on the pygidium only in Soomaspis and Tariccoia. If Paterson et al. is followed, Buenaspis attains a position somewhere else in the Lamellipedia. Other authors have continued to consider Buenaspis a nektaspid, but have placed it outside Liwiidae or any other family.
References
External links
Nektaspida
Prehistoric arthropod genera
Cambrian arthropods
Cambrian Greenland
Fossils of Greenland
Sirius Passet fossils
Fossil taxa described in 1999 |
S/2019 S 1 is a natural satellite of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Edward Ashton, Brett J. Gladman, Jean-Marc Petit, and Mike Alexandersen on 16 November 2021 from Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope observations taken between 1 July 2019 and 14 June 2021.
S/2019 S 1 is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of in 443.78 days, at an inclination of 44° to the ecliptic, in a prograde direction and with an eccentricity of 0.623. It belongs to the Inuit group of prograde irregular satellites, and is among the innermost irregular satellites of Saturn. It might be a collisional fragment of Kiviuq and Ijiraq, which share very similar orbital elements.
This moon's eccentric orbit takes it closer than to Iapetus several times per millennium.
References
Inuit group
Irregular satellites
Moons of Saturn
20211116
Moons with a prograde orbit |
Officially Dead is an EP by the American alternative rock band Veruca Salt, released in 2003 on Embryo.
The single was released in Australia and peaked at #13 on the Triple J top 100
The first pressing of the EP contained many errors. For instance, track #3 is mislabeled; it's actually a demo version of the previously unreleased song "Blissful Queen", rather than the listed "Smoke & Mirrors" demo; for the second pressing, the error was corrected & the 3rd track was the correct "Smoke & Mirrors" demo. Louise Post's friend Summer was not credited for the tattoo on the cover until the second pressing. Also, for the second pressing, a lighter artwork color scheme was used.
Track listing
"Officially Dead" (Tihista/Post) – 2:49
"Straight Jacket" (demo) (Post) – 3:52
"Blissful Queen" (demo) (Post) - 3:44 [First pressing mislabel as "Smoke & Mirrors" (demo)]/"Smoke & Mirrors" (demo) (Post/Fitzpatrick/Crosley) – 3:55 [Correctly labeled on second pressing]
"The Light Behind Your Eyes" (Post) – 2:03
"The Same Person" (Remix) (Post) – 3:51
Personnel
Chad Adams - engineer
Natalija Brunovs - artwork
Brian Liesegang - engineer
Darian Rundall - engineer
References
External links
Veruca Salt's official web site
Veruca Salt at Rolling Stone
2003 EPs
Veruca Salt albums |
Rancho Cañada de los Osos y Pecho y Islay was a Mexican land grant in Los Osos Valley and the southern Estero Bay headlands, in present-day San Luis Obispo County, California.
The grant consists of Rancho Cañada de Los Osos (Valley of the Bears) granted in 1842 by Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado to Victor Linares, and Rancho Pecho y Islay granted in 1843 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to Francisco Badillo. The grants were consolidated in the 1845 grant of Rancho Cañada de los Osos y Pecho y Islay by Governor Pío Pico, to James Scott and John Wilson, after they had been purchased from the original grantees.
The Cañada de Los Osos grant extended from the Pacific Coast, along Los Osos Creek and the Los Osos Valley to almost present-day San Luis Obispo, and southward encompassed, Los Osos, Montaña de Oro State Park north of Islay Creek and the northern Irish Hills.
The Rancho Pecho y Islay grant was a strip of coastal plain along the Pacific Ocean that ran from Islay Creek to Pecho Creek and up that creek to the summit of the Irish Hills to the "boundary with the land of Don Victor Linares." It includes the southern part of Montaña de Oro State Park and the site of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant.
History
Rancho Cañada de Los Osos (northern portion) was granted in 1842 by Governor Alvarado to Victor Linares, and Rancho Pecho y Islay (southern portion) was granted in 1843 by Governor Micheltorena to Francisco Badillo. In 1844 John (Juan) D. Wilson and James (Diego) G. Scott bought Rancho Canada de Los Osos from Linares and the Pecho y Islay from Badillo. In 1845 the Canada de Los Osos rancho was combined with Rancho Pecho y Islay to the south, thus forming Rancho Cañada de Los Osos y Pecho y Islay.
Captain John Wilson (1797–1861), a Scottish-born sea captain and trader, came to California in 1837 with his business partner, James Scott (?-1851), also a native of Scotland. In 1837, Wilson married María Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco (1812–1888), widow of José Antonio Romualdo Pacheco, who was killed at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass in 1831. Carrillo, was a daughter of Maria Ygnacia Lopez de Carrillo, the grantee of Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa, and María's sister married General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. María Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco was also the grantee of Rancho Suey. Wilson and his business partner, James Scott, owned Rancho Los Guilicos in Sonoma County and Rancho El Chorro and Rancho Cañada de los Osos y Pecho y Islay. Wilson alone also bought Rancho San Luisito and Rancho Huerta de Romualdo. In 1845, Wilson moved his family from San Luis Obispo to Rancho Cañada de los Osos & Pacheco y Islay, built an adobe home and lived there until his death in 1860.
With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Cañada de los Osos y Pecho y Islay was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to John Wilson in 1869.
The rancho was inherited by Wilson's wife, Ramona Carrillo Wilson and their daughter, Ramona Hilliard (1839-1912), who married Frederick Hilliard (1822-1890) in 1862. Ramona Carrillo Wilson died in 1888. In 1891, Ramona Hilliard sold the southern portion of the Pecho y Islay ranch to Luigi Marre (1841-1902), and continued to operate the northern portion as leased land. Alden Spooner Jr. first leased in 1892. In 1901 Henry Cowell of San Francisco acquired a note of indebtedness on the Hilliard property and took control of the remaining Pecho ranch. In 1902, Alden Spooner Jr. bought it from Cowell's widow.
Historic sites of the Rancho
Wilson adobe. Built by Captain John Wilson in 1845. Located on Los Osos Valley Road near its intersection with Turri Road.
Spooner's Ranch House.
See also
Baywood-Los Osos, California
Los Osos, California
Los Osos Oaks State Natural Reserve
Montaña de Oro State Park
Ranchos of San Luis Obispo County, California
List of Ranchos of California
References
California ranchos
Ranchos of San Luis Obispo County, California
Morro Bay
San Luis Obispo, California
National Register of Historic Places in San Luis Obispo County, California
Cañada
Cañada |
Dawn Devils (French: Les démons de l'aube) is a 1946 French war drama film directed by Yves Allégret and starring Georges Marchal, André Valmy, Dominique Nohain and Jacqueline Pierreux. It was shot at the Victorine Studios in Nice. The film's sets were designed by the art director Georges Wakhévitch.
Cast
Georges Marchal as Lieutenant Claude Legrand
André Valmy as Serge Duhamel
Dominique Nohain as Simon dit Chouchou
Jacqueline Pierreux as Simone
Marcel Lupovici as Michel Courant
Jean Carmet as Durand, dit Durandal
René Clermont as Un des commandos
Joé Davray as Fillette
Jacques Dynam as Gauthier
Raymond Hermantier as Un des commandos
Marcel Mérovée as Rousseau
Jean Pommier as Denis
Jeff Racine as Gaston de Chanteloup
Robert Rollis as Blot
Maurice Régamey as Martin
Henri San Juan as Un des commandos
Jacques Sommet as Jaloux
Fernand René as Le père Poilu
Jean-François Martial as Un officier allemand
Simone Signoret as Lily, la cabaretière
References
Bibliography
Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond. Histoire du cinéma français: encyclopédie des films, 1940–1950. Pygmalion, 1986
DeMaio, Patricia A. Garden of Dreams: The Life of Simone Signoret. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2014.
Rège, Philippe. Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
External links
1946 films
French war drama films
1946 drama films
1940s French-language films
Films directed by Yves Allégret
French black-and-white films
1940s French films
Films set in Tunisia
Gaumont Film Company films
Films shot at Victorine Studios |
The Colne Valley Waterworks railway was a narrow gauge industrial railway connecting the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Watford to Rickmansworth branch line with the Eastbury Pumping Station.
History
The Colne Valley Water Company opened the Eastbury Pumping Station near Watford in 1873. In 1931 the company opened a narrow gauge railway connecting the pumping station with the LMS standard gauge branch line between Watford and Rickmansworth. The line ran southeast from a private siding on the LMS line, crossed the River Colne by a relatively substantial plate girder bridge and ended in a yard at the pumping station. The railway carried coal to power the pumping station and chlorine and salt for the water softening plant.
Decline and closure
The pumping station switched from coal to diesel power in 1956; after this use of the railway declined significantly. Chlorine and salt were still carried by rail. The line closed in 1967. The two locomotives were purchased for preservation.
Locomotives
See also
List of narrow gauge railways at water treatment and sewage works in Great Britain
References
2 ft gauge railways in England
Industrial railways in England |
The Castle Lake Caddisfly Rhyacophila amabilis is an extinct species of insect in the caddisfly family Rhyacophilidae. It was endemic to the United States. It was first reported as extinct in 1986.
References
Spicipalpia
Insects of the United States
Insects described in 1965
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Extinct insects |
The 1962 Air Force Falcons football team represented the United States Air Force Academy as an independent during the 1962 NCAA University Division football season. They were led by fifth-year head coach Ben Martin, and played their home games at the new Falcon Stadium in Colorado Springs, Colorado, opening with a 34–0 win over Colorado State. The Falcons compiled a record 5–5 and outscored their opponents 173–171.
The $3.5 million stadium was formally dedicated on October 20 against Oregon, which included a flyover by the Thunderbirds. This was during the early stages of the Cuban Missile Crisis, which was disclosed to the nation by President John F. Kennedy two days later on Monday.
Schedule
Personnel
References
Air Force
Air Force Falcons football seasons
Air Force Falcons football |
The Mediterranean U-boat Campaign lasted from about 21 September 1941 to 19 September 1944 during the Second World War. Malta was an active British base strategically located near supply routes from Europe to North Africa. Axis supply convoys across the Mediterranean Sea suffered severe losses, which in turn threatened the fighting ability of the Axis armies in North Africa. The Allies were able to keep their North African armies supplied. The Kriegsmarine tried to isolate Malta but later it concentrated its U-boat operations on disrupting Allied landing operations in southern Europe.
Some 60 German U-boats made the hazardous passage into the Mediterranean Sea from 1941. Only one completed the journey both ways. Karl Dönitz, the Commander-in-Chief, U-boats, Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote (BdU) was always reluctant to send his boats into the Mittelmeer but he recognised that natural bottlenecks such as the Straits of Gibraltar were more likely to result in shipping being found and attacked than relying on finding it in the vast Atlantic Ocean.
The U-boats were sent to assist the Italians, although many were attacked in the Strait of Gibraltar and nine were sunk while attempting the passage and ten more were damaged. The Mediterranean is a clear and calm body of water which made escape more difficult for the U-boats. The Axis failed in their objective.
Prior Experience
The Kriegsmarine had acquired some knowledge of the area. Dönitz was an officer aboard which had been sunk in the region in World War I. U-boats had also served in the Spanish Civil War. The Republicans, with twelve submarines, opposed the Nationalists, who had none; the presence of German U-boats was most welcome. The first two vessels, U-33 and U-34, under the codename Training Exercise Ursula, left Wilhelmshaven on 20 November 1936. Both submarines sailed down the English Channel and slipped into the Mediterranean on the night of 27 November. They were soon in action, U-34 fired a single torpedo at a Republican destroyer in the evening of 1 December. The projectile missed, impacting on rocks. The boat, under Leutnant zur See Harald Grosse, tried again on 5 and 8 December, with an equal lack of success. U-33 fared no better; her commander was frustrated by the absence of target identification or defensive movement of his intended victims. Only one vessel was sunk by the U-boats, the Republican submarine C-3, which was attacked by U-34 on 12 December.
The early years
By October 1939, Dönitz had decided to use three longer-range boats to intercept the first Allied convoys of the war. , and were to rendezvous southwest of Ireland before attempting to force the Straits and attack the convoys in the Mediterranean. Things went quickly wrong, U-25 was diverted to a convoy south-west of Lisbon. After an abortive torpedo attack on a steamer on 31 October, Viktor Schütze, U-25s commander, surfaced and proceeded to sink his target with fire from his deck gun. This course of action caused a crack in a vital part of the submarine, obliging the boat to return to Germany. U-53 ran low on fuel after shadowing a convoy in the Bay of Biscay and was also forced to return. U-26, was compelled by a combination of unsuitable weather, searchlights and British anti-submarine patrols, to abandon an attempt to lay mines near Gibraltar harbour. The boat sailed through the Straits on the surface and claimed but a solitary ship sunk in the Mediterranean. This 'sinking' was not confirmed by post-war analysis.
U-26 headed back through the Straits, arriving in Wilhelmshaven on 5 December 1939; the only U-boat to enter and leave the Mediterranean in the war. This mission was summed-up in the BdU Kriegstagebuch (KTB) War Diary,
It was a mistake to send U-25, U-26 and U-53 into the Mediterranean. U-25 had to return before she ever got there, U-53 did not get through and U-26 hardly encountered any shipping worth mentioning. This patrol shows all the disadvantages of a long outward passage.|KTB
Many attacks mentioned were gun actions or ramming, particularly at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. This was because the potential target was "unworthy or [a] difficult torpedo target".
Afrika Korps
The 23rd U-boat Flotilla was established in September 1941 to intercept coastal shipping supplying Allied forces in the Siege of Tobruk. U-boats patrolled the eastern Mediterranean from the 23rd flotilla base on Salamis Island in Greece. On 7 December, control of the 23rd Flotilla was transferred from Kernével to The Commander in Chief in the South (Oberbefehlshaber Süd, OB Süd) Albert Kesselring. Additional bases were established in Pula in Croatia and La Spezia in northern Italy as more U-boats were ordered to the Mediterranean, until focus shifted to the western Atlantic through the Second Happy Time.
passed Gibraltar on 21 September 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 26 September 1941, and sank on 27 November, the 3,059-ton Shuntien of convoy TA 5 on 23 December, and the 2,487-ton Warszawa of convoy AT 6 on 26 December.
passed Gibraltar on 27 September 1941, sank the 1,208-ton Samos and the 758-ton Pass of Balmaha on 17 October.
passed Gibraltar on 30 September, destroyed a 372-ton British landing craft on 10 October, and sank on 25 November 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 3 October, sank two 372-ton British landing craft on 12 October, and sank the 1,587-ton Volo of convoy ME 8 before being sunk by convoy escort on 28 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 5 October, damaged on 21 October, and was sunk on 23 December 1941 by Royal Navy destroyers.
passed Gibraltar on 11 November 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 12 November and sank on 13 November 1941.
was sunk near Gibraltar on 16 November 1941 by .
passed Gibraltar on 16 November 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 24 November 1941 and damaged the 3,560-ton Myriel on 13 December.
passed Gibraltar on 26 November, sank the 4,032-ton Fjord on 2 December, then sank on 15 December, and was sunk on 16 December 1941 by the .
passed Gibraltar on 27 November 1941 and sank the 4,274-ton Grelhead on 2 December.
was torpedoed by the Dutch submarine O 21 while passing Gibraltar on 28 November 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 29 November 1941, sank the 1,595-ton Saint Denis on 9 December, and sank the 6,557-ton Varlaam Avanesov on 19 December.
passed Gibraltar on 8 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 9 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 9 December 1941 and sank the Spanish ship Badalona on 13 December.
sank the trawler HMS Lady Shirley and the patrol yacht HMS Rosabelle while passing Gibraltar on 10 December 1941 and was torpedoed by on 12 January 1942.
passed Gibraltar on 10 December 1941 and sank on 24 December
passed Gibraltar on 15 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 16 December 1941 and damaged on 12 January 1942.
passed Gibraltar on 18 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 18 December 1941 and sank the 5,289-ton Hellen on 21 December.
was sunk by Fairey Swordfish from 812 Naval Air Squadron while passing Gibraltar on 21 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 21 December 1941.
passed Gibraltar on 23 December 1941 and was sunk by aircraft on 9 January 1942.
passed Gibraltar on 14 January.
passed Gibraltar on 15 January 1942
Second Happy Time
La Spezia became headquarters when the Mediterranean U-boats were reorganized as the 29th U-boat Flotilla in May 1942. No more U-boats were assigned to the Mediterranean from mid-January to early October 1942 as opportunities along the east coast of North America seemed more productive while the Afrika Korps was successfully advancing on Egypt. The 29th flotilla focused on convoys supplying Malta and British forces on the Egyptian coast. For sustained operations, U-boats spent approximately one-third of the time on patrol stations, one-third in transit to and from base for routine provisioning and refueling, and one-third undergoing major overhaul or battle repair. 29th flotilla target strength of twenty U-boats enabled a routine patrol strength of three U-boats from Salamis in the eastern Mediterranean, and three from La Spezia in the western Mediterranean. Loss of U-372 and U-568 in twelve-hour sustained attacks demonstrated vulnerability of independent U-boat patrols to a team of destroyers which could hunt a submerged U-boat to exhaustion of air and battery power, rather than moving on after a few attacks.
sank on 11 August 1942.
was sunk on 2 May 1942 by aircraft and destroyers.
sank on 12 June. U-77 then sank sailing ships Vassiliki on 22 July, Toufic El Rahman on 24 July, Fany on 30 July, and Saint Simon on 1 August. U-77 continued patrolling the coast of Cyprus, Palestine and Lebanon damaging Adnan and sinking Ezzet on 6 August, Kharouf on 10 August and Daniel on 16 August 1942.
sank the 6,018-ton Caspia, the French trawler Viking, and sailing ships Bab el Faraq and Farouh el Kher on 16 April 1942. U-81 sank sailing ships Hefz el Rahman on 19 April, Aziza and the El Saadiah on 22 April, and then 2,073-ton Havre of convoy AT 49 on 10 June 1942.
damaged the 2,590-ton Crista on 17 March 1942, sank the 100-ton Esther and the 231-ton Said on 8 June, the 175-ton Typhoon on 9 June, the Q-ship HMS Farouk on 13 June, and the 5,875-ton Princess Marguerite on 17 August 1942.
sank the 1,755-ton Memas and the 1,433-ton Zealand from convoy Metril on 28 June 1942, and sank the 786-ton Marilyse Moller on 1 July.
sank on 17 January 1942 and sank after striking a mine off Salamis on 12 March 1942.
sank the 2,623-ton Slavol on 26 March 1942, and sank on 16 June 1942.
shelled the Beirut electric power station in April 1942.
sank on 30 June 1942, and was hunted to exhaustion on 3 August 1942.
sank the 1,376-ton Hero on 6 July 1942, sank the 87-ton Amina and the 176-ton Ikbal on 30 July, and damaged the 6,288-ton Empire Kumari of convoy LW 38 on 26 August. She also sank the 558-ton Arnon, the 38-ton Miriam and the 108-ton Salina on 3 September. She then sank the 113-ton Turkian on 6 September 1942.
sank the trawler HMS Sotra on 29 January 1942, she then sank the 4,216-ton Eocene of convoy AT 46 on 20 May, and damaged LCT-119 on 20 June 1942.
damaged the hospital ship Somersetshire on 7 April 1942.
sank the 4,681-ton Athene and damaged the 5,917-ton Brambleleaf of convoy AT 49 on 10 June 1942.
planted a minefield at the mouth of the Suez Canal, sinking the 6,692-ton Mount Olympus, and damaging the 5,062-ton Hav and the 4,043-ton Fred.
damaged the 3,359-ton Adinda on 24 July 1942.
sank on 11 March 1942 and the 1,361-ton Kirkland of convoy TA 36 on 23 April.
was hunted to exhaustion on 28 May 1942.
was interned in Spain following bomb damage on 1 May 1942.
sank on 20 March 1942, sank on 26 March and was sunk on 2 June 1942 by 815 Naval Air Squadron.
Allied invasion of North Africa
More U-boats were assigned to the 29th flotilla when improved anti-submarine warfare (ASW) measures along the east coast of North America ended the Second Happy Time. When a Short Sunderland found U-559, the aircraft summoned five destroyers able to maintain contact and drop 150 depth charges over ten hours, until the submarine attempted to sneak away on the surface at night. Waiting destroyers open fire as soon as the U-boat surfaced and the U-boat crew abandoned ship. The Royal Navy boarded the sinking U-boat and recovered German code documents before U-559 sank.
The Second Battle of El Alamein prompted a concentration of U-boats in the western Mediterranean, in anticipation of Allied amphibious invasion. Five U-boats made contact with Operation Torch convoys, and two wolfpacks assembled near the invasion points. U-73, U-81, U-458, U-565, U-593, U-595, U-605 and U-617 assembled around Oran as Gruppe Delphin (Group Dolphin); U-77, U-205, U-331, U-431, U-561 and U-660 assembled around Algiers as Gruppe Hai (Group Shark). Five U-boats were sunk opposing the invasion.
damaged the 7,453-ton Lalande on 14 November 1942 and sank the Liberty ship Arthur Middleton of convoy UGS 3 on 1 January 1943.
sank the 18-ton Mahrous on 20 October 1942, damaged HMS Stork on 12 November, and sank the 6,699-ton Empire Banner and the 7,043-ton Empire Webster of convoy KMS 8 on 7 February. U-77 damaged the 5,222-ton Hadleigh and the 5,229-ton Merchant Prince of convoy ET 14 on 16 March and was sunk on 29 March 1943 by Lockheed Hudsons.
sank the 2,012-ton Garlinge on 10 November 1942 and the 6,487-ton Maron on 13 November. U-81 damaged the 6,671-ton Saroena on 10 February 1943 and sank sailing ships Al Kasbanah, Dolphin, Husni, and Sabah el Kheir on 11 February. U-81 sank the 244-ton Bourghieh and sailing ship Mawahab Allah on 20 March 1943, and sailing ship Rousdi on 28 March.
was sunk on 23 March 1943 by a Lockheed Hudson of 500 Squadron RAF.
was under repair at Salamis.
was sunk on 17 February 1943 by aircraft and destroyers.
sank on 9 November 1942 before being sunk by aircraft on 17 November.
sank the trawler HMS Jura and damaged the 7,159-ton Ville de Strasbourg of convoy MKS 5 on 7 January 1943 before sinking the 2,089-ton Fintra on 23 February and damaging the Liberty ship Daniel Carroll of convoy TE 16 on 28 February.
damaged on 1 December 1942.
sank on 10 November 1942, on 13 November, and sailing ships Alexandria on 23 January 1943, Mouyassar and Omar el Kattab on 25 January, and Hassan on 26 January, before damaging the 6,415-ton City of Perth of convoy MKS 10 on 26 March 1943.
sank the 5,859-ton Jean Jadot of convoy KMS 7 on 20 January 1943.
sank 200-ton Bringhi on 12 October 1942 and was hunted to exhaustion on 30 October.
sank 39-ton Sphinx on 24 September 1942.
sank the 23,722-ton Strathallan of convoy KMF 5 on 21 December 1942, and was sunk on 23 February 1943 by aircraft and destroyers.
sank on 18 December 1942, damaged the Liberty ship Nathanael Greene of convoy MKS 8 on 24 February 1943, and damaged the 10,389-ton Seminole of convoy TE 16 on 27 February.
Replacement U-boats
passed Gibraltar on 10 October and was sunk off Oran on 14 November 1942 by a Lockheed Hudson of No. 233 Squadron RAF.
passed Gibraltar on 11 October 1942.
passed Gibraltar on 11 October 1942; and sank 5,332-ton Browning of convoy KMS 2 on 12 November 1,940-ton Daflia and 2,626-ton Kaying on 18 March 1943, and 5,157-ton City of Guildford of convoy XT 7 on 27 March.
passed Gibraltar on 11 October and was sunk off Oran on 12 November 1942 by destroyers.
passed Gibraltar on 8 November 1942, sank the tug HMS Saint Issey on 28 December, 5,324-ton Annitsa and 1,862-ton Harboe Jensen on 15 January 1943, on 1 February, and 3,264-ton Corona and 1,350-ton Henrik of convoy AW 22 on 5 February.
passed Gibraltar on 9 November 1942 and sank the 19,627-ton Viceroy of India on 11 November.
passed Gibraltar on 9 November and was sunk off Oran on 14 November 1942 by Lockheed Hudsons.
passed Gibraltar on 9 November 1942, sank LCI-162 on 7 February 1943, damaged 7,047-ton Empire Standard and Fort ship Fort Norman of convoy KMS 10 on 9 March, and sank Fort ship Fort a la Corne and 9,551-ton Hallanger of convoy ET 16 on 30 March 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 9 November 1942 and sank the trawler Sergent Gouarne on 26 March 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 11 November and was sunk on 15 November 1942 by a Lockheed Hudson of No. 500 Squadron RAF.
passed Gibraltar and sank 11,069-ton Nieuw Zealand on 11 November 1942, and damaged Ocean ship Ocean Seaman of convoy ET 14 on 15 March 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 5 December 1942, and sank on 11 December and 1592-ton Edencrag of convoy TE 9 on 14 December before being sunk by destroyers on 23 February 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 8 December 1942 and damaged on 9 December.
passed Gibraltar on 9 December 1942 and was torpedoed by on 20 January 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 9 January 1943 and was sunk on 13 January by .
Axis defeat in Tunisia
Allied armies advancing through North Africa and Sicily constructed a system of airfields increasing the frequency of U-boat detection by aircraft. The 29th Flotilla focused on western Mediterranean convoys supplying Allied troops but three U-boats were based at Salamis to maintain an eastern Mediterranean patrol presence, forcing the Allies to disperse their ASW efforts. On 1 August 1943 the 29th Flotilla shifted its headquarters from La Spezia to Toulon where it could use the former French naval base for patrols in the western Mediterranean.
sank the 1,598-ton Brinkburn of convoy TE 22 on 21 June, and damaged the 8,299-ton Abbeydale of convoy XTG 2 on 27 June 1943.
sank the 8,131-ton Yoma of convoy GTX 2 on 17 June, the sailing ship Nisr on 25 June, sailing ships Nelly and Toufic Allah on 26 June, and the 3,742-ton Michalios on 27 June, before damaging the 7,472-ton Empire Moon on 22 July.
sank the 1,179-ton Palima on 12 June 1943 and the 8,995-ton Athelmonarch on 15 June before being sunk on 16 June by a Lockheed Hudson of No. 459 Squadron RAAF.
sank the 1,162-ton Merope on 27 April, damaged the Liberty ship Matthew Maury and the 6,561-ton Gulfprince of convoy ET 22A on 10 July 1943, and sank the 6,004-ton Contractor of convoy GTX 5 on 7 August 1943.
sank the 5,634-ton Saint Essylt of convoy KMS 18B on 4 July 1943 before being sunk on 30 July 1943 by PC-624.
damaged Liberty ship Pierre Soulé on 23 August 1943.
damaged on 23 July 1943.
damaged the 6,894-ton Oligarch of convoy GTX 3 on 30 June, and sank the 5,454-ton Shahjehan of convoy MWS 36 on 6 July 1943.
was sunk on 22 August 1943 by the escort of convoy MKF 22.
was sunk on 12 July 1943 by MTB-81.
sank the 5,594-ton Michigan and 4,392-ton Sidi-Bel-Abbès of convoy UGS 7 on 20 April 1943.
sank 1858-ton Runo on 11 April, then damaged LST-333 and LST-387 on 22 June and sank 6,054-ton Devis of convoy KMS 18B on 5 July 1943.
sank 68-ton El Sayeda on 20 August 1943 and 130-ton Lily, 50-ton Namaz and 21-ton Panikos on 21 August. U-596 then sank 183-ton Nagwa on 30 August and 80-ton Hamidieh on 7 September.
was lost to unknown causes in April 1943.
sank on 6 September.
sank 928-ton Simon Duhamel II of convoy TE 20 on 2 April before being sunk by a Lockheed Hudson of No. 608 Squadron RAF on 28 May 1943.
Replacements
passed Gibraltar on 9 April and was torpedoed by on 21 May 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 9 April, sank 5979-ton Empire Eve and damaged Fort ship Fort Anne of convoy KMS 14 on 18 May before being sunk on 25 May 1943 by .
passed Gibraltar on 6 May 1943, and sank Liberty ships Richard Henderson and John Bell of convoy UGS 14 on 23 August 1943.
was sunk off Gibraltar on 7 May 1943 by Lockheed Hudsons of No. 233 Squadron RAF.
passed Gibraltar on 7 May 1943.
passed Gibraltar on 5 June, sank the 8,762-ton on 4 July and was sunk on 12 July 1943 by .
After the Italian armistice
As Allied escort forces in the Mediterranean became more numerous, the tactic of hunting a detected U-boat to exhaustion was given the name Swamp and used with increasing frequency. U-boats launched G7es torpedoes with passive homing against destroyers, but were unable to cope with a team of escorts. U-boats remaining in port were subjected to USAAF air raids from newly constructed airfields. Surviving U-boats at Toulon were scuttled when Operation Dragoon, (the invasion of southern France), closed the 29th Flotilla base on 15 August 1944. Three U-boats remained at Salamis until Allied forces reached them on 19 September 1944.
damaged the Liberty ship John S. Copley of convoy GUS 24 and was sunk by the convoy escort on 16 December 1943.
sank the 2,887-ton Empire Dunstan on 18 November 1943 before being destroyed by a 9 January 1944 USAAF raid on Pula.
sank on 11 October, on 13 October, and damaged the Liberty ship James Russell Lowell of convoy GUS 18 on 15 October. U-371 sank the 17,024-ton Dempo and destroyed the 6,165-ton Maiden Creek of convoy SNF 17 on 17 March 1944 and damaged and the French destroyer escort Sénégalais from convoy GUS 38 with G7es torpedoes on 3 May 1944 while being hunted to exhaustion by convoy escorts.
was destroyed by an 11 March 1944 USAAF raid on Toulon.
damaged on 28 November 1943, sank 55-ton Rod el Faraq on 27 February 1944, and damaged 6207-ton Ensis on 29 February. U-407 then sank 7210-ton Meyer London and damaged Liberty ship Thomas G. Masaryk of convoy UGS 37 on 16 April, and was sunk by destroyers off Salamis on 19 September 1944.
sank Liberty ship Christian Michelsen of convoy UGS 17 on 26 September 1943. U-410 then sank Fort ship Fort Howe and damaged 3722-ton Empire Commerce of convoy MKS 26 on 1 October and sank Fort ship Fort Saint Nicolas on 15 February 1944, on 18 February, and LST-348 on 20 February before being destroyed by an 11 March 1944 USAAF raid on Toulon.
was sunk on 21 October 1943 by a Vickers Wellington of 179 Squadron.
sank the 80-ton Aqia Paraskevi, the 67-ton Himli, and the 81-ton Salem on 1 February 1944 and the 64-ton Yahiya on 2 February. She then sank Fort ship Fort Missanabie of convoy HA 43 on 19 May and was hunted to exhaustion by convoy escorts on 21 May 1944.
was scuttled at Salamis on 19 September 1944.
sank Liberty ship William W. Gerhard of convoy NSS 3 on 21 September 1943, on 25 September, 4531-ton Mont Viso of convoy KMS 30 on 3 November, and and of convoy KMS 34 with G7es torpedoes on 12 December while being hunted to exhaustion by the convoy escort on 13 December 1943.
sank 5542-ton Marit of convoy XT 4 on 4 October and 8009-ton Cap Padaran of convoy HA 11 on 9 December 1943 before being scuttled at Salamis on 19 September 1944.
sank on 9 October 1943 and LCT-553 on 11 October, and damaged 7127-ton Fort ship Fort Fidler and 10,627-ton G.S. Walden of convoy GUS 39 with G7es torpedoes before being hunted to exhaustion by convoy escorts on 14 May 1944.
was sunk on 11 September 1943 by Vickers Wellingtons of 179 Squadron.
Replacements
passed Gibraltar on 26 September 1943, damaged 4970-ton Stanmore of convoy KMS 27 on 2 October, damaged with a G7es torpedo on 11 December, and sank with a G7es torpedo while being hunted to exhaustion on 29 March 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 1 November 1943 and was sunk on 10 March 1944 by Royal Navy destroyers.
passed Gibraltar on 3 November 1943 and was destroyed in Toulon by USAAF raids on 5 July and 6 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 5 December 1943, sank LST-418 on 16 February 1944, LST-305 on 20 February, and PC-558 on 9 May before being scuttled at Toulon on 21 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 3 January 1944, sank Liberty ship William B. Woods on 10 March and was destroyed in Toulon by USAAF raids on 5 July and 6 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 5 January 1944 and was sunk on 10 March 1944 by the trawler Mull.
passed Gibraltar on 22 January 1944 and was lost to unknown causes some time after 6 April 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 3 February 1944, damaged Liberty ships George Cleeve and Peter Skene Ogden of convoy GUS 31 on 22 February, and was destroyed in Toulon by USAAF raids on 5 July and 6 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 13 February 1944 and was destroyed in Toulon by USAAF raids on 5 July and 6 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 12 February 1944, sank with a G7es torpedo on 5 May, and was scuttled at Toulon on 11 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 20 March 1944 and was destroyed by a 29 April 1944 USAAF raid on Toulon.
passed Gibraltar on 22 March 1944 and was scuttled at Toulon on 19 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 31 March 1944 and was destroyed in Toulon by USAAF raids on 5 July and 6 August 1944.
passed Gibraltar on 30 April 1944 and was hunted to exhaustion on 19 May 1944.
Success and failure
The Germans sank 95 Allied merchant ships totalling 449,206 tons and 24 Royal Navy warships including two carriers, one battleship, four cruisers and 12 destroyers at the cost of 62 U-boats. Noteworthy successes were the sinking of , , and .
U-boats sunk by Allied submarines
Four U-boats were sunk by Allied submarines in the Mediterranean:
was sunk on 28 November 1941 in the western Mediterranean, south-west of Almería, in position by torpedoes from the Dutch submarine HrMs O 21. 35 crewmembers died and 12 survived.
was sunk on 21 January 1943 in the Mediterranean, west of Bonifacio, in position by torpedoes from the British submarine . 45 crewmembers died and 1 survived.
was sunk on 21 May 1943 in the western Mediterranean south of Toulon, in position by torpedoes from the British submarine . 20 crewmembers died and 28 survived.
was sunk on 12 January 1942 in the western Mediterranean, east of Cape Spartivento, in position , by torpedoes from the British submarine . Only one crewmember out of 45 survived.
