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Stigmella gustafssoni is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Capuse in 1975. It is found in Zambia.
References
Nepticulidae
Moths of Africa
Moths described in 1975 |
Morgan Williams may refer to:
Morgan B. Williams (1831–1903), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Morgan Williams (ecologist) (born 1943), former Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment in New Zealand
Morgan Williams (politician) (1878–1970), New Zealand Member of Parliament
Morgan Williams (rugby union, born 1976), Canadian rugby union player
Morgan Williams (rugby union, born 1995), Welsh rugby union player
Morgan Williams (footballer, born 1999), English footballer
Morgan Williams (footballer, born 2004), Welsh footballer
See also
Morgan William (born 1996), American women's basketball player |
Gerhard Zwerenz (3 June 1925 in Gablenz, Saxony – 13 July 2015) was a German writer and politician. From 1994 until 1998 he was a member of the Bundestag for the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS).
Life
Gerhard Zwerenz was born in Gablenz, a district of Crimmitschau. After an apprenticeship to a coppersmith he enlisted in the Wehrmacht in 1942 and participated in World War II. In 1944 he deserted and became a prisoner of war.
In 1948 he came back to Germany, where he worked as a policeman until 1951. From 1949 until 1957 he was member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. After he became ill with tuberculosis he had to stay in a sanatorium. From 1953 until 1956 he studied philosophy under Ernst Bloch at Leipzig University. From 1956 up until his death in 2015 he worked as a writer. In 1957 Zwerenz was expelled from the SED and soon after fled to West-Berlin. Later he and his wife, writer Ingrid Zwerenz, lived in Munich, Cologne, Offenbach am Main and Oberreifenberg/Taunus.
From 1994 until 1998 Zwerenz was a member of the German Bundestag for the PDS.
Zwerenz died on 13 July 2015, aged 90.
Selected works
1956: Aristotelische und Brechtsche Dramatik. Versuch einer ästhetischen Wertung (Essays) (Greifen, Rudolstadt)
1956: Magie, Sternenglaube, Spiritismus, Streifzüge durch den Aberglauben (Urania, Leipzig)
1959: Die Liebe der toten Männer (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln)
1959: Aufs Rad geflochten. Roman vom Aufstieg der neuen Klasse (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln)
1961: Ärgernisse – Von der Maas bis an die Memel (Essays) (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln)
1962: Gesänge auf dem Markt. Satiren und phantastische Geschichten (Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln)
1962: Wider die deutschen Tabus (Polemik) (List, München)
1962: Nicht alles gefallen lassen. Schulbuchgeschichten (Fischer TB, Frankfurt)
1964: Heldengedenktag. Dreizehn Versuche in Prosa, eine ehrerbietige Haltung einzunehmen (Scherz, München)
1966: Casanova oder der Kleine Herr in Krieg und Frieden (Roman) Scherz, München (1975 als Taschenbuch bei dtv, München)
1968: Vom Nutzen des dicken Fells und andere Geschichten (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1968: Erbarmen mit den Männern. Roman vom Aschermittwochsfest und den sieben Sinnlichkeiten (Scherz, München)
1969: Die Lust am Sozialismus (Heinrich-Heine, Frankfurt)
1970: Leslie Markwart (d.i. G. Z.): Die Zukunft der Männer (Olympia Press, Frankfurt)
1970: Peer Tarrok (d.i. G. Z.): Rasputin (Joseph Melzer Zero Press, Darmstadt)
1971: Kopf und Bauch. Die Geschichte eines Arbeiters, der unter die Intellektuellen gefallen ist (Fischer, Frankfurt)
1972: Der plebejische Intellektuelle (Frankfurt)
1972: Bericht aus dem Landesinneren. City. Strecke. Siedlung (S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt)
1973: Die Erde ist unbewohnbar wie der Mond (S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt)
1974: Der Widerspruch. Autobiographischer Bericht (Frankfurt)
1975: Die Quadriga des Mischa Wolf (S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt)
1975: Vorbereitungen zur Hochzeit. Erzählungen (Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt)
1977: Die Westdeutschen. Erfahrungen, Beschreibungen, Analysen (C. Bertelsmann, München)
1977: Wozu das ganze Theater. Lustige Geschichten von Schauspielern, Verlegern, von Frankfurt, seiner Buchmesse und vom lieben schönen Tod (Verlag R.S. Schulz, Percha u. Kempfenhausen)
1978: Das Grosselternkind (Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim)
1978: Die schrecklichen Folgen der Legende, ein Liebhaber gewesen zu sein. Erotische Geschichten (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1979: Kurt Tucholsky. Biographie eines guten Deutschen (Bertelsmann, München)
1979: Die Ehe der Maria Braun (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1979: Ein fröhliches Leben in der Wüste. Roman einer Reise durch drei Tage und drei Nächte (R.S. Schulz, Percha u. Kempfenhausen)
1980: Die Geschäfte des Herrn Morgenstern (Universitas, München) (1984 edition at Moewig, Rastatt)
1980: Eine Liebe in Schweden. Roman vom seltsamen Spiel und Tod des Satirikers K. T. (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1980: Salut für einen alten Poeten (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1980: Der Mann und das Mädchen (Moewig, München)
1980: Rohes Muster. In: Kritik der Tierversuche. Kübler Verlag, Lambertheim 1980, , S. 37–40.
1981: Wir haben jetzt Ruhe in Deutschland (Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg)
1981: Il matrimonio di Maria Braun (Translation from German edition 1979) (Rizzoli Editore, Milano)
1981: Der chinesische Hund (Roman) (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1981: Die 25. Stunde der Liebe (Roman) (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1981: Das Konzept des plebejischen Intellektuellen
1981: Die lang verlorenen Gefühle (Moewig, München)
1981: Die Freiheit einer Frau (Moewig, München)
1981: Der Mann, der seinen Bruder rächte (Moewig, München)
1981: Schöne Geschichten. Erotische Streifzüge (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1981: Ungezogene Geschichten (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1981: Wüste Geschichten von Liebe und Tod. Erotische Erzählungen (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1982: Der langsame Tod des Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Ein Bericht (Schneekluth, Münchner Edition, München)
1982: Venus auf dem Vulkan (März Verlag, Berlin & Schlechterwegen)
1982: Abschied von den Mädchen (Arthur Moewig, Rastatt)
1982: Der Mann und die Wilde (Arthur Moewig, Rastatt)
1982: Antwort an einen Friedensfreund oder längere Epistel für Stephan Hermlin und meinen Hund (Bund, Köln)
1982: Auf den Tod ist kein Verlass. Erotischer Thriller (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1983: Der Bunker (Roman) (Schneekluth, München)
1983: Der Sex-Knigge. Erotische Spiele über und unter der Bettdecke (with Ingrid Zwerenz) (Delphin, München)
1983: Schöne Niederlagen. Wie Stories entstehen, und Weltuntergänge (Brennglas, Assenheim)
1983: Berührungen. Geschichten vom Eros des 20. Jahrhunderts (Knaur, München)
1983: Erotische Kalendergeschichten (12 Bände) (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1984: Reise unter die Haut (Knaur, München)
1984: Die Tierschutz-Lady (Moewig, Rastatt)
1984: Das Lachbuch (Gütersloh)
1984: Lachen, Liebe, Laster. Erotische Stories (Wilhelm Goldmann, München)
1985: Die Venusharfe. Liebeslieder, Zorngedichte, Knittelverse (Knaur, München)
1985: Die DDR wird Kaiserreich. Thriller (Bastei, Bergisch Gladbach)
1985: Langsamer deutscher Walzer. Thriller (Bastei, Bergisch Gladbach)
1986: Frisches Blut und alte Krieger. Thriller (Bastei, Bergisch Gladbach)
1986: Peepshow für den Kommissar. Thriller (Bastei, Bergisch Gladbach)
1986: Die Rückkehr des toten Juden nach Deutschland (Max Hueber, München)
1988: "Soldaten sind Mörder". Die Deutschen und der Krieg (Knesebeck & Schuler, München)
1989: Vergiß die Träume Deiner Jugend nicht (Rasch und Röhring, Hamburg)
1991: Der Alternative Büchnerpreis 1991 (H.L. Schlapp, Darmstadt)
1991: Der legitime Krieg? (Zimmermann, Berlin)
1993: Rechts und dumm (Carlsen, Hamburg)
1994: Links und lahm. Die Linke stirbt, doch sie ergibt sich nicht (Carlsen, Hamburg)
1994: Die neue Weltordnung (Zimmermann, Berlin)
1996: Das Großelternkind (edited as "Ausgabe letzter Hand"; 1978) (Dingsda, Querfurt)
1997: Die Antworten des Herrn Z. oder Vorsicht, nur für Intellektuelle Published by Ingrid Zwerenz and Joachim Jahns. Additional material: Freunde und Feinde über Zwerenz (Dingsda, Querfurt)
1998: Unendliche Wende. Ein Streitgespräch (mit Hermann Kant) Hg. Joachim Jahns (Dingsda, Querfurt)
1999: Die grundsätzliche Differenz. Ein Streitgespräch in Wort und Schrift (with Sahra Wagenknecht) [moderated by: Christa Gießler] (Dingsda, Querfurt)
2000: Gute Witwen weinen nicht. Exil. Lieben. Tod. Die letzten Jahre Kurt Tucholskys (Kranichsteiner Literaturverlag) (First edition 1980 as Eine Liebe in Schweden)
2000: Krieg im Glashaus oder Der Bundestag als Windmühle. Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen vom Abgang der Bonner Republik (Edition Ost, Berlin)
2004: "Rechts Raus," mein Ausstieg aus der Szene. Autobiography of Torsten Lemmer, former right-wing activist. Foreword by Zwerenz. Das Neue Berlin, Berlin, .
2004: Sklavensprache und Revolte, der Bloch-Kreis und seine Feinde in Ost und West. (mit Ingrid Zwerenz). Schwartzkopff Buchwerke, Hamburg, .
Awards
1974: Ernst-Reuter-Preis
1986: Carl-von-Ossietzky-Preis für Zeitgeschichte und Politik der Stadt Oldenburg
1991: Alternativer Georg-Büchner-Preis
Further reading
Siegmar Faust: Zwerenz, Gerhard. In: Wer war wer in der DDR? 5th edition. Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, .
References
External links
Gerhard Zwerenz at LeMO
Gerhard Zwerenz at Poetenladen
1925 births
2015 deaths
People from Crimmitschau
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany) politicians
The Left (Germany) politicians
Members of the Bundestag for Hesse
Members of the Bundestag 1994–1998
East German writers
German male writers
Writers from Saxony
21st-century German politicians
Leipzig University alumni
German military personnel of World War II
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
Members of the Bundestag for the Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)
Deserters |
Gowara is a village in Dera Baba Nanak in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located from sub district headquarter and from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.