See also
Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
29th U-boat Flotilla
References
Bibliography
Military history of the Mediterranean
Allied naval victories in the battle of the Mediterranean
Submarine warfare in World War II
U-boats
Gibraltar in World War II |
Queen Celestine (born 18 March 1992) is a Nigerian model and chef who was crowned the Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria Universe 2014 and represented Nigeria at the Miss Universe 2014 pageant.
Early life
Queen is a student at Madonna University and former ambassador of Edo in Nigeria.
Pageantry
Miss Nigeria 2013
Queen participated in the Miss Nigeria 2013 pageant and was the First runner-up.
Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria (MGBN) 2014
Queen won Miss Amity and was crowned as the MGBN Universe (Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria) 2014 on July 19, 2014. At same event she was crowned together with the first winner who was crowned as MGBN World 2014, Iheoma Nnadi.
Miss Universe 2014
Queen competed at the Miss Universe 2014 pageant and won as Miss Congeniality.
References
External links
MBGN website
1992 births
Living people
Nigerian beauty pageant winners
Miss Universe 2014 contestants
Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria winners
Madonna University, Nigeria alumni |
Yelena Borisovna Grishina (; born 6 November 1968) is a former Soviet fencer. She competed in the women's team foil events at the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. In the 1989 World Fencing Championships and the 1990 World Fencing Championships she won silver medals in foil team competing for the Soviet Union, and in 1995 she won a bronze medal in the European Championships in foil.
Grishina is a member of Match TV, the press attache and spokesperson of the Russian Fencing Federation.
Personal life
Yelena comes from a family of Olympians. Her father, Boris Grishin, medaled in water polo in the Olympics, and her brother Yevgeny Grishin won bronze in water polo in the Olympics as well.
Grishina's mother, Valentina Rastvorova, was born in Odessa, Ukraine. She was a six-time world champion foil fencer who ascended the Olympic podium twice.
Her son, Sergey Bida, is a top-ranked épée fencer who made his Olympic debut in Tokyo, winning a silver medal. He was ranked #1 in the world in 2020. He is also a three-time European épée team champion. He moved to the United States in 2023 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, along with his wife, Olympic épée fencer Violetta Khrapina Bida.
Fencing career
She competed in the women's team foil events at the 1988 (for the Soviet Union) and 1992 Summer Olympics (for the Unified Team), with the team coming in fourth at each Olympics.
In the 1989 World Fencing Championships and the 1990 World Fencing Championships she won silver medals in foil team competing for the Soviet Union.
In 1995 she won a bronze medal in the European Championships in foil.
References
External links
Профиль на сайте Федерации фехтования России
1968 births
20th-century Russian women
Living people
Russian female foil fencers
Soviet female foil fencers
Olympic fencers for the Soviet Union
Olympic fencers for the Unified Team
Fencers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Sports commentators
Russian people of Ukrainian descent |
Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in urban areas. The term also applies to the area activities of animal husbandry, aquaculture, beekeeping, and horticulture in an urban context. Urban agriculture is distinguished from peri-urban agriculture, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs.
Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development. It can involve a movement of organic growers, "foodies" and "locavores," who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety while decreasing food miles, leading to lower greenhouse gas emissions, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation.
History
Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia. Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls. (3500BC) In Persia's semi-desert towns, oases were fed through aqueducts carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities. In Machu Picchu, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season.
The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new. It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance. Allotment gardens emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity.
In 1893, citizens of a depression-struck Detroit were asked to use vacant lots to grow vegetables. They were nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor, Hazen S. Pingree, who came up with the idea. He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship. Victory gardens sprouted during WWI and WWII and were fruit, vegetable, and herb gardens in the US, Canada, and UK. This effort was undertaken by citizens to reduce pressure on food production that was to support the war effort.
During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation. Since most of Europe was consumed with war, they were unable to produce sufficient food supplies to be shipped to the US and a new plan was implemented with the goal of feeding the US and even supply a surplus to other countries in need. By 1919, over 5 million plots were growing food and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested.
A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time.
Main types
There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in urban areas. Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types. According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold." In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms. Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm. Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden.
Gardens
Many communities make community gardening accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education. In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden. Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants. All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community. It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need. A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's P-Patch. The grassroots permaculture movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world. During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States. Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Farms
The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as the city grows around it. City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in urban areas, that have people working with animals and plants to produce food. They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in urbanized areas. Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building. They are important sources of food security for many communities around the globe. City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres. In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities. Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone. Other city farms operate as partnerships with local authorities.
An early city farm was set up in 1972 in Kentish Town, London. It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands. Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom. In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities. In Melbourne, the Collingwood Children's Farm was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in Victoria, farmed since 1838.
In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated rooftop farm, followed by an even larger location in 2012. Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program.
In Singapore, hydroponic rooftop farms (which also rely on vertical farming) are appearing. The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized. Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested.
Aquaponics systems
Aquaponics is a closed-loop farming technique that ingeniously combines aquaculture and hydroponics to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. In this mutually beneficial relationship, fish waste serves as a natural fertilizer for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This ingenious system not only minimizes water usage but also eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers, making it an eco-friendly and resource-efficient method of food production.
The origins of aquaponics can be traced back to the ancient Aztecs in Mexico, who practiced a form of this method by cultivating crops on floating rafts in nutrient-rich waters. In modern times, researchers like Dr. Mark McMurtry and Dr. James Rakocy further developed and popularized aquaponics during the 1970s and 1980s.
In practice, fish are raised in a tank, and their waste releases ammonia. Beneficial bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which serve as essential nutrients for the plants. As the plants take up these nutrients, they cleanse the water, which is recirculated back to the fish tank, completing the sustainable loop.
Vertical farming
Vertical farming has emerged as a solution for sustainable urban agriculture, enabling crops to be cultivated in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, within controlled indoor environments. This approach maximizes space utilization and facilitates year-round cultivation, making it an ideal choice for densely populated urban areas with limited land availability.
The concept of vertical farming dates back to the early 20th century, but its recent popularity has surged due to the challenges posed by urbanization and the growing demand for sustainable food production. Vertical farms have gained significant traction globally as they offer solutions to overcome the limitations associated with traditional agriculture.
In practice, vertical farms employ advanced techniques such as hydroponics or aeroponics, allowing plants to grow without soil by using nutrient-rich water or air instead. By utilizing vertical space, these farms achieve higher crop yields per square foot compared to conventional farming methods. The integration of artificial lighting and sophisticated climate control systems ensures optimal conditions for crop growth throughout the year.
Singapore stands at the forefront of the vertical farming movement, embracing this technology-driven agriculture to address its limited land availability and secure food sustainability. As a densely populated city-state, Singapore's adoption of vertical farming showcases how innovative approaches to agriculture can effectively tackle the challenges of urban living while promoting sustainable food production.
Indoor farms
Indoor farming is a method involves cultivating plants indoors, free from the constraints of traditional agriculture such as weather fluctuations and limited land availability.
The concept of indoor farming emerged as a solution to the challenges faced by conventional farming methods. With unpredictable weather patterns and urbanization taking up valuable arable land, indoor farming offers a sustainable alternative.
In practice, indoor farms utilize advanced techniques like hydroponics, aeroponics, or aquaponics to cultivate plants. These systems provide a soil-less environment, ensuring efficient use of resources and optimal plant growth. Climate control systems play a crucial role in maintaining the perfect conditions for crops, regulating temperature, humidity, and lighting. Artificial lighting, often powered by energy-efficient LED technology, ensures that plants receive the right light spectrum for photosynthesis, resulting in healthy and abundant harvests.
Perspectives
Resource and economic
The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:
An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely
in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and
peri-urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community.
With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas. This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of malnutrition has been linked to socioeconomic inequities. Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less... healthful foods", and phenomena such as food deserts. Additionally, racialized systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food.
Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste. In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding.
Environmental
The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:
Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented. These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation.
Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because it fits within the current scope of sustainable design. The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities.
Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to get actively involved with ecological citizenship. By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society. Decisions must be made on a group-level basis in order to run the farm. Most effective results are achieved when residents of a community are asked to take on more active roles in the farm.
Urban farming is not as regulated as commercial farming. So chemicals can be applied and not regulated like a commercial grower would. There is nothing in place that will tell anyone what was applied. It is not regulated as strict so a lot can happen without being known, as far as what is applied.
Food security
Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities. The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food. The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as:
All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times.
Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly processed fast food or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes. These problems have brought about the concept of food justice which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism, racial formation, and racialized geographies... Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice."
Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see )
Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally.
The issue of food security is accompanied by the related movements of food justice and food sovereignty. These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community. Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the food system, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i.e. growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features.
Agroecological
Agroecology is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems and prioritizes sustainability, farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems. Transdisciplinarity and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of social justice, gender empowerment, ecological sustainability, indigenous sovereignty, and participation in addition to promoting food access.
Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity.
Impact
In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers.
Economic
Urban and Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and marketing of consumable products. This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the creation of jobs, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality. UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing urban poverty, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of food distribution. UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food. Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a community garden plot a median yield value of between approximately $200 and $500 (US, adjusted for inflation).
Social
Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals. UA can have an overall positive impact on community health, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being. Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive social interaction, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being. Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located. For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride. Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens. Activities which involve hundreds of people.
When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased. This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym. There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors.
UPA can be seen as a means of improving the livelihood of people living in and around cities. Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns. Due to the food security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise. The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of self-efficacy. Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city. The CFSC states that:
Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars. They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items. As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $0.44 per dozen.
This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local grocers or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products. With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income.
Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy. Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household consumption while supplying more for market sale.
As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights. The IDRC and the FAO have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning.
Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening. There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008 to 2013. US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame. Urban agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together. In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients. Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community.
Energy efficiency
The current industrial agriculture system is accountable for high energy costs for the transportation of foodstuffs. According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, the average conventional produce item travels , using, if shipped by tractor-trailer, of fossil fuel per . The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food. Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more than the local and regional transport.
Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of , or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road.
In theory one would save money, but everything is being run on the house's power grid most of the time. So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc.
Carbon footprint
As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's carbon footprint by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer. Such areas can act as carbon sinks offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide () and release breathable oxygen (O2) through photosynthesis. The process of Carbon Sequestration can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of during harvest time. However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming. Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and remain green all year can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon.
Reduction in ozone and particulate matter
The reduction in ozone and other particulate matter can benefit human health. Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce mortality rates in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities.
A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m2 of uncut grass has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car.
Soil decontamination
Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes. They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "grey water", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods. The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals. In the process known as Phytoremediation, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil. Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e.g. Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e.g. Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e.g. petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs).
Phytoremeditation is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution. Phytoremediation only costs about $5–$40 per ton of soil being decontaminated. Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill.
Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.
One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of soil health. Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty. Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species. Typically urban soil has had the topsoil stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage. Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction. A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil. This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web. Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting.
Noise pollution
Large amounts of noise pollution not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health. The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem. Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance." Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast reduction in noise pollution.
Nutrition and quality of food
Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings.
Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake. A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1.4 times more per day and were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p. 1). Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children. An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders. Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water soluble vitamins such as ascorbic acid and thiamin. The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage. Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly.
Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households. Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment. Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts. The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work.
Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes. Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners. Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming. These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm. This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole. This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment. Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health. Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood.
Economy of scale
Using high-density urban farming with vertical farms or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise. These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can recycle organic waste back to energy and nutrients. At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate.
Health inequalities and food justice
A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes". These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States. Although the definition and methods for determining "food deserts" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States, there are racial disparities in the food environment. Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice. This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core. The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security.
Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin.
Environmental justice
Urban agriculture may advance environmental justice and food justice for communities living in food deserts. First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food. When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods.
Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities. Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs. Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members. Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress. Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives.
Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization. Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local food system infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and soil quality. Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area. A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2.5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city. When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces emission rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of asthma in lower socioeconomic areas. Sustainable urban agriculture can also promote worker protection and consumer rights. For example, communities in New York City, Illinois, and Richmond, Virginia, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices.
However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is contaminated. Lead contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities. High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking lead paint which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, vehicle exhaust, and atmospheric deposition. Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues.
Implementation
Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer.
To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects. Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common. One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia. Other community garden projects use the allotment garden model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities. Seattle's P-Patch Gardens use this model, as did the South Central Farm in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St. Louis. Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs. Garden sharing projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space. Roof gardens allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land. Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit. Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent kitchen gardens.
Food processing on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share. The Garden Resource Program Collaborative based in Detroit has cluster tool banks. Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, compost, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster. Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays. In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community.
Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers. Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week. For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays. However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly. For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products. The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers.
Benefits
The benefits that UPA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous. The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation.
UPA assists to close the open-loop system in urban areas characterized by the importation of food from rural zones and the exportation of waste to regions outside the city or town.
Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer.
Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production.
Other natural resources can be conserved. The use of wastewater for irrigation improves water management and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption.
UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland.
Urban agriculture saves energy (e.g. energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas).
Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction.
UPA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution.
Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment.
UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population.
Poverty alleviation: It is known that a large part of the people involved in urban agriculture is the urban poor. In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices.
UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses.
UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor.
Community centers and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life. The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in Sarasota, Florida, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them. Community centers like Florida House provide urban areas with a central location to learn about urban agriculture and to begin to integrate agriculture with the urban lifestyle.
Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity.
Trade-offs
Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure.
The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population.
Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture. It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests. Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption.
Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations. This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food. These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings.
Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health. These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil.
Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts. For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees. However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals.
See also
Allotment (gardening)
Asset-based community development
Building-integrated agriculture
Ecological sanitation
Foodscaping
Forest gardening
Green wall
Growbag
Growroom
Guerrilla gardening
Market garden
Metropolitan agriculture
Permaculture
Rooftop gardens
Satoyama
Sheet mulching
Smallholding
Subsistence agriculture
Terraces (agriculture)
Underground farming
Urban horticulture
Urban forestry
Vertical farming
Windowfarm
References
Notes
Farming Goes Vertical
Skyfarming (2 April 2007). New York Magazine.
City Farm Grows Jobs, Knowledge, and Tomatoes, article about Chicago's City Farm
Further reading
External links
Federation of City Farms & Community Gardens
European Federation of City Farms
FAO programs
Water, Land, and Health of Urban and Peri-Urban food production
Turning Shipping Containers Into Urban Farms
Built-Up Encroachment and the Urban Field: A Comparison of Forty European Cities.
Sustainable food system |
Les Bêtises ("The stupid things") is a 1971 novel by the French writer Jacques Laurent. It recounts 47 years in the life of an adventurous and well-travelled man, in the forms of his own notes, diary entries, an unfinished novel and comments, collected by a friend after the man's death. Laurent wrote the novel over a period of 22 years.
Reception
The novel received the Prix Goncourt, with five votes against four in the sixth voting round. It was also the first choice for the Prix Renaudot, but the Renaudot can never go to the same book as the Goncourt, so the award went to the jury's second choice, Le Sac du palais d'été by Pierre-Jean Rémy. Although there are no political themes in Les Bêtises, the Goncourt jury's decision proved controversial within the leftist press due to Laurent's right-wing sympathies, and journalists complained that there were no working-class people in the novel.
References
External links
Publicity page at the publisher's website
1971 French novels
French-language novels
Prix Goncourt winning works
Éditions Grasset books
Novels by Jacques Laurent |
Nidhi Shah is an Indian television actress best known for her portrayal of Poorva Sharma Shetty in Tu Aashiqui and Kinjal Dave Shah in Anupamaa.
Career
Shah made her acting debut as a child artist in the 2011 web series That's So Awesome. She then played small cameos in the 2013 Hindi films Mere Dad Ki Maruti and Phata Poster Nikhla Hero respectively.
She made her television debut in 2016 with Jaana Na Dil Se Door portraying Shweta Kashyap.
From 2017 to 2018, she portrayed Poorva Sharma Shetty opposite Kiran Raj in Tu Aashiqui. In 2019, she portrayed Suman Patwardhan in Kavach ... Mahashivrati.
She portrayed Shanaya Arora in Kartik Purnima opposite Chirag Mahbubani in 2020. She also portrayed Vidhi in the web series Dating Siyapaa the same year.
Since July 2020, Shah is seen portraying Kinjal Dave Shah opposite Ashish Mehrotra in Anupamaa, it proved as a major turning point in her career.
Filmography
Films
Television
Web series
Music videos
Awards and nominations
See also
List of Hindi television actresses
References
External links
Indian television actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Indian actresses |
Sangro River War Cemetery () is a British and Commonwealth war cemetery sited by a hillside near Torino di Sangro in the Province of Chieti, Italy.
In this cemetery are buried 2,542 soldiers from the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth who died in World War II defending the shoreline near the Sangro River against the retreating German soldiers on the Winter Line.
Within the cemetery is the Sangro River Cremation Memorial, which commemorates 517 Indian soldiers cremated in accordance with their faith.
The marble gravestones are arranged in such a way as to form a kind of amphitheatre.
A path follows a row of magnolias to the Croce del Sacrificio ("Cross of Sacrifice"). Another path follows a hawthorn hedge to the Porta della Rimembranza ("Door of Remembrance").
The numbers of burials are as follows:
United Kingdom: 1,768
Canada: 2
Australia: 3
New Zealand: 355
South Africa: 74
India: 335
Other states: 5
Unknown soldiers: 75
Amongst the burials lies Major John Thompson McKellar Anderson (1918–1943) who received the Victoria Cross for action at Longstop Hill, Tunisia, in April 1943.
References
External links
Torino di Sangro commune website
World War II cemeteries in Italy
Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in Italy
Buildings and structures in the Province of Chieti |
The National Society for Road Safety (; NTF) is a road traffic safety organization in Sweden. It was established in 1934.
References
External links
official website
1934 establishments in Sweden
Non-profit organizations based in Sweden
Organizations established in 1934
Transport in Sweden |
United Kingdom has taken many forms of censorship throughout the history of the country, with either various stringent and lax laws in place at different times, especially concerning British cinema, entertainment venues, literature, the monarchy and the press. In a specific sense, the concept of free speech generally does not exist as a fundamental right within the country. British citizens have a negative right to freedom of expression under the common law. In 1998, the United Kingdom incorporated the European Convention into its domestic law under the Human Rights Act, although a repeal has been proposed, with a replacement known as the Bill of Rights Bill 2022 announced with draft text on 22 June 2022.
Even under the current Human Rights Act, there is a broad sweep of exceptions. They include threatening or abusive words or behaviour intending or likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress or cause a breach of the peace, sending another any article which is indecent or grossly offensive with an intent to cause distress or anxiety, incitement, incitement to racial hatred, incitement to religious hatred, incitement to terrorism including encouragement of terrorism and dissemination of terrorist publications, glorifying terrorism, collection or possession of a document or record containing information likely to be of use to a terrorist, treason, sedition, obscenity, indecency including corruption of public morals and outraging public decency, defamation, prior restraint, restrictions on court reporting including names of victims and evidence and prejudicing or interfering with court proceedings, prohibition of post-trial interviews with jurors, time, manner, and place restrictions, harassment, privileged communications, trade secrets, classified material, copyright, patents, military conduct, and limitations on commercial speech such as advertising.
As of 2022, the United Kingdom is ranked 35th on the Press Freedom Index.
Ministry of Information
The Ministry of Information was created during the First World War and then reformed for the Second World War for propaganda purposes. In the Second World War it was located at the Senate House of the University of London. During the Second World War it was infamous for having a staff of 999.
The Ministry was responsible for keeping much information out of the public domain during the war years, as it was thought that this would have been harmful to the national sentiment. It also censored many press reports that were not deemed to be sufficiently patriotic, or that listed military operations to a level of detail that could be used by the enemy.
The Ministry took over the General Post Office Film Unit, renaming it the Crown Film Unit. It produced documentaries such as Target for Tonight (1941), Western Approaches (1944) and London Can Take It! (1940). It also created a feature-length fictional film; 49th Parallel (1941). Following this it solely created documentaries, although it also laid down propaganda guidelines for commercial films.
The Ministry was disbanded following the end of the Second World War.
Laws on obscenity and sexual content
Obscenity law in England and Wales is currently governed by the various Obscene Publications Acts, and Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 but obscenity laws go back much further into the English common law.
The conviction in 1727 of Edmund Curll for the publication of Venus in the Cloister or The Nun in her Smock under the common law offence of disturbing the King's peace was the first conviction for obscenity in Great Britain, and set a legal precedent for other convictions.
A defence against the charge of obscenity on the grounds of literary merit was introduced in the Obscene Publications Act 1959. The OPA was tested in the high-profile obscenity trial brought against Penguin Books for publishing Lady Chatterley's Lover (by D. H. Lawrence) in 1960. The book was found to have merit, and Penguin Books was found not guilty – a ruling which granted far more freedom to publish explicit material. This trial did not establish the 'merit' defence as an automatic right; several controversial books and publications were the subject of British court cases throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s. Last Exit to Brooklyn, a 1964 novel by American author Hubert Selby, Jr. was subject of a private prosecution in 1966.
The distinction between legal erotic literature and illegal pornography was traditionally made in the English-speaking courts on the basis of perceived literary merit. No prosecutions of purely textual pornography took place following the Inside Linda Lovelace trial of 1976 until October 2008 when a man was charged (but later cleared) under the Obscene Publications Act for allegedly posting fictional written material to the Internet describing kidnap, rape and murder of pop group Girls Aloud (the R v Walker trial). In late August 2005, the government announced that it planned to criminalise possession of extreme pornographic material, rather than just publication, and the law came into force as Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.
Under a law introduced in May 2015, not only creation but also possession of manuals giving advice how to groom or abuse children is also outlawed.
Almost all adult stores in the UK are forbidden from having their goods in open display under the Indecent Displays Act 1981, which means the shop fronts are often boarded up or covered in posters. A warning sign must be clearly shown at the entrance to the store, and no items can be visible from the street. No customer can be under eighteen years old. The Video Recordings Act 1984 introduced the R18-rated classification for videos that are only available in licensed sex shops, but hardcore pornographic magazines are available in newsagents in some places. The Ann Summers chain of lingerie and sex shops recently won the right to advertise for workers in job centres, which was originally banned under restrictions on what advertising could be carried out by the sex industry.
Stage licensing
Censorship of stage plays was exercised by the Master of the Revels in England by about 1600 until the English Civil War in 1642.
In 1737, partly as a result of political attacks by Henry Fielding against Robert Walpole, Parliament enacted a law that established "the Examiner of the Stage" (an official in the Lord Chamberlain's office) to censor plays on the basis of both politics and morals (i.e. sexual impropriety, blasphemy, and foul language). Plays had to be licensed by the Lord Chamberlain. In 1737, through the influence of the Duke of Grafton, the Shakespearian commentator Edward Capell was appointed with an annual salary of £200 as deputy-examiner of plays. This censorship by licensing requirement was finally abolished by the Theatres Act 1968.
According to Rufus Osgood Mason (who gives an example of a written license from 1814):
Charles Kemble, later in life, received the appointment of "Examiner of Plays". The duties consisted in reading the plays which had been accepted by the managers of the different theatres, to see that they contained nothing objectionable either on the score of politics or morals. Those that were approved were reported to the Lord Chamberlain who issued the license.
Libel law
England and Wales have relatively strict libel laws ("defamation" in Scotland) in that they are often considered pro plaintiff with the defendant asked to prove that they did not commit libel. Compensation awards for libel are also unlimited, in contrast to those for personal injury. Further controversy surrounds the libel laws with regard to costs. Whilst costs can be awarded the ability both to bring and to defend libel cases is often considered to be restricted to the wealthy. Conversely it is possible to initiate a "no win – no fee" case against a wealthy individual or organisation if the individual bringing the case has insignificant assets as even if the case is lost the wealthy individual or organisation are unable to recover their costs. Typically in such cases an out of court settlement is forced upon the wealthy individual or organisation.
A recent example is the case of Simon Singh's lawsuit, where author and journalist Simon Singh was sued by the British Chiropractic Association for criticism of chiropractic therapy which rested on a summary of recent scientific research. Singh has been able to pursue a legal defence because of his earnings from four best-sellers.
In another case the UK based academic publisher Equinox was forced to remove a peer reviewed academic article from its publication International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law. The article "charlatanry in forensic speech science" was a metastudy of lie detector research and came to the conclusion that lie detectors don't work. The Israeli manufacturer of lie detectors Nemesysco forced the publisher to remove the already published article from the online databases and the journal was also forced to publish an apology in a later issue.
On 15 March 2011, a "Draft Defamation Bill" (CP3/11) was published by the Ministry of Justice with an accompanying "consultation paper containing provisions for reforming the law to strike the right balance between protection of freedom of speech and protection of reputation". (Close date: 10 June 2011) The Defamation Act 2013 reformed English defamation law on issues of the right to freedom of expression and the protection of reputation. It also comprised a response to perceptions that the law as it stood was giving rise to libel tourism and other inappropriate claims.
Blasphemy law
Blasphemy against Christianity was long an important part of British censorship, with the unwritten common law containing an offence of blasphemous libel. Prosecutions were rare, however, the last one being the 1977 Gay News legal case Whitehouse v. Lemon. Later developments around the turn of the 21st century put the continued viability of blasphemy prosecutions in doubt. The offence was definitively abolished on 8 May 2008.
Critics claimed the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 could hinder freedom of speech. Leaders of major religions as well as non-religious groups such as the National Secular Society and English PEN spoke out in order to campaign against the Bill. Comedians and satirists also fear prosecution for their work. However, a late amendment to the Act as a result of these campaigns reads: "Nothing in this Part shall be read or given effect in a way which prohibits or restricts discussion, criticism or expressions of antipathy, dislike, ridicule, insult or abuse of particular religions or the beliefs or practices of their adherents, or of any other belief system or the beliefs or practices of its adherents, or proselytising or urging adherents of a different religion or belief system to cease practising their religion or belief system."
National security
There are several Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament for the protection of official information, mainly related to national security. The latest revision is the Official Secrets Act 1989 (1989 chapter 6), which removed the public interest defence by repealing section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911. In 2004, a memo containing details of a possible US bombing of broadcaster Al Jazeera was leaked to the press. Attorney General Peter Goldsmith warned newspapers that they could be prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act if they publish the contents of the memo, saying "You are reminded that to publish the contents of a document which is known to have been unlawfully disclosed by a crown servant is in itself a breach of section 5 of the Official Secrets Act 1989".
The Terrorism Act 2000 makes it an offence to collect or possess, and as amended in 2019 also to access, information likely to be of use to a terrorist. Bilal Zaheer Ahmad, 23, from Wolverhampton, is believed to be the first person convicted of collecting information likely to be of use to a terrorist, including the al-Qaeda publication Inspire. Since then, Ben Raymond of the group National Action has also been convicted, among other charges, of possession of terrorist information, including Anders Breivik's manifesto and a guide to homemade detonators.
The Terrorism Act 2006 makes it an offence to "glorify" terrorism. There are concerns that this could limit free speech.
DSMA-Notices (Defence and Security Media Advisory Notice, formerly a DA-Notice) are official but voluntary requests to news editors not to publish items on specified subjects, for reasons of national security.
Prior restraint
Beyond obscenity law, there have been a number of organisations whose main function was to approve material prior to distribution.
Plays and theatres had long been licensed by the Crown prior to 1737. Licensure of a playhouse, however, only gave a general patent. The crown had no ability to censor before plays were performed. Under the provisions of the Theatrical Licensing Act of 1737 as extended by the Theatres Act 1843, the Lord Chamberlain's Office was able to censor plays. This role continued until the Theatres Act 1968 abolished the practice following several causes célèbres, and a long campaign by the theatre critic Kenneth Tynan among others.
The British Board of Film Classification is the de facto film censor for films in the United Kingdom; since films not rated by the BBFC cannot be shown in most cinemas, or distributed as videos or DVDs, lack of BBFC approval generally makes productions of such films uneconomic.
In the case of films shown in cinemas, local authorities have the final legal say about who can watch a particular film. Almost always local authorities accept the Board's recommendation for a certificate for a film.
Under the Video Recording Act 1984, almost all video recordings must be classified by an authority chosen by the Home Secretary. This classification is then legally binding. Since the introduction of the Act, the BBFC has been the chosen authority. Certain works such as those that are related to sport, religion or which are designed to educate can be exempt from classification by the BBFC under the act.
Up until 2007, the Broadcast Advertising Clearance Centre pre-approved most British television advertising (under Ofcom rules, other broadcasters can also approve their own advertising content, but most rely on the BACC). The Advertising Standards Authority is the regulatory advertising body, but can only prevent the republication of advertisements after upholding complaints from the general public.
The advent of the Internet access has made the act of censorship more difficult, and there has been a relaxation of censorship in recognition of this. BBFC guidelines have been relaxed further to allow the limited distribution of hardcore pornography under an R18 certificate, partially because of this, and partially because of a recognition that public attitudes have changed. Further confirmation of this change in attitude was provided by the French film Baise-moi, which was given an 18 certificate despite showing scenes of unsimulated sexual activity.
Ofcom is now the regulatory body for UK television, radio, and telecommunications services since the abolition of the Independent Television Commission. Ofcom exerts its powers under the Communications Act 2003. The government's new requirements for Ofcom only require it to ensure adherence to "generally accepted standards" and prevention of harm, removing the former requirement to adhere to standards of "taste and decency".
Worldwide Press Freedom Index, published by Reporters Without Borders, gave the United Kingdom a score of 5.17, making it 24th.
Self-regulation of publication
A number of industries carry out what is known as self-regulation. Self-regulation seeks to keep content within the bounds of what is publicly acceptable, thus preventing government intervention to bring about official regulation. Some of the areas they are concerned about include obscenity, slander and libel. There is no clear line between self-regulation in matters of expression and self-censorship.
In 2019, intelligence researcher James Flynn reported an example of self-regulation resulting in the cancelled publication of a book about censorship itself. Flynn's book, In Defence of Free Speech was originally accepted by Emerald Insight but later rejected over concerns that there was a "significant possibility of legal action" under the UK's hate speech and libel laws. Douglas Murray criticised this decision and compared it to the 2006 controversy that prevented Alms for Jihad from being published in the United Kingdom.
Industry self-regulatory bodies include the Advertising Standards Authority. In the wake of the Leveson Inquiry the Press Complaints Commission (PCC), which had been the main industry regulator of the press in the United Kingdom since 1990, was wound up and most national newspapers now belong to the Independent Press Standards Organisation, established in 2014, refusing to sign up to IMPRESS, the Leveson-compliant alternative.
Parliamentary footage
Proceedings of the House of Lords, House of Commons, and various Parliamentary Committees are broadcast on BBC Parliament and Parliament's Web site. The Rules of Coverage released by the House of Commons Broadcasting Committee place severe limitations on the use of this footage, including a prohibition of its use in the context of political satire. For this reason, rebroadcasts of foreign comedy shows containing Parliamentary footage are restricted from broadcast in the UK, or the footage removed or replaced, often to comic effect.
Censorship by medium
Art
Art was often used as propaganda in Europe, often to point out political scandals but also to spread patriotism in times of need. More specifically, caricature was often used to satirise these events and people and bring attention to the artists' perspectives. Although censorship laws changed based on the stability of the monarchy and their opinions of the citizens, Britain was one of the European countries with the least amount of censorship in this area. During the French Revolution, Britain was in fact the only country where such propaganda was free and legal. The most famous British caricaturists at the time included Isaac Cruikshank, James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. Although all three caricaturists had different perspectives and opinions, they were the frontrunners in the push towards patriotism of the United Kingdom when the UK faced attack from Napoleon.
Film
Internet
Although freedom of expression and protection of privacy over the Internet is guaranteed by UK law, since about 2010 there has been an increasing shift towards authoritarian measures such as increased surveillance (The United Kingdom has more police surveillance cameras than anywhere else outside of China) and police action. Combating terrorism and preventing child abuse have been widely used by state agencies and private commercial actors (e.g. Internet service providers) to justify the implementation of interception and direct filtering measures. Nevertheless, in 2010 the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) found no evidence of technical filtering in the political, social, conflict/security, or Internet tools areas. The UK openly blocks child pornography websites, for which ONI does not test.
98.6% of UK internet traffic consume a service called the child abuse image content list which uses data provided by the Internet Watch Foundation to identify pages judged to contain indecent photographs of children. When such a page is found, the system creates a "URL not found page" error rather than deliver the actual page or a warning page.
In July and again in October 2011, the UK High Court ruled that BT Retail must block access to a website (newzbin.com) which "provides links to pirated movies". In September 2011, in response to the court ruling and with encouragement from government, leading UK ISPs are reported to have privately agreed in principle to quickly restrict access to websites when presented with court orders. In May 2012 the High Court ordered UK ISPs to block The Pirate Bay to prevent further copyright infringing movie and music downloads facilitated by the website. Soon after, the High Court ordered UK ISPs to block other websites linking to, or endorsing online "piracy", such as KickAss Torrents (kat.ph).
Since the end of 2013 a rolling program has been in place to ensure that most households in the UK have pornography and other material (such as suicide, alcohol and violence-related content) filtered from the Internet by default unless a household chooses to receive it. This follows an announcement by the Prime Minister David Cameron on 22 July 2013.
In addition to Internet filtering, the UK also prosecutes those who are alleged to be violating hate speech laws online. In particular, the Communications Act 2003 outlaws the act of sending "by means of a public electronic communications network a message or other matter that is grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character". In 2017, Alison Saunders, the director of public prosecution, announced the allocation of additional resources for enforcing it and the intent to treat online speech as equivalent to a conversation in person. In 2018, the Sentencing Council began deliberating on whether to increase the maximum sentence for suspects with many social media followers. Digital secretary Margot James also outlined a plan to increase government regulation of social networks with possible penalties including 4% of the firm's global turnover. Culture secretary Matt Hancock elaborated on this plan and likened it to the controversial German law NetzDG. He was criticised for saying that a refusal by ten technology companies to send representatives to a meeting he held gave him "a big impetus to drive these proposals to legislate through". As of 2017, it was estimated that nine people per day were being arrested for online speech and other various thought crimes within the UK, with five leading to convictions.
Some regulation of the Internet is coordinated through an online police presence. The Metropolitan Police Service's Twitter account for example, which has been online since 2009, has been applauded for its responsiveness. It has also been condemned for what critics see as police intimidation. In 2016, former IT consultant Paul Perrin expressed resentment over the level of attention given to LGBT issues in the news. When an officer from an LGBT-specific account of the MPS joined the discussion, he or she allegedly revealed knowledge of Perrin's family members.
Age verification
Since March 2019, the Digital Economy Act 2017 has given the government power to require certain websites to implement an age verification scheme, under rules defined in the Online Pornography (Commercial Basis) Regulations 2019. , reports state that there is no firm date for the implementation of this policy, which has been beset by many technical problems. A BBC report described implementation of the scheme as being "in a holding pattern".
Literature
See also under "Laws on obscenity and sexual content" above.
In 1873, controversy over the depiction of William Ewart Gladstone, Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke, and Acton Smee Ayrton in W. S. Gilbert and Gilbert Arthur à Beckett's The Happy Land led to the play's licence being revoked by the Lord Chamberlain. A censored version of the play was eventually allowed to be performed, but uncensored scripts, with the censored portions printed in all capital letters, were printed by the theatre's manager. The play became a smash hit.
The novel Ulysses by James Joyce was banned in the United Kingdom in 1922 when it was declared obscene.
Novelist George Orwell wrote several articles on censorship including an item titled The Freedom of the Press in 1943. It appears that this was a preface for his book Animal Farm, but it is unclear if it had been deliberately suppressed or if Orwell himself chose not to publish it.
Any fair-minded person with journalistic experience will admit that during this war official censorship has not been particularly irksome. We have not been subjected to the kind of totalitarian 'co-ordination' that it might have been reasonable to expect. The press has some justified grievances, but on the whole the Government has behaved well and has been surprisingly tolerant of minority opinions. The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary. – George Orwell
Orwell went on to suggest that because both the UK and the Soviet Union were members of the Allied powers at the time, this self-censorship was preventing valid criticism of the Communist regime. Orwell worked for the Ministry of Information during the war and used it as his inspiration for the Ministry of Truth in Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Radio
Censorship of music on the airwaves was in effect the power of the BBC. (A full list of songs banned on the BBC can be seen here: List of songs banned by the BBC.) Some songs were banned for containing sexually explicit lyrics, or promoting the use of drugs. Some songs were banned for political reasons such as Paul McCartney and Wings song "Give Ireland Back to the Irish" in the 1970s, or in the 1980s Christy Moore's, "Back home in Derry" since it was written by Bobby Sands.
In 1949, the "BBC Variety Programmes Policy Guide For Writers and Producers" (commonly known as "the Green Book") was issued by the BBC to its producers and writers of comedy. Among things absolutely banned were jokes about lavatories, effeminacy in men, immorality of any kind, suggestive references to honeymoon couples, chambermaids, fig leaves, ladies' underwear (e.g. "winter draws on"), prostitution, and the vulgar use of words such as "basket". The guidelines also stipulated that "such words as God, Good God, My God, Blast, Hell, Damn, Bloody, Gorblimey, Ruddy, etc etc should be deleted from scripts and innocuous expressions substituted."
In April 2013, after the death of Margaret Thatcher, the song Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, rose to number two in the BBC Radio 1 UK singles chart as many people bought the song to celebrate the former PM's death. The BBC refused to air the full song however, with only a small clip being played on the hit chart show.
Television
During The Troubles in Northern Ireland the BBC, ITV and Channel 4 regularly stopped or postponed the broadcast of documentaries relating to Ireland. A Real Lives documentary for the BBC, At the Edge of the Union, was temporarily blocked in August 1985 by direct government intervention from the then Home Secretary Leon Brittan which led to a one-day strike by the National Union of Journalists to defend the independence of the BBC.
From November 1988 to September 1994, the voices of Irish republicans and Loyalist paramilitaries were barred by the British government from British television and radio. This necessitated the use by broadcasters of an actor 'revoicing' the words which had been spoken by interviewees or at public meetings by the affected groups. The case of After Dark – "the most uncensorable programme in the history of British television" – is also relevant, specifically the unmade edition of the programme in 1988 with Gerry Adams. The ban was lifted a fortnight after the first Provisional Irish Republican Army ceasefire, on 16 September 1994. The ban could not be enforced for the duration of election campaigns.
An international academic conference on censorship noted other "After Dark case histories which bear on issues of censorship include the intelligence services, drugs, freemasonry, sex ... and Oliver Reed."
Video games
The introduction of controversial video games featuring photo-realistic images, such as Mortal Kombat and Night Trap, led to calls from the tabloid press for games to fall under the Video Recordings Act. The UK games publisher trade body ELSPA responded by introducing a voluntary age rating system in 1994. The ELSPA ratings were succeeded by PEGI in 2003.
Nevertheless, although games are generally exempt from the Video Recordings Act, those depicting sexual content, or gross violence towards people or animals, must still be submitted to the BBFC for consideration. BBFC ratings are legally binding, and British law imposes stiff penalties on retailers who sell to under-aged customers. However, the Act was discovered in August 2009 to be unenforceable. The rating system is to be reviewed as part of the Digital Britain project.
Carmageddon, in which the gameplay involved mowing down innocent pedestrians, was the first game to be refused classification in 1997, effectively banning it from sale. The game's publisher, SCI, had a modified version created in which the pedestrians in question were replaced by green-blooded zombies, which completed a successful appeal against the BBFC to overturn their original decision. The uncensored, unmodified version of Carmageddon was later released under an 18-certificate.
In 2002 the IO Interactive game Hitman 2: Silent Assassin was withdrawn by a number of retailers due to religious sensitivities. The area in question involved a Sikh sect that were depicted as terrorists involved in arms smuggling and assassination. It also involved a section that many Sikhs believed to closely resemble the 1984 massacre at the Amritsar temple.
In 2004, the parents of a murdered 14-year-old boy blamed Manhunt as having been "connected" to the murder. It was later found not to be, as the game was found in the victim's home, rather than the killer's. Leicestershire police "did not uncover any connections to the computer game". The accusations prompted some retailers to remove the game from their shelves. Nevertheless, following this incident the sales of the game rose due to the free publicity from newspaper headlines.
The sequel, Manhunt 2, released in 2007, was banned from being sold in the UK by the BBFC. On appeal to the Video Appeals Committee this ruling was overturned however the BBFC launched a successful judicial review into the VAC's decision, forcing the VAC to reconsider its judgment. On 14 March 2008, the VAC again recommended that the game be released, a position to which the BBFC agreed. The game is now available.
Specific cases studies
In 1795, the administration of William Pitt (the Younger) enacted the Treason Act and Seditious Meetings Act to suppress the burgeoning Radical movement calling for Parliamentary reform. Fearing a "Jacobin uprising" of the kind that had just been seen in France, the government censured reform societies such as the London Corresponding Society, despite no evidence suggesting that these organisations engaged in any illegal activities.
In 1963, in the Profumo affair, the government instituted criminal proceedings against Stephen Ward to stifle press comment under the sub judice rule concerning the sexual relationship between the War Minister John Profumo and Christine Keeler, who was having a sexual relationship with Yevgeny Ivanov, a Soviet Naval Attache and alleged spy.
In 1972, Lord Longford and Raymond Blackburn decided to pursue a matter of pornography classification for the film Language of Love into the Court of Appeal of Lord Denning, MR, and lost the writ of mandamus against the Police Commissioner, who had refused to intrude upon the BBFC remit.
In 1977, the Sex Pistols' single God Save the Queen was "the subject of a blanket ban on BBC".
In 1985, the British government attempted to ban the book Spycatcher by MI5 officer Peter Wright because of the sensitive material it contained. Several British newspapers attempted to report on its principal allegations, but were served with gag orders. They persisted and were tried for contempt of court, charges that were later dropped.
In 1994, 6 members of LGBT rights group OutRage! protested against 6,000 members of Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir at Wembley Arena. The counter-protestors were arrested for displaying placards in support of gays, Jews and women.
In 1995, Prince Charles obtained a court injunction that prevented his former housekeeper Wendy Berry from publishing her tell-all book about his marital troubles. After publishing her book "The Housekeepers Diary" in the United States, Berry left the UK to avoid contempt-of-court charges.
In 1999, 78-year old veteran George Staunton from Liverpool displayed advertisements for the UK Independence Party bearing the slogans "Free speech for England" and "Remember 1939-1945". He was arrested and charged with racially aggravated criminal damages but the charges were later dropped.
In July 2001, 25-year old Daryl Barke, whose bakery had been in the family for 22 years was forced to remove a sign advertising that the store's bread was "none of that French rubbish". The police stated that they were investigating the sign under the Race Relations Act 1976 in response to an anonymous complaint. Barke protested that Essex police officers who shop at the bakery and a French Algerian greengrocer working on the same block all enjoyed the joke.
In October 2001, Harry Hammond held up a sign reading "Jesus Gives Peace, Jesus is Alive, Stop Immorality, Stop Homosexuality, Stop Lesbianism, Jesus is Lord". Nearby demonstrators attempted to physically remove the sign. None of them were charged but Hammond was convicted of breaching section 5 of the Public Order Act 1986 and fined £300 with £395 in costs. Attempts to appeal were unsuccessful as Hammond died shortly after the trial.
In December 2004, controversy surrounding the play Behzti sparked violent protests leading to the play's cancellation. A controversial scene set in a Sikh temple included rape, physical abuse, and murder. Some members of the Sikh community found the play deeply offensive to their faith.
In 2006, 21-year old Sam Brown from Belfast was arrested for walking up to police while inebriated and asking "Excuse me, do you realise your horse is gay?" The police argued that these were homophobic remarks and tried to charge him under section 5 of the Public Order Act 1986. The charges were later dropped.
British National Party leader Nick Griffin and activist Mark Collett were found unanimously not guilty of charges of inciting racial hatred in November 2006. The pair had been secretly recorded making statements about Islam and immigration in a 2004 documentary.
In 2007, 19-year old Kyle Little from Newcastle was fined a total of £200 for barking at a Labrador dog and saying "woof" near police. He had his conviction overturned later that year with the judge remarking that "the law is not an ass".
On 15 January 2008 it was announced that the trial of Wang Yam, accused of murdering Allan Chappelow, would be held in camera on the grounds of the administration of justice and national security. This was the first UK murder trial held behind closed doors. The UK press were prohibited from speculating as to the reasons for this order.
In 2008, the poem Education for Leisure was removed from the AQA Anthology, after complaints were received. The poem explores the mind of a person who is planning to commit a murder.
Starting in 2008 the press were barred from printing the names of concerned parties in the murder of Baby Peter, a 17-month-old boy. Websites which published the names of the defendants and the boy came under police investigation for conducting an "internet hate campaign". On 10 August 2009 the ban was lifted.
The Twitter joke trial, which took place between 2009 and 2012, centered on a complaint by Paul Chambers about Robin Hood Airport being closed. It read "You've got a week and a bit to get your shit together otherwise I'm blowing the airport sky high!!" Chambers was convicted of breaching the Communications Act 2003 before getting the verdict overturned on his third appeal. Public figures, including Nick Cohen, Graham Linehan and Stephen Fry supported Chambers. The final ruling read "a message which does not create fear or apprehension in those to whom it is communicated, or who may reasonably be expected to see it, falls outside this provision".
In March 2010, American Baptist preacher Shawn Holes was convicted of a breach of peace for remarks made in Glasgow. He opined "homosexuals are deserving of the wrath of God, and so are all other sinners, and they are going to a place called hell" in response to a question before the police received a complaint. The Catholic Church in Scotland and the Muslim Council of Scotland opposed the prosecution.
In April 2010, Baptist preacher Dale McAlpine was questioned by a police community support officer for the LGBT population and later arrested by another officer. The arrest concerned his pronouncement that homosexuality was sinful, which McAlpine says was not in his sermon but part of a conversation he had with a listener. After holding him in a cell for seven hours, Cumbria police released McAlpine and dropped the charges stating that they respected freedom of expression.
In 2011, a series of privacy injunctions, so called 'super injunctions', gained widespread attention. The press was barred from publishing details about various prominent individuals. One case involving journalist and broadcaster Andrew Marr was dropped; another involving footballer Ryan Giggs became untenable, although many such injunctions remain in force.
In July 2011, highlights from The Daily Show, an American TV program, were not shown on Channel 4's More4 channel because showing coverage of the House of Commons in a comedic or satirical context in Britain is prohibited by parliamentary rules. American viewers were able to see the material.
In September 2011, public preacher John Craven was approached by two male teenagers and asked for his views on homosexuality. He allegedly declined to give his own views but stated that homosexual acts were considered sinful in The Bible. According to reports, the boys subsequently kissed in front of Craven and reported him to a nearby officer. Craven was detained for at least fifteen hours. He stated that he was held "without food or water" and that his access to medication for rheumatoid arthritis was interrupted. Three years later, he was awarded £13,000 in compensation under the Human Rights Act 1998.
In October 2011, 28-year old Stephen Birrell was sentenced to eight months in jail for engaging in Scottish sectarianism. He made posts to a Facebook page called "Neil Lennon should be banned" which insulted Catholics and the Pope. Sheriff Bill Totten stated "the right-thinking people of Glasgow and Scotland will not allow any behaviour of this nature".
In January 2012, British communications regulator Ofcom revoked Press TV's licence to broadcast in the UK; it remains available via the internet. Ofcom found that the News channel's editorial control was based in Tehran, which breaches the Communications Act 2003. This had come to their attention while investigating a Press TV interview with journalist Maziar Bahari, given under duress, in which he 'confessed' that western journalists working in Iran were spies. A connection has been made by opponents of the decision with WikiLeaks cables suggesting the US and UK governments wanted to end Press TV's broadcasting licence in response to the Iranian government's jamming of the BBC Persian Service and the Voice of America.
In March 2012, 20-year old Azhar Ahmed was arrested for writing "all soldiers should die and go to hell" on Facebook. The post was reported by the mother of a soldier who had been killed by an IED in Afghanistan two days earlier. District Judge Jane Goodwin called it "beyond the pale of what's tolerable in our society" and sentenced Ahmed to £300 and 240 hours of community service. Several attendees protested when she delivered the ruling and Paul Chambers, having been acquitted in the Twitter joke trial said "Glad all that fighting wasn't for nothing."
In May 2012, 21-year old Liam Stacey spent 56 days in jail for tweeting "LOL, Fuck Muamba. He's dead." The line referred to English footballer Fabrice Muamba after a cardiac arrest which led to his retirement. After a large influx of criticism from other Twitter users, Stacey argued back with racial insults including "go pick some cotton". He was charged under the Public Order Act 1986 and apologised for the comments.
During the 2012 Olympics, diver Tom Daley retweeted a message that said "You let your dad down i hope you know that", insulting him for finishing fourth. Its 17-year old author was arrested on suspicion of "malicious communication" and given a harassment warning.
In August 2012, following publication of naked photographs of Prince Harry, lawyers for his father, Prince Charles, issued threats of legal action. The photographs were not used by British newspapers or television stations after St James's Palace warned that the royal family regarded the pictures as a gross invasion of the prince's privacy.
In September 2012, Britain's royal household began legal proceedings against a French magazine, Closer, that published paparazzi photographs of Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge and wife of Prince William. And on 18 September a French court ordered the magazine to hand over all digital copies of the topless photos within 24 hours and blocked further publication of what it called a "brutal display" of the couple's private moments. The case is the first of two legal actions, St. James's Palace said that family lawyers would also be filing a criminal complaint.
In October 2012, 19-year old Matthew Woods was jailed for 12 weeks because of jokes he made about two abducted children April Jones and Madeleine McCann. The messages, including "Who in their right mind would abduct a ginger kid?" were copied from Sickipedia and posted to Facebook. Although Woods was initially threatened with violence and detained for his own safety, prosecutors decided to charge him with sending a grossly offensive message, to which he pleaded guilty. Judge Bill Hudson opined that "there was no other sentence this court could have passed which conveys to you the abhorrence that many in society feel this crime should receive."
Also in October 2012, paroled criminal Barry Thew was sentenced to eight months in prison for wearing a T-shirt that expressed approval of police officers being murdered. This occurred shortly after the murder of Nicola Hughes and Fiona Bone.
In November 2012, Linford House, 19, was arrested in Canterbury under the Malicious Communications Act 1988 for posting a picture of a burning poppy on Facebook on Remembrance Sunday, accompanied by a message calling military personnel (squaddies) an offensive word. The act makes it a crime to send anything "indecent or grossly offensive, or which conveys a threat … [where] there is an intent to cause distress or anxiety to the recipient". Nick Pickles, the director of the campaign group Big Brother Watch, argued: "Kent police need to urgently release this man and drop an utterly ridiculous investigation into something that has harmed no one." The teenager was not charged after he met and apologised to serving and former military personnel.
Between July and August 2013, The Guardian newspaper was subject to prior restraint as well as property destruction by members of GCHQ following its publication of documents relating to PRISM, the NSA and Edward Snowden.
From October 2013, The existence of the criminal case R v Incedal and Rarmoul-Bouhadjar was a complete secret until an application made by The Guardian newspaper. However, the details of the evidence involved and why the defendants were acquitted are still censored. The case involved Erol Incedal and Mounir Rarmoul-Bouhadjar who were charged under the Terrorism Act 2000 and the Terrorism Act 2006. "Accredited journalists" who were allowed to report the trial were denied possession of their physical reports (notebooks) and will be imprisoned if they publicly report their findings. The gagging order was upheld in February 2016 and censorship of the case continues.
In January 2014, The Bible: The Complete Word Of God (Abridged) by the Reduced Shakespeare Company was cancelled due to pressure from the Democratic Unionist Party and politician Billy Ball. Amnesty International condemned the campaign.
In April 2014, Liberty GB candidate Paul Weston was arrested after being reported by an audience member at a campaign speech. The complaint objected to his remarks on Islam which were quotations from a passage by Winston Churchill. The police later dropped the charges.
In May 2014, LGBT activist Gareth Lee requested a cake from Ashers Bakery featuring the characters Bert and Ernie and the message "support gay marriage". The owners refused, citing religious objection, and were successfully sued for £500 by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland. The Bakery subsequently lost an appeal against the ruling. Columnist Kenan Malik criticised compelled speech and stated that the bakers did not break the law because they did not refuse service to Lee or any other gay customer. Activist Peter Tatchell adopted this view after supporting the lawsuit previously. In October 2018, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled unanimously the bakers did not refuse to fulfill the customer's order because of his sexual orientation and would have refused to make a cake with this message for any customer, irrespective of their sexual orientation. Therefore, the Court ruled there was no discrimination on the grounds of the sexual orientation.
In December 2014, 19-year old Ross Loraine was arrested and cited for making light of the 2014 Glasgow bin lorry crash on Twitter. The tweet, which he deleted shortly after posting, stated that after the driver's vehicle struck pedestrians, this was "the most trash it has picked up in one day".
In March 2015, 24-year old Scott Lamont was sentenced to spend four months in jail for singing Billy Boys at a Rangers FC game. Sheriff Paul Crozier stated "This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated, certainly not by me." Author Mick Hume condemned the Offensive Behaviour at Football Act under which Lamont was charged.
In 2015, 78-year old pastor James McConnell went on trial for making a speech in Belfast which described Islam as "satanic" and "heathen". Prosecutors argued that the speech was contrary to the Communications Act 2003 but he was eventually acquitted.
In 2016, 23-year old Rowan O'Connell was fined £275 with costs of £115 for self-described trolling that he performed on Reddit. The anonymous post insulted Mzee Mohammed, who had died that year in police custody, by calling him a "good for nothing, spice smoking Toxteth monkey".
In April 2016, Scottish YouTuber Mark Meechan uploaded a video showing how he had trained his dog to raise its paw (similar to a Nazi salute) in response to Meechan saying "sieg heil" and "gas the Jews". Meechan was arrested after sharing the video, with the video having been seen more than three millions times before it was removed by YouTube. Meechan said the video was intended to annoy his girlfriend. Meechan was supported in court by former English Defence League leader Tommy Robinson. On 20 March 2018, the court convicted him of a hate crime under the Communications Act 2003, describing the material as "grossly offensive". Tory MP Philip Davies requested a review of freedom of expression in parliament in response to the conviction. Comedians Ricky Gervais and David Baddiel tweeted in support of Meechan. Tom Walker, Shappi Khorsandi, and Stephen Fry defended Meechan and criticised other comedians for their silence on the issue. Meechan, who plans to appeal, was sentenced to pay an £800 fine ( which he refused to pay. The money was later seized from his bank account) on 23 April 2018. A crowd of about 500 people protested the move in London.
In 2017, 19-year old Croxteth resident Chelsea Russell quoted a line from Snap Dogg's song "I'm Trippin'" on her Instagram page. The line, which read "Kill a snitch nigga, rob a rich nigga", was copied from a friend's page as part of a tribute to Frankie Murphy who was killed in a car accident at age 13. Hate crime investigators were alerted to the presence of the slur and charged Russell with "sending a grossly offensive message by means of a public electronic communications network". Defence lawyer Carole Clarke stated that she received a request from one of the arresting officers that the word "nigga", the subject of the trial, not be used in court. In April 2018, District Judge Jack McGarva found Russell guilty and delivered a sentence which included a £585 fine, a curfew and an ankle monitoring bracelet. However, this was overturned on appeal in February 2019.
In March 2018, Humanists UK criticised Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls' School for censoring references to sexual orientation and women's liberation in their class materials. A description of Roe v Wade was redacted from a history textbook and homosexuals were removed from the list of groups targeted by the Holocaust. Ofsted indicated that it would take this criticism into account when investigating the publicly funded school.
In June 2018, the television show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver was not permitted to broadcast a segment about Brexit in the UK, as the clip contained scenes of debate in the House of Commons. John Oliver, calling the restriction "genuinely insane and frankly antidemocratic", replaced the clip in the UK broadcast with Gilbert Gottfried reading three-star Yelp reviews of Boise, Idaho, restaurants.
In June 2018, Kingston upon Thames Crown Court imposed a Criminal Behaviour Order on five members of UK drill group 1011. The order restricts them from mentioning death or injury in their songs and requires them to notify police of video uploads 24 hours in advance and performances 48 hours in advance. The men, aged between 17 and 21, had previously been arrested with police saying that they planned to attack rival group 12 World with machetes and baseball bats. The 1011 members stated that the objects were props for a music video but pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit violent disorder. Liberty and Index on Censorship both announced opposition the order. Youth worker Ciaran Thapar criticised it as ineffective while solicitor Elena Papamichael compared it to "blaming rock groups for drug use".
In August 2018, transgender rights activist Giuliana Kendal brought a private prosecution against feminist activist Linda Bellos for discussing the possibility of a fight between Bellos and her political opponents.
In October 2018, screenwriter Graham Linehan was given a "verbal harassment warning" for making Twitter posts that deadnamed transgender activist Stephanie Hayden. The exchange arose from a debate over whether legal recognition of a gender transition should require a medical opinion.
In January 2019, community cohesion officer Mansoor Gul questioned Lincolnshire ex-police officer Harry Miller over the fact that he had retweeted a poem that condemned gender transitions. While confirming that no crime had been committed, Gul stated that it qualified as a "hate incident" and told Miller that his employer might be displeased. Miller also reported that he heard the line "we need to check your thinking". Conservative MPs including Boris Johnson and Martin Vickers criticised the police response. Miller subsequently launched a legal challenge which concluded in February 2020. The judge's ruling condemned the police for interfering with protected speech.
In 2021, Viscount Portman was sentenced and jailed for calling a male 'Jewish Scum.'
In July 2022, British army veteran Darren Brady, was arrested "on suspicion of sending by public communication network an offensive, indecent, obscene, menacing message" for allegedly retweeting an image of the "Progress Pride Flag" arranged into a swastika. No further action was taken, and the arrest was later criticised by the Hampshire police and crime commissioner Donna Jones.
In September 2022, a British woman was arrested and charged for holding up an "abolish monarchy" sign at a proclamation ceremony for King Charles III in Edinburgh. Similar arrests throughout the country around this period over anti-monarchy republican sentiment have alarmed human rights groups.
See also
Sub judice
1988–1994 British broadcasting voice restrictions
Anne Dodd, imprisoned in 1728 for selling anti-ministry pamphlets
British Board of Film Classification
Campaign Against Censorship
Child pornography laws in the United Kingdom
Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship
Feminists Against Censorship
Freedom of the Press
Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom
Index on Censorship
International Freedom of Expression Exchange
Libel tourism
Mary Whitehouse, a Christian morality campaigner (founder of the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association) known for her opposition to social liberalism
Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom
Master of the Revels
Mediawatch-UK (formerly the National Viewers and Listeners' Association)
John Milton, English poet and intellectual who has been regarded among history's most influential and impassioned defenders of freedom of speech and freedom of the press
Open Rights Group
Public spaces protection order
Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022
Society for Individual Freedom
Super-injunctions in English law
Taking Liberties (film)
Thomas Bowdler whose name is now used as the verb "bowdlerise" or "bowdlerize"
Areopagitica: A speech of Mr John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England
Notes
References
External links
Campaign Against Censorship
Edmund Curll and his prosecutions
(technical analysis of Cleanfeed)
Free speech now! - a Spiked project
Index on Censorship: quarterly UK publication of intelligent writing about censorship and free speech
Liberty guide to the Obscene Publications Act
Ofcom website
OfWatch: a site critical of Ofcom* The Melon Farmers: anti-censorship website
Open Rights Group
Theatrical Bill Inspectors and the Licensing Act of 1737
UK laws regarding prostitution updated for 2006
1942 Life magazine article with examples of photos censored by British government for wartime secrecy |
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UWI Blackbirds FC, is a Barbados association football club based in Cave Hill, Saint Michael, Barbados. The team is the football division of the UWI Blackbirds athletic program. In 2016, the team won their first Premier Division title.
Honours
Barbados Premier Division: 1
2016
References
Uwi Blackbirds
University and college association football clubs |
The following television stations broadcast on digital or analog channel 5 in Canada:
CFCN-TV-4 in Burmis, Alberta
CFCN-TV-9 in Cranbrook, British Columbia
CFJC-TV-6 in 100 Mile House, British Columbia
CHAU-DT in Carleton, Quebec
CHRO-TV in Pembroke, Ontario
CICI-TV in Sudbury, Ontario
CIHC-TV in Hay River, Northwest Territories
CJDC-TV in Dawson Creek, British Columbia
CKCW-TV-2 in St. Edward, Prince Edward Island
CKTN-TV-1 in Castlegar, British Columbia
CKVU-TV-1 in Courtenay, British Columbia
The following television stations, which are no longer licensed, formerly broadcast on channel 5 in Canada:
CKBI-TV in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
References
05 TV stations in Canada |
Chkalovsky District is the name of several districts in Russia. The districts are generally named for Valery Chkalov, a Soviet aircraft test pilot.
City divisions
Chkalovsky City District, Yekaterinburg, a city district of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast
Historical districts
Chkalovsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (1936–2015), a former district of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
See also
Chkalovsky (disambiguation)
References |
The International Islamic Trade Finance Corporation (ITFC) aims to develop and expand intra-Organisation of Islamic Cooperation trade.
History
Since its inception in 1395H (1975G), the aim of the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) has been to improve the lives of ordinary people across the Islamic world by raising economic standards and increasing prosperity within the member countries of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC, formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference). IDB recognized that this goal could be achieved by advancing trade within the Islamic world. The development of trade between OIC member countries is fundamental to this process.
The first formal proposal was made by the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques during the 10th OIC Summit held in Putrajaya, Malaysia in 1424H (2003G) and supported the following year by the United Arab Emirates at an IDB Board of Governors Meeting in Iran. The ITFC was mandated to streamline and consolidate operations within the IDB that had been carried out through multiple programs under the Bank's Trade Finance and Promotion Department (TFPD).
A substantial amount of the trade finance activities was carried out through what was then referred to as the Import Trade Financing Operations Program (ITFO); which was commenced soon after the establishment of IDB, in 1977G, to finance the import financing needs of the member countries. In 1987G, the Export Financing Scheme (EFS) was established to complement the ITFO and help promote exports of the member countries.
In 1998, IDB took on management of another trade finance program established in cooperation with the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA), to finance the exports of Arab League member countries to non-Arab League member countries of the African Union. On the other hand, several entities in the IDB Group such as the Islamic Bank's Portfolio for Investment & Development (IBP), the Unit Investment Fund (UIF), the Islamic Corporation for the Development of the Private Sector (ICD) and the Awqaf Properties Investment Fund (APIF) were also engaged in trade finance activities. All intra-trade finance programs operational within the IDB were to be incorporated into the proposed corporation.
The creation of the ITFC was approved in Jumada Al-Awal 1426H (June 2005G) by the Board of Governors of the IDB Group at its 30th annual meeting in Malaysia. The corporation's Articles of Agreement were signed the following year in Kuwait. The ITFC became operational on 1st of Muharram, 1429H (January 10, 2008G) and integrated the activities and operations of all the IDB Group's various trade finance programs into its overall operations. The ITFC was formally inaugurated on 29th of Jumada Al-Awal, 1429H (June 3, 2008G) at the IDB's 33rd Annual Board of Governors Meeting held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Advancing trade
ITFC advances trade by contributing to the development of markets and trading capacities to help all OIC member countries do business more effectively with each other and the rest of the world.
Improving lives
The paramount concern of IDB has been to alleviate poverty and foster the economic development and social progress, particularly for its least developed member countries, through economic development and trade. This humanitarian objective has been at the core of ITFC's formation.
Examples of actions
In July 2012, ITFC signed US$40 million financing agreement with the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan for the imports of gasoline and diesel.
Trade finance
The ITFC's trade finance arm is responsible for providing Shariah-compliant trade financing for both public and private sector entities in the OIC member countries, with a particular focus on financing OIC intra-trade. The ITFC provides direct financing and also works with other international financial institutions to support OIC trade and intra-trade.
As a member of the IDB Group, the ITFC has leverage over government and acts as a facilitator in mobilizing private and public resources to build and develop intra-trade. The ITFC is also able to streamline the trade financing process by issuing an Irrevocable Commitment to Reimburse (ICR) on Letters of Credits (LCs) issued under ITFC approved finance.
Trade Cooperation and Promotion Program (TCPP)
The Trade Cooperation and Promotion Program is the trade promotion arm within the ITFC that aims to promote and enhance intra-trade and trade cooperation among OIC member countries through four business lines: Trade Promotion, Trade Facilitation, Capacity Building and Development of Strategic Commodities.
To this end, the ITFC, through the TCPP, focused on the integration of Trade Promotion Organizations (TPOs) in Islamic countries through skills and knowledge transfer leading to capacity building. By networking TPOs, through ITFC sponsorship of regional and international conferences, intra-trade issues can be addressed and intra-trade development accelerated. TPOs are the best source of information for identifying prospects, obstacles to overcome and solutions to accelerate the development and growth of intra-trade among OIC member countries.
Main shareholders
The IDB holds majority shares while the remaining is owned by the member countries and the financial institutions. The inclusion of member countries as shareholders is necessary to ensure the international status of ITFC.
ITFC headquarters
ITFC headquarters is located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is planning to expand geographically by opening new branches as deemed necessary.
Recipient countries for ITFC Trade Finance
All IDB Group OIC member countries are entitled to benefit from ITFC trade finance. The present membership of the Bank stands at fifty-six countries spreading over four continents, Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. In addition, the ITFC may consider non-member countries as eligible recipients in accordance with rules and terms to be approved by ITFC's Board of Directors.
Goods, commodities and services eligible for financing by ITFC
ITFC's trade finance operations cover goods, commodities and services, including raw materials, industrial intermediate goods, agricultural inputs, food items and all other goods of commodities eligible under Shariah.
References
External links
ITFC homepage
IDB homepage
OIC homepage
Islamic banking
Financial services companies of Saudi Arabia |
Mark Webber (born 18 April 1964) is a British political scientist and international relations specialist whose research interests include the international politics of the former Soviet Union, contemporary Russian foreign policy, foreign policy analysis (FPA), politics of NATO and European Union enlargement, security studies, and comparative international organisations. He is a professor of International Politics at the University of Birmingham, where between 2011 and July 2019 he was the Head of the School of Government and Society. He was also the Head of the Department of Politics, History and International Relations at Loughborough University.
Webber has been a Trustee of the British International Studies Association (BISA) since 2014 and was the Chair of Board of Trustees of the BISA 2019 to 2020. He is a member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs and sits on the editorial board of European Security.
From September 2022 to January 2023 he was Senior Eisenhower Defence Fellow at the NATO Defence College in Rome.
External links
Mark Webber's research portal
References
Living people
1964 births
British political scientists
Chatham House people
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Academics of Loughborough University
NATO Defense College |
Konvitz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Jeffrey Konvitz (born 1944), American attorney, writer, and film producer
Milton R. Konvitz (1908–2003), American law professor |
Kitzinger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albin Kitzinger (1912–1970), German football player
Celia Kitzinger, British same-sex marriage activist
Ernst Kitzinger (1912–2003), German-American art historian
Sheila Kitzinger (1929–2015), British natural childbirth activist
Fictional characters
Jilly Kitzinger, a fictional character in the science fiction series Torchwood |
The Darkside Detective is a 2017 point-and-click adventure video game developed by Spooky Doorway, and published by Akupara Games. It was released for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux on July 27, 2017, for Nintendo Switch on February 7, 2018 and for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Stadia in April 2021. A version for the Atari VCS released in August 2021. A limited run of 5,000 physical copies for the Nintendo Switch was released on 26 September 2019. A sequel, The Darkside Detective: A Fumble in the Dark, was released in April 2021.
Game Setting
Darkside Detective is set on the fictional city of Twin Lakes, a metropolis known for its occasional reports of criminal activity though several of them are discovered to be of a supernatural nature, as the city is linked to an otherworldly ghost world reflection of itself known as the 'Darkside'. Owing to this, the Twin Lakes' police department keeps its own (though underfunded) branch known as the Darkside Division, headed by Detective Francis McQueen and his partner Patrick Dooley, who investigate such cases.
The game is known for its satirical nature, drawing multiple references to pop culture, including its case names such as "Buy Hard" or "Don of the Dead". It also draws strong influence from buddy cop, science fiction and horror movie genres. All cases but "Buy Hard", "Polterguys" and "Baits Motel" (which are part of the Bonus Cases made available with an update) are available with the game.
Cases
Malice in Wonderland
McQueen and Dooley are called in to investigate a missing child occurrence in the home of the wealthy Jones family. The child, Alice, has not been seen for over a day and there was no witnessing of her leaving the house, even though she was under the direct care of her babysitter, Nanny McPhiend. When McQueen goes to interrogate McPhiend in the master bedroom, he notices something under the bed, discovered to be a page related to occultism. As McQueen and Dooley search the house, they discover both a blacklight lamp and pencil, which they test at the upper attic, revealing a door-like drawing on the wall. McQueen completes it using the page as reference, opening a door to the Darkside in which he finds Alice within.