Demography
, The village has a total number of 233 houses and the population of 1280 of which 661 are males while 619 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 108 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
See also
List of villages in India
References
External links
Tourism of Punjab
Census of Punjab
Villages in Gurdaspur district |
Jim Knoblach (born November 5, 1957) is an American politician and former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives. A member of the Republican Party of Minnesota, he represented District 14B in central Minnesota.
Early life and education
Knoblach was born and raised in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He attended local public schools and graduated from Apollo High School in 1976. He attended St. Cloud State University and Saint John's University, graduating in 1979 with a B.S. in economics and business administration. He also obtained a Certified Public Accountant license in 1979. He was then accepted at Harvard Business School, where he graduated with a M.B.A. in 1981. He later attended Georgetown University, graduating with a M.A. in American government in 1987, and also interned with U.S. Senator Dave Durenberger.
Minnesota House of Representatives
Knoblach was first elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1994 and served until early 2007 after declining to run in the 2006 election. During his years in office Knoblach chaired the House Capital Investment Committee for two terms (1999-2002) and the House Ways and Means Committee for two terms (2003–06). Knoblach also chaired the House Republican Election Committee from 1997 to 2001. Knoblach was also an Assistant Majority Leader from 1998-2002.
In 2006, Knoblach ran for the Republican nomination for Minnesota's 6th congressional district and sought the party endorsement, but came in second of four to Michele Bachmann, who was then elected to Congress later that year. In 2014, Knoblach ran for State Representative in a different, more Democratic-leaning district, and narrowly defeated incumbent Zach Dorholt of District 14B, in what was then the most expensive State Representative race in Minnesota history. Knoblach was then named to again chair the House Ways and Means Committee.
Allegations
In September 2018, Knoblach dropped his reelection bid after MPR News reported that his daughter Laura alleged he had touched her inappropriately between the ages of 9 and 21. In an interview, Knoblach's attorney denied the allegations. A 2017 investigation of the allegations by local law enforcement resulted in no charges. St. Cloud police officer Trent Fischer stated that Knoblach's actions were "really inappropriate but not criminal" as Knoblach did not expose himself or touch his daughter under her clothes.
Personal life
Knoblach and his wife, Janet, married in 1988. They have two children and reside in St. Cloud. He serves on the St. Cloud Salvation Army Advisory Board, the Big Brothers Big Sisters Advisory Board, and is a member of the St. Cloud Rotary. He was previously a member of the St. John's University Board of Regents, the Board of the Saint Cloud Christian School, the Board of the Central Minnesota Council Boy Scouts of America, and several other boards.
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Harvard Business School alumni
21st-century American politicians
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University alumni
Georgetown University alumni
20th-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections |
Piparpati Jabdi is a Rural Municipality in Bara District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,617.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Bara District
Populated places in Bara District |
George Churchill Kenney (August 6, 1889 – August 9, 1977) was a United States Army general during World War II. He is best known as the commander of the Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), a position he held between August 1942 and 1945.
Kenney enlisted as a flying cadet in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps in 1917, and served on the Western Front with the 91st Aero Squadron. He was awarded a Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Cross for actions in which he fought off German fighters and shot two down. After hostilities ended he participated in the Occupation of the Rhineland. Returning to the United States, he flew reconnaissance missions along the border between the US and Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. Commissioned into the Regular Army in 1920, he attended the Air Corps Tactical School, and later became an instructor there. He was responsible for the acceptance of Martin NBS-1 bombers built by Curtis, and test flew them. He also developed techniques for mounting .30 caliber machine guns on the wings of an Airco DH.4 aircraft.
In early 1940, Kenney became Assistant Military Attaché for Air in France. As a result of his observations of German and Allied air operations during the early stages of World War II, he recommended significant changes to Air Corps equipment and tactics. In July 1942, he assumed command of the Allied Air Forces and Fifth Air Force in General Douglas MacArthur's Southwest Pacific Area. Under Kenney's command, the Allied Air Forces developed innovative command structures, weapons, and tactics that reflected Kenney's orientation towards attack aviation. The new weapons and tactics won perhaps his greatest victory, the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in March 1943. Two other significant bombing raids that ultimately led to complete air supremacy in the New Guinea campaign, at Wewak (174 planes destroyed) in August 1943 and at Hollandia (400 planes destroyed) in March to April 1944, also were due to Kenney and his command. In June 1944 he was appointed commander of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF), which came to include the Fifth, Thirteenth, and Seventh Air Forces.
In April 1946, Kenney became the first commander of the newly formed Strategic Air Command (SAC), but his performance in the role was criticized, and he was shifted to become commander of the Air University, a position he held from October 1948 until his retirement from the Air Force in September 1951.
Early life
George Churchill Kenney was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, on August 6, 1889, during a summer vacation taken by his parents to avoid the humidity of the Boston area. The oldest of four children of carpenter Joseph Atwood Kenney and his wife Anne Louise Kenney, née Churchill, Kenney grew up in Brookline, Massachusetts. He graduated from Brookline High School in 1907 and later that year he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he pursued a course in civil engineering. After his father left his family, Kenney quit MIT and took various jobs before becoming a surveyor for the Quebec Saguenay Railroad.
His mother died in 1913 and Kenney returned to Boston, where he took a job with Stone & Webster. In 1914 he joined the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad as a civil engineer, building a bridge in New London, Connecticut. After this was completed, he formed a partnership, the Beaver Contracting and Engineering Corporation, with a high school classmate, Gordon Glazier. The firm became involved in a number of projects, including the construction of a seawall at Winthrop, Massachusetts, and a bridge over the Squannacook River.
World War I
The United States entered World War I in April 1917, and Kenney enlisted as a flying cadet in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps on June 2, 1917. He attended ground school at MIT in June and July, and received primary flight training at Hazelhurst Field in Mineola, New York, from Bert Acosta. He was commissioned as a first lieutenant on November 5, 1917, and departed for France soon after. There, he received further flight training at Issoudun. This ended in February 1918, when he was assigned to the 91st Aero Squadron.
The 91st Aero Squadron flew the Salmson 2A2, a reconnaissance biplane. Kenney crashed one on takeoff on March 22, 1918. He broke an ankle and a hand, and earned himself the nickname "Bust 'em up George". His injuries soon healed, and he recorded his first mission on June 3. Kenney flew one of four aircraft on a mission near Gorze on September 15, 1918, that was attacked by six German Pfalz D.III scouts. His observer William T. Badham shot one of them down, and Kenney was credited with his first aerial victory. For this he was awarded a Silver Star. A second victory followed in similar circumstances on October 9 while he was flying near Jametz in support of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Once again, the formation he was flying with was attacked by German fighters. This time he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, which was presented by Brigadier General Billy Mitchell on January 10, 1919.
Kenney's citation read:
Kenney remained for a time with the Allied occupation forces in Germany, and was promoted to captain on March 18, 1919. He returned to the United States in June 1919. He was the co-author in 1919 of "History of the 91st Aero Squadron" He was sent to Kelly Field, near San Antonio, Texas, and then to McAllen, Texas. As commander of the 8th Aero Squadron, he flew reconnaissance missions along the border with Mexico during the Mexican Revolution. Poor aircraft maintenance, rough landing strips and bad weather led to the squadron losing 22 of its 24 Airco DH.4 aircraft in just one year.
Between the wars
Kenney applied for one of a number of Regular Army commissions offered to reservists after the war, and was commissioned as a captain in the Air Service on July 1, 1920. While he was in hospital in Texas recovering from an aviation accident, he met a nurse, Helen "Hazel" Dell Richardson, the daughter of a Mobile, Alabama, contractor, George W. Richardson. They were married in Mobile on October 6, 1920. Hazel miscarried twins, and was warned by her doctor of the danger of another pregnancy, but she strongly wished to have a child. In 1922, while the couple was living on Long Island, New York, a son, William Richardson Kenney, was born to them, but Hazel died soon afterward from complications. Kenney arranged to have the infant cared for by his neighbor, Alice Steward Maxey, another nurse. On June 5, 1923, Kenney married Maxey in her home town of Gardiner, Maine.
From July to November 1920, Kenney was air detachment commander at Camp Knox, Kentucky. He then became a student at the Air Service Engineering School at McCook Field, near Dayton Ohio. He was the Air Service Inspector at the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in Garden City, New York, where he was responsible for the acceptance of the fifty Martin NBS-1 bombers that the Air Service had ordered from Curtis between 1921 and 1923. Kenney inspected the aircraft, and test flew them. While there, he was reduced in rank from captain to first lieutenant on November 18, 1922, a common occurrence in the aftermath of World War I when the wartime army was demobilized. He returned to McCook in 1923, and developed techniques for mounting .30 caliber machine guns on the wings of a DH.4. He was promoted to captain again on November 3, 1923. His daughter, Julia Churchill Kenney, was born in Dayton in June 1926.
In 1926, Kenney became a student at the Air Corps Tactical School, at Langley Field, Virginia, the Air Corps' advanced training school. He then attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, the Army's advanced school where officers were taught how to handle large formations as commanders or staff officers. Most Air Corps officers, including Kenney, considered the course largely irrelevant to them, and therefore a waste of time, but nonetheless a prerequisite for promotion in a ground-oriented Army. Afterwards, he returned to the Air Corps Tactical School as an instructor. He taught classes of attack aviation. He was particularly interested in low-level attacks, as a means of improving accuracy. There were tactical problems with this, as low-flying aircraft were vulnerable to ground fire. There were also technical problems to be solved, as an aircraft could be struck by its own bomb fragments. His interest in attack aviation would ultimately set him apart in an Air Corps where strategic bombardment came to dominate thinking.
Kenney reached the pinnacle of his professional education in September 1932, when he entered the Army War College in Washington, D.C. At the war college, committees of students studied a number of World War I battles; Kenney's committee examined the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. They updated actual war plans, Kenney's study group working on War Plan Orange. They also had to write an individual paper; Kenney wrote his on "The Proper Composition of the Air Force". One benefit of the Army War College was that it brought Air Corps officers into contact with ground officers that they would later have to work closely with. Members of Kenney's class included Richard Sutherland and Stephen Chamberlain, both of whom worked with him on committees.
Graduation from the Army War College was normally followed by a staff posting, and on graduation in June 1933 Kenney became an assistant to Major James E. Chaney in the Plans Division of the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps, Major General Benjamin Foulois. He performed various duties, including translating an article by the Italian air power theorist Giulio Douhet into English. In 1934, he was involved with drafting legislation that granted the Air Corps a greater degree of independence. This legislation prompted the Army to create GHQ Air Force, a centralized, air force-level command headed by an aviator answering directly to the Army Chief of Staff. Lieutenant Colonel Frank M. Andrews was chosen to command it, and selected Kenney as his Assistant Chief of Staff for Plans and Training.