As they prepare to leave, Alice and McQueen are cornered by McPhiend, who knocked out Dooley while he was at door cover duty. It is revealed that McPhiend intended to use the doorway to trap both Alice's parents and take Alice into custody as a legal guardian, thus gaining access to the Jones' inheritance. However, Alice, while exploring, unintentionally entered the doorway as the shelf holding paint thinner collapsed and sprayed at the wall, cleaning a part of the drawing and closing the doorway, trapping Alice within.
McQueen manages to fool McPhiend into getting him and Alice to the real world, under the pretense of having to drag Dooley within as well. McQueen quickly grabs the paint thinner and splashes it on the doorway corner while McPhiend is within, trapping her in the Darkside. Alice is returned to her parents as McQueen and Dooley, now recovered, return to the precinct musing "what sort of paperwork covers this mess".
Tome Alone
McQueen and Dooley arrive at the Twin Lakes Library to return some overdue books when they discover a storm with a mysterious purple vortex happening above the building, whose lights are also constantly flickering. As they ask the local Librarian, Doris, she suspects a frequently visiting child, Devon, is behind the occurrences. They approach Devon who is talking to a floating book, but he pretends to know nothing on the matter. They also come across Raxa, an occultism and computer science college student also investigating the occurrences on the Library, who reports a strange glow coming from a stack of microfilm.
As McQueen uses a viewmaster to investigate the microfilm, he spots an old case newspaper report with an eye-like drawing, that suddenly makes McQueen start seeing ghosts of popular literary authors across the Library, including Aleister Crowley, W.B. Yeats, Enid Blyton, Mary Shelley, Douglas Adams and Terry Pratchett. After resolving a dispute between the ghosts of H. P. Lovecraft and Edgar Allan Poe by using a book Doris was reading, "Guylight", McQueen discovers a secret passageway within the horror section of the Library, finding a clandestine collection of occult books, one of them being a tome charged by faulty electric wiring from the building's lightning rod on the rooftop. McQueen and Dooley head to the rooftop where they perform a bypass at the rod's wiring, cutting electric supply to the faulty wiring where the tome is. With the energy cut, the storm passes away and the ghosts all disappear.
McQueen and Dooley confiscate the occult books, making a deal with Doris to not issue a fine as the charges against Devon are dropped. McQueen also advises Doris to fix the faulty wiring as they return to the precinct.
Disorient Express
McQueen is called by Dooley to pick him up for a ride after he learns the subway station is closed down. After learning that the station is closed due to a literal ghost train on the platform, however, McQueen decides to stay and investigate, discovering a portal to the Darkside at the tunnel where the ghost train is as well as other occurrences on the real world, such as a ghost using a toilet and a purple tentacle as well. Travelling to the Darkside, McQueen and Dooley come across their twisted versions of the Darkside, Agent McScream and Chief Ghouley of the Brightside Division, as well as they find the real world train, with Raxa suspiciously inside. Investigating the train station on the Darkside, McQueen is able to acquire a key to the control room on the real world, but is unable to get it across due to McScream, forcing McQueen to use the toilet tentacle, through a plunger, to transport the key between both worlds.
Using the key to unlock the control room, they find Tam, a disgruntled intellectually disabled engineer who infected the control systems with a supernatural virus, as retaliation for being fired as he was sleeping on the job (explained by Tam that he attended black magic classes at midnight hour to the morning hours, where it was his shift immediately afterwards). With Raxa's aid, McQueen and Dooley are able to clean the infection and restore the control systems, allowing both the ghost train and the real world train to traverse to their respective worlds and restore transit. Tam is arrested and taken to the precinct.
Police Farce
As McQueen and Dooley head out to Officer McNugget's retirement party at the precinct, they enter to discover the gift pile is on fire, which McQueen quickly puts away, revealing a mysterious urn. McQueen recognizes it as a magical urn meant to hold gremlins which belonged to a previously investigated Chinese store, but Dooley foolishly bought it as a gift and allowed the gremlins to run loose. McQueen and Dooley are forced to scramble across the precinct to collect all the gremlins provoking mischief (such as in the dispatch station, where a gremlin is eating the server's wiring and another in the shooting gallery is armed), neutralizing them with electricity and tear gas.
As all the gremlins are collected and put back in the urn, Dooley accidentally lets it slip to the floor, breaking it. Using a clay package from a union worker, McQueen makes a new urn, but requires a tome to enchant it and entrap the gremlins back again, which is in the evidence room, blocked by McQueen's rival, Detective McKing, on a dating attempt. McQueen spikes a cup of coffee with laxatives to force McKing to the bathroom, allowing McQueen to enter the evidence room, acquire the tome, perform the ritual and trap all gremlins back.
When McQueen and Dooley return to the party, they discover the party is over, with the cake being eaten, and are forced to clean their mess as the department's budget "doesn't allow for both your capers and the custodial staff".
Loch Mess
McQueen is called by Dooley's "Bloodwolves" scout group to attend an emergency at their camp site (Ironically named Camp Site), during the group's jamboree. Arriving there, the kids present - including Devon from the Library - inform McQueen Dooley had mysteriously vanished. When McQueen, accompanied by the scouts, start to investigate, they come across a sentient oscilloscope named BETI (Based on SETI, though "much better" and with a camera lens resembling HAL 9000), which informs Dooley had crossed the camp's lake after receiving a high frequency wi-fi signal. McQueen uses BETI to track Dooley's location to an island amidst the lake.
As McQueen reaches the isle and finds a cave entrance, he encounters Dooley in the company of the Loch Ness Monster, named Nigel, who has summoned Dooley for aid in evading 'government pursuit', when he is actually being stalked by the sensationalist reporter Dick Brickman as well as avid conspiracy theorists. Using an adultered version of the printed map from BETI, McQueen manages to lead Brickman to a wrong location in the island as he uses the reporter's camera to photograph a mockery of the monster (which are the Bloodwolves piled up in a Chewbacca-ish costume) for the conspiracy theorists. Finally, McQueen crafts a tin foil hat for Nigel to use, to prevent the government from tracking him.
With all this done, Nigel is confident enough to return to the lake and depart while Dooley returns for the jamboree to continue.
Don of the Dead
McQueen and Dooley are summoned by Chief Scully, along with the entire staff, to attend occurrences during a city-wide riot, where a police officer was already injured. One detail that gets McQueen's attention is the mindless state of the supposed rioters. As he's dispatched, he's assigned to occurrences in three locations - The Twin Lakes Museum, a gift store in Chinatown (Revealed to be the store where Dooley had bought the urn with gremlins for the "Police Farce" party) and the mansion of the deceased crime boss Al Corpsone.
At the Mansion, they come across Raxa, now an "Inspooktor", after saving her when she is cornered by a rioter, revealed to be a zombie. Raxa informs she originally came to the mansion after learning of strange occurrences at the place, and her equipment's readings spiked when unknown creatures entered the mansion, supposedly looking for the Don. At the Chinatown store, they save the owner, Mister Wang, from his collection of monkey paws that started acting out of control. Wang tells McQueen that the paws started moving after some "floating goons" had robbed ritual components from the store. At the Museum, McQueen and Dooley investigate a break-in occurrence when they come across a mummy, which they lure back to its sarcophagus using a brain jar. McQueen and Dooley realize that a glass case of Osiris' bust was broken, with a gem stone missing. With what he learns of all three occurrences, McQueen realizes that criminals from the Darkside are intended on resurrecting Corpsone, utilizing the riot as a smoke screen to acquire the ritual components, Corpsone's corpse and the Gem of Osiris to perform the ritual.
McQueen and Dooley race to the graveyard, infested by the zombies but driven away by the gun fire of two gangster ghosts as a ghost priest starts the ritual at the crypt. Dooley and McQueen split ways, with Dooley headed to the sewers where he encounters an alligator named Jacques, watching television in the sewers, as well as an evil clown, Poundsmart, and a working crew which Dooley confuses for members of a secret organization. In the graveyard, McQueen comes across Smithy, a British World War I veteran as well as Agent McScream and Ghouley, pinned down within the graveyard's church. McQueen disguises himself as a zombie and learns their 'language' from McScream to gather a horde and breach through to the crypt. McQueen arrives too late to stop the ritual, and as the resurrected zombie Corpsone orders the other zombies to kill McQueen, the floor is collapsed by Dooley, who used a jackhammer in a sewer grating. When Dooley is pinned down in the rubble, McQueen uses a stolen car to collapse a water tower (blessed with holy water) to neutralize all zombies, but Corpsone survives and tries strangling Dooley until McQueen traps him in a lifesaver marked with ritual glyphs, banishing Corpsone back to the Darkside. McQueen and Dooley leave the crypt as McScream and Ghouley force the priest, Alexander Pope, to reverse his ritual and putting an end to all living dead, and thus the riots.
As they return to the precinct, they are dismayed to learn that McKing has taken all credit for stopping the riots, and the events of the zombie riot are dismissed by leaked water from the graveyard's tower which passed by the graves prior to flowing to the reservoir, provoking mass hysteria. Regardless, Dooley considers McQueen a hero for saving the city.
Buy Hard
McQueen and Dooley head to the Twin Lakes Mall in to buy late-Christmas gift while taking Dooley's unruly nephew, Buzz, along to visit Santa Claus. However, when they go visit Santa's house and briefly leave Buzz behind at the children's line, a sudden quake occurs in the mall which makes McQueen and Dooley race back to the house only to find Santa Claus has been transformed into the Krampus and the children - including Buzz - into unruly green gnomes, which start wreaking havoc across the mall. McQueen and Dooley are forced to capture and restrain Buzz, who was attempting to reach the Christmas tree's star through the mall's enormous fountain, interrogating him to learn that the Krampus is actually Santa's polar opposite, in which brings out the worst traits from children. When questioned in how to stop the Krampus, the Buzz-gnome informs that the Krampus is actually a lactose-intolerant, which has McQueen formulate a plan.
With the assistance of Emily, a member of the Bloodwolves who was with her family at the Mall Arcade and attempting to steal the claw machine's prizes, McQueen spikes a cookie with milk and has Emily deliver the cookie to the Krampus. The plan works as the Krampus inflates and floats away, revealing a ventilation shaft in which McQueen enters to investigate. Along the vents, he finds pieces of Santa Claus' clothing (And other strange things as a small city and the purple toilet tentacle from "Disorient Express") until he reaches Santa Claus himself, revealed to be the genuine Christmas figure who was kidnapped by the Krampus to jeopardize Christmas' night. Santa gives McQueen a supply of his Christmas dust to use it on the water supply and return the children to normal. As Santa tries leaving the mall however, his sleigh's reindeer Rudolph is bootstrapped by Detective McKing for illegal parking, and with all the Christmas dust used, the sleigh cannot lift off. McQueen however, manages to bring Emily, a non-believer of Santa Claus who starts believing after receiving her wished gift - a blowtorch - and creates Christmas dust around McQueen and Dooley's car.
Santa, McQueen and Dooley strap the sleigh to the police car and thus all take off and start delivering gifts before returning home to a merry Christmas... And accidentally leaving Buzz, still tied to the chair even after returning to normal, behind.
Polterguys
Dooley invites McQueen to his house for dinner (As McQueen usually does so every once in a month), but when they enter the house and into the living room, they find the television possessed by a poltergeist called Paulie, who was trapped within a VHS tape by a team of game developers for no reason and thus made him hell-bent in haunting the house of whichever person that rented him.
Buzz, Dooley's nephew, reveals that Dooley's sister Patricia had rented the tape from Indian Burial Ground Video Rentals Inc., but failed to notice it as she had been busy with the dinner's preparations. As the VHS cannot be manually ejected nor unplugged (As Paulie shocks any who attempt), McQueen and Dooley set out to find the remote control, finding it within the pantry that became a void portal to the Darkside. Using a line of sausages and sheets, McQueen successfully grabs the remote and ejects the tape, but Paulie's influence remains within. McQueen and Dooley use cooked garlic's juices to cleanse the VHS tape of evil influence and put it back in to frighten Paulie away from the house.
With the spirit gone, McQueen and Dooley can finally rejoice for dinner.
Baits Motel
At Dooley's birthday, McQueen takes him for an off-road trip (Which he lies to Chief Scully that they're headed off-town due to an El Chupacabra appearance) and both arrive at the Baits Motel to see the main attraction which is the salvaged material from Lake Monster stored at the "Trout of This World" museum. However, as they book their rooms for the motel, leave their luggage and head to the attraction itself, they find it closed under a localized sandstorm, which McQueen decides to investigate about.
Using a carnival truck to block the sandstorm on the way, McQueen and Dooley come across Jamie, the Bloodwolves' camp kiosk attendant, who informs them the sandstorm began after a fisherman briefly passed by the museum and then left. As McQueen and Dooley dig through and enter the museum, they find an open genie lamp with a recorded message that he's away, leading McQueen and Dooley to start looking for the genie itself. They find it at the company of a German tourist named Otto, who released him as to wish the 'greatest lake junk' in the world to collect, but nothing else. The genie itself, named Ash, informs he cannot return to his lamp until all three wishes are fulfilled.
Seeking for guidance, McQueen drinks a 'spiritual mix' (made out of trashed energy drink cans and Dooley's protein supplements) amidst the desert where he comes across an Incan-like temple inhabited by bodybuilding werewolves. After aiding them in switching their bench weights, McQueen and Dooley suddenly lift-off to space in bubbles where they come across special stamps from "Fed-Xtra Dimensional". Returning to the normal world, Dooley theorizes the symbols they found must be a combination to release the genie, and suggests stamping them on the lamp, which they do.
Decided to get the genie back in the lamp, McQueen and Dooley start working to disrupt Otto's night, messing with his room's TV signal and sabotaging the kitchen, prompting Otto to wish for food, sabotaging his air conditioner to have him at the swimming pool and then throwing a bag of crows to attack him, having Otto wish for the Genie to save him, and finally ruining his clothing and sabotaging the laundry to have Otto wish for clean clothing. As all wishes are legitimate and had no other way of solving the issues, the genie is released from his bondage to Otto and returns to his lamp, at the same time a mailman ghost from the Darkside, working for Fed-Xtra, takes the lamp away after being properly stamped.
As McQueen and Dooley prepare to return to their room, suddenly Dooley is teleported away to the Darkside, as a shadowy figure observes and it ends in a cliffhanger.
Development
The original prototype of The Darkside Detective was created by Paul Conway and Christopher Colston at a short game jam in Galway, Ireland. The demo was made in under eight hours, but received significant attention after it was posted online, prompting them to turn it into a full game. After decided to enter production on the game, writer Dave McCabe and lead developer Treasa McCabe joined the team to assist in the production.
During the development process, the team of four would do group read throughs to discuss issues and ideas, with McCabe then creating an interactive version of any ideas that they had using clipart to allow them to further map out how it would work within the game. Once an idea was decided on, the team would then start creating visuals, animations, interactions, sound and music based around the idea.
Reception
The Darkside Detective received mostly positive reviews according to Metacritic. Hardcore Gamer awarded it a score of 3.5 out of 5, saying "The Darkside Detective is a charming point and click adventure with a taste for the sillier aspects of horror." VideoGamer.com awarded it 7 out of 10, saying "The Darkside Detective has a very distinct sense of humour that you'll either love or hate." Ted Hentschke of Dread Central praised the gameplay and atmosphere but criticising its short length, saying "If the game were 50% longer, I would be in serious danger of genuinely loving it. As it is, it’s just a fun diversion for a few hours." Jimmy Donnellan of Cultured Vultures awarded it a score of 8 out of 10, saying "Funny and offbeat, The Darkside Detective is a joyful but basic point and click game that is simply over too soon." However, CJ Andriessen of Destructoid awarded it a more negative score of 5.5 out of 10, and said "Its lightweight, cornball comedy opts for cheap and easy jokes I never really find funny", although he did praise both the soundtrack and the art style.
References
2017 video games
Detective video games
Game jam video games
Nintendo Switch games
Windows games
Linux games
Classic Mac OS games
Point-and-click adventure games
Indie games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in Ireland
Christmas video games
Stadia games
Akupara Games games
Cultural depictions of Aleister Crowley
Cultural depictions of Mary Shelley
Cultural depictions of Edgar Allan Poe
Loch Ness Monster in fiction
Krampus in popular culture
Santa Claus in fiction
Gnomes |
Ján Bernát (born 10 January 2001) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays for as a midfielder for Spartak Trnava, on loan from Belgian First Division A club Westerlo.
Club career
Bernát made his Fortuna Liga debut for Žilina against ViOn Zlaté Moravce during a home fixture on 2 March 2019. He came on about half hour before the end as a replacement for Patrik Myslovič, with the score at 1:1. Žilina eventually took the win after a goal by Filip Balaj.
International career
Bernát was first recognised in a senior national team nomination on 23 May 2022, while still being active in the U21 team although he remained unnominated for June international fixtures following a suspension ahead of a qualifier against Malta. Štefan Tarkovič recognised him as an alternate ahead of four UEFA Nations League fixtures against Belarus, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
Personal life
Based on his social media communication, Bernát is a Christian.
Honours
Westerlo
Belgian First Division B: 2021–22
References
External links
MŠK Žilina official club profile
Futbalnet profile
2001 births
Footballers from Prešov
Living people
Slovak men's footballers
Slovakia men's youth international footballers
Slovakia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
MŠK Žilina players
K.V.C. Westerlo players
FC Spartak Trnava players
Slovak First Football League players
Challenger Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Slovak expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Slovak Christians |
I Wear* Experiment is an Estonian rock band formed in 2012. Their sound leans towards experimentation and cinematic soundscapes. The band members are Johanna Eenma (vocals/keyboards), Mikk Simson (drums/percussion) and Hando Jaksi (guitars/synths/sampler). The band began their journey into electronical pop music at the beginning of 2012. I Wear* Experiment has released three 3 EPs and their latest debut album “Patience” was released in 2016. The second single of the album - "Patience" was one of the finalists of Eesti Laul competition.
I Wear* Experiment has toured the Baltics and played all the major festivals in the region. In 2016, The band was chosen from 47 bands to be the support act for the Hurts in their Surrender tour. They have been featured in The Line of Best Fit, MTV Iggy and Louder Than War comparing them to the likes of Mew, Ladyhawk, M83, Cocteau Twins and Prodigy.
History
I Wear* Experiment has performed the biggest festivals in the Baltics such as Intsikurmu Festival, Tallinn Music Week and Jazzkaar in Estonia, Positivus Festival & Summer Sound in Latvia, Karkle Live Music Beach Festival and Vilnius Music Week in Lithuania. In March 2016, the band played 3 arena shows with the British band Hurts. In August 2016, I Wear* Experiment performed at The Weekend Festival, which is the biggest electronic music festival in the Baltic countries. In October 2016, the band played in Zandari Festa, which takes place in Seoul and is the largest music showcase festival in South Korea. In September 2017, band performed in showcase festival Waves Vienna in Austria. In May 2018 the band performed at the Focus Wales Festival in the UK.
I Wear* Experiment started their first European tour in November 2016 from Stuttgart, Germany. They also had concerts in Amsterdam, Budapest, Offenbach, Prague, Berlin, Copenhagen and Warsaw. After their first European tour, I Wear* Experiment traveled to Asia early January 2017 for a mini tour. They performed 3 shows in South Korea and one show in Tokyo, Japan. In September 2017 they traveled again to Asia and gave concerts in South Korea, Japan, China and Malaysia.
The band has been a support act for several well-known bands and artists like Hurts, Kasabian, God is An Astronaut and Fish.
Achievements
I Wear* Experiment has finished their debut album “Patience” which was released on April 15, 2016. On that same month Tallinn Music Week and Telliskivi Creative City awarded the band with the artist prize .
In September 2016, the album "Patience" artwork was awarded BRONZE for the Estonian Design Award.
In January 2017, "Patience" was awarded at the Estonian Music Award as “best debut album”.
Discography
"Crickets Empire I" (EP 2013)
"Crickets Empire II" (EP 2013)
"Crickets Empire III" (EP 2014)
Debut album "Patience" (LP 2016)
References
External links
Estonian alternative rock groups
Musical groups established in 2012
2012 establishments in Estonia |
There are several plausible pathways that could lead to an increased extinction risk from climate change. This is because every plant and animal species has evolved to exist within a certain ecological niche, and as climate change represents the long-term alteration of temperature and average weather patterns, it can push climatic conditions outside of the species' niche, which will ultimately render it extinct. Normally, species faced with changing conditions can either adapt in place through microevolution or move to another habitat with suitable conditions. However, the speed of recent climate change is so unprecedented, that even under "mid-range" scenarios of future warming, only 5% of current ectotherm locations (a category which includes amphibians, reptiles and all invertebrates) are within 50 km of a place which could serve as an equally suitable habitat at the end of this century.
Climate change also increases both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which can directly wipe out regional populations of species. Those species occupying coastal and low-lying island habitats can also be rendered extinct by sea level rise; this has already happened with Bramble Cay melomys in Australia. Finally, climate change has been linked with the increased prevalence and global spread of certain diseases affecting wildlife. This includes Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus identified as one of the main drivers of the worldwide decline in amphibian populations.
So far, climate change has not yet been a major contributor to the Holocene extinction, and nearly all of the irreversible biodiversity loss to date has been caused by other anthropogenic pressures such as habitat loss or the introduction of invasive species. Yet, its effects are certain to become more prevalent in the future. As of 2021, 19% of species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species are already being impacted by climate change. Out of 4000 species analyzed by the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, half were found to have shifted their distribution to higher latitudes or elevations in response to climate change. According to IUCN, once a species has lost over half of its geographic range, it is classified as "endangered", which is considered equivalent to a >20% likelihood of extinction over the next 10–100 years. If it loses 80% or more of its range, it is considered "critically endangered", and has a very high (over 50%) likelihood of going extinct over the next 10–100 years.
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report projected that in the future, 9%-14% of the species assessed would be at a very high risk of extinction under of global warming over the preindustrial levels, and more warming means more widespread risk, with placing 12%-29% at very high risk, and 15%-48%. In particular, at , 15% of invertebrates (including 12% of pollinators), 11% of amphibians and 10% of flowering plants would be at a very high risk of extinction, while ~49% of insects, 44% of plants, and 26% of vertebrates would be at a high risk of extinction. In contrast, even the more modest Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to reduces the fraction of invertebrates, amphibians and flowering plants at a very high risk of extinction to below 3%. However, while the more ambitious goal dramatically cuts the proportion of insects, plants, and vertebrates at high risk of extinction to 6%, 4% and 8%, the less ambitious target triples (to 18%) and doubles (8% and 16%) the proportion of respective species at risk.
Causes
Climate change has already adversely affected marine and terrestrial ecoregions, including tundras, mangroves, coral reefs, and caves. Consequently, increasing global temperatures have already been pushing some species out of their habitats for decades.
When the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report was published in 2007, expert assessments concluded that over the last three decades, human-induced warming had likely had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems, and that regional temperature trends had already affected species and ecosystems around the world. By the time of the Sixth Assessment Report, it was found that for all species for which long-term records are available, half have shifted their ranges poleward (and/or upward for mountain species), while two-thirds have had their spring events occur earlier.
Many of the species at risk are Arctic and Antarctic fauna such as polar bears In the Arctic, the waters of Hudson Bay are ice-free for three weeks longer than they were thirty years ago, affecting polar bears, which prefer to hunt on sea ice. Species that rely on cold weather conditions such as gyrfalcons, and snowy owls that prey on lemmings that use the cold winter to their advantage may be negatively affected. Climate change is also leading to a mismatch between the snow camouflage of arctic animals such as snowshoe hares with the increasingly snow-free landscape.
Then, many species of freshwater and saltwater plants and animals are dependent on glacier-fed waters to ensure a cold water habitat that they have adapted to. Some species of freshwater fish need cold water to survive and to reproduce, and this is especially true with salmon and cutthroat trout. Reduced glacier runoff can lead to insufficient stream flow to allow these species to thrive. Ocean krill, a cornerstone species, prefer cold water and are the primary food source for aquatic mammals such as the blue whale. Marine invertebrates achieve peak growth at the temperatures they have adapted to, and cold-blooded animals found at high latitudes and altitudes generally grow faster to compensate for the short growing season. Warmer-than-ideal conditions result in higher metabolism and consequent reductions in body size despite increased foraging, which in turn elevates the risk of predation. Indeed, even a slight increase in temperature during development impairs growth efficiency and survival rate in rainbow trout.
Species of fish living in cold or cool water can see a reduction in population of up to 50% in the majority of U.S. freshwater streams, according to most climate change models. The increase in metabolic demands due to higher water temperatures, in combination with decreasing amounts of food will be the main contributors to their decline. Additionally, many fish species (such as salmon) use seasonal water levels of streams as a means of reproducing, typically breeding when water flow is high and migrating to the ocean after spawning. Because snowfall is expected to be reduced due to climate change, water runoff is expected to decrease which leads to lower flowing streams, affecting the spawning of millions of salmon. To add to this, rising seas will begin to flood coastal river systems, converting them from fresh water habitats to saline environments where indigenous species will likely perish. In southeast Alaska, the sea rises by 3.96 cm/year, redepositing sediment in various river channels and bringing salt water inland. This rise in sea level not only contaminates streams and rivers with saline water, but also the reservoirs they are connected to, where species such as sockeye salmon live. Although this species of Salmon can survive in both salt and fresh water, the loss of a body of fresh water stops them from reproducing in the spring, as the spawning process requires fresh water.
Furthermore, climate change may disrupt ecological partnerships among interacting species, via changes on behaviour and phenology, or via climate niche mismatch. The disruption of species-species associations is a potential consequence of climate-driven movements of each individual species towards opposite directions. Climate change may, thus, lead to another extinction, more silent and mostly overlooked: the extinction of species' interactions. As a consequence of the spatial decoupling of species-species associations, ecosystem services derived from biotic interactions are also at risk from climate niche mismatch. Whole ecosystem disruptions will occur earlier under more intense climate change: under the high-emissions RCP8.5 scenario, ecosystems in the tropical oceans would be the first to experience abrupt disruption before 2030, with tropical forests and polar environments following by 2050. In total, 15% of ecological assemblages would have over 20% of their species abruptly disrupted if as warming eventually reaches ; in contrast, this would happen to fewer than 2% if the warming were to stay below .
Extinctions attributed to climate change
Besides Bramble Cay melomys (see below), few recorded species extinctions are thought to have been caused by climate change, as opposed to the other drivers of the Holocene extinction. For example, only 20 of 864 species extinctions are considered by the IUCN to potentially be the result of climate change, either wholly or in part, and the evidence linking them to climate change is typically considered as weak or insubstantial. These species’ extinctions are listed in the table below.
However, there is abundant evidence for local extinctions from contractions at the warm edges of species' ranges. Hundreds of animal species have been documented to shift their range (usually polewards and upwards) as a signal of biotic change due to climate warming. Warm-edge populations tend to be the most logical place to search for causes of climate-related extinctions since these species may already be at the limits of their climatic tolerances. This pattern of warm-edge contraction provides indications that many local extinctions have already occurred as a result of climate change. Further, an Australian review of 519 observational studies over 74 years found more than 100 cases where extreme weather events reduced animal species abundance by over 25%, including 31 cases of complete local extirpation. 60% of the studies followed the ecosystem for over a year, and populations did not recover to pre-disturbance levels in 38% of the cases.
Extinction risk estimates
Early estimates
The first major attempt to estimate the impact of climate change on generalized species' extinction risks was published in the journal Nature in 2004. It suggested that between 15% and 37% of 1103 endemic or near-endemic known plant and animal species around the world would be "committed to extinction" by 2050, as their habitat will no longer be able to support their survival range by then. However, there was limited knowledge at the time about the species' average ability to disperse or otherwise adapt in response to climate change, and about the minimum average area needed for their persistence, which limited the reliability of their estimate in the eyes of the scientific community. In response, another 2004 paper found that different, yet still plausible assumptions about those factors could result in as few as 5.6% or as many as 78.6% of those 1103 species being committed to extinction, although this was disputed by the original authors.
Between 2005 and 2011, 74 studies analyzing the impact of climate change on various species' extinction risk were published. A 2011 review of those studies found that on average, they projected the loss of 11.2% of species by 2100. However, the average of predictions based on the extrapolation of observed responses was 14.7%, while the model-based estimates were at 6.7%. Further, when using IUCN criteria, 7.6% of species would become threatened based on model predictions, yet 31.7% based on extrapolated observations. The following year, this mismatch between models and observations was primarily attributed to the models failing to properly account for different rates of species relocation and for the emerging competition among species, thus causing them to underestimate extinction risk.
A 2018 study from the University of East Anglia team analyzed the impacts of and of warming on 80,000 plant and animal species in 35 of the world's biodiversity hotspots. It found that these areas could lose up to 25% and 50% of their species, respectively: they may or may not be able to survive outside of them. Madagascar alone would lose 60% of its species under , while Fynbos in Western Cape region of South Africa would lose a third of its species.
All species
In 2019, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) released the summary of its Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. The report estimated that there are 8 million animal and plant species, including 5.5 million insect species. It found that one million species, including 40 percent of amphibians, almost a third of reef-building corals, more than a third of marine mammals, and 10 percent of all insects are threatened with extinction due to five main stressors. The land use change and sea use change was considered the most important stressor, followed by direct exploitation of organisms (i.e. overfishing). Climate change ranked third, followed by pollution and invasive species. The report concluded that global warming of over the preindustrial levels would threaten an estimated 5% of all the Earth's species with extinction even in the absence of the other four factors, while if the warming reached , 16% of the Earth's species would be threatened with extinction. Finally, even the lower warming levels of would "profoundly" reduce geographical ranges of the majority of the world's species, thus making them more vulnerable then they would have been otherwise.
In 2020, a paper studied 538 plant and animal species from around the world and how they responded to rising temperatures. From that sample, they estimated that 16% of all species could go extinct by 2070 under the "moderate" climate change scenario RCP4.5, but it could be one-third under RCP8.5, the scenario of continually increasing emissions. This finding was later cited in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.
An August 2021 paper found that The "Big Five" mass extinctions were associated with a warming of around and estimated that this level of warming over the preindustrial occurring today would also result in a mass extinction event of the same magnitude (~75% of marine animals wiped out). The following year, this was disputed by the Tohoku University Earth science scholar Kunio Kaiho. Based on his reanalysis of sedimentary rock record, he estimated that the loss of over 60% of marine species and over 35% of marine genera was correlated to a > global cooling and a global warming, while for the terrestrial tetrapods, the same losses would be seen under ~ of global cooling or warming.
Kaiho's follow-up paper estimated that under what he considered the most likely scenario of climate change, with of warming by 2100 and by 2500 (based on the average of Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 6.0), would result in 8% marine species extinctions, 16–20% terrestrial animal species extinctions, and a combined average of 12–14% animal species extinctions. This was defined by the paper as a minor mass extinction, comparable to the end-Guadalupian and Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary events. It also cautioned that warming needed to be kept below to prevent an extinction of >10% of animal species. Finally, it estimated that a minor nuclear war (defined as a nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan or an event of equivalent magnitude) would cause extinctions of 10–20% of species on its own, while a major nuclear war (defined as a nuclear exchange between United States and Russia) would cause the extinctions of 40-50% species.
In July 2022, a survey of 3331 biodiversity experts estimated that since the year 1500, around 30% (between 16% and 50%) of all species have been threatened with extinction – including the species which had already gone extinct. With regards to climate change, the experts estimated that threatens or drives to extinction about 25% of the species, although their estimates ranged from 15% to 40%. When asked about warming, they believed it would threaten or drive into extinction 50% of the species, with the range between 32 and 70%.
February 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report included median and maximum estimates of the percentage of species at high risk of extinction for every level of warming, with the maximum estimates increasing much more than the medians. For instance, for , the median was 9% and the maximum 14%, for the median was 10% and the maximum 18%, for the median was 12% and the maximum 29%, for the median was 13% and the maximum 39%, and for the median was 15% but the maximum 48%) at 5 °C.
Vertebrates
A 2013 paper looked at 12 900 islands in the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia which host over 3000 vertebrates, and how they would be affected by sea level rise of 1, 3 and 6 meters (with the last two levels not anticipated until after this century). Depending on the extent of sea level rise, 15–62% of islands studied would be completely underwater, and 19–24% will lose 50–99% of their area. This was correlated with the total habitat loss for 37 species under 1 meter of sea level rise, and for 118 species under 3 meters. A subsequent paper found that under RCP8.5, the scenario of continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions, numerous vulnerable and endangered vertebrate species living on the low-lying islands in the Pacific Ocean would be threatened by high waves at the end of the century, with the risk substantially reduced under the more moderate RCP4.5 scenario.
A 2018 Science Magazine paper estimated that that at , and , over half of climatically determined geographic range would be lost by 4%, 8% and 26% of vertebrate species. This estimate was later directly cited in the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. According to the IUCN Red List criteria, such a range loss is sufficient to classify as species as "endangered", and it is considered equivalent to >20% likelihood of extinction over the 10–100 years.
In 2022, a Science Advances paper estimated that local extinctions of 6% of vertebrates alone would occur by 2050 under the "intermediate" SSP2-4.5 scenario, and 10.8% under the pathway of continually increasing emissions SSP5-8.5. By 2100, those would increase to ~13% and ~27%, respectively. These estimates included local extinctions from all causes, not just climate change: however, it was estimated to account for the majority (~62%) of extinctions, followed by secondary extinctions or coextinctions (~20%), with land use change and invasive species combined accounting for less than 20%.
In 2023, a study estimated the proportion of vertebrates which would exposed to extreme heat beyond what they were known to have experienced historically in at least half their distribution by the end of the century. Under the highest-emission pathway SSP5–8.5 (a warming of by 2100, according to the paper), this would include ~41% of all land vertebrates (31.1% mammals, 25.8% birds, 55.5% amphibians and 51% reptiles). On the other hand, SSP1–2.6 ( by 2100) would only see 6.1% of vertebrate species exposed to unprecedented heat in at least of their area, while SSP2–4.5 ( by 2100) and SSP3–7.0 ( by 2100) would see 15.1% and 28.8%, respectively.
Another 2023 paper suggested that under SSP5-8.5, around 55.29% of terrestrial vertebrate species would experience some local habitat loss by 2100 due to unprecedented aridity alone, while 16.56% would lose over half of their original habitat to aridity. Around 7.18% of those species will find all of their original habitat too dry to survive in by 2100, presumably going extinct unless migration or some form of adaptation to a dryer environment can occur. Under SSP2-4.5, 41.22% of the terrestrial vertebrates will lose some habitat to aridity, 8.62% will lose over half, and 4.69% will lose all of it, and under SSP1-2.6, these figures go down to 25.16%, 4.62% and 3.04%, respectively.
Amphibians
A 2013 study estimated that 670–933 amphibian species (11–15%) are both highly vulnerable to climate change while already being on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. A further 698–1,807 (11–29%) amphibian species are not currently threatened, but could become threatened in the future due to their high vulnerability to climate change.
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report concluded that while at , fewer than 3% of most amphibian species would be at a very high risk of extinction, salamanders are more than twice as vulnerable, with nearly 7% of species highly threatened. At , 11% of amphibians and 24% of salamanders would be at a very high risk of extinction.
A 2023 paper concluded that under the high-warming SSP5–8.5 scenario, 64.15% of amphibians would lose at least some habitat by 2100 purely due to an increase in aridity, with 33.26% losing over half of it, and 16.21% finding their entire current habitat too dry for them to survive in. These figures go down to 47.46%, 18.60% and 10.31% under the "intermediate" SSP2-4.5 scenario and to 31.69%, 11.18% and 7.36% under the high-mitigation SSP1-2.6.
A 2022 study estimated that while right now, 14.8% of the global range of all anurans (frogs) is in an extinction risk area, this will increase to 30.7% by 2100 under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP1-2.6 (low emission pathway), 49.9% under SSP2-4.5, 59.4% under SSP3-7.0 and 64.4% under the highest-emitting SSP5-8.5. Extreme-sized anuran species are disproportionately affected: while currently only 0.3% of these species have >70% of their range in a risk area, this number will increase to 3.9% under SSP1-2.6, 14.2% under SSP2-4.5, 21.5% under SSP3-7 and 26% under SSP5-8.5
A 2018 paper estimated that both Miombo Woodlands of South Africa and southwestern Australia would lose around 90% of their amphibians if the warming were to reach .
Birds
In 2012, it was estimated that on average, every degree of warming results in between 100 and 500 land bird extinctions. For a warming of by 2100, the same research estimated between 600 and 900 land bird extinctions, with 89% occurring in the tropical environments. A 2013 study estimated that 608–851 bird species (6–9%) are highly vulnerable to climate change while being on the IUCN Red List of threatened species, and 1,715–4,039 (17–41%) bird species are not currently threatened but could become threatened due to climate change in the future.
A 2023 paper concluded that under the high-warming SSP5–8.5 scenario, 51.79% of birds would lose at least some habitat by 2100 as the conditions become more arid, but only 5.25% would lose over half of their habitat due to an increase in dryness alone, while 1.29% could be expected to lose their entire habitat. These figures go down to 38.65%, 2.02% and 0.95% under the "intermediate" SSP2-4.5 scenario and to 22.83%, 0.70% and 0.49% under the high-mitigation SSP1-2.6.
In 2015, it was projected that native forest birds in Hawaii would be threatened with extinction due to the spread of avian malaria under the high-warming RCP8.5 scenario or a similar scenario from earlier modelling, but would persist under the "intermediate" RCP4.5. For the 604 bird species in mainland North America, 2020 research concluded that under warming, 207 would be moderately vulnerable to extinction and 47 would be highly vulnerable. At , this changes to 198 moderately vulnerable and 91 highly vulnerable. At , there are more highly vulnerable species (205) than moderately vulnerable species (140). Relative to , stabilizing the warming at represents a reduction in extinction risk for 76% of those species, and 38% stop being vulnerable.
The Miombo Woodlands of South Africa are predicted to lose about 86% of their birds if the warming reaches . In 2019, it was also estimated that multiple bird species endemic to southern Africa's Kalahari Desert (Southern Pied Babblers, Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills and Southern Fiscals) would either be all-but-lost from it or reduced to its eastern fringes by the end of the century, depending on the emission scenario. While the temperatures are not projected to become so high as to kill the birds outright, they would still be high enough to prevent them from sustaining sufficient body mass and energy for breeding. By 2022, breeding success of the Southern Yellow-billed Hornbills was already observed to collapse in the hottest, southern parts of the desert. It was predicted that those particular subpopulations would disappear by 2027. Similarly, it was found that two Ethiopian bird species, White-tailed Swallow and Ethiopian Bush-crow, would lose 68-84% and >90% of their range by 2070. As their existing geographical range is already very limited, this means that it would likely end up too small to support a viable population even under the scenario of limited climate change, rendering these species extinct in the wild.
Climate change is particularly threatening to penguins. As early as in 2008, it was estimated that every time Southern Ocean temperatures increase by , this reduces king penguin populations by 9%. Subsequent research found that under the worst-case warming trajectory, king penguins will permanently lose at least two out of their current eight breeding sites, and 70% of the species will have to relocate to avoid disappearance, requiring the movement of 1.1 million pairs. A 27-year study of the largest colony of Magellanic penguins in the world, published in 2014, found that extreme weather caused by climate change kills 7% of penguin chicks in an average year, accounting for up to 50% of all chick deaths in some years. Since 1987, the number of breeding pairs in the colony has reduced by 24%. Chinstrap penguins are also known to be in decline, mainly due to corresponding declines of Antarctic krill. And it was estimated that while Adélie penguins will retain some of its habitat past 2099, one-third of colonies along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) will be in decline by 2060. Those colonies are believed to represent about 20% of the entire species.
Fish
It has been projected in 2015 that many fish species will migrate towards the North and South poles as a result of climate change. Under the highest emission scenario RCP8.5, 2 new species would enter (invade) per 0.5° of latitude in the Arctic Ocean and 1.5 in the Southern Ocean. It woul also result in an average of 6.5 local extinctions per 0.5° of latitude outside of the poles.
A 2022 paper found that 45% of all marine species at risk of extinction are affected by climate change, but it's currently less damaging to their survival than overfishing, transportation, urban development and water pollution. However, if the emissions were to rise unchecked, then by the end of the century climate change would become as important as all of them combined. Continued high emissions until 2300 would then risk a mass extinction equivalent to Permian-Triassic extinction event, or "The Great Dying". On the other hand, staying at low emissions would reduce future climate-driven extinctions in the oceans by over 70%.
A 2021 study which analyzed around 11,500 freshwater fish species concluded that 1-4% of those species would be likely to lose over half of their current geographic range at and 1-9% at . A warming of would threaten 8-36% of freshwater fish species with such range loss and would threaten 24-63%. The different percentages represent different assumptions about how well freshwater fishes could disperse to new areas and thus offset past range losses, with the highest percentages assuming no dispersal is possible. According to the IUCN Red List criteria, such a range loss is sufficient to classify as species as "endangered", and it is considered equivalent to >20% likelihood of extinction over the 10–100 years.
In 2023, a study looked at freshwater fish in 900 lakes of the American state of Minnesota. It found that if their water temperature increases by in July (said to occur under approximately the same amount of global warming), then cold-water fish species like cisco would disappear from 167 lakes, which represents 61% of their habitat in Minnesota. Cool-water yellow perch would see its numbers decline by about 7% across all of Minnesota's lakes, while warm-water bluegill would increase by around 10%.
Mammals
A 2023 paper concluded that under the high-warming SSP5–8.5 scenario, 50.29% of mammals would lose at least some habitat by 2100 as the conditions become more arid. Out of those, 9.50% would lose over half of their habitat due to an increase in dryness alone, while 3.21% could be expected to lose their entire habitat ad the result. These figures go down to 38.27%, 4.96% and 2.22% under the "intermediate" SSP2-4.5 scenario, and to 22.65%, 2.03% and 1.15% under the high-mitigation SSP1-2.6.
In 2020, a study in Nature Climate Change estimated the effects of Arctic sea ice decline on polar bear populations (which rely on the sea ice to hunt seals) under two climate change scenarios. Under high greenhouse gas emissions, at most a few high-Arctic populations will remain by 2100: under more moderate scenario, the species will survive this century, but several major subpopulations will still be wiped out.
In 2019, it was estimated that the current great ape range in Africa will decline massively under both the severe RCP8.5 scenario and the more moderate RCP4.5. The apes could potentially disperse to new habitats, but those would lie almost completely outside of their current protected areas, meaning that conservation planning needs to be "urgently" updated to account for this.
A 2017 analysis found that the mountain goat populations of coastal Alaska would go extinct sometime between 2015 and 2085 in half of the considered scenarios of climate change. Another analysis found that the Miombo Woodlands of South Africa are predicted to lose about 80% of their mammal species if the warming reached .
In 2008, the white lemuroid possum was reported to be the first known mammal species to be driven extinct by climate change. However, these reports were based on a misunderstanding. One population of these possums in the mountain forests of North Queensland is severely threatened by climate change as the animals cannot survive extended temperatures over . However, another population 100 kilometres south remains in good health. On the other hand, the Bramble Cay melomys, which lived on a Great Barrier Reef island, was reported as the first mammal to go extinct due to human-induced sea level rise, with the Australian government officially confirming its extinction in 2019. Another Australian species, the greater stick-nest rat (Leporillus conditor) may be next. Similarly, the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season caused a near-complete extirpation of Kangaroo Island dunnarts, as only one individual may have survived out of the population of 500. Those bushfires have also caused the loss of 8,000 koalas in New South Wales alone, further endangering the species.
Reptiles
A 2023 paper concluded that under the high-warming SSP5–8.5 scenario, 56.36% of reptiles would lose at least some habitat by 2100 as the conditions become more arid. Out of those, 23.97% would lose over half of their habitat due to an increase in dryness alone, while 10.94% could be expected to lose their entire habitat as the result. These figures go down to 41.69%, 12.35% and 7.15% under the "intermediate" SSP2-4.5 scenario, and to 24.59%, 6.56% and 4.43% under the high-mitigation SSP1-2.6.
In a 2010 study led by Barry Sinervo, researchers surveyed 200 sites in Mexico which showed 24 local extinctions (also known as extirpations), of Sceloporus lizards since 1975. Using a model developed from these observed extinctions the researchers surveyed other extinctions around the world and found that the model predicted those observed extirpations, thus attributing the extirpations around the world to climate warming. These models predict that extinctions of the lizard species around the world will reach 20% by 2080, but up to 40% extinctions in tropical ecosystems where the lizards are closer to their ecophysiological limits than lizards in the temperate zone.
A 2015 study looked at the persistence of common lizard populations in Europe under future climate change. It found that under , 11% of the lizard population would be threatened with local extinction around 2050 and 14% by 2100. At by 2100, 21% of the population are threatened, and at , 30% of the populations are.
Following the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, Kate's leaf tailed gecko lost over 80% of its available habitat.
Sex ratios for sea turtles in the Caribbean are being affected because of climate change. Environmental data were collected from the annual rainfall and tide temperatures over the course of 200 years and showed an increase in air temperature (mean of 31.0 degree Celsius). These data were used to relate the decline of the sex ratios of sea turtles in the North East Caribbean and climate change. The species of sea turtles include Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia myads, and Eretmochelys imbricata. Extinction is a risk for these species as the sex ratio is being afflicted causing a higher female to male ratio. Projections estimate the declining rate of male Chelonia myads as 2.4% hatchlings being male by 2030 and 0.4% by 2090.
Invertebrates
The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report estimates that while at , fewer than 3% of invertebrates would be at a very high risk of extinction, 15% would be at a very high risk at . This includes 12% of pollinator species.
Spiders
A 2018 study examined the impact of climate change on Troglohyphantes cave spiders in the Alps and found that even the low-emission scenario RCP2.6 would reduce their habitat by ~45% by 2050, while the high emission scenario would reduce it by ~55% by 2050 and ~70% by 2070. The authors suggested that this may be sufficient to drive the most restricted species to extinction.
Corals
Almost no other ecosystem is as vulnerable to climate change as coral reefs. Updated 2022 estimates show that even at , only 0.2% of the world's coral reefs would still be able to withstand marine heatwaves, as opposed to 84% being able to do so now, with the figure dropping to 0% by and beyond. However, it was found in 2021 that each square meter of coral reef area contains about 30 individual corals, and their total number is estimated at half a trillion - equivalent to all the trees in the Amazon, or all the birds in the world. As such, most individual coral reef species are predicted to avoid extinction even as coral reefs would cease to function as the ecosystems we know. A 2013 study found that 47–73 coral species (6–9%) are vulnerable to climate change while already threatened with extinction according to the IUCN Red List, and 74–174 (9–22%) coral species were not vulnerable to extinction at the time of publication, but could be threatened under continued climate change, making them a future conservation priority. The authors of the recent coral number estimates suggest that those older projections were too high, although this has been disputed.
Insects
Insects account for the vast majority of invertebrate species. One of the earliest studies to link insect extinctions to recent climate change was published in 2002, when observations of two populations of Bay checkerspot butterfly found that they were threatened by changes in precipitation.
A 2020 long-term study of more than 60 bee species published in the journal Science found that climate change causes drastic declines in the population and diversity of bumblebees across the two continents studied, independent of land use change and at rates "consistent with a mass extinction." When 1901-1974 "baseline" period was compared with the 2000 to 2014 recent period, then North America's bumblebee populations were found to have fallen by 46%, while Europe's population fell by 14%. The strongest effects were seen in the southern regions, where rapid increases in frequency of extreme warm years had exceeded the species’ historical temperature ranges.
A 2018 Science Magazine paper estimated that at , and , over half of climatically determined geographic range would be lost by 6%, 18% and ~49% of insect species, with this loss corresponding to >20% likelihood of extinction over the next 10–100 years according to the IUCN criteria.
In 2022, it was found that the warming which occurred over the past 40 years in Germany's Bavaria region pushed out cold-adapted grasshoppers, butterfly and dragonfly species, while allowing warm-adapted species from those taxa to become more widespread. Altogether, 27% of dragonfly and 41% of butterfly and grasshopper species occupied less area, while 52% of dragonflies became more widespread, along with 27% of grasshoppers (41%, 20 species) and 20% of butterflies, with the rest showing no trend in area change. The study only measured geographic spread and not total abundance. While the paper looked at both climate and land use change, it suggested the latter was only a significant negative factor for specialist butterfly species. Around the same time, it was predicted that in Bangladesh, between 2% and 34% of the native butterfly species could lose their entire habitat under scenarios SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5, respectively.
Plants
The 2018 Science Magazine estimate found that at , and , over half of climatically determined geographic range would be lost by 8%, 16%, and 44% of plant species, corresponding to >20% likelihood of extinction over the next 10–100 years under the IUCN criteria.
The 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report estimates that while at , fewer than 3% of flowering plants would be at a very high risk of extinction, this increases to 10% at .
A 2020 meta-analysis found that while 39% of vascular plant species were likely threatened with extinction, only 4.1% of this figure could be attributed to climate change, with land use change activities predominating. However, the researchers suggested that this may be more representative of the slower pace of research on effects of climate change on plants. For fungi, it estimated that 9.4% are threatened due to climate change, while 62% are threatened by other forms of habitat loss.
Alpine and mountain plant species are known to be some of the most vulnerable to climate change. In 2010, a study looking at 2,632 species located in and around European mountain ranges found that depending on the climate scenario, 36–55% of alpine species, 31–51% of subalpine species and 19–46% of montane species would lose more than 80% of their suitable habitat by 2070–2100. In 2012, it was estimated that for the 150 plant species in the European Alps, their range would, on average, decline by 44%-50% by the end of the century - moreover, lags in their shifts would mean that around 40% of their remaining range would soon become unsuitable as well, often leading to an extinction debt. In 2022, it was found that those earlier studies simulated abrupt, "stepwise" climate shifts, while more realistic gradual warming would see a rebound in alpine plant diversity after mid-century under the "intermediate" and most intense global warming scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. However, for RCP8.5, that rebound would be deceptive, followed by the same collapse in biodiversity at the end of the century as simulated in the earlier papers. This is because on average, every degree of warming reduces total species population growth by 7%, and the rebound was driven by colonization of niches left behind by most vulnerable species like Androsace chamaejasme and Viola calcarata going extinct by mid-century or earlier.
It's been estimated that by 2050, climate change alone could reduce species richness of trees in the Amazon Rainforest by 31–37%, while deforestation alone could be responsible for 19–36%, and the combined effect might reach 58%. The paper's worst-case scenario for both stressors had only 53% of the original rainforest area surviving as a continuous ecosystem by 2050, with the rest reduced to a severely fragmented block. Another study estimated that the rainforest would lose 69% of its plant species under the warming of .
Another estimate suggests that two prominent species of seagrasses in the Mediterranean Sea would be substantially affected under the worst-case greenhouse gas emission scenario, with Posidonia oceanica losing 75% of its habitat by 2050 and potentially becoming functionally extinct by 2100, while Cymodocea nodosa would lose ~46% of its habitat and then stabilize due to expansion into previously unsuitable areas.
Impacts of species degradation on livelihoods
The livelihoods of nature dependent communities depend on abundance and availability of certain species. Climate change conditions such as increase in atmospheric temperature and carbon dioxide concentration directly affect availability of biomass energy, food, fiber and other ecosystem services. Degradation of species supplying such products directly affect the livelihoods of people relying on them more so in Africa. The situation is likely to be exacerbated by changes in rainfall variability which is likely to give dominance to invasive species especially those that are spread across large latitudinal gradients. The effects that climate change has on both plant and animal species within certain ecosystems has the ability to directly affect the human inhabitants who rely on natural resources. Frequently, the extinction of plant and animal species create a cyclic relationship of species endangerment in ecosystems which are directly affected by climate change.
Species adaptation
Many species are already responding to climate change by moving into different areas. For instance, Antarctic hair grass is colonizing areas of Antarctica where previously their survival range was limited. Similarly, 5-20% of the United States land area is likely to end up with a different biome at the end of the century, as vegetation undergoes range shifts. However, such shifts can only go so far to protect species: globally, only 5% of ectotherm species' present locations are within 50 km of a location which would remain fully suitable and not impose evolutionary fitness costs on them by 2100, even under "mid-range" warming scenarios. Completely random dispersal may have an 87% chance of sending the species to a less suitable location. Species in the tropics have the least extensive dispersal options, while species in the temperate mountains face the greatest risks of moving to a wrong location. Similarly, an artificial selection experiment demonstrated that evolution of tolerance to warming can occur in fish, but the rate of evolution appears limited to per generation, which is too slow to protect the vulnerable species from impacts of climate change.
Rising temperatures are beginning to have a noticeable impact on birds, and butterflies nearly 160 species from 10 different zones have shifted their ranges northward by 200 km in Europe and North America. The migration range of larger animals may be constrained by human development. In Britain, spring butterflies are appearing an average of 6 days earlier than two decades ago.
Climate change has affected the gene pool of the red deer population on Rùm, one of the Inner Hebrides islands, Scotland. Warmer temperatures resulted in deer giving birth on average three days earlier for each decade of the study. The gene which selects for earlier birth has increased in the population because those with the gene have more calves over their lifetime.
Prevention
In addition to reducing future warming to the lowest possible levels, preserving the current and likely near-future habitat of endangered species in protected areas in efforts like 30x30 is a crucial aspect of helping species survive. A more radical approach is the assisted migration of species endangered by climate change to new habitats, whether passively (through measures like the creation of wildlife corridors to allow them to move to a new area unimpeded), or their active transport to new areas. This is approach is more controversial, since some of the rescued species may end up invasive in their new locations. I.e. while it would be relatively easy to move polar bears, which are currently threatened by Arctic sea ice decline, to Antarctica, the damage to Antarctica's ecosystem is considered too great to allow this. Finally, species which are extinct in the wild may be kept alive in artificial surroundings until a suitable natural habitat may be restored. In cases where captive breeding fails, embryo cryopreservation has been proposed as an option of last resort.
Apiculture initiatives to prevent human-wildlife conflict in Zimbabwe
Women in rural communities in Hurungwe rural district Zimbabwe have resorted to placing beehives at the border of fields and villages (bio fencing) to protect themselves and their crops from elephants.
Assisted migration
Assisted migration is the act of moving plants or animals to a different habitat. It has been proposed as a way to rescue species which may not be able to disperse easily, have long generation times or have small populations. This strategy has already been implemented to save multiple tree species in North America. For instance, the Torreya Guardians have coordinated an assisted migration program to save the Torreya taxifolia from extinction.
See also
Atelopus varius
Biodiversity loss
Chytridiomycosis
Ecosystem services
Gastric-brooding frog
Golden toad
Global catastrophic risk
Guajira stubfoot toad
Keystone species
Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
References
External links
Environmental conservation
Climate change, Risk from |
Purbalingga Regency (Javanese: ꦥꦸꦂꦧꦭꦶꦁꦒ) is an inland regency () in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Purbalingga Regency has an area of 777.64 km2 and population of 848,952 at the 2010 census and 998,561 at the 2020 census, comprising 505,281 male and 493,280 female inhabitants; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 1,019,840 (comprising 515,842 males and 503,998 females). The administrative capital is the town of Purbalingga.
Etymology
The term Purbalinga comes from the Sanskrit root words of Hindu origin, purba (east) and linga (an abstract representation of Hindu deity Lord Shiva), thus meaning the Lord Shiva of East. This reflects the historic origin of the place that the Srivijaya-era or earlier founders of the place had built a Hindu temple of the Lord Shiva here in whose honor the place was named by the founder ruling dynasty.
History
Purbalingga is steeped in the ancient history of the Hindu empires of the Srivijaya and Majapahit era, with several following extant ancient Hindu temples scattered in and around the regency:
in Tegal Regency
Pura Caraka Dewa, Margo Padang, Tarub, Tegal.
Pura Segara Suci, Jalan Timor Timur, Martologo, Tegal.
Nearby in Cirebon Regency
Pura Agung Jati Permana, Jalan Bali, No. 4, Cirebon.
Pura Jati Permana, Desa Larangan, Rt 3/4, Harjomukti, Cirebon.
Pura Jati Pramana, Jalan Ciremai Raya, Cirebon.
Administrative districts
Purbalingga Regency comprises eighteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (a total of 224 rural desa and 15 urban kelurahan), and its post code.
Notes: (a) the 15 urban kelurahan comprise consist of 11 villages in Purlalingga (town) District, 3 in Kalimanah District and 1 in Padamara District. (b) except the village of Timbang, which has a post code of 53314. (c) except the village of Penaruban, which has a post code of 53331. (d) except the village of Kalikabong, which has a post code of 53321.
Gallery
Climate
Purbalingga Regency has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from July to September and heavy to very heavy rainfall from October to June. The following climate data is for the town of Purbalingga.
Famous people
Sudirman, General of the Army and the first commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces - one of the most prominent national heroes of Indonesia - was born in Bodas Karangjati village, in the district of Rembang, Purbalingga Regency, on 24 January 1916.
Indro (Warkop), (born 1958), Indonesian comedian and a member of the Indonesian legendary comedy group Warkop.
References
External links
Official site of Local Government of Purbalingga Regency
Regencies of Central Java |
AHLTA is a global Electronic Health Record (EHR) system used by U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). It was implemented at Army, Navy and Air Force Military Treatment Facilities (MTF) around the world between January 2003 and January 2006. It is a services-wide medical and dental information management system. What made AHLTA unique was its implementation date (early EHR adoption), its Central Data Repository, its use in operational medicine and its global implementation. There is nothing like it in the private sector. (According to the DoD, "AHLTA" was never an acronym, but is rather the system's only name.)
AHLTA is an Electronic Health Record which was built to supplement the functionality in the Composite Health Care System (CHCS). CHCS is a practice management system (scheduling and finance) with Computerized Provider Order Entry. AHLTA allows providers to document clinical notes, place orders and select coding (ICD/CPT). Additionally, it provides secure online access to all Military Health System (MHS) beneficiaries records for nurses, corpsmen, medics, technicians, clerks and various office managers. The system links the U.S. military's 481 medical treatment facilities (MTFs) (including those deployed abroad) to the EHR, ultimately supporting 9.2 million MHS beneficiaries. It is the first system to allow for the central storage of standardized EHR data that is available for worldwide sharing of patient information. In addition, it provided data sharing between the VA and the DoD through a module called BiDirectional Health Information Exchange (BHIE).
Since 2010, multiple improvements have been attempted to the base software correcting defects and adding new software modules. Version 3.3.8 included the ability to support ICD-10, and all prior versions of AHLTA were phased out. However, DoD health professionals continued to find AHLTA to be difficult to use, slow, and frequently subject to crashing, and in 2013 DoD began taking bids for a $4.3 billion, 10-year contract to overhaul the system. In July 2015, DoD awarded the contract to the Leidos Partnership for Defense Health, a consortium of EHR manager Cerner; management consulting and professional services company Accenture Federal Services; and engineering and technical government contractor Leidos.
History
The development of AHLTA is directly related to a Presidential Directive issued in 1997. The Directive focused on and reinforced the need for a centralized, longitudinal patient record for military personnel accessible across the DoD enterprise. AHLTA, previously known as the Composite Health Care System II, was developed by the Clinical Information Technology Program Office (CITPO), an acquisitions office for centrally managed MHS clinical information technology systems supporting the U.S. military. (In 2008, CITPO was combined with the TMIP-J Program Office to form the Defense Health Information Management System, or DHIMS.) It began worldwide deployment in January 2004. Unique to AHLTA was the entry of more than 2 years of historical health information for each beneficiary upon the creation of their EHR. This information, transferred from legacy systems, facilitated continuity of care.
AHLTA has been deployed in Phases, or "Blocks", of increasing functionality that allows the MHS to build a system that is easily adapted to meet evolving requirements and to incorporate the latest available technology. Block 1 provided the foundation of system: performance through a graphical user interface for real-time ambulatory encounter documentation. It enabled retrieval of a beneficiary's health record at the point of care. By December 2006, Block 1 had been fully deployed and was in use by more than 55,000 MHS care providers in 481 Army, Navy and Air Force treatment facilities worldwide, including Combat Support Hospitals and Battalion Aid Stations in the combat zones of Iraq and Afghanistan.
Block 2 (AHLTA version 3.3) was released in December 2008 and integrated robust dental documentation and optometry orders management capabilities (the Spectacles Request Tracking System, or SRTS). Version 3.3.3.X with client update 9.1 is currently fielded to physician and clinic staff workstations.
The original plan was to phase in replacements for the CHCS Ancillary modules. However, these blocks of AHLTA were defunded. Subsequent blocks will modernize legacy system ancillary services (laboratory, pharmacy, and radiology), order entry and results retrieval, inpatient documentation, and interface exchange with other MHS information support systems.
Operations
Master Patient Indexing is a feature of the AHLTA Clinical Data Repository (CDR). Over 100 CHCS host systems, DEERS (the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System), and AHLTA-Theater (the version being used in Iraq and other areas) all contributed patients into the CDR when it was created from 25 months of data pulls back in 2004. Each CHCS patient registration links into AHLTA, some link to existing patients, but others are newly created. Complexity with patient names and methods of identifying them with other demographics can lead to duplication, both in a local CHCS system and in the central AHLTA CDR. There is currently a DHIMS contract aimed at improving the processes and automating the routines to resolve duplicate patients and prevent their creation in the future.
AHLTA Characteristics
Creates a lifelong medical record for TRICARE beneficiaries
Offers an intuitive, graphical user interface designed by military providers to support clinical workflow
Leverages structured documentation to maintain integrity of patient data and optimize data standardization
Enables symptom-based medical surveillance
Uses templates to simplify workflow
Provides 24-hour, 7-day-a-week access to beneficiary EMR (assuming the network is working)
Eliminates health record legibility issues
Enables population health and wellness reporting
Provides clinical functionality used in support of deployed service members, ensuring a "train as we fight" approach
Ensures costly tests, labs and scans are not lost and needlessly duplicated
Interoperability ensures records can be accessed at any MTF worldwide
Prevents unauthorized access and protects from loss due to natural or man-made disasters
Criticism
AHLTA has been poorly received in some quarters. Described by some as "difficult to use", the Army's Surgeon General stated that clinicians "spend as much or more time working around the system as they do with the system". (Some military medical insiders facetiously attribute the phrase "Aw, hell! Let's try again!" to the acronym.) Current providers using AHLTA have become excellent at multi-tasking while using the application as it routinely takes 30sec-1min to load up each new tab that is requested. In 2017 insiders are still astounded that such a poorly designed and functioning system is allowed to remain. Most have given up and accepted that using AHLTA makes a 5min task take 10-20min.
One problem with AHLTA is that many service members data are not captured and recorded (therefore lost), when the patient is referred to outside (non-DOD) civilian providers for care. The care from outside providers could be captured and incorporated into AHLTA from Tricare via billing codes and records, but it is not. Almost all health data recordings are missing from AHLTA once a referral to an outside provider is made. This represents an enormous amount of relevant medical data on service members missing from AHLTA and a significant limitation of the system.
References
External links
DHCS webpage about all Defense Health Clinc Systems including AHLTA
Electronic health record software
United States Department of Defense |
Richard J. Sauer (born on November 15, 1939) is an American academic and academic administrator. Sauer was interim president of the University of Minnesota in 1988.
Richard Sauer grew up in Walker, Minnesota, and graduated from high school in 1957. He attended St. John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, with a major in biology and a minor in chemistry. Sauer went to the University of Michigan for a master's of science in zoology and high school teaching qualification. Instead of teaching, Sauer chose a National Defense Education Act fellowship to attend North Dakota State University for a Ph.D. in entomology with a thesis on the crab spiders of North Dakota. He earned his doctorate at age 27.
Sauer began teaching biology at St. Cloud State College in the mid-1960s and then teaching biology to teachers, teaching entomology through the university extension program, and then working in the mid-1970s with the federal Department of Agriculture. He became acting associate director of the Experiment Station at Michigan State University, then head of the entomology department at Kansas State University. Sauer was hired as head of the Agriculture Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota.
Sauer was deputy vice-president of the University of Minnesota, vice president of agriculture, forestry, and home economics, and then interim president. He succeeded Kenneth Keller and was succeeded by Nils Hasselmo.
References
American academic administrators
Presidents of the University of Minnesota
People from Cass County, Minnesota
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
North Dakota State University alumni
St. Cloud State University faculty
Michigan State University faculty
Kansas State University faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Year of birth uncertain |
```javascript
'use strict';
const common = require('../common');
if (!common.hasIPv6)
common.skip('IPv6 support required');
const initHooks = require('./init-hooks');
const verifyGraph = require('./verify-graph');
const http = require('http');
const hooks = initHooks();
hooks.enable();
const server = http.createServer(common.mustCall(function(req, res) {
res.end();
this.close(common.mustCall());
}));
server.listen(0, common.mustCall(function() {
http.get({
host: '::1',
family: 6,
port: server.address().port
}, common.mustCall());
}));
process.on('exit', function() {
hooks.disable();
verifyGraph(
hooks,
[ { type: 'TCPSERVERWRAP',
id: 'tcpserver:1',
triggerAsyncId: null },
{ type: 'TCPWRAP', id: 'tcp:1', triggerAsyncId: 'tcpserver:1' },
{ type: 'TCPCONNECTWRAP',
id: 'tcpconnect:1',
triggerAsyncId: 'tcp:1' },
{ type: 'HTTPPARSER',
id: 'httpparser:1',
triggerAsyncId: 'tcpserver:1' },
{ type: 'TCPWRAP', id: 'tcp:2', triggerAsyncId: 'tcpserver:1' },
{ type: 'Timeout', id: 'timeout:1', triggerAsyncId: 'tcp:2' },
{ type: 'TIMERWRAP', id: 'timer:1', triggerAsyncId: 'tcp:2' },
{ type: 'HTTPPARSER',
id: 'httpparser:2',
triggerAsyncId: 'tcp:2' },
{ type: 'Timeout',
id: 'timeout:2',
triggerAsyncId: 'tcp:2' },
{ type: 'SHUTDOWNWRAP',
id: 'shutdown:1',
triggerAsyncId: 'tcp:2' } ]
);
});
``` |
Richard Gyan-Mensah (born 20 June 1982) .is a Ghanaian politician and member of the National Democratic Congress. He is the member of parliament for the Gomoa West Constituency in the Central Region of Ghana.
Early life and education
Gyan was born on 20 June 1982 and hails from Gomoa Assin Brofoyedur in the Central Region of Ghana. He had his SSSCE in 2001 where he studied business. He had his bachelor's degree in accounting in 2007. He further had his master's degree in accounting and finance in 2017.
Career
Gyan was the General Manager for Desert Oil Limited. he was also a Mathematics and ICT Tutor at Gomoa Dominase D/A Junior High School. He was also a part time tutor at City Business College. He was also an Accountant at Trust Hands Auto Limited, the Assistant Accounts Manager for Union Oil Ghana Limited and Head of Finance and Planning for Petrosol Ghana Limited.
Politics
Gyan is a member of the National Democratic Congress and currently the Member of Parliament for Gomoa West Constituency in the Central Region.
2020 election
During the 2020 Ghanaian general election, he won the Gomoa West Constituency parliamentary seat. He won with 28,822 votes making 53.0% of the total votes cast whilst the NPP parliamentary candidate Alexander Kodwo Kom Abban had 25,235 votes making 44.9% of the total votes cast, the GUM parliamentary candidate Edmond Panyin Enchill had 716 votes making 1.3% of the total votes cast, and the PPP parliamentary candidate Charles Yawson had 481 votes making 0.9% of the total votes cast.
Committees
Gyan is a member of the Members Holding Offices of Profit Committee and also a member of the Environment, Science and Technology Committee.
Personal life
Gyan is a Christian.
Philanthropy
In April 2021, he gave drivers in his constituency over 200 fuel coupons containing 10 gallons of fuel. He also supported the Apam Senior High School and Gomoa Senior High School with building materials.
In November 2021, he presented about 3,500 mathematical sets to final year students writing the BECE in his constituency.
References
Living people
1983 births
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
Ghanaian MPs 2021–2025 |
Edward Cowles (1836/1837 – July 25, 1919), an American psychiatrist, was the medical superintendent of the McLean Hospital in Massachusetts from 1879 to 1903. He was among the first hospital superintendents to advocate for hospital functions that encompassed patient treatment, research, and teaching.
Biography
Cowles was born in Peacham, Vermont, into a civic-minded family. His father served for many years in the state legislature. Cowles was educated in the local public schools, and attended Dartmouth College. He earned his A.B. in 1859 and his M.A. in 1861. He attended medical school at the College of Physicians and Surgeons and obtained his M.D. in 1863. He served a few months at the Hartford Retreat in Connecticut and then entered the U.S. Army until 1872. Following the Civil War, he was in charge of an Army hospital.