In this role, Kenney was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel on March 2, 1935, skipping that of major. He became involved in an acrimonious debate with the Army General Staff over the Air Corps' desire to purchase more Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. He also became caught up in a bureaucratic battle between Andrews and Major General Oscar Westover over whether the Chief of the Air Corps should control GHQ Air Force. As a result, Kenney was transferred to the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, on June 16, 1936, with the temporary rank of major, to teach tactics to young infantry officers. He was promoted to the substantive rank of major on October 1, 1937, but the assignment was hardly a choice one for an Air Corps officer. In September 1938 he accepted an offer to command the 97th Observation Squadron at Mitchell Field, New York.
World War II
In 1939, Kenney was made Chief of the Production Engineering Section at Wright Field, Ohio. He was sent to France in early 1940, once again with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel, as Assistant Military Attaché for Air. His mission was to observe Allied air operations during the early stages of World War II. As a result of his observations, he recommended many important changes to Air Corps equipment and tactics, including upgrading armament from .30 caliber to .50 caliber machine guns, and installing leak-proof fuel tanks, but his scathing comparisons of the German Luftwaffe with the Air Corps upset many officers. This resulted in his being sent back to Wright Field. In January 1941, he became commander of the Air Corps Experimental Depot and Engineering School there, with the rank of brigadier general. He was promoted to major general on March 26, 1942, when he became commander of the Fourth Air Force, an air defense and training organization based in San Francisco. Kenney personally instructed pilots on how to handle the Lockheed P-38 Lightning and A-29 Hudson.
Southwest Pacific Area
In July 1942, Kenney received orders to take over the Allied Air Forces and Fifth Air Force in General Douglas MacArthur's Southwest Pacific Area. MacArthur had been dissatisfied with the performance of his air commander, Lieutenant General George Brett.
Frank M. Andrews, by then a major general, turned down the job, and MacArthur, offered a choice between Kenney and Major General James Doolittle, chose Kenney. Kenney reported to MacArthur in Brisbane on July 28, 1942, and was treated to "a lecture for approximately an hour on the shortcomings of the Air Force in general, and the Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific in particular." Kenney felt that MacArthur did not understand air operations, but recognized that he somehow needed to establish a good working relationship with him. When he asked MacArthur for authority to send people he considered "deadwood" home, something that his superiors in Washington, D.C. had refused to give, MacArthur enthusiastically approved.
Building a good relationship with MacArthur meant getting past MacArthur's chief of staff, Lieutenant General Richard Kerens Sutherland. Brett advised Kenney that "a showdown early in the game with Sutherland might clarify the entire atmosphere." Sutherland, who had a civil pilot's license, had taken to issuing detailed instructions to the Allied Air Forces. This was more than simply a turf battle; to many airmen, it was a part of the ongoing battle for an independent air force that they had long been advocating. At one point, Kenney drew a dot on a plain page of paper and told Sutherland, "the dot represents what you know about air operations, the entire rest of the paper what I know." Sutherland backed down, and would henceforth let Kenney run the Allied Air Forces without interference. It did not follow, however, that MacArthur would invariably accept Kenney's advice.
Kenney sent home Major General Ralph Royce, Brigadier Generals Edwin S. Perrin, Albert Sneed and Martin Scanlon, and about forty colonels. In Australia, he found two talented, recently arrived brigadier generals, Ennis Whitehead and Kenneth Walker. Kenney reorganized his command in August, appointed Whitehead as commander of the V Fighter Command and Walker as commander of the V Bomber Command. The Allied Air Forces was composed of both United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) personnel. Kenney moved to separate them. Brigadier General Donald Wilson arrived in September and replaced Air Vice Marshal William Bostock as Kenney's chief of staff. Bostock took over the newly created RAAF Command.
This brought Kenney into conflict with the Chief of the Air Staff of the RAAF, Air Vice Marshal George Jones, who felt that an opportunity had been lost to simplify the administration of the RAAF. Kenney preferred to have Bostock in command, and while he regarded the antipathy between Jones and Bostock as a nuisance, was happy to leave arrangements the way they were. However, Kenney deviated from the normal structure of an air force by creating the Advanced Echelon (ADVON) under Whitehead. The new headquarters had the authority to change the assignments of aircraft in the forward area, where fast-changing weather and enemy action could overtake orders drawn up in Australia. Kenney was promoted to lieutenant general on October 21, 1942.
Perhaps because of his experience in World War I, Kenney had a great deal of respect for Japanese fighters. He decided to conserve his bombers, and concentrate on attaining air superiority over New Guinea. Kenney switched the bombers to attacking by night unless fighter escorts could be provided. SWPA had a low priority, and simply could not afford to replace losses from costly daylight missions. What he needed was an effective long-range fighter, and Kenney hoped that the Lockheed P-38 Lightning would fit the bill, but the first ones delivered to SWPA were plagued with technical problems. Kenney had Charles Lindbergh teach his P-38 pilots how to extend the range of their aircraft.
The Southwest Pacific was not a promising theater of war for the strategic bomber. The bombers of the day did not have the range to reach Japan from Australia, and there were no typical strategic targets in the theater other than a few oil refineries. This set up a doctrinal clash between Kenney, an attack aviator, and Walker, the bomber advocate. The long-standing Air Corps tactic for attacking shipping called for large formations of high-altitude bombers. With sufficient mass, so the theory went, bombers could bracket any ship with walls of bombs, and do so from above the effective range of the ship's anti-aircraft fire. However the theoretical mass required was two orders of magnitude greater than what was available in the Southwest Pacific. A dozen or so bombers was the most that could be put together, owing to the small number of aircraft in the theater and the difficulties of keeping them serviceable. The results were therefore generally ineffective, and operations incurred heavy casualties.
Walker resisted Kenney's proposals that the bombers conduct attacks from low level using bombs armed with instantaneous fuses. Kenney ordered Walker to try the fuses for a couple of months, so that data could be gained about their effectiveness; a few weeks later Kenney discovered that Walker had discontinued their use. In November, Kenney arranged for a demonstration attack on the SS Pruth, a ship that had sunk off Port Moresby in 1924 and was often used for target practice. After the attack Walker and Kenney took a boat out to the wreck to inspect the damage. As expected, none of the four bombs dropped had hit the stationary wreck, but the instantaneous fuses had detonated the bombs when they struck the water, so bomb fragments had torn holes in the sides of the ship. Walker reluctantly conceded the point. A few weeks later, Walker was shot down leading a daylight raid over Rabaul, an attack that Kenney had ordered to be conducted at night.
In addition to trying different types of ordnance, the Allied Air Forces experimented with modifications to the aircraft themselves. Major Paul I. "Pappy" Gunn modified some USAAF Douglas A-20 Havoc light bombers by installing four machine guns in their noses, and two fuel tanks were added to give the aircraft more range. This was successful, and an attempt was then made to create a longer range attack aircraft by doing the same thing to a B-25 Mitchell medium bomber, to operate as a "commerce destroyer". This proved to be somewhat more difficult. The resulting aircraft was obviously nose heavy despite adding lead ballast to the tail, and the vibrations caused by firing the machine guns were enough to make rivets pop out of the skin of the aircraft. The tail guns and belly turrets were removed, the latter being of little use if the aircraft was flying low.
The Allied Air Forces also adopted innovative tactics. In February 1942, the RAAF began experimenting with skip bombing, an anti-shipping technique used by the British and Germans. Flying only a few dozen feet above the sea toward their targets, aircraft would release their bombs, which would then, ideally, ricochet across the surface of the water and explode at the side of the target ship, under it, or just over it. A similar technique was mast-height bombing, in which bombers would approach the target at low altitude, , at about , and then drop down to mast height, about from the target. They would release their bombs at around , aiming directly at the side of the ship. The two techniques were not mutually exclusive. A bomber could drop two bombs, skipping the first and launching the second at mast height. The Battle of the Bismarck Sea demonstrated the effectiveness of low-level attacks on shipping.
Another form of airpower employed by Kenney was air transport. This started in September 1942 when troops of the 32nd Infantry Division were airlifted from Australia to Port Moresby. Later in the campaign, C-47 Dakotas landed Australian troops at Wanigela. A year later, American paratroops landed at Nadzab, enabling the Australian 7th Division to be flown in.
The ultimate challenge was to integrate air power with MacArthur's strategy. Kenney described the process this way in 1944:
Far East Air Forces
In June 1944, Kenney was appointed commander of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF), which came to include the Fifth, Thirteenth, and Seventh Air Forces. He created the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Task Forces to control air operations in forward areas, each for a specific mission, another departure from doctrine. While Kenney was enthusiastic about this innovation, Washington did not like it and, over Kenney's objections, converted the three air task forces into the 308th, 309th and 310th Bombardment Wings. He was promoted to general on March 9, 1945.
Kenney hoped to get Boeing B-29 Superfortresses assigned to the Far East Air Forces so that, based from airfields near Darwin, they could destroy the Japanese oilfields at Balikpapan. His agitation for the B-29s did not endear him to the USAAF staff in Washington, D.C. Instead, B-24 Liberators were used in a strike from Darwin in August 1943 by the American 380th Bombardment Group assigned to the Royal Australian Air Force. Another series of five air raids were launched by B-24s of the 5th and Thirteenth Air Forces from Noemfoor Island. The Japanese had been conserving their fighter forces to protect the oil fields and the first two raids, which did not have fighter cover, suffered severe losses. After the war, the Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that this would have been far more productive than Operation Matterhorn, which saw B-29s based in China to bomb steel plants in Japan, as oil was more critical to the Japanese war effort than steel.
Post-war career
In April 1946, Kenney became the first commander of the newly formed Strategic Air Command (SAC). He was encouraged by Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington to join him in the political battle surrounding the establishment of an independent United States Air Force. Separately, the two men gave promotional speeches around the country. As a result, SAC's efficiency suffered. On May 8, 1946, Kenney publicly presented the Medal of Honor to the family of Thomas B. McGuire Jr., the second-highest scoring US fighter pilot, who had been killed in action.