Returning to Boston in 1872, he became Superintendent of the Boston City Hospital for seven years, where his Army experience influenced the organization and the administration of the hospital. During his tenure, the hospital built several wards, improved the ventilation in the wards, and established the first training school for hospital nurses. In 1879, he was invited to take the post of Superintendent of the McLean Asylum, where he remained until 1903.
The McLean Asylum, renamed the McLean Hospital in 1892, was the first mental hospital in Charlestown, Massachusetts. The State Legislature issued a charter in 1811 to build a general hospital and an asylum for mentally-ill patients. The Asylum opened in 1818, three years before the general hospital. In 1895, it moved to Belmont, a Boston suburb. The first superintendent was Rufus Wyman (1818-1835), followed by Luther Bell (1836-1855 and 1857-1858) and John Tyler (1858-1871). Cowles became Superintendent in 1879.
The original hospital organizers were aware of the British Quaker approach to mental illness called "moral treatment". This approach was used at McLean throughout its history and changed with advances in medicine. During his tenure, Cowles introduced many improvements in patient care based upon moral treatment. He removed bars from the windows in some wards, changed the name of "boarders" to "patients", increased recreational and occupational activities for patients, and started the first training school for nurses in a mental hospital. Moreover, he introduced research activities in the hospital, and added a pathology laboratory in 1888, a chemistry laboratory in 1900, and a physiological psychology laboratory in 1904.
Cowles was a gifted administrator and opened advances in psychiatry. In 1887, during a leave of absence, he spent several months at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore to study psychology with Dr. Stanley Hall. He was a professor at Dartmouth (1895-1914), and a clinical instructor at Harvard Medical School (1889-1914). In 1890, Dartmouth conferred Cowles with an honorary L.L.D. He gave lectures at Clark University, where he was a member of the board of trustees. He was active in professional organizations including the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology, the American Neurological Association, and the American Medico-Psychological Association (later, the American Psychiatric Association), where he served as president from 1895 to 1896. Throughout his career, he believed strongly that psychiatry was part of medicine.
In 1903, the McLean hospital Board of Trustees voted a mandatory retirement age of 64, and Cowles retired. He moved to Plymouth, Massachusetts, and opened his practice in Boston. He continued to lecture despite increasing deafness. He died in Plymouth on July 25, 1919.
Works
Cowles, Edward. "The Advancement of Psychiatry in America," The American Journal of Insanity 52(3) (January 1896): 364-386.
Cowles, Edward. "On the Treatment of the Sick in Tents and Temporary Hospitals," The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 91(1) (July 1874): 1-8.
Cowles, Edward. "The Problem of Psychiatry in the Functional Psychoses," The American Journal of Insanity 62(2) (October 1905): 189-237.
Cowles, Edward. Neurasthenia and its Mental Symptoms … Read before the Massachusetts Medical Society, June 9, 1891. Boston: D. Clapp & Son, 1891.
Cowles, Edward. "The Laboratories of the McLean Hospital for Research in Pathological Psychology and Biochemistry," in Hurd, Henry M. [et al.], The Institutional Care of the Insane in the United States and Canada. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1916-1917. https://archive.org/details/39002086344158.med.yale.edu
References
Drinker, Cecil K. Psychiatric Research: Papers Read at the Dedication of the Laboratory for Biomedical Research, McLean Hospital, Waverly, Massachusetts, May 17, 1946. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1947.
Little, Nina F. Early Years of the McLean Hospital: Recorded in the Journal of George William Folsom, apothecary at the Asylum in Charlestown. Boston, Mass.: Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, 1972.
Sutton, S. B. Crossroads in Psychiatry: A History of the McLean Hospital. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1986.
1830s births
1919 deaths
American psychiatrists
People from Caledonia County, Vermont
Dartmouth College alumni
Dartmouth College faculty
Harvard Medical School faculty
McLean Hospital people
McLean Hospital physicians |
Glamsbjerg is a town in central Denmark with a population of 3,350 (1 January 2023), located in Assens municipality on the island of Funen in Region of Southern Denmark.
Glamsbjerg is a comparatively new town in Denmark. It came to be in 1884 when the Odense–Assens railroad was opened. Many of the houses in Glamsbjerg are from 1900.
Before Glamsbjerg was a "town" it was a village in Køng parish. It appears on the first page of the Køng churchbook (parish register) in 1687 at the baptism of Jeppe, son of Simon Ibsen of Glamsberg. The spelling "Glamsbjerg" first appears in 1694. In the 1801 census, the population of Glamsbjerg was 158 persons in 32 households.
Krengerup, a large Neoclassical manor house and estate, is located some to the north of Glamsbjerg.
Notable people
Karl Skytte (1908 in Glamsbjerg – 1986) a Danish politician and member of Folketinget 1947-1978
Johan Absalonsen (born 1985 in Flemløse near Glamsbjerg) a footballer, almost 400 club caps and 2 for Denmark
External links
Assens municipality
References
Cities and towns in the Region of Southern Denmark
Populated places in Funen
Assens Municipality |
Geyserville (formerly Clairville) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California, USA. Located in the Wine Country, Geyserville has a small selection of restaurants, bed and breakfasts, and wineries. Geyserville is located on California State Route 128, close to US Route 101. The population was 862 at the 2010 census.
History
Geyserville, located on the Rancho Tzabaco Mexican land grant, owes its foundation to the discovery in 1847 of a series of hot springs, fumaroles, and steam vents in a gorge in the mountains of Sonoma County, California, between Calistoga and Cloverdale. This complex, which became known as The Geysers, soon became a tourist attraction, and a settlement grew up to provide accommodation and serve as a gateway to The Geysers. It was initially known as Clairville but subsequently renamed Geyserville. After the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad was extended to Cloverdale in the 1870s, its trains stopped in Geyserville.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 4.6 square miles (11.9 km), all of it land.
Demographics
At the 2010 census Geyserville had a population of 862, although the official sign at the entrance to the town says "1,600" on August 8, 2014. The population density was . The racial makeup of Geyserville was 609 (70.6%) White, 5 (0.6%) African American, 7 (0.8%) Native American, 14 (1.6%) Asian, 0 (0.01%) Pacific Islander, 192 (22.3%) from other races, and 35 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 328 people (38.1%).
The census reported that 98.5% of the population lived in households and 1.5% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.
There were 298 households, 108 (36.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 169 (56.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 26 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 22 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 22 (7.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 51 households (17.1%) were one person and 14 (4.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.85. There were 217 families (72.8% of households); the average family size was 3.17.
The age distribution was 201 people (23.3%) under the age of 18, 71 people (8.2%) aged 18 to 24, 213 people (24.7%) aged 25 to 44, 293 people (34.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 84 people (9.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 39.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122.6 males.
There were 325 housing units at an average density of , of which 58.4% were owner-occupied and 41.6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 55.7% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 42.8% lived in rental housing units.
Transportation
Geyserville Avenue carries the designation of California State Route 128 until it routes along U.S. Route 101 to the north. The Northwestern Pacific right-of-way is expected to be reactivated for Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit service when the line is rebuilt to Cloverdale, but Geyserville is not planned to receive a stop.
See also
Northwestern Pacific Railroad
Wine Country
References
External links
Geyserville Chamber of Commerce
Northern Sonoma County Fire
Census-designated places in Sonoma County, California
Census-designated places in California |
Adhu () is a 2004 Tamil-language horror film directed by Ramesh Balakrishnan, starring Sneha as a spirit possessed girl. The film, that has Aravind, a newcomer, Suha, Kazan Khan and Vijayan in supporting and Abbas in a cameo role, is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong-Thai-Singaporean film The Eye. The film, with music scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja and cinematography by P. Selvakumar, released on 15 October 2004 and received generally negative reviews and is considered a box-office disaster.
Plot
Meera (Sneha) is transplanted with the eyes of Kayalvizhi (Suha) which enables her to see able to see "things" not visible to other's eyes. Haunted and harassed by Kayalvizhi's Spirit, Meera goes all the way to Vijayanagaram to get to the bottom of the intrigue, because the spirit orders her to do so getting to know of Kayalvizhi's story and the injustice done to her by the village head (Vijayan). The spirit of Kayalvizhi seeks revenge and retribution. How it achieves this forms the story
Cast
Sneha as Meera
Aravind as Arvind
Suha as Kayalvizhi
Kazan Khan
Vijayan
Saranya as Meera's mother
Shanmugarajan as Muthu
Aryan as sorcerer
Abbas as Doctor Raj (cameo)
Music
The film score was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which was said to be one of the few highlights of the film. The film has only one song, a soundtrack was not released.
Reception
Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote that "Taking up a story that touches upon ESP, effluents, pollution and the havoc it creates on human life, Ramesh Krishnan places them in a genre that spells horror. The result is quite interesting. Those of you who like to experience just a bit of fear, the occult kind, can make a beeline for Adhu". A critic from Indiaglitz wrote that "Spirit is there. But the other spirit is slightly missing". Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote that "It's Sneha's film the whole way. But making an impact is debutante Suha as Kalaivizhi, and new face Arvind who projects creditably the cynic who later goes all to support Meera".
References
External links
2004 films
Indian horror films
2000s Tamil-language films
Films about organ transplantation
Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja
Indian horror film remakes
Indian remakes of Hong Kong films
Films directed by Ramesh Balakrishnan
2004 horror films |
The Immediate Geographic Region of Capelinha is one of the 7 immediate geographic regions in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Teófilo Otoni, one of the 70 immediate geographic regions in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and one of the 509 of Brazil, created by the National Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in 2017.
Municipalities
It comprises 10 municipalities.
Água Boa
Angelândia
Aricanduva
Capelinha
Chapada do Norte
Itamarandiba
Leme do Prado
Minas Novas
Turmalina
Veredinha
See also
List of Intermediate and Immediate Geographic Regions of Minas Gerais
References
Geography of Minas Gerais |
Edward Walter "Moose" Krause (born Edward Walter Kriaučiūnas; ; February 2, 1913 – December 11, 1992) was an American football, basketball, and baseball player, track athlete, coach, and college athletics administrator. He lettered in four sports at the University of Notre Dame, where he was a three-time consensus All-American in basketball (1932–1934). Krause served as the head basketball coach at Saint Mary's College in Winona, Minnesota, now Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, from 1934 to 1939, at the College of the Holy Cross from 1939 to 1942, and at Notre Dame from 1943 to 1944 and 1946 to 1951, compiling a career college basketball record of 155–114. He was Notre Dame's athletic director from 1949 to 1981. Krause was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1976 and the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.
Early life and playing career
Born Edward Walter Kriaučiūnas in Chicago to Lithuanian immigrant parents, Krause grew up in the Town of Lake section or, as it was once known as, Back of the Yards. His brother, Feliksas Kriaučiūnas, was the captain of Lithuania national basketball team in 1937. His surname was shortened to Krause by his high school football coach, who could not pronounce Kriaučiūnas ().
At the University of Notre Dame, Krause competed in track, baseball, football and basketball, becoming the first Notre Dame player to make the halls of fame of both basketball and football. In basketball, he was a three-time consensus All-American, in 1932, 1933, and 1934. Krause played football for the Fighting Irish under Hunk Anderson. He graduated cum laude from Notre Dame with a journalism degree in 1934 .
Coaching career
Krause's coaching career included a five-year stint as head coach in all sports at Saint Mary's College in Winona, Minnesota, now Saint Mary's University of Minnesota; an assistant football coach at the College of the Holy Cross and the University of Notre Dame for ten years; and head basketball coach at the University of Notre Dame in 1943 and again from 1946 to 1951, when he compiled a record of 98–48 (.671). As acting head football coach at Notre Dame, filling in for an ailing Frank Leahy, Krause was 3–0.
Military service
Krause served in the United States Marines during World War II including a 14-month stretch as an air combat intelligence officer in the South Pacific.
Administrative career
Krause became the assistant athletic director at Notre Dame in 1948. In March 1949, he was named athletic director, succeeding Frank Leahy, who stepped down from the role to focus on his post as head football coach.
Later years
Krause died on December 11, 1992, at his home in South Bend, Indiana. He was buried in the Cedar Grove Cemetery in Notre Dame, Indiana.
Head coaching record
Football
References
Further reading
External links
Moose Krause at the Saint Mary's University Sports Hall of Fame
1913 births
1992 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American football tackles
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
American people of Lithuanian descent
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Baseball players from Chicago
Basketball coaches from Illinois
Basketball players from Chicago
Centers (basketball)
Coaches of American football from Illinois
De La Salle Institute alumni
Holy Cross Crusaders football coaches
Holy Cross Crusaders men's basketball coaches
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Notre Dame Fighting Irish athletic directors
Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's track and field athletes
Players of American football from Chicago
Saint Mary's Cardinals athletic directors
Saint Mary's Cardinals baseball coaches
Saint Mary's Redmen football coaches
Saint Mary's Cardinals men's basketball coaches
Track and field athletes from Chicago
United States Marine Corps officers
Military personnel from Illinois |
Sharon Deacon (née Amiet) (born 30 November 1957) is a former Australian women's basketball player.
Biography
Deacon played for the Australia women's national basketball team during the late 1970s and early 1980s and competed for Australia at the 1979 World Championship held in South Korea and the 1983 World Championship held in Brazil. In the domestic Women's National Basketball League (WNBL), Deacon played 112 games for the Melbourne Telstars (1981) and Melbourne East Spectres (1982 - 1990).
References
1957 births
Living people
Australian women's basketball players
People from Korumburra
Sportswomen from Victoria (state) |
Methacrylonitrile (or 2-Methylprop-2-enenitrile), MeAN in short, is a chemical compound that is an unsaturated aliphatic nitrile, widely used in the preparation of homopolymers, copolymers, elastomers, and plastics and as a chemical intermediate in the preparation of acids, amides, amines, esters, and other nitriles. MeAN is also used as a replacement for acrylonitrile in the manufacture of an acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene-like polymer. It is a clear and colorless (to slightly yellow) liquid, that has a bitter almond smell.
It is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.
Exposure and regulation
Since MeAN is present in polymeric coating materials as found in many everyday use items, humans are exposed to it by skin absorption. Aside from this there is an occupational exposure, and low levels of MeAN are also present in the smoke of unfiltered cigarettes made from air-cured or flue-cured tobaccos.
Due to the toxicity of MeAN, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services has limited the concentration of methacrylonitrile-derived polymer in resinous and polymeric coating materials to 41%. Its use in food packaging is further limited to 0.5 mg per square inch of food-contact surface, and only 50 ppm, or 0.005% MeAN is permitted in chloroform-soluble coating components in water containers (21 CFR, § 175.300). A time-weighted average (TWA) threshold limit value of 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) for MeAN exposure was adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
The National Cancer Institute (USA) nominated MeAN for research because of its potential for human exposure, the common features shared with the known carcinogen acrylonitrile and the shortcoming of knowledge in toxicity and carcinogenicity of MeAN.
Structure and reactivity
Methacrylonitrile is an acrylonitrile (AN) with an additional CH3 group on the second carbon. Polymerization does not require a catalyst and happens rapidly in the absence of a stabilizer.
Because of its double bond, additional reactions are possible with biological molecules. The extra methyl group of MeAN lessens the electron-withdrawing effect caused by the nitrile so that reactions that form negative charge on the alpha carbon are faster with AN as the reactant. Inversely, reactions that form a positive charge on said carbon (i.g. Cytochrome-P450 oxidation of the double bond), are faster with MeAN as the reactant. As a result, in metabolism, MeAN conjugates less with glutathione (GSH) than AN, and is activated more easily.
Synthesis
Poly(acrylonitrile) is generally made via emulsion or solution polymerization. The commercial product can be stabilized by the addition of 50 ppm hydroquinone monoethyl ether. The polymerization of MeAN is carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the disodium salt of polyethylene oxide (PEO). MeAN is also commercially produced by the vapor-phase reaction of isobutylene with ammonia and oxygen in the presence of a catalyst. Acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein are known by-products. It is used in the preparation of homo- and copolymers, elastomers, coatings and plastics. It can be used as a replacement for acrylonitrile in similar reactions. MeAN can also be synthesized by dehydration of methacrylamide or from isopropylene oxide and ammonia.
Reactions
MeAN can undergo electropolymerization, if it is submitted to electroreduction at metallic cathodes in an organic anhydrous medium, for example; acetonitrile. There are two types of polymers that can be obtained at the end of the synthesis; a physisorbed polymer and a grafted polymer. The mechanism accounting for the non-grafted polymer is pretty well understood: it proceeds via the formation of a radical anion (the product of reduction of the vinylic monomer), which dimerizes in solution because of a radical–radical coupling mechanism (RRC) to deliver a di-anion acting as the initiator of a polymerization reaction in solution.
Metabolism
There are different metabolizing pathways for methacrylonitrile, that are elaborated here:
First of all, methacrylonitrile can be directly conjugated with GSH, which leads to the formation of S-(2-cyanopropyl) GSH, which can be metabolized to N-acetyl-S- (2-cyanopropyl) cysteine (NACPC), which can be excreted in the urine.
Due to this, glutathione is depleted to certain degrees after MeAN exposure. After oral exposure to 100 mg/kg MeAN in rats, the maximum depletion was noticed in the liver at 39% of control. This depletion, however, is less than found after AN administration. This is likely because MeAN exists in part bound to red blood cells, and is therefore unavailable for GSH conjugation. Studies using radiolabeled carbon point out that the primary route by which methacrylonitrile left the body is the urine, at 43% of the dose. An additional 18% is excreted in faeces (15%) and exhaled air (2.5%). This means that about 40% of MeAN does not leave the body immediately and is either bound to macromolecules or forms unexcretable conjugates. The red blood cells retained significant amounts of radioactivity: more than 50% of the radioactivity in erythrocytes was detected as covalently bound to hemoglobin and membrane proteins.
Secondly, methacrylonitrile can be metabolised in the liver by CYP2E1 (a Cytochrome-P450 enzyme). This is the most important enzyme for the oxidative metabolism, but also other cytochrome P-450 enzymes may be involved. The oxidative reaction by Cytochrome-P450 enzymes will lead to the formation of an epoxide intermediate, which shows reactivity. This epoxide intermediate is highly unstable and could lead to the formation of cyanide via different transformations. For example, via epoxide hydratase (EH) or via interactions with a sulfhydryl compound, which leads to the formation of a cyanohydrin that could rearrange to an aldehyde and thereby can possibly result in cyanide release. The epoxide can also be conjugated with GSH.
It has been shown that treatment of mice with carbon tetrachloride, which acts on the mixed function oxygenase system, results in much lower cyanide concentrations than controls and greatly reduced toxicity of MeAN, indicating that cyanide production is indeed the main pathway of toxicity, unlike AN, which is more carcinogenic.
More information about toxicity of cyanide see: cyanide poisoning.
Toxicity in humans
Human toxicity has not been well analyzed. Minimum threshold values for odor detections are reported to be at 7 ppm, with the majority of subjects detecting it at higher concentrations of 14 or 24 ppm. At concentrations of 24 ppm incidence of throat, eye and nose irritation occur. No deaths caused by methacrylonitrile poisoning have been reported.
Effects on animals
Inhalation, and oral and dermal administration, of methacrylonitrile can cause acute deaths in animals, often preceded by convulsions and loss of consciousness. Signs of the toxic effects of methacrylonitrile in rats after oral absorption are ataxia, trembling, convulsions, mild diarrhea and irregular breathing. The main cause of toxic effects at lethal (and threshold) levels of MeAN is damage to the central nervous system. This, along with the signs of toxic effects displayed by all tested animals, is consistent with cyanide poisoning. Methacrylonitrile differs herein from acrylonitrile, which does not show cyanide related signs of toxicity.
Cyanide production after exposure to MeAN has been tested, and intravenous injection of MeAN in rabbits results in production of significant levels of cyanide in the blood. In Wistar rats too, toxicity is related to the in vivo liberation of cyanide after exposure to MeAN. The acute toxicity of MeAN can also be antagonized with cyanide antidotes.
A difference in resistance to the lethal effects of MeAN can be noted between species. For inhalation, a 4-hour exposure period gives a LC50 of 328-700 ppm for rats, 88 ppm for guinea pigs, 37 ppm for rabbits and 36 ppm for mice. In dogs acute lethality by inhalation is also noted, although no LC50 has been determined. Oral administration of MeAN has been tested on rats, mice and gerbils, showing a LD50 of 200 mg/kg for rats, 17 mg/kg for mice and 4 mg/kg for gerbils. Skin administration on rabbits causes death at a LC50 of 268 mg/kg. The NOAEL and LOAEL values for rats are determined at 50 mg/kg for NOAEL and 100 mg/kg for LOAEL. This is based on another sign of methacrylonitrile poisoning; urine retention, with 58% of rats showing bladder distention at an administered dose of 100 mg/kg.
Reproductive toxicity was tested in rats, but different outcomes have been reported. Willhite et al. suggest a LOAEL for reproductive effects of 50 mg/kg, while a report by the National Research Council claims no significant reproductive effects have been found.
Lastly, carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic effects have been tested but unlike acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile does not show signs of any such effects.
References
Monomers
Nitriles |
José de Jesús Barrero Andrade (July 26, 1958 – February 17, 2016), better known by his stage name Jesús Barrero, was a Mexican actor who specialized in dubbing.
Biography
Barrero began his acting career in 1968 at the age of nine playing secondary roles in theater and voice-over work. He made his debut in a leading role four years later with the Latin American Spanish dub of the PBS series Big Blue Marble. Barrero was best known for his roles as the voice of Pegasus Seiya in Saint Seiya, Rick Hunter and Scott Bernard in Robotech, Koji Kabuto in Mazinger Z, Kuzco in The Emperor's New Groove, Jason Lee Scott in Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers, Koji Minamoto in Digimon Frontier, Rex in the Toy Story series, Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars saga and Yoichi Hiruma in Eyeshield 21.
Barrero was diagnosed with lung cancer in March 2015, and did not succumb to the disease until February 17, 2016, at the age of 57. His last film role was in Star Wars: The Force Awakens as the voice of Luke Skywalker.
Filmography
Animation
Feature films
References
External links
1958 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer in Mexico
Mexican male television actors
Mexican male voice actors
Mexican voice directors
Male actors from Mexico City
20th-century Mexican male actors
21st-century Mexican male actors |
Orthomecyna alloptila is a moth of the family Crambidae. It is endemic to the island of Hawaii.
External links
Crambinae
Endemic moths of Hawaii |
```go
package swarm // import "github.com/docker/infrakit/pkg/controller/ingress/swarm"
import (
"strings"
"testing"
"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/swarm"
"github.com/docker/infrakit/pkg/spi/loadbalancer"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService1(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "cert.id"
certLookupID := "cert-uuid@8080"
healthLabel := "health.url"
healthPath := "/othercheck@1234,/health@8080"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "path_to_url",
certLabel: certLookupID,
healthLabel: healthPath,
}
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{} // no exposed ports
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, false,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 0, len(listenersByHost))
// now we have exposed port
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(8080),
},
}
listenersByHost = externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := HostNotSpecified
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 8080, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, HostNotSpecified, listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.SSL, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 8080, listener.extPort())
require.Equal(t, strings.Split(certLookupID, "@")[0], *listener.CertASN())
require.Equal(t, "/health", *listener.GetHealthMonitorPath())
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService1a(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "cert.id"
certLookupID := "cert-uuid"
healthLabel := "health.label"
healthPath := "/health"
healthPathPort := healthPath + "@1234,8080"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "path_to_url",
certLabel: certLookupID,
healthLabel: healthPathPort,
}
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{} // no exposed ports
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, false,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 0, len(listenersByHost))
// now we have exposed port
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(8080),
},
}
listenersByHost = externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := HostNotSpecified
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 8080, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, HostNotSpecified, listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.HTTP, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 8080, listener.extPort())
require.Equal(t, (*string)(nil), listener.CertASN())
require.Equal(t, &healthPath, listener.GetHealthMonitorPath())
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService2(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "certLabel"
certID := "certID@80"
healthLabel := "health.label"
healthPath := "/health@1234"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "http://",
certLabel: certID,
healthLabel: healthPath,
}
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(30000),
},
}
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := HostNotSpecified
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 30000, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, HostNotSpecified, listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.SSL, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 80, listener.extPort())
require.Equal(t, strings.Split(certID, "@")[0], *listener.CertASN())
// Health port does not match, return nothing
require.Equal(t, (*string)(nil), listener.GetHealthMonitorPath())
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService2a(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "certLabel"
certID := "certID"
healthLabel := "health.label"
healthPath := "/health"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "http://",
certLabel: certID,
healthLabel: healthPath,
}
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(30000),
},
}
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := HostNotSpecified
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 30000, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, HostNotSpecified, listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.HTTP, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 80, listener.extPort())
require.Equal(t, (*string)(nil), listener.CertASN())
require.Equal(t, (*string)(nil), listener.GetHealthMonitorPath())
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService3(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "emptylabel"
healthLabel := "emptylabel"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "path_to_url",
}
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(5000),
PublishedPort: uint32(5000),
},
}
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := "foo.bar.com"
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 5000, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, "foo.bar.com", listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.HTTP, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 80, listener.extPort())
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService4(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "emptylabel"
healthLabel := "emptyLabel"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "4556=tcp://foo.bar.com:4556",
}
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(4556),
PublishedPort: uint32(4556),
},
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(30000),
},
}
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true,
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := "foo.bar.com"
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 4556, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, "foo.bar.com", listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 4556, listener.extPort())
}
func findListener(listeners []*listener, protocol loadbalancer.Protocol, host string, extPort, swarmPort int) bool {
for _, l := range listeners {
if l.extPort() == extPort && l.host() == host && l.protocol() == protocol && l.SwarmPort == swarmPort {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromService5(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "emptylabel"
healthLabel := "emptylabel"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Labels = map[string]string{
LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec: "8080=path_to_url 4343=path_to_url",
}
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Spec.EndpointSpec = &swarm.EndpointSpec{
Ports: []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(8080),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(4343),
PublishedPort: uint32(4343),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
},
}
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(8080),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(4343),
PublishedPort: uint32(4343),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
}
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true, LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 3, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := HostNotSpecified
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 2, len(listeners))
require.True(t, findListener(listeners, loadbalancer.TCP, HostNotSpecified, 8080, 8080))
require.True(t, findListener(listeners, loadbalancer.TCP, HostNotSpecified, 4343, 4343))
hostname = "foo.bar.com"
listeners, has = listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener := listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 8080, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, "foo.bar.com", listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.HTTP, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 8080, listener.extPort())
hostname = "secret.com"
listeners, has = listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listeners))
listener = listeners[0]
require.Equal(t, "web1", listener.Service)
require.Equal(t, 4343, listener.SwarmPort)
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.TCP, listener.SwarmProtocol)
require.Equal(t, "secret.com", listener.host())
require.Equal(t, loadbalancer.HTTPS, listener.protocol())
require.Equal(t, 443, listener.extPort())
}
func TestExternalLoadBalancerListenersFromServiceWithNoLabels(t *testing.T) {
certLabel := "emptylabel"
healthLabel := "emptylabel"
s := swarm.Service{}
s.Spec.Name = "web1"
s.Spec.EndpointSpec = &swarm.EndpointSpec{
Ports: []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(8080),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(4343),
PublishedPort: uint32(4343),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
},
}
s.Endpoint.Ports = []swarm.PortConfig{
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(8080),
PublishedPort: uint32(8080),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
{
Protocol: swarm.PortConfigProtocol("tcp"),
TargetPort: uint32(4343),
PublishedPort: uint32(4343),
PublishMode: swarm.PortConfigPublishModeIngress,
},
}
listenersByHost := externalLoadBalancerListenersFromServices([]swarm.Service{s}, true, LabelExternalLoadBalancerSpec, certLabel, healthLabel)
require.NotNil(t, listenersByHost)
require.Equal(t, 1, len(listenersByHost))
hostname := HostNotSpecified
listeners, has := listenersByHost[hostname]
require.True(t, has)
require.Equal(t, 2, len(listeners))
require.True(t, findListener(listeners, loadbalancer.TCP, HostNotSpecified, 8080, 8080))
require.True(t, findListener(listeners, loadbalancer.TCP, HostNotSpecified, 4343, 4343))
}
``` |
Banabil (, also spelled Benabel or Bnabel) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Harem District of the Idlib Governorate. Nearby localities include Harem to the west, Qalb Loze to the south, and the Turkish city of Reyhanli to the north. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Banabil had a population of 542 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Druze.
References
Bibliography
Populated places in Harem District
Druze communities in Syria |
The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Abkhazia is a body of state administration in the Republic of Abkhazia that ensures the implementation of the state policy in the sphere of notaries, registrars, advocates, ensuring the established order of the courts and execution of judicial acts, registration of public associations, political parties and movements, enterprises, organizations and institutions.
Regulations on the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Abkhazia approved the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Abkhazia of March 17, 1995 No. 59.
The new regulation on the Ministry of Justice was adopted on May 27, 2005 under No. 112.
Structure of the Ministry of Justice of Abkhazia
Office of the Ministry
Republican Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise
Notary offices of the Republic of Abkhazia:
Notary office No. 1, Sukhum city
Notary Office No. 2, Sukhum
Notary office No. 3 in Sukhum
Notary office No. 4, Sukhum
Notary Office No. 5, Sukhum
Notary office No. 6 in Sukhum
Notary office No. 1 of the Sukhum district
Notary office No. 2 of the Sukhum district
Notary office No. 1 of the Gulrysh district
Notary office No. 2 of the Gulrysh district
New Athos city notary office
Notary office No. 1 of Gudauta district
Notary office No. 2 of Gudauta district
Notary office No. 1 of Gagra district
Notary office No. 2 of Gagra district
Notary office in Tsandriipsh village
Notary office of Pitsunda settlement
Notary office of Ochamchyrsky district
Notary office of Tkuarchal district
Notary office of Gal district
ZAGS of the Republic of Abkhazia:
ZAGS city of Sukhum
Registrar of the Sukhum district
Registry office of Gulryshsky district
Registry Office in New Athos
Registry office of Gudauta district
ZAGS Gagra district
Registry office in Pitsunda
Ochamchyrsky district registry office
Registry Office of Tkuarchal district
Registry office of Gal district
Republican Civil Registry Office
List of ministers
See also
Justice ministry
Министерство юстиции Республики Абхазия (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Abkhazia)
Politics of Abkhazia
References
Abkhazia
Government of Abkhazia
Ministers for Justice of Abkhazia |
This is a list of earthquakes in 2013. Only earthquakes of magnitude 6 or above are included, unless they result in damage and/or casualties, or are notable for some other reason. All dates are listed according to UTC time. This year was quite busy with 17 events above magnitude 7 and two above magnitude 8, in Kamchatka and Santa Cruz Islands. Deadly quakes struck Pakistan, Philippines, China and Iran.
Compared to other years
By death toll
Note: At least 10 dead
By magnitude
Note: At least 7.0 magnitude
By month
January
A magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck off the coast of southeast Alaska on January 5 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge on January 15 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck northern Sumatra, on January 21 at depth of , killing one person, injuring 15 others, and damaging 71 buildings.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Kegen, Kazakhstan on January 28 at a depth of . No damage was reported in Kazakhstan, but at least 156 houses were destroyed and 636 others were damaged in Kyrgyzstan, while in Xinjiang, China, 216 houses collapsed and 7,458 buildings were damaged.
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck north-central Chile on January 30 at a depth of . One person died of a heart attack, windows broke, rockfalls occurred and some walls were damaged or collapsed in Vallenar and in Copiapo.
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Santa Cruz Islands on January 30 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck the Santa Cruz Islands on January 31 at a depth of .
February
Note: A number of large aftershocks were recorded following the 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake, Which had a magnitude of 8.0 on February 6. In order to eliminate cluttering, only aftershocks above 6.5 will be included.
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Santa Cruz Islands on February 1, at a depth of 9.3 km.
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck the Santa Cruz Islands on February 1, at a depth of 19.9 km.
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck the Santa Cruz Islands on February 1, at a depth of 22 km.
A magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck Hokkaido, Japan on February 2, at a depth of 107 km. Thirteen people were slightly injured, and some damage was caused in Kushiro and Obihiro.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 2, at a depth of 10 km.
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 6, at a depth of 10 km.
A magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 6, at a depth of 28.7 km. The earthquake generated an 11 m (36 ft) tsunami, which destroyed several coastal villages, killing at least 13.
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 6, at a depth of 10.1 km.
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 6, at a depth of 10.1 km.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 7, at a depth of 10 km.
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 8, at a depth of 18 km.
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 8, at a depth of 21 km.
A magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck Colombia on February 9 at a depth of 153.8 km. Fifteen people were injured and 82 houses collapsed, with 1,896 others damaged.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Santa Cruz Islands on February 9, at a depth of 15.7 km.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Far Eastern Federal District on February 14, at a depth of 9.9 km.
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck south of Mindanao in the Philippines, at a depth of 98.2 km.
A magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Lazio, Italy on February 16 at a depth of . One person died of a heart-attack and many buildings were damaged.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Argentina, at a depth of 585.8 km on February 22.
A magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck Peru, at a depth of 7.9 km on February 22. At least 31 people were injured, 28 homes collapsed or were left uninhabitable and over 80 others were damaged.
March
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck the Kuril Islands on March 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck the Kuril Islands on March 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea on March 11 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the South Sandwich Islands on March 19 at a depth of
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Fiji on March 24 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Guatemala on March 25 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Taiwan on March 27 at a depth of , killing one person.
April
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Japan on April 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Russia on April 5 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck Papua on April 6 at a depth of . Three people were killed by landslides in Tolikara Regency.
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Iran on April 9 at a depth of , killing at least 35 people and injuring 850 others.
A magnitude 5.4 earthquake struck Honduras on April 10 at a depth of . A total of 12 houses were destroyed and 66 others, along with two schools, were damaged. 43 people were evacuated.
A magnitude 5.8 earthquake struck Japan on April 12 at a depth of . At least 28 people were injured, 450 houses were damaged and items falling off shelves in stores were reported.
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Vanuatu on April 13 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea on April 14 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck Iran on April 16 at a depth of . According to Pakistani authorities, 39 people lost their lives in the Panjgur and Mashkeel areas of Balochistan Province, which borders Iran. One fatality was reported from Iran, while a total of 117 were injured across the two countries.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea on April 16 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the Kuril Islands on April 19 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck south of the Kuril Islands on April 19 at a depth of .
A magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Central Java on April 19 at a depth of . Two people were injured and 311 buildings were damaged.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Western Sichuan on April 20 at a depth of . Over 193 people were killed, 24 are missing, and at least 12,211 were injured, more than 968 of them seriously.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the Kuril Islands on April 20 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Japan on April 21 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck western Mexico on April 21 at a depth of . One building collapsed and several others, including a school were damaged in Guacamayas. Power outages also occurred in Mexico City.
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea on April 23 at a depth of .
A magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck Afghanistan on April 24 at a depth of 40 miles with an epicentre from Mehtar Lam, the capital of the province, 18 people were killed in the tremors and more than 100 were injured.
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck the Kermadec Islands on April 26 at a depth of .
May
A magnitude 5.4 earthquake struck Jammu and Kashmir, India on May 1 at a depth of . Two people were killed by landslides.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the Strait of Hormuz, Iran on May 11 at a depth of . One child was killed by the quake.
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Tonga on May 11 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck the Northern Mariana Islands on May 14 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck offshore Fukushima, Japan on May 18 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Aysén, Chile on May 20 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Kamchatka, Russia on May 21 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Kamchatka, Russia on May 21 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.4 earthquake struck Tonga on May 23 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Tonga on May 23 at a depth of .
A magnitude 8.3 earthquake struck the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia on May 24 at a depth of . At least seventeen buildings were damaged in Samara, one of them severely. It was felt away in Moscow and as far away as Serbia.
A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck the Sea of Okhotsk, Russia on May 24 at a depth of .
June
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Taiwan, on June 2 at a depth of , killing 4 people including a mountain climber by falling rocks.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the Solomon Islands, on June 5 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck east of Christmas Island, on June 13 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Kermadec Islands, New Zealand on June 15 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck offshore Crete, Greece, on June 15 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Nicaragua, on June 15 at a depth of . One person died of a heart-attack and six buildings, including a church were destroyed damaged.
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, on June 24 at a depth of .
July
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Aceh, Indonesia on July 2 at a depth of , killing 35 people, leaving 8 missing, and injuring 276.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea, on July 4 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck offshore Sumatra, Indonesia, on July 6 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea, on July 7 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea, on July 7 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.3 earthquake struck South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, on July 15 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea, on July 16 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Arequipa, Peru, on July 17 at a depth of . Three people were injured and 111 houses were destroyed, with 580 others damaged.
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck east of Seddon, New Zealand on July 21 at a depth of . The earthquake was preceded by a series of foreshocks, including a 5.7 and 5.8. Four people were injured in Wellington away.
A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck southeastern Gansu, China on July 21 at a depth of . At least 95 people were killed and more than 1,000 others injured, with more than 9,000 houses collapsing.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the southwestern Indian Ocean, off of Marion Island in the Prince Edward Islands group, on July 22 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Vanuatu, on July 26 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, on July 26 at a depth of .
August
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Maluku, on August 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Kermadec Islands, on August 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck offshore of Peru, on August 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck offshore of Colombia, on August 13 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Seddon, New Zealand, south west of the capital Wellington, on August 16 at a depth of 8 km (5 mi). The USGS, however, listed this quake as 6.5.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck offshore of Indian Ridge, on August 17 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Mexico, on August 21 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck northwest of Raoul Island, New Zealand, on August 28 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, on August 30 at a depth of .
A magnitude 5.8 earthquake struck Yunnan, China, on August 31 at a depth of 9.8 km, killing 5 people.
September
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Indonesia, on September 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck British Columbia, Canada, on September 3 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Japan, on September 4 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck the Andreanof group of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, on September 4 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck the Andreanof group of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, on September 4 at a depth of . This was an aftershock of the 6.5 earthquake.
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, on September 5 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck southeast of Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas, on September 6 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Guatemala, on September 7 at a depth of , killing one person.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the Andreanof group of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, on September 15 at a depth of . This was an aftershock of the magnitude 6.5 earthquake on September 4.
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Indonesia, on September 21 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck Pakistan, on September 24 at a depth of . The earthquake killed 825 people and wounded hundreds more.
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Peru, on September 25 at a depth of . The earthquake killed at least 3 people.
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Pakistan, on September 28 at a depth of and killed 22 people.
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck the Kermadec Islands, on September 30 at a depth of .
October
A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck the Sea of Okhotsk, on October 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck the Île Amsterdam, on October 4 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Mariana Islands, on October 6 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Chile, on October 6 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck the Kermadec Islands, on October 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Venezuela, on October 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Greece, on October 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck the province of Bohol of the Philippines, on October 15 at a depth of below Sagbayan on Bohol Island. The earthquake killed at least 222 people and injured 976.
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck Panguna, Papua New Guinea, on October 16 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Mexico, on October 16 at a depth of .
A magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck Indonesia, on October 22 at a depth of . The earthquake killed an old man, two others people were injured, 159 houses and two religious buildings were damaged.
A magnitude 6.7 earthquake struck South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, on October 24 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Japan, on October 25 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Balleny Islands, on October 29 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Chile, on October 30 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck Taiwan, on October 31 at a depth of .
November
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Chile, on November 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck Tonga, on November 2 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck Russia, on November 12 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck the Scotia Sea, on November 14 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck the Scotia Sea, on November 16 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck the Scotia Sea, on November 17 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck Indonesia, on November 19 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Northern Mariana Islands, on November 19 at a depth of .
A magnitude 5.3 earthquake struck China, on November 22 at a depth of . At least 60,000 houses were damaged and 67,000 were evacuated.
A magnitude 6.5 earthquake struck Fiji, on November 23 at a depth of .
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the South Atlantic Ocean off the Falkland Islands, on November 25 at a depth of .
A magnitude 5.6 earthquake struck Iran, on November 28 at a depth of . The earthquake killed at least 7 people and another 30 were injured.
December
A magnitude 6.4 earthquake struck Indonesia, on December 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Indonesia, on December 1 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Russia, on December 8 at a depth of .
A magnitude 6.2 earthquake struck the Northern Mariana Islands, on December 17 at a depth of .
References
2013
2013 |
Peskovatka () is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Peskovatskoye Rural Settlement, Dubovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 1,289 as of 2010. There are 41 streets.
Geography
Peskovatka is located in steppe, on the west bank of the Volgograd Reservoir, 11 km northeast of Dubovka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Dubovka is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Dubovsky District, Volgograd Oblast |
```java
package com.dianping.zebra.administrator.exception;
public class ZebraException extends Exception{
private static final long serialVersionUID = -2179018904519319909L;
public ZebraException(String message) {
super(message);
}
public ZebraException(String message, Throwable e) {
super(message, e);
}
}
``` |
Collaborative bargaining is a style of negotiation which recognises the interests of the other party and emphasises cooperation between them. It was especially promoted, practised and studied in the negotiations between school districts and teaching unions in the United States in the 1990s. It is compared and contrasted with more adversarial models of collective bargaining in which the parties may regard each other as enemies.
References
Labor relations
Negotiation
Industrial agreements |
The men's C-2 500 metres competition at the 2018 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Montemor-o-Velho took place at the Centro de Alto Rendimento de Montemor-o-Velho.
Schedule
The schedule was as follows:
All times are Western European Summer Time (UTC+1)
Results
Heats
The fastest three boats in each heat advanced directly to the final. The next four fastest boats in each heat, plus the fastest remaining boat advanced to the semifinal.
Heat 1
Heat 2
Semifinal
The fastest three boats advanced to the final.
Final
Competitors raced for positions 1 to 9, with medals going to the top three.
References
ICF |
William Alfred Smith (29 September 1900 – 6 January 1990) was an English cricketer. Smith was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Corsham, Wiltshire.
Smith made his debut in county cricket for Wiltshire in the 1929 Minor Counties Championship against the Surrey Second XI. From 1929 to 1939, Smith made 89 appearances for Wiltshire in the Minor Counties Championship, the last of which came against Dorset. In his career with Wiltshire he took 387 wickets at an average of 16.84. In 1935, Smith made his first-class debut for a combined Minor Counties team against the touring South Africans at Richmond Drive, Skegness. Batting first, the South Africans made 394 all out, with Smith taking the wickets of Eric Rowan and Dudley Nourse, finishing with figures of 2/97 from 28 overs. Responding in their first-innings, the Minor Counties made 190 all out, during which Smith, who batted at number eleven, ended the innings not out on 7. Forced to follow-on in their second-innings, the Minor Counties made 224 all out, with Smith the last man out when he was dismissed for a single run by Arthur Langton. The South Africans reached their target in their second-innings for the loss of two wickets, with Smith taking both wickets to fall, those of Langton and Robert Williams, with figures of 2/10 from two overs. The following season he made a second and final first-class appearance for the Minor Counties against Oxford University at the University Parks. Batting first, the Minor Counties made 251 all out, with Smith the last man out when he was dismissed for 35 runs by Tristan Ballance. In response, Oxford University made 288 all out in their first-innings, with Smith playing a major part with the ball, taking five wickets to finish with figures of 5/95 from 35 overs. In their second-innings, the Minor Counties made 294 all out, with Smith again the last man out, this time dismissed for 4 runs, with Ballance again taking his wicket. Oxford University reached 23 without loss in their second-innings, with the match declared a draw.
He died at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, on 6 January 1990. His younger brother, Jim, played Test cricket for England.
References
External links
William Smith at ESPNcricinfo
William Smith at CricketArchive
1900 births
1990 deaths
People from Corsham
English cricketers
Wiltshire cricketers
Minor Counties cricketers
Cricketers from Wiltshire |
Dalton Banks is an American politician and a Republican member of the Wyoming House of Representatives representing the 26th district since January 10, 2023.
Political career
When incumbent Republican representative Jamie Flitner announced her retirement, Banks declared his candidacy and won the Republican primary on August 16, 2022, defeating fellow candidates Gary Welch, Timothy Mills, and Tim Beck with 56% of the vote. He then won the general election on November 8, 2022, unopposed.
References
External links
Profile from Ballotpedia
Living people
Republican Party members of the Wyoming House of Representatives
People from Powell, Wyoming
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
People from Big Horn County, Wyoming
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Boll KG is the personal production company of German filmmaker Uwe Boll. It is headquartered in Bergrheinfeld, Bavaria.
Films
Blackwoods (2002)
Heart of America (2002)
House of the Dead (2003)
Alone in the Dark (2005)
Benazir Bhutto - Tochter der Macht (2005)
The Cabin Movie (2005)
BloodRayne (2006)
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale (2007)
Seed (2007)
Postal (2007)
BloodRayne II: Deliverance (2007)
1968 Tunnel Rats (2008)
Far Cry (2008)
Black Men Can Swim (2008)
Alone in the Dark II (2008)
Rampage (2009)
You're Rejected (2009)
Sabotage 1943 (2009)
Zombie Massacre (2010)
Legend: Hand of God (2010)
BloodRayne: The Third Reich (2011)
References
External links
Official website
Entertainment companies of Germany
Film production companies of Germany
Companies based in Bavaria |
Lynden Township is a township in Stearns County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,938 at the 2010 census.
Lynden Township was organized in 1859.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (6.20%) is water.
It is bounded on the east by the Mississippi River.
Lynden Township is located mainly in Township 122 North of the Arkansas Base Line and Range 27 West of the 5th Principal Meridian.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,919 people, 642 households, and 541 families residing in the township. The population density was . There were 688 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 99.22% White, 0.31% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.
There were 642 households, out of which 44.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.9% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.7% were non-families. 10.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the township the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.2 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $57,765, and the median income for a family was $59,259. Males had a median income of $39,306 versus $26,042 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,405. About 2.8% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under the age of 18 and 2.6% of those 65 and older.
References
Townships in Stearns County, Minnesota
St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area
Townships in Minnesota |
Major-General George Frederick Leycester Marshall (27 March 1843 Bridgnorth, Salop – 7 March 1934) was the son of William Marshall (a clergyman) and his wife Louisa Sophia, also brother of C. H. T. Marshall and uncle of Guy Anstruther Knox Marshall. He became a colonel in the Indian Army and was a naturalist interested in the birds and butterflies of India. Marshall described several new species of butterflies, along with Lionel de Nicéville, and discovered the white-tailed iora, sometimes referred to as Marshall's iIora. He wrote The butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon.
Marshall retired from the Royal (late Bengal) Engineers in November 1897. Marshall married Elizabeth Huntley Muir (1851, Agra - 1913) at Allahabad in 1874. One son George Leycester Knox (born 1875) died young at Simla on 20 July 1883. Marshall was made CIE in the 1893 New Year Honours.
Works
1883 with de Nicéville, L. Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. 1. Repr. 1979, New Delhi, 327 pp.
1886. The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. 2. Repr. 1979, New Delhi, 332 pp.
1890. The butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Vol. 3. Repr. 1979, New Delhi, 503 pp.
Arms
References
External links
The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3
Birds' nesting in India. A calendar of the breeding seasons, and a popular guide to the habits and haunts of birds. (1877)
British Indian Army generals
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
English lepidopterists
1843 births
1934 deaths
English naturalists
English ornithologists
People from Bridgnorth
Military personnel from Shropshire |
Johann Gottfried Eduard Bayer (20 March 1822 – 23 March 1908), usually known as Eduard Bayer, was a German composer for the classical guitar and a virtuoso performer on the guitar, harp guitar, mandolin and zither.
Biography
Bayer was born in Augsburg. He was the son of a civil servant who died early. At age six, he became a member of the boys choir at the local St. Ulrich's church. In his youth, he was employed as an engraver and worked for the company for six years. A local municipal official named W. Schmölzl introduced him to the guitar, giving him scores and tuition materials from Sor, Giuliani, Legnani, and Mertz. He gained such proficiency that by around 1843, he could give up his engraver's job and become a professional guitarist. In 1848, after a number of successful recitals in his hometown, he set out on a tour through Germany together with a certain Loe, one of his most talented pupils. Apparently, they were not successful and on the brink of returning home when at Darmstadt, their fate turned: "Having to pass through Darmstadt on their journey they were quite unexpectedly commanded to play before the court and they received genuine and hearty applause from the Hereditary Grand Duke and Duchess, the latter being a daughter of King Ludwig of Bavaria. Being now provided with weighty recommendations, they left the town which had provided them with such a pleasant surprise and from this time their success was assured."
He later travelled through many musical centres in Germany including Dresden and Leipzig and also through the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland. After two years of travelling, he ended up in Hamburg in 1850, although he continued touring until 1857. For some of his publications, he used the pseudonym "A. Caroli", for example for his guitar method Vollständige Guitarreschule and his two collections of short pieces called Esmeralda. One of his most prominent pupils was Otto Hammerer (1834–1905).
Bayer wrote mainly for the salon or for domestic entertainment. Among his numerous compositions are collections of 100 Erholungen ("recreations"), 21 volumes of Der Guitarrist im Salon ("the guitarist in the salon"), and 10 volumes of Musikalischer Blumenstraus ("musical bouquet"). In spite of his international tours and his method being translated into English and French, Bone (1914) wrote "Bayer is held in the highest estimation as a composer by his countrymen, but he is practically unknown out of Germany".
He also composed songs for voice and guitar (mainly excerpts from popular operas), also some music for the zither and a fantasy for guitar and piano. He frequently performed on a harp guitar and was the inventor of a pedal harp guitar that was able to move a capodaster up and down the neck with the help of a foot pedal. Bayer died in Hamburg.
Selected compositions
Guitar solo
Fleurs du bal. Collection de quadrilles, valses, polka etc. sur des thèmes des opéras italiens, Op. 2 (Hamburg: Niemeyer, c.1850)
Le Repertoire du guitarriste. Morceaux modernes et non difficiles (Hamburg/Leipzig/New York: Schuberth & Co., c.1860). 15 volumes. Contains, e.g.: vol. 1: Fantaisie sur le chant Les Plus beaux yeux, Op. 17 (after Stigelli) – score online; vol. 4: Die Heimath, Op. 20 (on the song by Karl August Krebs) – score online
Souvenir d'amour. Fantaisie pour la guitare à 10 ou 6 cordes, Op. 22 (Leipzig: Carl Rühle, c.1890) – see 'External links' below
Grand rondo brillant, Op. 40 (Leipzig: Carl Rühle, c.1860)
Echo musical. Collection de compositions les plus nouveaux et favorites (Hamburg: Jowien, c.1890)
Compositions pour la guitare (4 volumes; Leipzig: Carl Rühle, not dated)
Divertissement (Hamburg: Bayer, n. d.)
Guitar duo
Souvenir d'Ems. 6 Ländler, Op. 23 (Hamburg: Niemeyer, c.1850) - score online
Sechs Ländler, Op. 37 (Offenbach: André, c.1855) – score online
Guitar and piano
Erinnerung an Hamburg. Fantasy (1856)
Voice and guitar
Bayer's Liederschatz für Guitarre. Eine Auswahl der beliebtesten Lieder und Opern-Gesänge mit leichter Gitarrebegleitung. Vol. 1: Franz Schubert (Pasing nr. Munich: Hoenes, c.1900). Contains: "Das Wandern"; "Der Neugierige"; "Wohin?"; "Ungeduld"; "Morgengruss"; "Mit dem grünen Lautenbande"; "Mein"; "Des Müllers Blumen"; "Thränenregen"; "Danksagung an den Bach"; "Am Feierabend"; "Trock'ne Blumen"; "Der Müller und der Bach"; "Des Baches Wiegenlied"; "Erlkönig"; "Leise flehen meine Lieder"; "Der Wanderer"; "Lob der Thränen"; "Am Meer"; "Horch, horch, die Lerch im Aetherblau"; "Ave Maria".
dto., vol. 2: Conradin Kreutzer
dto., vol. 3: Albert Lortzing
dto., vol. 4: Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
dto., vol. 5: Curschmann, Chopin, Nicolai
Zither
Tanz-Album für Zitherspieler (Hamburg, 1880)
Neueste theoretisch-praktische Zitherschule, bei Mangel eines Lehrers auch für den Selbstunterricht berechnet mit melodischen Übungs- und Unterhaltungs-Stücken (Trier: P. Ed. Hoenes, c.1885). English edition as The Latest Theoretical and Practical Zither-School, containing melodious exercises and amusements, translated by Mrs. J. P. Morgan (same publisher, same year).
Schule der Geläufigkeit für die Zither (Trier: P. Ed. Hoenes, 1886)
Bibliography
Philip J. Bone: The Guitar and Mandolin. Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers for these Instruments (London: Schott & Co. and Augener Ltd., 1914), p. 23-25.
Josef Zuth: Handbuch der Gitarre und Laute (Vienna: Anton Goll, 1928; reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1972).
External links
Performance of Eduard Bayer's Souvenir d'amour op. 22 on a harp guitar, played on Youtube by Brian Torosian.
References
1822 births
1908 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
Composers for the classical guitar
German classical guitarists
German male classical composers
German male guitarists
German Romantic composers
Musicians from Augsburg
19th-century guitarists |
This is a list of the highest points (mountains, hills, glaciers) of all Norwegian counties.
Ranked by elevation.
Highest points by former counties
(before 2016)
Ranked by elevation.
See also
List of mountains in Norway by height
List of mountains in Norway by prominence
References
Toppomania fylkestopper (in Norwegian)
http://www.statkart.no/IPS/?module=Files;action=File.getFile;ID=19345
Norwegian counties
Highest points
Lists of mountains by elevation |
Salvador Sanpere (born 1 November 1938) is a former sports shooter from the United States Virgin Islands. He competed in the 50 metre rifle, three positions event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
1938 births
Living people
United States Virgin Islands male sport shooters
Olympic shooters for the United States Virgin Islands
Shooters at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people) |
This is a list of colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Oregon. Seven public universities, overseen by the Oregon Office of University Coordination, are operated by boards appointed by the governor, and seventeen community colleges are operated by locally elected boards. There are also numerous private degree-granting institutions.
The oldest college is Willamette University, which was established 1842, and is the oldest university in the Western United States. Central Oregon Community College (COCC) was founded in 1949 as part of the Bend School District and is the longest standing community college in Oregon. The COCC College District was formed in 1959 and officially established as the Central Oregon Area Education District by a vote of residents in 1962.
This list includes all schools that grant degrees at an associate level or higher, and are either accredited or in the process of accreditation by a recognized accrediting agency.
Institutions
Out-of-state institutions
Several schools based in other states offer degree programs at locations in Oregon:
The for-profit schools Carrington College and the University of Phoenix have a campus in the Portland metro area.
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida offers aviation programs at the Portland Community College campus and Portland International Airport.
Emporia State University in Kansas offers a Master of Library Science program on the Portland State University campus.
University of the Pacific in California offers a Master of Arts in Intercultural Relations at the Intercultural Communication Institute in Portland.
Walla Walla University's School of Nursing in Washington has a campus in Portland, where its junior and senior classes are taught.
Western University of Health Sciences in California operates an osteopathic medical school, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest, in Lebanon.
Defunct institutions
See also
Lists of Oregon-related topics
Higher education in the United States
Lists of American institutions of higher education
List of college athletic programs in Oregon
List of recognized higher education accreditation organizations
Lists of universities and colleges
Lists of universities and colleges by country
References
General
Specific
External links
Department of Education listing of accredited institutions in Oregon
Oregon
Colleges |
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT, in the past sometimes called electric convulsion therapy, convulsion treatment or electroplexy) is a controversial psychiatric treatment in which seizures are induced with electricity. ECT was first used in the United Kingdom in 1939 and, although its use has been declining for several decades, it was still given to about 11,000 people a year in the early 2000s.
In contemporary psychiatric practice, ECT is used mainly in the treatment of depression. It is occasionally used in the treatment of other disorders such as schizophrenia. When undergoing modern ECT, a patient is given an anaesthetic and a muscle relaxant. A brief-pulse electric current of about 800 milliamperes is passed between two electrodes on the head for several seconds, causing a seizure. The resulting convulsion is modified by the muscle relaxant. ECT is usually given on an inpatient basis; about one in five treatments are given on an outpatient basis. Treatment is usually given twice a week (occasionally three times a week) for a total of 6–12 treatments, although courses may be longer or shorter. About 70 per cent of ECT patients are women. About 1,500 ECT patients a year in the UK are treated without their consent under the Mental Health Acts or the provisions of common law.
Early years: 1938–1969
ECT was invented in Italy in 1938. In 1939 it was brought to England and replaced cardiazol (metrazol) as the preferred method of inducing seizures in convulsion therapy in British mental hospitals. Although soon established as especially useful in the treatment of depression, it was also used on people with a wide variety of mental disorders. There was large variation in the amount of ECT used between different hospitals. As well as being used therapeutically, ECT was used to control the behaviour of patients. Originally given in unmodified form (without anaesthetics and muscle relaxants) hospitals gradually switched to using modified ECT, a process that was accelerated by a famous legal case.
Origins of ECT
ECT originated as a new form of convulsive therapy, rather than as a completely new treatment. Convulsive therapy was introduced in 1934 by Hungarian neuropsychiatrist Ladislas J Meduna who, believing that schizophrenia and epilepsy were antagonistic disorders, induced seizures in patients with first camphor and then cardiazol.
Meanwhile, in Rome, professor of neuropsychiatry Ugo Cerletti was doing research on epilepsy and using electric shocks to induce seizures in dogs. Cerletti visited the Rome abattoir where electric shocks were used to render pigs comatose prior to slaughter. Inspired by the fact that the pigs were not actually killed by a voltage of 125 volts driving an electric current through the head for a few tenths of a second, he decided to experiment on a person. In April 1938 Cerletti tried ECT for the first time on a man who had been brought to his clinic in a confused state by police. The man was given a total of 11 treatments and recovered. It later emerged that he had had cardiazol treatment in another hospital three months previously. Cerletti called his treatment "electroshock" and developed a theory that it worked by causing the brain to produce vital substances that he called "acro-agonines" (from the Greek for "extreme struggle"). He put his theory into practice by injecting patients with a suspension of electroshocked pig brain, with encouraging results. Electroshocked pig brain therapy was used by a few psychiatrists in Italy, France and Brazil but did not become as popular as ECT. Cardiazol convulsion therapy was soon replaced by ECT all over the world. Cerletti and Bini were nominated for a Nobel prize but did not get one.
As a trace origin, galvanism may have been a more primitive form of ECT such that James Lind was among the first to suggest electroshock therapy for insanity in the late 1700s.
Early use of ECT in the UK
ECT arrived in the UK with Lothar Kalinowsky, one of Cerletti's assistants, who was on his way to the USA. Kalinowsky demonstrated Cerletti's technique at the Burden Neurological Institute (BNI) and wrote an article about ECT which appeared in the Lancet in December 1939. He said that electrically induced seizures were cheaper and easier to administer than cardiazol seizures. The first paper on ECT by British authors appeared three weeks later in the same journal. Gerald Fleming, the medical superintendent of Barnwood House Hospital in Gloucester and editor of the Journal of Mental Science, psychiatrist Frederic Golla and neurophysiologist William Grey Walter (both from the BNI) described how they had tested the new method of convulsion therapy on five chronic schizophrenic patients from Barnwood House. Electrical parameters, technique of administration, seizures and electroencephalograms, but not therapeutic results, were discussed. An accompanying editorial entitled "More shocks" said that ECT "may well turn out to be a valuable step forward" but criticised Fleming's claim that the use of ECT required only minimal training, expertise and patient preparation. The editorial also queried Kalinowsky's dismissal of concerns about brain damage. "There is still a chance" it said "that the brain has nemo me impune lacessit for its motto."
ECT soon became more popular than cardiazol convulsion therapy in mental hospitals in the UK. It was quickly identified as being especially useful in the treatment of affective psychosis. The therapeutic value of ECT in schizophrenia was recognised as limited, but some psychiatrists saw it as useful to control the behaviour of institutionalised patients who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic. Some psychiatrists thought that ECT should be restricted to the treatment of depression; others used it in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders, for example, schizophrenia, epilepsy, neurosis, and hysteria. It was also used on people who had suffered war trauma. By the mid 1950s there was a 20 fold difference in the rate of ECT use in mental hospitals in the UK, and a similar difference in its rate of use in teaching hospitals. In the 1940s and 1950s ECT machines used sine-wave current and patients were given a shock lasting a fraction of a second.
Views on ECT were generally positive in the early days of its use. The Ministry of Labour ran a recruitment campaign for psychiatric nurses featuring a picture of someone undergoing ECT. Barnwood House, which catered for "ladies and gentlemen suffering from nervous and mental disorders", said in advertisements that it offered "all the most modern methods of treatment including electric shock and prefrontal leucotomy". There were however dissenting voices. Cyril Birnie, the medical superintendent of St Bernard's Hospital, Middlesex, raised concerns about persistent intellectual deficits following treatment and said that mental patients were "in danger of having a pretty thin time of it".
Anaesthesia
In the 1940s and early 1950s ECT was usually given in unmodified form, that is, without muscle relaxants, and the seizure resulted in a full-scale convulsion. An anaesthetic was used by a few psychiatrists but most considered it unnecessary as the electric shock produced instant unconsciousness. ECT was even occasionally used to anaesthetise patients for psychosurgical operations.
A rare but serious complication of unmodified ECT was fracture or dislocation of the long bones, caused by the violence of the muscular contractions during the convulsion. In the 1940s psychiatrists began to experiment with curare, the muscle-paralysing South American poison, in order to modify the convulsions. The introduction in 1951 of succinylcholine, a safer synthetic alternative to curare, led to the more widespread use of modified ECT. A short-acting anaesthetic was usually given in addition to the muscle relaxant in order to spare patients the terrifying feeling of suffocation that can be experienced with muscle relaxants.
By the mid 1950s most hospitals in Britain routinely used modified ECT, although a few still used unmodified ECT or ECT with muscle relaxants but without anaesthetic. In 1957 a patient who had sustained fractures to both hips whilst undergoing unmodified ECT at a London hospital took legal action. He lost the case but it had far-reaching consequences, encouraging a debate about ECT techniques which led to the abandonment of routine use of unmodified ECT in British hospitals. The case is also famous for having established the Bolam principle.
Intensive ECT
Most patients in the early years of ECT were given treatment two or three times a week, or occasionally daily; a few psychiatrists experimented with more intensive treatment. At St James' Hospital, Portsmouth, William Liddell Milligan gave neurotic patients ECT up to four times daily. His aim was "to reduce the patient to the infantile level, in which he is completely helpless and doubly incontinent". Robert Russell and Lewis Page tried a slightly different regime, giving patients one or two sessions of ECT a day but with several additional electric shocks during the convulsion. This treatment was given to over 3,800 patients at the Three Counties Hospital. Arlesey, Bedfordshire. The Page-Russell technique was taken up by Scottish-American psychiatrist D Ewen Cameron who used it to "depattern" his patients at the McGill University in Canada. It later emerged that the CIA had put funds into Professor Cameron's work. In 1988 nine of his former patients received compensation from the US government; the Canadian government later compensated those patients whose treatment had not been funded by the CIA and court cases continue to this day.
Robert Russell set up a company, Ectron Ltd, to manufacture ECT machines. At one time nearly every hospital in the UK was equipped with Ectron machines.
The middle years: 1960–1985
The next two and a half decades saw ECT maintain its place as a commonly used psychiatric treatment in spite of the introduction of neuroleptics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines into British psychiatric practice in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In the early 1970s there were an estimated 50,000 courses annually in the UK; by 1985 this had dropped to about 24,000. This period saw stirrings of professional and public disquiet over some aspects of ECT use; in response the Royal College of Psychiatrists produced guidelines and carried out an extensive survey of ECT use. The Mental Health Act 1983 introduced a legal framework for the use of ECT on non-consenting patients.
Guidelines
In 1976 the Royal College of Psychiatrists received a request from the regional medical officer of the South East Thames regional health authority for advice on giving ECT to non-consenting patients. One of the region's mental hospitals had been the subject of a committee of enquiry, and the use of force when giving patients ECT had been criticised. In Parliament, Secretary of State David Ennals had referred to the death of one woman following ECT as "disturbing".
The Royal College of Psychiatrists duly produced guidelines, in the form of an eleven-page article in the British Journal of Psychiatry. The guidelines summarised the current state of knowledge about ECT, set standards for its administration and discussed aspects of consent. ECT was, the guidelines concluded, an effective treatment for endogenous depression. There was less certainty about its value in mania, and little evidence for its usefulness in schizophrenia. The guidelines said that the possibility of long-term memory impairment following ECT had been "too little investigated". Recommendations for the administration of ECT included: anaesthesia for all patients, a pre-treatment physical examination, avoidance of currents greatly above seizure threshold and the use of machines with a choice of waveforms. The question of electrode placement was left open: evidence of less memory loss with unilateral electrode placement was noted, so too was psychiatrists' preference for bilateral electrode placement. The guidelines recommended that informal patients who were unable or unwilling to consent to ECT should be sectioned and a second opinion obtained (unless the need for treatment was seen as urgent).
Survey
In 1981 the Royal College of Psychiatrists published the results of an extensive survey into the use of ECT in Great Britain. It revealed many psychiatrists ignoring the guidelines. “ECT in Britain: a shameful state of affairs” read the title of a Lancet editorial on the results of the survey. Less than half of the clinics visited by the researchers met the minimum standards in the guidelines. In many clinics, ECT was being given by "bored and uninterested staff with obsolete machines operated by ignorant and uncaring psychiatrists". One clinic, where the staff used the phrase "old is gold" was using a 30-year-old machine mended with sticking plaster.
A total of about 27,000 people received ECT in 1980. The authors of the survey estimated that ECT use had approximately halved since the early 1970s. There was wide regional variation, with the heaviest user, Jersey and Guernsey, using ECT at more than 5 times the rate of the lowest user, the Oxford region. There was a 17 fold difference in rates of ECT use between different hospitals and in many hospitals a large proportion of ECT was given by just one or two psychiatrists. Some psychiatrists didn't use ECT at all; others thought that the main, or even the only, indication for ECT was in psychotic or endogenous depression; yet others thought it appropriate in the treatment of a wide range of disorders. The median age of patients was mid-fifties. About 900 people over 80, and about 420 people under 20, were given ECT in 1980. 69 per cent were women. 21 per cent were treated with unilateral ECT.
The survey found that a small number of clinics were still, in 1980, occasionally using unmodified ECT. That same year it emerged that ECT without anaesthetic had been used to control a patient's behaviour in Broadmoor Hospital; such use was defended by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and the Department of Health.
Legislation
The Mental Health Act 1959 had given psychiatrists implied authority to treat detained patients without consent. The Mental Health Act 1983 gave psychiatrists explicit authority to treat detained patients without consent.
Psychosurgery and the surgical implantation of hormones to reduce male sexual drive were classified as irreversible treatments that could only be carried out on consenting patients (section 57 of part IV of the Act); ECT was classified as a slightly less serious treatment that could be given to non-consenting patients if certain procedures were followed (section 58). The patient had to be detained (if they were not already detained), then a psychiatrist from the Mental Health Act Commission had to authorise treatment. If the treating psychiatrist decided there was an urgent need for ECT it could go ahead without authorisation from a Mental Health Act Commission psychiatrist (section 62).
ECT was not actually put on the face of the Bill, in recognition of the fact that some people thought it belonged in section 57 with irreversible treatments and a subsequent Secretary of State might wish to move it there.
The Mental Health Act 1983 covers England and Wales. The Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 and the Mental Health (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 made similar provisions for the use of ECT on non-consenting patients in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Recent years: 1986-2010
The use of ECT in the UK has continued to fall, from about 23,000 courses in 1986 to about 11,000 in 2002. There is still marked variation in use, both in prescribing and in standards of administration. The Royal College of Psychiatrists produced three more sets of guidelines, and carried out two more surveys. The National Health Service produced guidelines on ECT use in 2003 and the following year the Royal College of Psychiatrists set up a voluntary accreditation scheme for ECT clinics.
Use in the Channel Islands has never been officially confirmed or denied but believed to take place, though with similar guidelines to the UK.
More guidelines and surveys
The Royal College of Psychiatrists produced another set of guidelines in 1989, followed by a survey which showed that, although there had been improvements since the previous survey in 1980, many hospitals still failed to meet the standards set out in the guidelines. This time the survey was limited to East Anglia, and showed a 12 fold difference in the rate of ECT use between hospitals.
Further guidelines appeared in 1995, followed by yet another survey with similar results. There were still problems with the training and supervision of doctors administering ECT; only a quarter of clinics were rated as good and two-thirds failed to meet the most recent standards. In 2004 the Royal College of Psychiatrists set up a voluntary accreditation scheme for ECT clinics. Two years on, only a minority of clinics in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland had signed up.