Kenney left day-to-day operations at SAC in the hands of his deputy commander, Major General St. Clair Streett. Part of the reason for Kenney's lack of focus on SAC was also his assignment as U.S. representative to the United Nations Military Staff Committee, which appeared at that time to be potentially an important assignment. In January 1947, Streett was replaced by Major General Clements McMullen. With McMullen serving officially as Kenney's deputy but actually in command, a cross-training program was implemented in early 1948 to teach bomber crew members each other's tasks, the goal being to reduce each bomber's contingent of officers from five to three. Morale suffered as a result. Major General Lauris Norstad, responsible for reporting the readiness of American airpower to the U.S. Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, heard from unhappy airmen that the SAC was in a poor state of readiness, and he initiated an investigation. He selected Charles Lindbergh and Paul Tibbets to perform the inquiry. Tibbets told Norstad that he found nobody at SAC knew their job. Lindbergh said that McMullen's cross-training program "seriously interfered with training the primary mission."
On May 6, 1948, Kenney spoke to a crowd in Bangor, Maine, telling them that the US was likely to be attacked by the Soviet Union as soon as the latter had enough atomic bombs. In Washington, D.C., a group of senators including Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. complained of Kenney's "belligerent" speech, and previous ones in the same vein by Symington, saying that matters of foreign policy should be left to the president and the secretary of state, not to leaders of the United States Air Force (USAF) Another controversy that Kenney became embroiled in concerned the Convair B-36 Peacemaker. He was less than impressed with this expensive and under-performing aircraft, preferring the Boeing B-50 Superfortress, an upgraded version of the B-29 instead. The USAF, however, had staked much of its credibility on the B-36, something that Kenney did not seem to appreciate.
In the context of the Berlin Blockade in June 1948, the Air Force Chief of Staff, General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, met with Forrestal to report the poor state of SAC. Following this meeting, Norstad recommended that Vandenberg replace Kenney, and Vandenberg quickly agreed, choosing Lieutenant General Curtis LeMay as the man he would prefer to lead the strategic bombing arm in case of war with the USSR. LeMay was made leader of SAC, and Kenney became commanding officer of the Air University, a position he held from October 1948 until his retirement from the Air Force in September 1951.
In April 1949, Kenney became the sixth person to receive the General William E. Mitchell Memorial Award. He was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio, in 1971.
Retirement
After his retirement, he lived in Bay Harbor Islands, Florida. In 1958 he appeared as the host of the TV anthology series Flight. He died on August 9, 1977.
Books
Kenney wrote three books about the SWPA air campaigns he led during World War II. His major work was General Kenney Reports (1949), a personal history of the air war he led from 1942 to 1945. He also wrote The Saga of Pappy Gunn (1959) and Dick Bong: Ace of Aces (1960), which described the careers of Paul Gunn and Richard Bong, two of the most prominent airmen under his command. In addition, he wrote a book about military leader General Douglas MacArthur titled The MacArthur I Know (1951).
Family
He was survived by his two children, five grandsons and one granddaughter. His son, William "Bill" R. Kenney, rose to the rank of colonel in the USAF. His daughter, Julia, married Edward C. Hoagland Jr., a fighter pilot in World War II and later in Korea, who eventually retired from the USAF at the rank of lieutenant colonel.
Dates of rank
Effective dates of rank, which count towards time in service, are when the officer formally accepted the appointment or promotion.
Source:
Awards and decorations
Nine Overseas Service Bars, three for World War I and six for World War II
Bibliography
Notes
References
See also
List of commanders-in-chief of the Strategic Air Command
External links
1889 births
1977 deaths
United States Air Force generals
Personnel of Strategic Air Command
United States Army Air Service pilots of World War I
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Military personnel from Brookline, Massachusetts
People from Miami-Dade County, Florida
People from Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Air Corps Tactical School alumni
United States Army Air Forces generals
Brookline High School alumni
American military writers
20th-century American biographers
20th-century American memoirists
United States Army Air Forces generals of World War II |
Hangman is a 2015 British thriller film, directed by Adam Mason, and co-written by Mason and Simon Boyes. The film stars Jeremy Sisto, Kate Ashfield, Ryan Simpkins, Ty Simpkins, Eric Michael Cole, and Amy Smart. The film had its world premiere at SXSW on 14 March 2015. The film was released on video on demand and home media formats on 9 February 2016 by Alchemy.
Plot
A woman calls 911 to report an intruder in her home. Having already hanged the man of the house with a noose, serial killer Hangman instructs the woman to say she loves him before violently stabbing her.
Hangman secretly records Aaron Miller, his wife Beth, their daughter Marley, and young son Max as they embark on vacation at the Burbank airport. Once they leave, Hangman breaks into the Miller family’s minivan and uses the vehicle’s GPS to drive back to their house. There, Hangman watches their home movies, installs hidden cameras, establishes a surveillance suite in the attic, and begins secretly living inside the Miller home.
The Millers return home to find their house ransacked. Aaron also discovers a hangman drawn in ketchup on the shower tiles as well as a mannequin torso hanging from a rope in the attic.
As the Millers put the house back together and resume their regular lives, Hangman continues living there in secret while regularly stalking the family members as they sleep. Hangman also secretly follows Beth and Marley when they go out in public. Beth starts hearing noises and seeing clues around the house suggesting that someone might still be there as Hangman deliberately moves and manipulates items to keep the family suspicious and unsettled.
While alone in the house to fix the toilet, handyman Miguel finds one of Hangman’s cameras embedded in the bathroom wall. Hangman surprises Miguel from behind and suffocates him with a plastic bag.
Hangman scares Beth with a popped light bulb to stop her from investigating the attic after she hears another strange sound. Beth suggests purchasing a gun to feel safe and Aaron agrees.
Marley notices Hangman recording her while she makes out with her boyfriend Miles at a Lovers’ Lane. Miles confronts Hangman, but the teenage couple drives away when they become creeped out by his unresponsiveness.
Aaron and Beth host dinner for Beth’s friend Melissa and Melissa’s husband. While the quartet dines, Hangman goes through Melissa’s purse. Max is woken by banging on the roof. Beth notices that someone urinated on the floor in the upstairs hallway and assumes it was Max.
Hangman steals the report card Marley was hiding from her parents and puts it on Aaron and Beth’s bed. Marley blames Max for giving the report card to their parents.
While cleaning Max’s bedroom, Beth finds a drawing of a faceless man dressed in black. Max explains that the figure is Jimmy, a man who sometimes visits him in his dreams. Max also claims that Jimmy told him Melissa is not the good person that she seems to be.
Hangman masturbates and cries to himself while watching Aaron and Beth have sex. Hangman drugs a bottle of wine and does something unseen to Beth while she is unconscious.
Hangman has an emotional breakdown while perusing a Miller family photo album. He later puts lipstick on one of Aaron’s shirts and also places a condom in the pocket to present an appearance of infidelity.
Hangman follows Marley and Miles to the carousel at Griffith Park and murders Miles in the bathroom. He then sends Marley a text from Miles’ phone to make it look like the boy stormed off in anger.
Beth discovers that she is pregnant. After Beth finds the shirt Hangman tampered with, Max tells his mother that Jimmy saw Aaron kissing Melissa.
Beth confronts Aaron over his presumed affair when Aaron comes home. Their argument is interrupted by noises upstairs. Aaron grabs the gun when he realizes that there is an intruder in their home. He investigates the attic, but Hangman kills Aaron and drops his body from a noose. Holding Beth at gunpoint, Hangman assumes Aaron’s identity and instructs Beth to say she loves him. After Beth says, “I love you,” Hangman shoots her in the head.
Hangman returns to the airport with his video camera and begins stalking another family as they leave for vacation.
Cast
Jeremy Sisto as Aaron Miller
Kate Ashfield as Beth Miller
Ryan Simpkins as Marley Miller
Ty Simpkins as Max Miller
Eric Michael Cole as Hangman
Amy Smart as Melissa
Ross Partridge
Production
Sisto and Mason had worked together previously on music videos. Sisto was excited when Mason contacted him to see if he was interested in collaborating on a feature film, as it was the first time Sisto had produced a film.
Release
Hangman was selected for the 2015 South by Southwest Film Festival. It premiered there on 14 March 2015. In September 2015, it was announced Alchemy had acquired distribution rights to the film. The film was released on 9 February 2016 through video on demand and home media formats.
Soundtrack
Antoni Maiovvi's soundtrack was released digitally and on vinyl via Giallo Disco Records in 2016.
Real Life Similarities
Theodore Edward Conyes, called the Denver Spiderman, was a man who was having a hard time during the early 1940's. He thought to ask his friend, Philip Peters, for help but when he arrived at Peters's home no one was there; so Conyes let himself in. As he went through the home he found a small room above a closet and he took up residence within it. For the next 5 weeks Conyes occupied the tiny space and would only come out when he heard Peters leave. But, there came a day when Conyes thought Peters had left the home however it turned out that he hadn't and was only napping. As Conyes came down to find some food he made enough noise to wake Peters up. Upon being discovered Conyes beat Peters to death and instead of running away he just went back up into the small space he'd been occupying. The police couldn't figure out how someone had killed Peters since the house was locked up at the time of the murder; with even the windows being closed. The house was thoroughly searched and the small space was even discovered, but it was never investigated as it was believed the cubby hole that led to the small room itself was too small for someone to fit. After some time however Conyes was discovered and sentenced to life in prison.
Back in 2008 a gentleman in Japan, who lived alone, started noticing food missing from his home, he thought he was sleepwalking, or maybe he was absent minded, but when it kept happening over and over again over a one year time span he grew suspicious. He finally had enough and set up hidden cameras all over his apartment thinking that there may be someone breaking in. Shortly after installing the cameras they picked up a woman emerging from a small upper storage space the gentleman never used. She would eat his food, watch his tv, she even used his shower while he was gone. He called the police who discovered the 58 year old woman who actually had a small mattress in the tiny space. She admitted to using the gentleman's shower and eating his food but never stole anything else.
Reception
The film received mixed reviews from film critics. Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Unfortunately, despite its provocative premise, the film, which recently received its world premiere at SXSW, offers only sporadic moments of creepiness." Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote: "An effectively creepy spin on found-footage horror, Hangman finds a family unwittingly playing host to a malevolent intruder who's broken into their home – and stayed there, unseen, while watching their every move on surveillance cameras he's installed." Patrick Cooper of Bloody Disgusting rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, "Hangman looks better than most found footage films. But the lack of characters to attach ourselves to, the drab killer, and the predictability really hamper what could've been an interesting little film." Dominick Suzanne-Mayer of Consequence of Sound rated it C and wrote that "you’ve seen this movie before, and you’ve absolutely seen better iterations".
See also
List of films featuring home invasions
References
External links
British slasher films
2010s slasher films
2015 films
2015 horror films
2015 horror thriller films
British horror thriller films
Found footage films
Home invasions in film
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Adam Mason
2010s British films |
Euphorbia bosseri is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. The species epithet commemorates Jean Marie Bosser, a Mauritian botanist who contributed largely to the flora of Madagascar.
References
Endemic flora of Madagascar
bosseri
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
Efficiency Medal may refer to:
Efficiency Medal, awarded within the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth.
Army Emergency Reserve Efficiency Medal.
Efficiency Medal (New Zealand).
Efficiency Medal (South Africa).
Territorial Force Efficiency Medal.
Territorial Efficiency Medal. |
A revival is a restaging of a stage production after its original run has closed. New material may be added. A filmed version is said to be an adaptation and requires writing of a screenplay. Revivals are common in Broadway theatre.
References
Stage terminology |
Lithuania competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's seventh consecutive appearance at the Games in the post-Soviet era and ninth overall in Summer Olympic history.
The National Olympic Committee of Lithuania () fielded a team of 67 athletes, 48 men and 19 women, across 15 sports at the Games. It was the nation's second-largest delegation sent to the Olympics, just four athletes short of the record achieved in Beijing 2008 (71). As usual, the men's basketball was the only team-based sport in which Lithuania qualified for the Games. Lithuania marked its Olympic debut in tennis and women's judo, as well as its return to weightlifting after missing out of the previous Games.
The Lithuanian squad featured three Olympic medalists from London 2012, namely light welterweight boxer Evaldas Petrauskas, breaststroke swimmer and world record holder Rūta Meilutytė, and defending champion Laura Asadauskaitė in the women's modern pentathlon. Track cyclist Simona Krupeckaitė topped the list of experienced Lithuanian athletes to make her fourth Olympic appearance, while Laser Radial sailor and Beijing 2008 silver medalist Gintarė Scheidt was selected to lead the Lithuanian delegation as the flag bearer in the opening ceremony at her third Games, a historic first by a female in the nation's Olympic history. Other notable Lithuanian athletes included NBA players Jonas Valančiūnas and Domantas Sabonis (son of basketball legend and three-time Olympian Arvydas Sabonis), multiple-time European rowing medalist Mindaugas Griškonis, and swimming stalwarts Simonas Bilis and Giedrius Titenis.
Lithuania left Rio de Janeiro with four medals (one silver and three bronze), failing to collect a gold for the third time in its Olympic history. Three of these medals were awarded to the Lithuanian team in weightlifting and rowing for the first time in 16 years, including a silver-medal feat from Griskonis and his new partner Saulius Ritter in the men's double sculls. Meanwhile, Aurimas Lankas and Edvinas Ramanauskas continued to add canoeing medals for Lithuania with a bronze in the men's K-2 200 m, following Jevgenijus Šuklinas' runner-up finish at London 2012. Once again, the men's basketball squad failed to reach the medal rounds for the second straight time, losing to Australia in the quarterfinals.
Medalists
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Competitors
Athletics
Lithuanian athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):
Track & road events
Men
Women
Field events
Basketball
Men's tournament
The Lithuanian men's basketball team qualified for the Olympics by attaining a top two finish after the final match of the EuroBasket 2015 in France.
Team roster
Group play
Quarterfinal
Boxing
Lithuania has entered two boxers to compete in each of the following weight classes into the Olympic boxing tournament. London 2012 bronze medalist Evaldas Petrauskas and European champion Eimantas Stanionis had claimed their Olympic spots at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament in Samsun, Turkey.
Canoeing
Sprint
Lithuanian canoeists have qualified a total of four boats in each of the following distances for the Games through the 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships. The sprint canoeing roster was named to the Olympic squad at the conclusion of the 2016 European Sprint Qualifier in Duisburg, Germany.
Qualification Legend: FA = Qualify to final (medal); FB = Qualify to final B (non-medal)
Cycling
Road
Lithuanian riders qualified for a maximum of two quota places in the men's Olympic road race by virtue of their top 15 final national ranking in the 2015 UCI Europe Tour. One additional spot was awarded to the Lithuanian cyclist in the women's road race by virtue of her top 100 individual placement in the 2016 UCI World Rankings.
Track
Following the completion of the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, Lithuania has entered one rider to compete only in both women's sprint and keirin at the Olympics, by virtue of her final individual UCI Olympic rankings in those events.
Sprint
Keirin
Gymnastics
Artistic
Lithuania has entered one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition. Robert Tvorogal had claimed his Olympic spot in the men's apparatus and all-around events at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro.
Men
Judo
Lithuania has qualified one judoka for the women's heavyweight category (+78 kg) at the Games. Santa Pakenytė earned a continental quota spot from the European region as the highest-ranked Lithuanian judoka in the IJF World Ranking List of 30 May 2016.
Modern pentathlon
Lithuania has qualified three modern pentathletes for the following events at the Games. Reigning London 2012 champion Laura Asadauskaitė sought an opportunity to defend her Olympic title in the women's event, after being crowned the 2015 UIPM World Cup champion in Minsk, Belarus. Meanwhile, Justinas Kinderis and Ieva Serapinaitė were ranked among the top 10 modern pentathletes, not yet qualified, in their respective events based on the UIPM World Rankings as of 1 June 2016.
Rowing
Lithuania has qualified a total of five boats for each of the following classes into the Olympic regatta. Rowers competing in the single and double sculls (both men and women), as well as the men's quadruple sculls, had confirmed Olympic places for their boats at the 2015 FISA World Championships in Lac d'Aiguebelette, France.
Men
Women
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
Sailing
Lithuanian sailors have qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships, the individual fleet Worlds, and European qualifying regattas.
M = Medal race; DNF = Did not finish; UFD = "U" flag disqualification; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race;
Shooting
Lithuania has received an invitation from ISSF to send Ronaldas Račinskas in the men's skeet to the Olympics, as long as the minimum qualifying score (MQS) was fulfilled by 31 March 2016.
Qualification Legend: Q = Qualify for the next round; q = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)
Swimming
Lithuanian swimmers have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the Olympic Qualifying Time (OQT), and potentially 1 at the Olympic Selection Time (OST)):
Men
Women
Tennis
Lithuania has entered one tennis player for the first time into the Olympic tournament. Ričardas Berankis (world no. 54) qualified directly for the men's singles as one of the top 56 eligible players in the ATP World Rankings as of 6 June 2016.
Weightlifting
Lithuania has qualified one male weightlifter for the Olympics by virtue of his top 15 individual finish, among those who had not secured any quota places through the World or European Championships, in the IWF World Rankings as of 20 June 2016, signifying the nation's return to the sport after an eight-year hiatus. The place was awarded to rookie Aurimas Didžbalis in the men's middle-heavyweight division (94 kg).
Wrestling
Lithuania has qualified one wrestler for the men's Greco-Roman 66 kg into the Olympic competition as a result of his wrestle-off triumph at the initial meet of the World Qualification Tournament in Ulaanbaatar.
Men's Greco-Roman
See also
Lithuania at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
References
External links
Olympics
2016
Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics |
Kisha can refer to:
Kisha clubs, journalists' cartels in Japan
Kisha Ford, former WNBA player
Kisha Snow, U.S. boxer
Kisha (river), in Adygea, Russia
, Swiss singer
Kisha Seizo, a former Japanese rolling stock company |
The Police of Germany may refer to one of a number of German law enforcement agencies.
For an over view look at:
Law enforcement in Germany
Federal
The Federal Police (Bundespolizei or BPOL), subordinate to the Federal Ministry of the Interior
The Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt)
The German Parliament Police (Bundestagspolizei)
The German Federal Coast Guard (Küstenwache des Bundes)
The German Customs Investigation Bureau (Zollkriminalamt, ZKA)
The Military Police Feldjäger of the German armed forces Bundeswehr
State police
The state police forces (Landespolizeien), subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior of the particular German state:
Baden-Württemberg State Police
Bavarian State Police
Berlin State Police
Brandenburg State Police
Bremen State Police
Hamburg State Police
Hesse State Police
Lower Saxony State Police
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Police
North Rhine-Westphalia State Police
Rhineland-Palatinate State Police
Saarland State Police
Saxony State Police
Saxony-Anhalt State Police
Schleswig-Holstein State Police
Thuringia State Police
Federal law enforcement agencies of Germany |
James John Block (born James John Blochowicz on March 13, 1885 – August 6, 1937) was a catcher over parts of five seasons in Major League Baseball. After his baseball career ended, he became a salesman for the Miller Brewing Company.
References
External links
1885 births
1937 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Chicago White Sox players
Chicago Whales players
People from Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
Galveston Sand Crabs players
Corsicana Oilers players
Temple Boll Weevils players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
St. Joseph Drummers players |
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The Railway Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Ireland open to two-year-old thoroughbreds. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late June or early July.
History
The event was established in 1851, and it was originally contested over 6 furlongs. It was extended by 63 yards in 1897.
The race became known as the Railway Plate in 1946. It reverted to the title Railway Stakes in 1956. It was given Group 3 status in the early 1970s.
The Railway Stakes was shortened to 6 furlongs in 1984. It was promoted to Group 2 level in 2003. It is currently held on the same day as the Irish Derby.