In 2003 the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, a government body which was set up to standardize treatment throughout the National Health Service, issued guidance on the use of ECT. Its use was recommended "only to achieve rapid and short-term improvement of severe symptoms after an adequate trial of treatment options has proven ineffective and/or when the condition is considered to be potentially life-threatening in individuals with severe depressive illness, catatonia or a prolonged manic episode". The guidance got a mixed reception. It was welcomed by an editorial in the British Medical Journal, but the Royal College of Psychiatrists launched an unsuccessful appeal.
Effectiveness and adverse effects
In 2003 the UK ECT Review Group, led by Professor Geddes of Oxford University, reviewed the evidence and concluded that ECT had been shown to be an effective short-term treatment for depression—as measured by symptom rating scales—in physically healthy adults, and that it was probably more effective than drug treatment. Bilateral ECT was more effective than unilateral, and high-dose was more effective than low-dose. Their conclusions were qualified: most of the trials were old and conducted on small numbers of patients; some groups (for example, elderly people, women with postpartum depression and people with treatment-resistant depression) were under-represented in the trials even though ECT is believed to be especially effective for them.
A review of the literature found that between 29 per cent and 55 per cent (depending on the study) of people who had undergone ECT reported persistent memory loss.
Treatment without consent
Although the use of ECT on consenting patients fell by over a half between 1986 and 2002, its use on non-consenting patients remained constant at just over 2,000 people a year (in England and Wales). About two-thirds of those treated without their consent lack capacity, the rest are "capable but refusing". As well as those treated under sections 58 and 62 of the Mental Health Act 1983, a small number of informal patients are treated without their consent under the common law. In 2002, just over one in five ECT patients had not consented to treatment.
In Scotland the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 gave patients with capacity the right to refuse ECT.
In 2007 Parliament in London considered amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983, including one which would give capable people the right to refuse ECT in some circumstances. Section 58A of the Mental Health Act 2007 gives people who retain decision-making capacity the right to refuse ECT, unless their psychiatrist thinks they need it urgently. It came into force in November 2008 and led to a fall of about 23 per cent in the number of non-consenting patients.
References
Electroconvulsive therapy in the United Kingdom
+
British human subject research
Electroconvulsive therapy
History |
Eric Butorac and Scott Lipsky defeated Colin Fleming and Ken Skupski in the final (6–4, 6–4).
Seeds
Draw
Draw
References
Doubles Draw
Qualifying Draw
Aegon Trophy - Doubles
2009 Doubles |
The central Colorado volcanic field (CCVF) is a volcanic field in Park County, Colorado. It is located in the southern Rocky Mountains and covered a roughly triangular area centered on the Thirtynine Mile volcanic area and extending from the Sawatch Range southeast to the northern Sangre de Cristo Range and the Wet Mountains and northeast to the southern Front Range south of Denver. The area covered by the volcanic products of the eruptions included some produced by at least ten volcanic centers or calderas. The field overlaps the San Juan volcanic field to the west. The volcanic products date from the late Eocene to the early Oligocene ().
Economic significance
Rocks of the CCVF host base- and precious metal deposits, including the volcanic diatreme at Cripple Creek, the site of a notable gold rush beginning in 1890. By 1900, more than 500 mines had been established in the Cripple Creek district, and the population exceeded 35,000. Open-pit gold mining continues today.
Outcrops of Wall Mountain Tuff, one of the most widespread extrusive units of the CCVF, may be found near the town of Castle Rock, more than from the presumed eruptive source of the tuff. Locally known as Castle Rock Rhyolite, the stone was quarried for dimension stone and construction aggregate beginning in 1872 and used in building projects in cities along the Front Range, including Denver and Colorado Springs. The quarries were once important to the economy of the town of Castle Rock: in 1900, the quarries produced up to 1800 rail cars of stone per year and employed up to 100 laborers. Although major operations ceased in 1906, at least one quarry operated as of 2013.
Notable geological features
See also
List of volcanoes in the United States
Central Colorado
References
Colorado
Landforms of Park County, Colorado
Eocene volcanism
Oligocene volcanism |
Fargo Estate Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo, Erie County, New York. The district encompasses 390 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 2 contributing objects on the Lower West Side of Buffalo. This predominantly residential district developed between about 1850 and 1930, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and American Craftsman style architecture. A 2 1/2-block section of the neighborhood was developed between about 1888 and 1910 on the former "Fargo Estate," the home of William Fargo. Located in the district are the separately listed Engine House No. 2 and Hook and Ladder No. 9 and a section of the Delaware Park-Front Park System (Porter Avenue). Other notable buildings include the Benedict House (c. 1890), Plymouth Methodist Episcopal Church / now Karpeles Library and Manuscript Museum (1912), and West Side Presbyterian Church / now Iglesia de Cristo Misionera (1882).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.
References
External links
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Italianate architecture in New York (state)
Queen Anne architecture in New York (state)
Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state)
Historic districts in Buffalo, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Buffalo, New York |
The men's doubles competition at the 1992 French Open was held between 25 May and 7 June 1992 on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The unseeded team of Jakob Hlasek and Marc Rosset won the title, defeating David Adams and Andrei Olhovskiy in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – main draw
1992 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Doubles
French Open by year – Men's doubles |
San Luis in Peru may refer to:
San Luis, Ancash, capital of Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald Province in the Ancash Region
San Luis District, Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald, a district in the Ancash Region
San Luis District, Lima, a district in Lima
San Luis District, Cañete, San Luis District in Cañete Province in the Lima Region |
Murtle railway station, later Murtle Halt railway station served Murtle and Beaconhill Houses and estates, the Mill of Murtle, Milton of Murtle, the local farms and the inhabitants of this rural area within the parish of Peterculter from 1853 to 1937 on the Deeside Railway that ran from Aberdeen (Joint) to Ballater.
History
The station was opened on 8 September 1853 on the Deeside branch and at first its services were operated by the Deeside Railway. Later it became part of the GNoSR and at grouping merged with the London and North Eastern Railway. Murtle became an unstaffed halt circa 1930 and was closed to passengers on 5 April 1937. It had served as the local post office in 1899. The station was unstaffed in around 1930 and became a halt with its goods services withdrawn. After closure in 1937 the line remained open until 1966. The line has been lifted and this sections forms part of the Deeside Way long-distance footpath. The station was host to a LNER camping coach in 1935 and 1936 and possibly one for some of 1934, it was located in the old loading dock siding.
Infrastructure
The station had a stone built agent's house, with at first a single platform, a waiting room and ticket office building that was originally similar to those at Torphins, Lumphanan and elsewhere on the line. In 1865 the single siding was on the northern side, approached from the east. By 1899 the line had been doubled, a stone agent's house was built, together with a pedestrian overbridge and a signal box located on the westbound platform with a simple wooden shelter. A single siding and loading dock was present with several sets of points and signals in the vicinity.
Murtle acquired some differences in its appearance, especially the small canopy after it was rebuilt following after a fire on 17 August 1909 that destroyed the original wooden main station building. In 1963 the station, closed since 1937, was on a single track section of line with the agent's house still standing together with the old station building.
Services
In 1928 the suburban railway, locally called the 'subbies' started additionally operating Sunday services to Culter however due to competition with the buses it was announced on 28 January 1937 that the service would cease altogether in April 1937, Sunday services having ceased in 1936.
The site today
The much modified and enlarged station buildings survive as private dwellings with both platforms of Aberdeenshire granite remaining in situ, the eastbound being in better condition. The Deeside Way runs past the station. The Royal Deeside Railway is located at Milton of Crathes some distance down the line towards Ballater.
References
Sources
Maxtone, Graham and Cooper, Mike (2018). Then and Now on the Great North. V.1. GNoSR Association. .
External links
Film of the station and the Deeside line.
Disused railway stations in Aberdeenshire
Former Great North of Scotland Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1853
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1937
1853 establishments in Scotland |
Manuel Turchi (born 27 January 1981 in Rome) is a retired Italian professional football playing most of his career at Virtus Lanciano 1924
Career
He played in Roma Primavera until 2000, before his transfer to Virtus Lanciano.
In July 2004 he moved to Ostiamare. In the following summer he was bought by Padova.
In January 2008 he went to Pescara, where he collected only 8 appearances.
In July 2008 he returns to Virtus Lanciano. In 2011–2012 season he conquered the promotion from Lega Pro Prima Divisione to Serie B.
External links
Italian men's footballers
SS Virtus Lanciano 1924 players
AS Ostia Mare Lido Calcio players
Calcio Padova players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
Serie B players
Men's association football wingers
Footballers from Rome
1981 births
Living people |
Tarlac may refer to:
Places in the Philippines
Tarlac Province
Tarlac City
Tarlac River
People
Dragan Tarlać, basketball player |
Murad Musayev (; born on 13 June 1994) is an Azerbaijani footballer who plays as a defender for Gabala in the Azerbaijan Premier League.
Club career
On 28 April 2013, Musayev made his debut in the Azerbaijan Premier League for Gabala match against Qarabağ.
On 6 June 2023, Musayev extended his contract with Gabala for an additional two-years.
Career statistics
Club
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Azerbaijani men's footballers
Azerbaijan men's youth international footballers
Azerbaijan Premier League players
Gabala SC players
Sabail FK players
Zira FK players |
Ophiomusa is a genus of echinoderms belonging to the family Ophiolepididae that includes: sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers. Ophiurida are similar to starfish; they both have a central disc and five arms sprouting from the disc. One of the main distinguishing factors of an Ophiuroid is its arms; the arms of an Ophiurida are longer, thinner, and distinctly separated in comparison to those of a sea star.
Description
Ophiuroids, also known as brittle stars, are relatively small. Brittle stars do not have a brain or eyes, but they do have a stomach, sex organs, and a mouth with five jaws. They have five long, thin, spiny arms made of calcium carbonate plates connected by a central disc; the size of their disk ranges from 6-12mm disc diameter (d.d.), and their arms range from sizes greater than 4 times d.d. in length. The first dorsal arm plates are in the shape of a trapezoid, the next dorsal arm changes to a triangular form and are each separated from each other. Their arms contribute to the star’s “snake-like” movement across the bottom sediments as well as it’s feeding mechanisms. The mouth of a Ophiuroid is located on the oral surface which is facing down but is held off the sea floor. An interesting fact about Ophiuroids is that, like regular sea stars, they have the ability to regenerate a severed arm, they even possess the ability to cut off their own arm if necessary. This is referred to as autotomy (self-cut) which is how it got its name, brittle star. The spiny arms of the brittle star allow the animal to roam without losing grip from the substratum.
Distribution
Ophiuroids are found through different regions and zones; they have been observed in sea floors in both tropic and polar regions. According to a NOAA dive report, there was a high density ophiuroids across the sedimented seafloor off the North Carolina coast and can also be seen along the Yucatan Peninsula. The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution, but little is known about them.
Reproduction
Ophiuroids can reproduce both asexually and sexually, but most reproduce sexually. Asexual reproduction happens when the disc is split in half, this process is called fission. Most species are hermaphrodites, which means that the animal has both male and female sex organs needed to reproduce. Brittle stars release eggs and sperm into the water, the larvae are called Ophioplutei. They settle in the seafloor and eventually form a brittle star. Ophiuroids reach full sexual maturity after about two years and their lifespans can be up to about five years.
Life stages
When brittle stars sexually reproduce, their fertilized eggs float in the water and eventually develop into larvae. Ophioplutei feed on plankton. Brittle star larvae are small and mostly clear. These larvae then go through metamorphosis, this is the stage where they develop their five arms. These young brittle stars then move on to the settling stage where they sink to the bottom of the ecosystem where they will spend the rest of their life in.
Diet
Ophiuroids are carnivorous and omnivorous, they use their arms to catch food particles in the water or even food along the seafloor. Their gut content varied based on where the brittle stars were placed: those living in shallow habitats mainly consumed plankton and macroalgae whereas those living in deep sea habitats mainly consumed brittle star fragments. In an experiment, it was observed that the main contents in six different brittle stars included macroalgae, diatoms, bivalves, gastropods, cyanobacteria, marine fungi, and even unidentified eggs (small organisms, brittle star fragments, and sponges).
Species:
Ophiomusa acufera
Ophiomusa africana
Ophiomusa alecto
Ophiomusa alta
Ophiomusa anaelisae
Ophiomusa anisacantha
Ophiomusa aspera
Ophiomusa australe
Ophiomusa binghami
Ophiomusa biporica
Ophiomusa breve
Ophiomusa canaliculata
Ophiomusa constricta
Ophiomusa faceta
Ophiomusa facunda
Ophiomusa fallax
Ophiomusa granosa
Ophiomusa incerta
Ophiomusa kimblae
Ophiomusa leptobrachia
Ophiomusa ligata
Ophiomusa longispina
Ophiomusa luetkeni
Ophiomusa lunare
Ophiomusa lymani
Ophiomusa micropora
Ophiomusa miranda
Ophiomusa moniliforme
Ophiomusa morio
Ophiomusa muta
Ophiomusa oligoplaca
Ophiomusa relicta
Ophiomusa rosacea
Ophiomusa rugosa
Ophiomusa scalare
Ophiomusa simplex
Ophiomusa stellata
Ophiomusa testudo
Ophiomusa tripassalota
Ophiomusa trychna
Ophiomusa ultima
Ophiomusa valdiviae
Ophiomusa valida
Ophiomusa zela
References
Ophiuroidea genera
Ophiurida |
William Gary Lamberth (born December 5, 1977) is an American politician. He serves as a Republican member of the Tennessee House of Representatives for the forty-fourth district, encompassing parts of Sumner County, Tennessee.
Biography
Early life
He was born on December 5, 1977 in Bowling Green, Kentucky. He is a fifth generation resident of Sumner County, Tennessee, and grew up on a farm in Tennessee. He attended Portland High School. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee in 2001 and received a J.D. from the William & Mary School of Law in Williamsburg, Virginia in 2004, where he was elected President of the Student Bar Association.
Career
He was an Assistant District Attorney for Sumner County. He now practices law as a private attorney in Gallatin, Tennessee.
He was elected as state representative for the forty-fourth district Tennessee in 2012, replacing Democratic representative Mike McDonald.
He is former president of the Rotary Club of Gallatin, Tennessee and the Sumner County Bar Association, and former treasurer of the Republican Party of Sumner County. He is also Chairman of the Portland Community Education Foundation, table host and donor to the Cumberland Crisis Pregnancy Center in Gallatin. He also donates to the Middle Tennessee Mission Outreach and regularly goes on Christian missions to Honduras and other regions of the world that are in need of humanitarian relief efforts.
In 2023, Lamberth supported a resolution to expel three Democratic lawmakers from the legislature for violating decorum rules. The expulsion was widely characterized as unprecedented.
Controversial legislation
In 2022, after accepting over $50,000 in campaign donations from Jack Daniel's and other alcohol suppliers, multiple detention facility operators and various pharmaceutical companies, Lamberth embarked on a personal crusade to ban all forms of cannabis in Tennessee containing greater than .3% THC. This effort to ban came in spite of overwhelming public support of cannabis legalization, federal legality of non-delta 9 THC and a clear position from the FDA and USDA that delta 8 THC is not a controlled substance.
Lamberth has been criticized by the LGBT community for supporting bills to criminalize doctors performing gender reassignment surgery on minors, requiring transgender people to use public restrooms corresponding to their biological sex, and requiring transgender athletes in high school to compete in collegiate sports that correspond to their biological sex.
Personal life
He is married to Lauren Schmidt Lamberth, and has two children. He is a Baptist. He lives in Cottontown, Tennessee with his family.
References
1977 births
21st-century American politicians
Living people
Republican Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
People from Sumner County, Tennessee
Politicians from Bowling Green, Kentucky
University of Tennessee alumni
William & Mary Law School alumni |
In two-dimensional computer graphics, the non-zero winding rule is a means of determining whether a given point falls within an enclosed curve. Unlike the similar even-odd rule, it relies on knowing the direction of stroke for each part of the curve.
For a given curve C and a given point P: construct a ray (a straight line) heading out from P in any direction towards infinity. Find all the intersections of C with this ray. Score up the winding number as follows: for every clockwise intersection (the curve passing through the ray from left to right, as viewed from P) subtract 1; for every counter-clockwise intersection (curve passing from right to left, as viewed from P) add 1. If the total winding number is zero, P is outside C; otherwise, it is inside.
The winding number is effectively a count of how many full counter-clockwise revolutions ('windings') the curve makes around P without doubling back on itself. (If P were a nail and C were a looped piece of string, try pulling some part of the string sideways away from the nail: it will either come free, or it will be found to be wound some number of times around the nail.)
Some implementations instead score up the number of clockwise revolutions, so that clockwise crossings are awarded +1, counter-clockwise crossings -1. The result is the same.
One formal definition of the winding number of point P with respect to curve C (where P does not lie on the curve) is as follows:
The SVG computer graphics vector standard uses the non-zero rule by default when drawing polygons.
See also
Even-odd rule
Complex polygon
Tessellation
Polygon triangulation
TrueType
References
External links
Definition of fill rules in SVG
Song Ho's explanation of the OpenGL GLU tesselator
Computer graphics algorithms |
The Northampton-class cruisers were a group of six heavy cruisers built for the United States Navy, and commissioned between 1928 and 1931.
The Northamptons saw much action in World War II. Three (Northampton, Chicago, and Houston) were lost during the war. The other three were decommissioned soon after the end of the war, and scrapped in 1959–1961.
Design
The design of the ships was heavily influenced by the Washington Naval Treaty, which limited cruisers to a maximum of 10,000 tons displacement and a maximum main battery caliber of . The Northamptons were a reaction to the weight and cost of the immediately preceding , differing in several ways. The Pensacolas mounted a main battery of 10 guns in four turrets, a twin and superfiring triple fore and aft. In contrast, the Northamptons mounted 9 guns in three triple turrets, two forward and one aft, the layout followed in all subsequent U.S. heavy cruisers.
Although armor was increased, the Northamptons turned out to be lighter than the Pensacolas, and nearly 1,000 tons below the treaty limitations. Freeboard was increased in the Northamptons by adopting a high forecastle, which was extended aft in the last three for use as flagships. These ships were also the first U.S. ships to adopt a hangar for aircraft, and bunks instead of hammocks. Their lighter-than-expected weight caused them to roll excessively, which necessitated the fitting of deep bilge keels. The immediately-following was essentially a modified Northampton.
Ships in class
See also
List of cruisers of the United States Navy
References
External links
Global Security.org – Northampton class cruiser
Global Security.org – Northampton class cruiser specifications
Cruiser classes |
Parkesbourne is a locality in the Goulburn Mulwaree Council, New South Wales, Australia. The Hume Highway runs on its southern edge. It lies about 20 km west of Goulburn and 90 km northeast of Canberra. At the , it had a population of 170.
Parkesbourne is said to have been originally called "Breadalbane Plains", but renamed by Henry Parkes after himself during a visit in the 1860s when he was "education minister" (most likely actually Colonial Secretary in 1866–68). Parkesbourne had a state school from May 1870 to April 1969. This was described as a "public school" from April 1872. Earlier it was described as "half-time school" or "provisional school".
References
Goulburn Mulwaree Council
Localities in New South Wales
Southern Tablelands |
The Tour de San Luis was a road cycling race that was held in San Luis Province, Argentina from 2007 to 2016. The race consisted of a competition over an individual time trial, and six stages. The competition carried a UCI rating of 2.1, and is part of the UCI America Tour, which is one of five UCI Continental Circuits sponsored by the Union Cycliste Internationale, the sport's international governing body.
Past winners
References
External links
2010 start list
2011 start list
2012 start list
2013 start list
2014 start list
2015 start list
2016 start list
2017 Tour de San Luis cancelled
UCI America Tour races
Cycle races in Argentina
Sport in San Luis Province
Recurring sporting events established in 2007
2007 establishments in Argentina |
François Samuel Robert Louis Gaussen (25 August 1790 – 18 June 1863) was a Swiss Protestant divine.
Life
Gaussen was born at Geneva. His father, Georg Markus Gaussen, a member of the Council of Two Hundred, was descended from an been scattered at the time of the religious persecutions in France. At the close of his university career at Geneva, Louis was in 1816 appointed pastor of the Swiss Reformed Church at Satigny near Geneva, where he formed a close relationship with J. E. Cellérier, who had preceded him in the pastorate, and also with the members of the dissenting congregation at Bourg-de-Four, which, together with the Église du témoignage, had been formed under the influence of the preaching of James and Robert Haldane in 1817. The Swiss revival was distasteful to the pastors of Geneva (Venérable Compagnie des Pasteurs), and on 7 May 1817 they passed an ordinance hostile to it.
As a protest against this ordinance, in 1819 Gaussen published in conjunction with Cellerier a French translation of the Second Helvetic Confession, with a preface expounding the views he had reached upon the nature, use, and necessity of confessions of faith; and in 1830, for having discarded the official catechism of his church as being insufficiently explicit on the divinity of Christ, original sin and the doctrines of grace, he was censured and suspended by his ecclesiastical superiors. In the following year he took part in the formation of a Société Evangélique (Evangelische Gesellschaft). When this society contemplated, among other objects, the establishment of a new theological college, he was finally deprived of his charge.
Gaussen's interest in Adventism was influenced by Henry Drummond, who was visiting Geneva in 1817, and who gathered around him some of the most prominent Adventists of the day.
Gaussen's reading of Rollin's "Ancient History" and a belief that the prophecies in the second Book of Daniel had been fulfilled were also influential in leading him to an interest in the Second Advent, and following further study of the Bible, he came to the conclusion that the Second Coming of Christ was near. His wish was to inform the public of his findings, hoping to encourage study of the prophetic books of the Bible in the churches of French speaking congregations. Believing that the people would find the prophecies of Daniel too difficult to understand, he decided to begin by teaching the children, explaining that "To publish instruction given to the children is to say to adults, who too often neglect such books under the false pretence that they are obscure, ‘How can they be obscure, since your children understand them?’ I had a great desire, to render a knowledge of the prophecies popular in our flocks, if possible. There is no study, indeed, which it seems to me answers the needs of the time better. It is by this that we are to prepare for the tribulation near at hand, and watch and wait for Jesus Christ." His plan worked, with the result that people began flocking to his meetings, including strangers from other countries who were visiting Geneva.
In 1839, inspired by his success with the children, Gaussen published a first volume entitled The Prophet Daniel Explained in a series of readings for young persons, with the second following in 1848.
After some time devoted to travel in Italy and England, he returned to Geneva and ministered to an independent congregation until 1834, when he joined Merle d'Aubigné as professor of systematic theology in the college which he had helped to found. This post he continued to occupy until 1857, when he retired from the active duties of the chair. He died at Les Grottes, Geneva, on 18 June 1863.
His best-known work, entitled La Théopneustie, ou pleine inspiration des saintes écritures, an elaborate defence of the doctrine of plenary inspiration, was originally published in Paris in 1840, and rapidly gained a wide popularity in France, as also, through translations, in England and America. It was followed in 1860 by a supplementary treatise on the canon (Le Canon des saintes écritures au double point de vue de la science et de la foi), which, though also popular, has hardly been so widely read.
Publications
La Théopneustie, ou pleine inspiration des saintes écritures, Paris, 1840
[First trans. by David Duncas Scott, and later revised by B. W. Carr].
Le Canon des saintes écritures au double point de vue de la science et de la foi, 1860
Geneva and Rome. Rome Papal as Portrayed By Prophecy and History [tr. from the French] (1844)
'It is written': or, Every word and expression contained in the Scriptures proved to be from God [tr. from the French] (1856)
Lessons for the Young on the Six Days of Creation [tr. from the French] (1860)
Gideon and the Angel of the Lord, Or, The Deity of Christ: The Doctrine of the Old Testament [tr. from the French]
From Egypt to Sinai: The Exodus of the Children of Israel [tr. from the French] (The Religious Tract Society, 1869)
The Prophet Daniel Explained [tr. from the French by Margaret Blackstone] (1873)
The Prophet Jonah: Lessons on his life [tr. from the French] (The Religious Tract Society, 1884)
The Story of Daniel: For the Use of Young People [tr. from the French] (1873)
See also
Edward Norris Kirk • Translator of Gaussen's "Inspiration of the Scriptures" (New York, 1842)
References
The article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (1899).
External links
1790 births
1863 deaths
Clergy from the Republic of Geneva
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Swiss Calvinist and Reformed theologians
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians |
Dichomeris juncidella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by James Brackenridge Clemens in 1860. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Nova Scotia, southern Quebec and southern Ontario to Florida, Texas and Nebraska.
The wingspan is about 13 mm. The forewings are dark brown almost blackish brown, with an ochreous-orange spot on the disk, one on the subcostal nervure nearer the base, one beneath it in the fold, and one on the end of the disk, all of the same hue. On the costa near the tip is a small ochreous-orange spot. The hindwings are dull yellowish brown. Adults are on wing from March to October.
The larvae feed on Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Artemisia trifida, Solidago, Aster, Helianthus tuberosus and Aralia spinosa.
References
Moths described in 1860
juncidella |
Hasili (12 March 1991 – 23 March 2018) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse who was an outstanding broodmare. A Khalid Abdullah hombred at his Juddmonte Farms, she was out of the mare Kerali and sired by Kahyasi, winner of the 1988 Irish and Epsom Derbys. Hasili won the Prix des Sablonnets at Nantes at age two and was placed in two Listed races at three.
Retired to broodmare duty, Hasili produced Cacique, Champs Elysees, Banks Hill, Intercontinental, and Heat Haze who together made her the first Northern Hemisphere broodmare to produce five Group/Grade I winners, all of which are racing millionaires.
Hasili was also the dam of Dansili, sire of Rail Link who won the 2006 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and of Deluxe, a 2007 filly by Storm Cat, and a 2008 filly by Empire Maker.
Hasili died at Juddmonte Farms's Banstead Manor Stud at Newmarket, England on 23 March 2018.
Pedigree
References
Hasili's pedigree and partial racing stats
Hasili profile at Juddmonte.com
Hasili, dam of 5 Grade 1 winners and 3 champions, dies at 27
1991 racehorse births
2018 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in France
Thoroughbred family 11
Blue Hen Broodmare |
"Everybody's Lonely" is the lead single from Jukebox the Ghost's fifth studio album, Off to the Races. The single was self-released on January 18, 2018.
Commercially, the track is the band's most successful single to date, being their first song to chart. The single reached number 22 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and number 26 on the Rock Airplay chart.
Charts
References
2018 singles
2018 songs
Jukebox the Ghost songs |
This is a comprehensive list of victories of the cycling team. The races are categorized according to the UCI Continental Circuits rules. The team was in the National category from 1974 to 2010, then the UCI Continental category from 2011 to 2015 then up to UCI Professional Continental from 2016 till present.
Pre 2008
2008 – VC La Pomme Marseille
Stage 2 Les 3 Jours de Vaucluse, Julien Antomarchi
Stage 4 Tour de Bretagne Cycliste, Julien Antomarchi
2009 – VC La Pomme Marseille
Stage 2 Giro della Valle d'Aosta, Yannick Marie
2010 – VC La Pomme Marseille
2011 – VC La Pomme Marseille
Stage 2 Tour du Haut Var, Julien Antomarchi
Stage 3 Circuit des Ardennes, Benjamin Giraud
Stage 1 (TTT) La Coupe du Président de la Ville de Grudziądz
Stage 1 (TTT) Tour de Berlin
Overall Volta ao Alentejo, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Stage 3, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Stage 1 Tour of Hainan, Justin Jules
2012 – La Pomme Marseille
Paris–Camembert, Pierre-Luc Périchon
Stage 3 Le Tour de Bretagne Cycliste, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Stage 5 Le Tour de Bretagne Cycliste, Thomas Vaubourzeix
Stage 2 Tour du Limousin, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Grand Prix de la Somme, Evaldas Šiškevičius
2013 – La Pomme Marseille
Grand Prix Cycliste la Marseillaise, Justin Jules
Stage 6 Tour de Taiwan, Benjamin Giraud
Stage 1 Mzansi Tour, Julien Antomarchi
Stage 5 Four Days of Dunkirk, Yannick Martinez
Stage 1 Route du Sud, Yannick Martinez
Stage 10 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Benjamin Giraud
Polynormande, José Gonçalves
National Under-23 Time Trial Championships, Yoann Paillot
Stages 2 & 5 Tour of China I, Benjamin Giraud
2014 – La Pomme Marseille
Overall Tour de Taiwan, Rémy Di Gregorio
Stage 2, Benjamin Giraud
Stage 5 Tour d'Azerbaïdjan, Justin Jules
Stage 5 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Thomas Vaubourzeix
Stage 1 Tour Alsace, Grégoire Tarride
Overall Tour of Hainan, Julien Antomarchi
Stages 4 & 7, Julien Antomarchi
2015 Marseille 13–KTM
Paris–Camembert, Julien Loubet
Overall Circuit des Ardennes, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Stage 3, Team time trial
Overall Four Days of Dunkirk, Ignatas Konovalovas
Stage 5 Tour of Hainan, Benjamin Giraud
Overall Tour of Yancheng Coastal Wetlands, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Stage 1, Evaldas Šiškevičius
2016 – Delko–Marseille Provence KTM
Stage 4 Tour des Fjords, Asbjørn Kragh Andersen
Overall Tour of Taihu Lake, Leonardo Duque
Stage 7, Leonardo Duque
2017 – Delko–Marseille Provence KTM
Classic Sud-Ardèche, Mauro Finetto
Stage 1 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, Mikel Aristi
2018 – Delko–Marseille Provence KTM
Stages 2 & 5 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, Brenton Jones
Overall Sharjah Tour, Javier Moreno
Stage 2 Tour La Provence, Rémy Di Gregorio
Stage 2 Tour de l'Ain, Javier Moreno
National Time Trial Championship, Joseph Areruya
National Road Race Championship, Nikolay Mihaylov
Stage 2 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Brenton Jones
2019 – Delko–Marseille Provence
National Criterium Championships, Brenton Jones
Stage 1 Tour of Rwanda, Alessandro Fedeli
Stage 6 Tour of Rwanda, Przemysław Kasperkiewicz
Ronde van Limburg, Eduard-Michael Grosu
National Time Trial Championship, Joseph Areruya
National Road Race Championship, Ramūnas Navardauskas
Stage 2 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Brenton Jones
Stage 3 & 6 Tour of Qinghai Lake, Eduard-Michael Grosu
Stage 2 Okolo Slovenska, Eduard-Michael Grosu
Stage 2 CRO Race, Eduard-Michael Grosu
Stage 5 Tour of Taihu Lake, Brenton Jones
2020 – Nippo–Delko–One Provence
Stages 3 & 6 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, Biniam Girmay
Stage 6 Tour de Langkawi, Hideto Nakane
Stage 2 Tour of Rwanda, Mulu Hailemichael
Stage 8 Tour of Rwanda, José Manuel Díaz
Stage 3 Tour of Bulgaria, Pierre Barbier
National Time trial Championship, Evaldas Šiškevičius
Stage 4 Tour du Limousin, Alessandro Fedeli
Young rider classification Volta a Portugal, Simon Carr
Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia, Simon Carr
2021 – Delko
Overall Presidential Tour of Turkey, José Manuel Díaz
Stage 5, José Manuel Díaz
National Time trial Championship, Evaldas Šiškevičius
National Road Race Championships, Dušan Rajović
Stage 5 Tour Poitou-Charentes en Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Clément Carisey
Supplementary statistics
Sources
References
Cycling teams established in 1974
VCL |
Five Go Off In A Caravan is the fifth book in the Famous Five series by the British author, Enid Blyton and published by Hodder and Stoughton. The book includes a circus boy character named Nobby, whose name was changed to Ned when publisher Hodder Children's Books made extensive editorial revisions to the Famous Five series of books.
Plot
The Famous Five are holidaying at the family house of Julian, Dick and Anne. They befriend an orphaned circus boy, Ned, who has come into possession of a horse-drawn circus caravan. This inspires George to suggest a caravanning holiday. Julian's parents agree and hire two caravans for the children.
They travel to Merran Lake, where they are reacquainted with Ned and meet various animals. The Five camp on a hillside, much to the annoyance of Ned's guardian, Tiger Dan (called Uncle Dan by Ned), and an acrobat named Lou, who want them to leave. One of the children's caravans is directly above the entrance to a network of caves, where Tiger Dan and Lou have hidden stolen valuables. Assisted by Ned, Timmy, and a chimpanzee named Pongo, the four children manage to outwit the crooks. After the criminals are arrested, Ned leaves the circus to live with a local farming couple and look after their horses.
Characters
George (full name Georgina) - a tomboy
Julian - a boy, the eldest of the four
Dick - a boy
Anne - a girl, the youngest of the four
Timmy (full name Timothy) - a dog
Family Members:
Uncle Quentin - father of George, uncle of Julian, Dick and Anne
Aunt Fanny - mother of George, aunt of Julian, Dick and Anne
Circus Members:
Ned (originally Nobby) - a circus boy
Tiger Dan - the chief clown of the circus, Nobby's guardian
Lou - an acrobat, friend of Tiger Dan
Pongo - a chimpanzee
References
External links
1946 British novels
1946 children's books
Famous Five novels
Hodder & Stoughton books |
23 Walks is a 2020 British romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Paul Morrison. It stars Alison Steadman, Dave Johns and Graham Cole. It was released on 30 July 2020 in New Zealand and is scheduled to release on 25 September 2020 in the United Kingdom.
Cast
Alison Steadman as Fern
Dave Johns as Dave
Graham Cole as Jimmy
Bob Goody as George
Marsha Millar as Marcy
Oliver Powell as Saul
Natalie Simpson as Donna
Vivienne Soan as Chaplin
Rakhee Thakrar as Registrar
Release
The film was released to theatres on 30 July 2020 in Australia, and it was released on 25 September 2020 in the United Kingdom.
Reception
Critics generally praised the film, while others panned the script and dialogue. , of the reviews compiled on Rotten Tomatoes are positive, with an average rating of . The Sydney Morning Herald praised Steadman's acting, saying "Her performance is a masterclass in the art of elevating a mediocre script" and that "she is the factor that makes 23 Walks something other than a dead loss" Subculture Media called it a "brilliantly written film that packs quite a punch as it explores social topics that many other films would shy away from", labelling it "one of the best screenplays of 2020". Others named it an "incredibly sweet film".
References
External links
2020 films
2020 romantic comedy-drama films
2020s English-language films
British romantic comedy-drama films
Films directed by Paul Morrison (director)
2020s British films |
Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis is an subspecies of T. rutilus. It can be found in North America.
References
rutilus septentrionalis
Insects described in 1906
Subspecies |
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