Records
Leading jockey since 1950 (7 wins):
Christy Roche – Misty Bend (1973), Tender Camilla (1974), Noble Shamus (1979), Anfield (1981), Armanasco (1989), Ivory Frontier (1992), King of Kings (1997)
Leading trainer since 1950 (14 wins):
Vincent O'Brien – Turbo Jet (1962), Glad Rags (1965), Sahib (1968), Nijinsky (1969), Minsky (1970), Open Season (1971), Niebo (1975), Brahms (1976), Solar (1978), Lawmaker (1980), Ancestral (1982), El Gran Senor (1983), Moscow Ballet (1984), El Prado (1991)
Winners since 1980
Earlier winners
1851: Indian Warrior
1852: no race
1853: Ariadne
1854: no race
1855: Fireblast
1856: Blight
1857: Darling
1858: Drogheda
1859: Glory
1860: The Lawyer
1861: Socrates
1862: The Plover
1863: Union Jack
1864: Zisca
1865: Monitor
1866: Master Willie
1867: Uncas
1868: Melody
1869: Sarsfield
1870: Richard the First
1871: Maid of Perth
1872: Queen of the Bees
1873: Lady Patricia
1874: Wild Duck
1875: Maelstrom
1876: Mayfield
1877: Athy
1878: Shinglass
1879: Sibyl
1880: Barcaldine
1881: Melliflor
1882: Peace
1883: Grecian Bend
1884: Kilcreene
1885: Ashplant
1886: Kildare
1887: May Moon
1888: St Kieran
1889: Meliboeus
1890: Eyrefield
1891: Christabel
1892: Baccarat
1893: Gazetteer
1894: Angelus
1895: Winkfield's Pride
1896: General Peace
1897: Sabine Queen
1898: Oppressor
1899: Rapine
1900: Gogo
1901: St Brendan
1902: Fariman
1903: Jean's Folly
1904: Sir Daniel
1905: Juliet
1906: Electric Rose
1907: Twenty-Third
1908: Bachelor's Double
1909: Trepida
1910: Cigar
1911: Simon Lass
1912: Flax Meadow
1913: King's Common
1914: no race
1915: Shining More
1916: Durazzo
1917: Lady Earn
1918: Confey
1919: Blue Dun
1920: Shanganagh
1921: Rachel
1922: Darragh
1923: Vesington Star
1924: Capture Him
1925: Silver Lark
1926: Lavengro
1927: Cardinal's Ring
1928: Soloptic
1929: Confetti
1930: Sea Serpent
1931: Rathlin Isle
1932: Song of the Hills
1933: Kyloe
1934: Poor Jack
1935: Hocus Pocus
1936: Burdock
1937: Rosewell
1938: Bessbrook
1939: Monster Light
1940: Milady Rose
1941: Windsor Slipper
1942: Fabulous
1943: Arctic Sun
1944: Knight's Emblem
1945: Linaria
1946: Dublin Town
1947: Asylum
1948: Fair Edwine
1949: Monseigneur
1950: Ralootown
1951: Stackallen Bridge
1952: Legend of Confey
1953: Tale of Two Cities
1954: Hugh Lupus
1955: Closed Shop
1956: Katty's Star
1957: Vestogan
1958: Princess Marie
1959: Le Levanstell
1960: Travel Light
1961: Gay Challenger
1962: Turbo Jet
1963: Mesopotamia
1964: Ga-Greine
1965: Glad Rags
1966: Adrian's Path
1967: Sans-Fin
1968: Sahib
1969: Nijinsky
1970: Minsky
1971: Open Season
1972: Park Lawn
1973: Misty Bend
1974: Tender Camilla
1975: Niebo
1976: Brahms
1977: Thunor
1978: Solar
1979: Noble Shamus
See also
Horse racing in Ireland
List of Irish flat horse races
References
Paris-Turf:
, , , , ,
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
galopp-sieger.de – Railway Stakes.
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Railway Stakes (2018).
irishracinggreats.com – Railway Stakes (Group 2).
pedigreequery.com – Railway Stakes – Curragh.
tbheritage.com – Railway Stakes.
Flat races in Ireland
Curragh Racecourse
Flat horse races for two-year-olds
Recurring sporting events established in 1851
1851 establishments in Ireland |
Effiat Mbioto is a village in the Etinan local government area of Akwa Ibom State.
References
Villages in Akwa Ibom |
The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary may refer to:
Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Emborough, Somerset, England
Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Huish Episcopi, Somerset, England
Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Staré, Slovakia.
Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Verkhneye Myackovo, Russia
Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Queen of Peace, Sweet Home, Lavaca County, Texas, United States
Collegiate Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St Anne, Glasgow, Scotland
Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary & St Chad, Lichfield (commonly known as Lichfield Cathedral), England
Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln (commonly known as Lincoln Cathedral), England
Cathedral and Parish Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (commonly known as Southwell Minster), England
See also
St Mary's Church (disambiguation) |
The 16th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In its one and only combat operation, the 16th Armored Division liberated the city of Plzeň in western Czechoslovakia (today the Czech Republic), an operation that influenced the landscape of post-war Europe.
History
The division was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Chaffee in Arkansas. They performed all of their training at Camp Chaffee until they received their staging orders. They staged at Camp Shanks at Orangeburg, New York on 28 January 1945, until got their port call. They sailed from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 February 1945.
The 16th Armored Division arrived in France in stages between 11 and 17 February 1945, and processed into the European Theater of Operations. They had been assigned to the Fifteenth United States Army on 29 January 1945, but were waiting for an assignment to a unit actually involved in fighting.
The division was assigned to Third United States Army on 17 April 1945, and entered Germany on 19 April 1945. It crossed the Rhine at Mainz, and relieved the 71st Infantry Division at Nürnberg on 28 April 1945. The 23rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron participated in combat from the Isar River to Wasserburg with the 86th Infantry Division. While under the control of that organization, it crossed the Isar River at Granek on 30 April 1945, advanced to Indorf, seized several small villages, and was driving toward Wasserburg against slight resistance when ordered to return to Nürnberg. The division was given a security and training mission at Nürnberg, Germany, until 5 May. When the 23rd Cavalry Squadron arrived at Nürnberg on 4 May, it reverted to the control of the 16th Armored. The division assembled and proceeded to Waidhaus, Germany on 5 May.
Combat chronicle
During the final days of battle in Europe, the final stronghold of German armed forces was a pocket in Czechoslovakia. As Soviet Red Army and American forces moved to the area, there was debate between US and British leaders regarding attempts to deny the Soviets a post-war foothold in Czechoslovakia. It was decided that the American forces would help the Soviets subdue the estimated 141,000 German troops before exiting the area. The task was aided by the desire of German forces to avoid imprisonment by the Soviets, with numerous German divisions arranging surrender to US forces, if the Americans arrived first. This did not stop fanatical German SS Troops from continuing to fight both Czechoslovakian and, as they arrived, American forces.
The 16th Armored Division was assigned to V Corps on 6 May, and attacked through the lines of the 97th Infantry Division, with Combat Command B (CCB) making the main effort. They advanced along the Bor–Plzeň Road that same day, launching an attack on Plzeň, Czechoslovakia, designed to capture the Skoda Munitions Plant. Combat Command Reserve (CCR) advanced through Plzeň to assigned high ground east of the city. The division spent 7 and 8 May in mopping up activities and patrolling. General Patton ordered elements of the 16th AD to move towards Prague, where the German commander was waiting to surrender to US forces, but the troops were recalled to Plzeň per the agreement with the Soviet Union. Aside from the few hours on the road to Prague, the capture of Plzeň marked the deepest point of American penetration into Czechoslovakia, .
The Division suffered the lightest casualty count of all US Armored Divisions in Europe, with only 12 wounded, and spent 3 days in combat.
Three months later, the 16th AD was still located in Czechoslovakia, in Stříbro (west of Plzeň), on VJ Day.
The division returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey on 15 October 1945.
Casualties
Total battle casualties: 32
Killed in action: 4
Wounded in action: 28
Composition
The division was composed of the following units:
Headquarters Company
Combat Command A
Combat Command B
Reserve Command
5th Tank Battalion
16th Tank Battalion
26th Tank Battalion
18th Armored Infantry Battalion
64th Armored Infantry Battalion
69th Armored Infantry Battalion
23rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
216th Armored Engineer Battalion
156th Armored Signal Company
16th Armored Division Artillery
393rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
396th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
397th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
16th Armored Division Trains
137th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
216th Armored Medical Battalion
Military Police Platoon
Band
Attachments to the 16th AD
633rd Tank Destroyer Battalion (Self-propelled) 1 May 1945 – 14 June 1945
571st Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion 20 April 1945 – 19 May 1945
I 1st Platoon, 994th Engineer Treadway Bridge Company 6 May 1945 – 10 May 1945
B Battery, 987th Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Gun) 6 May 1945 – 15 May 1945
Assignments in the European Theater of Operations
29 January 1945: Fifteenth Army, Twelfth Army Group
17 April 1945: Third Army, Twelfth Army Group
6 May 1945: V Corps, Third Army
Honors
Campaigns
Central Europe
Individual awards
Distinguished Service Cross 2
Silver Star 4
Soldiers Medal 1
Bronze Star 135
Air Medal 1
Commanders
MG Douglass T. Greene – 15 July 1943 – September 1944
BG John L. Pierce – September 1944 – 15 October 1945
Division artillery commander
COL. Barksdale Hamlett
16th Armored Division Association
16th Armored Division Association
2517 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, D. C.
16th Armored Division Association Facebook Page
Newspaper
The 16th Armadillo, first published in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia in June 1945
See also
Prague Offensive
United States Third Army
Twelfth United States Army Group
References
Bibliography
Stanton, Shelby L. (1984) ORDER OF BATTLE: US Army in World War II; Presidio Press:Novato, CA.
McGaw, E. J., The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950, pp. 510–592
U.S. Army Center of Military History - 16th Armored Division - World War II Divisional Combat Chronicles access date = 3 October 2015
16th Armored Division, U.S.
Armored Division, U.S. 16th
Military units and formations established in 1943
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 |
Ch. Salilyn 'N Erin's Shameless (born 1995) also known as Samantha, was an English Springer Spaniel, best known for being Best in Show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in February 2000. Her sire was Ch. Salilyn's Condor, Best in Show winner at Westminster in 1993, Samantha became the first offspring of a previous Best in Show winner at Westminster to take the same prize.
Early life
Samantha's sire was Ch. Salilyn's Condor, the Best in Show winner at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1993. Her great–great grandfather, Ch. Salilyn's Aristocrat won Best of Breed at Westminster in 1967. Co-owned by Julia Gasow, a well-known English Springer Spaniel breeder since the 1940s.
Show history
She was ranked the top sporting dog in America in 1998. At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1999, she won Best of Breed but lost in the Sporting Group to the Gordon Setter Ch. Bit O Gold Titan Treasure, who was retired after the show.
In 2000, she won Best in Show at Westminster, in the event's 124th year. She beat a Doberman Pinscher, a Shih Tzu, a Basset Hound, a Bedlington Terrier, a Pembroke Welsh Corgi and the favorite, the Poodle Ch. Lakecove That's My Boy, the top ranked dog of 1999 in America. Her judge for Best in Show, Chester Collier, said of her victory at the garden, "The Springer Spaniel, for her breed, had a slightly better head, and when you say that, you've said it all." At one point during the celebrations, she jumped into the silver champion's bowl. Samantha became the first ever offspring of a previous Best in Show winner. Following her victory, she appeared on Good Morning America and Later Today, she was retired following Westminster, her fiftieth Best in Show of her career.
She lived in retirement with her owner/handler Kellie FitzGerald. She had a single litter of eight puppies, seven of which went on to win their championships.
References
External links
Westminster Kennel Club
1995 animal births
Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show |
Megachile aurivillii is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Friese in 1901.
References
Aurivillii
Insects described in 1901 |
Sankt Annæ Plads 9 is a mid 18th-century property situated on the north side of Sankt Annæ Plads, opposite the Garrison Church, in the periphery of the Frederiksstaden district of central Copenhagen, Denmark. Constructed in 1750 according to designs by Nicolai Eigtved, then with apartments for members of the upper middle-class, it was from around 1810 until 1839 used as the last home of Garnisons Workhouse and Girls' School. In 1840, it was again adapted for use as a high-end apartment building by Thomas Blom. The building was listed in the Danish registry of protected buildings and places in 1932. Notable former residents include the composer Johan Christian Gebauer, lawyer and politician Christian Albrecht Bluhme, professor of medicine and the former politician and swindler Peter Adler Alberti.
History
Construction
Sankt Annæ Plads 9 and the adjacent building at No. 7 were constructed by master mason Niels Rasmussen Engerslev and master carpenter Peder Rasmussen Møller in 1750 as some of the first buildings in the new Frederiksstaden district. The buildings were constructed according to mirrored designs by Niels Eigtved who also created the master plan for the fashionable new district. In the new cadastre of 1756, the property was listed as No. 71 VV, On Christian Gedde's map of St. Ann's East Quarter, it is marked as No. 305.
Lars Wilder and Garnison's Workhouse
In the new cadastre of 1806, the property was listed as No. 111. It was then owned by Lars Wilder. The former owner of a shipyard at Wilders Plads in Christianshavn, he had acquired the property on Sankt Annæ Plads after selling the shipyard to the Danish Asiatic Company in 1803. Wilder remained unmarried and had no children. He left most of his estate to charity. He most likely endowed his property on Sankt Annæ Plads to the city's Poor Authority (), since it was later put into use by them as a new home for Garnison's Workhouse and Girls' School.
At the time of the 1834 census, the property also provided a home for a total of 31 indigent women, mostly elderly widows, in the care of the city's Poor Authority. Twelve of them resided on the second floor of the side wing, another ten resided in the rear wing, and the remaining nine resided in the basement of the side wing. Peder Wilchen Heiberg (1778–1842), inspector of Garnison's Workhouse and a secretary for the Poor Authority's police force, resided in the intermediate wing () with his wife Elise Kristine (née Schrøder), their Marie Lang, a teacher at the girls' school (), resided on the ground floor with her 22-year-old daughter and an 18-year-old niece. Hans Lassen, the concierge, resided in the basement with his wife Charlotte Amalia (née Steen) and their seven children (aged two to 22).
Garnison's Workhouse and Girls' School was closed in 1839.
Later history
At the time of the 1840 census, No. 111 was home to just one household. Peter Petersen, a policeman in the Poor Authority's police force, resided in the basement with his wife Ane Margrethe Petersen and the 21-year-old seamstress Caroline Adolphine Petersen. The reason for the low number of residents was that the building was being refurbished by the master mason Thomas Blom.
The composer and educator Johan Christian Gebauer was among the residents of the building in 1842.
The property was by 1845 owned by Wilhelm Carl Jacobsen (1795–1869), a retailer of gallantry items (gifts, etc.). He resided in one of the apartments with his wife Julie Wilhelmine Marie Jacobsen (née Nathanson, 1811–1881), their five children (aged one to 12), a housekeeper (), three maids and a wet nurse. Christian Albrecht Bluhme, then-director of Generaltoldkammeret og Kommercekollegiet, resided in another apartment with his wife Rasmine Bluhme (née Wandel), their four children (aged two to 12), a housekeeper (), a male servant and two maids. Carl Ludvig Scheel (1803–1870), a chamberlain at the Queen Dowager's court, resided in the building with his wife Sophie Sheelnmée von Buchwaldt, (1814–1880), their three-year-old daughter Marie Sheel and three maids. Ludvig Esskildsen, a division quarter master, resided in the building with his wife Laura Anina Elisa (née Kofod), their one-year-old daughter Lodovica Angolica Esskildsen, a housekeeper () and the lodger Charles Jules Paul Frederic de Coninck (a grandson of Jean de Coninck). Else Margrethe Rasmussen, a widow shopkeeper, resided in the building with three of her children (aged 32 to 38) and two grandchildren (aged 14 and 16).
At the time of the 1850 census, No. 111 was again home to some new residents. Ludvig Adolph Hecksher (1804–1874), a ship broker, resided on the ground floor with his wife Ida Hecksher (née Bang), their four children (aged two to 11), the 26-year-old home tutor Theodor Schaldemose, a male servant and three maids. Chr. Bille Brahe, who was acting amtmand on Funen, lived there with them when he was in Copenhagen. Wilhelm Jacobsen was still residing with his family in the apartment on the first floor. Jens Christian Stangerup, the city's second vice-mayor, resided on the ground floor with his wife Marie Stangerup, their 26-year-old daughter Dorthea Zustgaard and one maid. Ludvig Eskildsen resided with his family in the intermediate wing. Margrethe Kragelund, a 46-year-old widow, resided with two younger sisters in the basement. Peder Hansen, a coachman, resided in the building with his wife Dorthea Hansen (née Lassen) and their five-year-old daughter.
C. E. Fenger (1814–1884), a professor of medicine at the University of Copenhagen, resided in one of the apartments from 1852 to 1865. August Goll (1866–1936), a lawyer (), resided in the building from 1932. Peter Adler Alberti, known for the Alberti Scandal, resided in the building in the later years of his life.
Architecture
Sankt Annæ Plads is a three-winged complex, constructed in brick with three storeys over a walk-out basement, consisting of a four-bay wide main wing fronting the street, an eight-bay side wing and a rear wing. The building is topped by a Mansard roof. The dressed facade features a two-bay median risalit and is finished with shadow joints, a belt course above the ground floor and a modillioned cornice. The outer windows on the first floor are topped by hood moulds.
Today
The building is today owned by E/F Skt. Annæ Plads 9. In November 2021 a 319-square metre condominium in the building sold for DKK 32.5 million, corresponding to a price per square metre of DKK 101,800, an all-time price record for Copenhagen.
References
External links
Hans Jildebrandt at geni.com
Source
Source
Listed residential buildings in Copenhagen
Nicolai Eigtved buildings
Residential buildings completed in 1750 |
Established in 1994, the Cane River Creole National Historical Park serves to preserve the resources and cultural landscapes of the Cane River region in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. Located along the Cane River Lake, the park is approximately 63 acres and includes two French Creole cotton plantations, Oakland and Magnolia. Both plantations are complete in their historic settings, including landscapes, outbuildings, structures, furnishings, and artifacts; and they are the most intact French Creole cotton plantations in the United States. In total, 65 historic structures and over a million artifacts enhance the National Park Service mission as it strives to tell the story of the evolution of plantation agriculture through the perspective of the land owners, enslaved workers, overseers, skilled workers, and tenant farmers who resided along the Cane River for over two hundred years. This park is included as a site on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail.
A defining characteristic of the park is the conservation and interpretation of Creole culture. In colonial Louisiana the term "Creole" was used to indicate New World products derived from Old World stock, and could apply to people, architecture, or livestock. Regarding people, Creole historically referred to those born in Louisiana during the French and Spanish periods, regardless of their ethnicity. Today, as in the past, Creole transcends racial boundaries. It connects people to their colonial roots, be they descendants of European settlers, enslaved Africans, or the many of mixed heritage, which may include African, French, Spanish, and American Indian influences. The Prud'hommes of Oakland and the LeComtes of Magnolia were considered French Creole. As with others in the area, the homes and plantations of these families reflected the French Creole architectural style and way of life.
The historic landscapes and dozens of structures preserved at Oakland and Magnolia plantations are the setting for the stories of workers (enslaved and free) and late post-Civil War tenant farmers who worked the same land for over two centuries, adapting to historical, economic, social, and agricultural change. Today their descendants carry on many of their traditions.
Magnolia
The origins of Magnolia Plantation can be traced to the mid-18th century, when the French LeComte family received grants to the land, and are continued by the French Hertzog family. In 1753, Jean Baptiste LeComte received a French land grant in Natchitoches Parish. LeComte established the Shallow Lake plantation and focused mainly on tobacco as a commodity crop, and subsistence farming. The LeComte family pioneered through the colonial rule of the French and the Spanish, and became one of the most successful landowning families in Natchitoches Parish. By the early 19th century the LeComte family was producing cotton and expanding their landholdings.
In the 1830s, Ambrose LeComte II acquired the land that would come to form Magnolia Plantation. During this period, the LeComtes were extremely prosperous and began to build most of the structures that are still located on Magnolia. By the 1850s Ambrose and his wife Julia (Buard) retired to their Natchitoches townhouse, where Ambrose could focus on his lucrative race horse business. By 1852 management of the plantation was turned over to Ambrose's son-in-law, Matthew Hertzog. The name Hertzog would eventually become inextricably linked with the plantation.
This prosperous period for the planter family would come to an abrupt halt with the Civil War. During the Civil War, Magnolia's main house was burned to the ground by Union troops during the Red River Campaign. In addition, crops and plantation structures were destroyed by both Confederate and Union armies.
After the Civil War, the LeComte-Hertzog family rebuilt their plantation along with the main house. They converted much of their land to be worked by the new labor system of sharecropping by freedmen. In addition, they leased some acreage to tenant farmers, who were mostly Creoles of color.
The system of sharecropping required an agreement between the landowner and the tenant. The sharecropper agreed to farm a section of the owner's land in exchange for part of the crops or the money the crops generated. The plantation owner often supplied the seed and agricultural equipment required to cultivate the crop. On larger plantations, such as Magnolia and Oakland, a plantation store was opened to sell goods to the sharecroppers. A hardship faced by many sharecroppers across the South was the cycle of poverty created through the constant flow of debt and repayment owed to the plantation store. There was often little money left to live on.
During the 20th century, the old plantation world was fading. Mechanization replaced many black workers on the cotton fields by the 1960s. Yet many of the community's old ways persisted. At Magnolia, workers and planters still enjoyed baseball games and horse races, and celebrated Juneteenth. The last black family left the plantation in 1968. The Hertzog family contracted with an agricultural company to work the land.
In the early 21st century, Magnolia Plantation is recognized as a Bicentennial Farm and a National Historic Landmark. The main house at Magnolia and the farming acreage are owned by the Hertzog family and are not open to the public. On December 29, 2022, the main house and surrounding grounds were added to the national historical park's authorized boundary.
But the Plantation Store, the Overseer's House, the Blacksmith Shop, the Slave/Tenant Quarters, the Gin Barn, Cotton Picker Shed, and Carriage House are all part of Cane River Creole National Historical Park, which was designated in 1994. They are open to visitors. The gin barn houses two types of cotton gins and a rare 1830s mule-powered cotton press, which is the last of its kind still standing in its original location. The lives of the diverse people associated with Magnolia are being represented to reflect the resilience, resourcefulness, dedication, and continuous interaction of families and communities along Cane River.
Oakland
Oakland Plantation was started in the 18th century with a land grant to the French Creole Prud'homme family. In 1789, Emanuel Prud'homme received a land grant from the Spanish government, who ruled Louisiana during that time. Emmanuel was one of the first planters to grow cotton in the area. During this period, Emmanuel began to purchase enslaved workers to labor in the fields and build the structures needed on the plantation. In 1818, Prud'homme began construction of his plantation home. In the late 1820s, Emanuel's son, Pierre Phanor Prud'homme, took over management of the plantation.
As with Magnolia and most large plantations of the early 19th century, the Prud'homme plantation was a self-sufficient community that grew or made everything that was needed. Its commodity crop was cotton, but produce was grown for use on the plantation, as well as food for animals. Livestock structures were constructed to house mules, chickens, horses, and turkeys. In addition, housing had to be constructed for the overseer and the enslaved people, as well as work sites, such as the wash house and the carpenter shop. An unusual building to modern eyes is the pigeonnière, where pigeons were raised to be enjoyed as a food delicacy.
Although Pierre Phanor had managed the plantation since the 1820s, he did not become the owner until 1845 upon his father's death. Phanor continued to successfully manage the plantation until the Civil War. During these years the enslaved population continued to perform a variety of skills: from cultivating the land and processing the cotton, to constructing the buildings, managing livestock, and making most of the goods needed by the plantation's occupants.
The Civil War brought destruction to the Cane River region. During the Red River Campaign both the Union and Confederate armies destroyed plantation buildings, crops, and livestock. At the Prud'homme plantation, the cotton gin was burned. The facts relating to the survival of the plantation home and Phanor's fate have become clouded by several unconfirmed stories and legends. One family legend states that Phanor was arrested by Union soldiers. He became ill as he was moved from his plantation to Natchitoches, where he died in a cousin's home.
At war's end, Phanor's two sons divided the plantation. Jacques Alphonse Prud'homme kept the land that included the main house and surrounding lands west of the Cane River. Pierre Emmanuel Prud'homme took the land on the east side of the river and established his own plantation, which he called Atahoe.
Alphonse renamed his home as Oakland and began rebuilding his fortunes. He adapted to the free labor economy, hiring freedmen as sharecroppers; some Creoles of color leased land separately as tenant farmers. During this era, the Prud'hommes opened a store and post office at Oakland to provide supplies and services for sharecroppers and tenant farmers. The plantation store operated until 1983, serving the larger community when the number of farm workers declined. Low cotton prices in the late 19th century and a boll weevil infestation in the early 20th century resulted in mostly lean times for the planter family and the workers until after World War II.
Modernization came fitfully to Cane River. Phanor Prud'homme II bought the family's first car in 1910, while most people in the area still traveled by mule-drawn wagon. By the 1960s the family adopted mechanization for agriculture, with machines doing more of the tasks long performed by mules and human workers. During World War II and after, many of the remaining black workers had left the plantations in the Great Migration for employment in war industries.
Today, Oakland Plantation is listed by the National Park Service as a National Historic Landmark and Bicentennial Farm. Open to the public as a unit of Cane River Creole National Historical Park, a unit of the National Park System, Oakland's outbuildings, sheds, store houses, and tenant cabins illustrate the daily life of a working cotton plantation. The site offers a window into the Creole colonial culture, maintained by ethnic French such as the Prud'homme family, along with generations of blacks and Creoles of color in the formation of the larger community culture and agricultural landscape.
Visiting Oakland and Magnolia
Grounds of both sites are open daily from 9:00 a.m. until 3:30 p.m. Visitors can take a self-guided tour of the grounds during our normal hours of operation. Guided tours are available, visit https://www.nps.gov/cari/planyourvisit/hours.htm for the most up to date schedule.
The Oakland Plantation planter family home is open for self guided during select hours. Visit https://www.nps.gov/cari/planyourvisit/hours.htm for the most up to date schedule.
The Magnolia planter family home is on private property and not open to the public.
Address
Oakland Plantation, 4386 Highway 494, Natchez, Louisiana 71456
Magnolia Plantation, 5549 Highway 119, Derry, Louisiana 71416
See also
Rural African American Museum
References
External links
National Park Service: Official Cane River Creole National Historical Park website
National Historical Parks of the United States
Protected areas of Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
National Park Service areas in Louisiana
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Louisiana African American Heritage Trail
Louisiana Creole culture
French-American culture in Louisiana
Protected areas established in 1994
1994 establishments in Louisiana
Tourist attractions in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana |
```shell
#!/usr/bin/env bash
py.test --doctest-modules \
--ignore eli5/lightning.py \
--ignore eli5/sklearn_crfsuite \
--ignore eli5/ipython.py \
--ignore eli5/xgboost.py \
--ignore eli5/lightgbm.py \
--ignore eli5/catboost.py \
--ignore eli5/keras \
--ignore eli5/formatters/as_dataframe.py \
--ignore eli5/formatters/image.py \
--ignore tests/utils_image.py \
--cov=eli5 --cov-report=html --cov-report=term "$@"
``` |
Eric Richardson (born April 18, 1962) is an American former wide receiver who played for the Buffalo Bills. He played college football for San Jose State and Monterey Peninsula College. Richardson was selected by the Bills in the second round of the 1984 NFL Draft. He played in 30 games and started 2 of them. Even though he was drafted in 1984, he played his first game in 1985.
References
External links
Pro Football Reference page
Living people
1962 births
Players of American football from San Francisco
Buffalo Bills players
American football wide receivers
San Jose State Spartans football players |
Gmina Pyzdry is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Września County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pyzdry, which lies approximately south of Września and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 7,217 (out of which the population of Pyzdry amounts to 3,188, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 4,029).
The gmina contains part of the protected area called Warta Landscape Park.
Villages
Apart from the town of Pyzdry, Gmina Pyzdry contains the villages and settlements of Baraniec, Benewicze, Białobrzeg, Białobrzeg Ratajski, Ciemierów, Ciemierów-Kolonia, Dłusk, Dolne Grądy, Glinianki, Górne Grądy, Kamień, Kolonia Janowska, Kolonia Lisewo, Królewiny, Kruszyny, Ksawerów, Lisewo, Lisiaki, Łupice, Modlica, Olsz, Pietrzyków, Pietrzyków-Kolonia, Rataje, Ruda Komorska, Tarnowa, Tłoczyzna, Trzcianki, Walga, Wrąbczynek, Wrąbczynkowskie Holendry, Zamość, Zapowiednia, Żdżary and Zimochowiec.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Pyzdry is bordered by the gminas of Gizałki, Kołaczkowo, Lądek, Zagórów and Żerków.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Pyzdry |
The Ives Manufacturing Company, an American toy manufacturer from 1868 to 1932, was the largest manufacturer of toy trains in the United States from 1910 until 1924, when Lionel Corporation overtook it in sales.
Early history
Ives was founded in Plymouth, Connecticut by Edward Ives, a descendant of Plymouth colony governor William Bradford. The company initially produced paper dolls whose limbs moved in response to hot air, but soon began producing a wide range of toys, including a toy cannon that shot using real gunpowder and also toy clockwork powered dolls and animals that could move. The clockwork toys were designed by Jerome Secor, Nathan Warner, and Arthur Hotchkiss and by the 1880s, Ives was a leading producer of these toys.
Its emphasis shifted to trains as its designs were copied by other toymakers who were willing to sell them more cheaply. Ives' trains were made of tin or cast iron and initially powered by clockwork, and later electric trains
On December 22, 1900, a disastrous fire struck and destroyed the Ives & Williams Company main factory destroying the building and all the patterns, parts and tools for manufacturing the cast-iron toys. The fire prompted a re-design by William R. Haberlin for 1901 that resulted in Ives' first toy train that ran on track. In 1901, The Ives Manufacturing Company, in rented space from William R. Haberlin and Timothy F. Hayes, began producing the first "O" gauge trains in the United States to run on fabricated sectional track. The trains were powered by clockwork machinery inside the toy, and sales for the year totaled $2,600.00. During that year and 1902, the die stamping production of trains, cars and track was subcontracted out to Haberlin and Hayes Bridgeport Tool & Die. In the end, the fire benefited the Ives Manufacturing Company, as the insurance money permitted it to build a modern factory with state-of-the-art tooling.
Although several companies were selling electric trains at the time, Ives opted to remain with clockwork, partly because many U.S. homes still lacked electricity.
Initially, Ives' greatest competition came from German imports, and not from domestic manufacturers. Ives' response was with marketing, which it directed at its target audience, the twelve-year-old boy. Its campaigns addressed boys as business partners, telling them that the success of Ives' fictional railroad, Ives Railway Lines, depended on their shrewd management. This worked, building brand loyalty.
William R. Haberlin
William R. Haberlin is the man who made all of the tools and dies for the original Ives O-gauge ("O" gauge) clockwork train line in 1901! Everything (Except the patterns for the iron locomotives bodies, which were made by Charles A. Hotchkiss, mentioned in Model Craftsman - March 1944, and the clockwork mechanisms themselves, manufactured by an outside company (The Reeves Manufacturing Company in New Haven, Connecticut and later in Milford, Connecticut) that went into this line was tooled up by Mr. Haberlin, and his partner, T.F. Hayes (Timothy F. Hayes), in their tool shop, the Hayes & Haberlin Machine Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
The work included the first tools and machinery ever built in the United States for manufacturing tinplate track. The first year, as Ives was in a hurry to get track, a set of drop-hammers were made up for the rails and ties. The tinplate was first cut up into strips and then placed under the drop-hammer. The next year Mr. Haberlin and Mr. Hayes made up regular dies for use in a punch press, which would cut the rails and ties out of sheet tin. Thirty thousand rails could be made in a day; a working day in 1902 being ten hours. Ives did not make a machine for rolling their rails until somewhat later (In 1907-1908, after Haberlin had left the Ives' Manufacturing Company to work for Sir Thomas Edison as a toolmaker/machinist with his brother John E. Haberlin in Edison's laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey).
A little later, Mr. Haberlin went to work for Ives entirely, selling them his tool shop (Hayes & Haberlin Machine Company), and as a tool maker, designed and made all of their early dies. In 1906, Mr. Haberlin left Ives and started making up dies for himself, founding, on April 6, 1907, the American Miniature Railway Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut (which was both Ives' and Haberlin's hometown), until recently one of the least known of the early American tinplate manufacturers. They continued in business, making a line similar (because Haberlin was the first to have designed and invented it) to Ives, until 1912.
Electric trains
Ives released its first electric trains in 1910, partially in response to companies such as American Flyer undercutting its prices on clockwork trains. Ives initially produced electric trains in O gauge and 1 gauge.
Ives' train sales continued to decline in the face of increasing competition and Lionel's greater momentum, the latter having released its first electric trains nearly a decade earlier. Meanwhile, construction toys were gaining in popularity, so in an effort to re-diversify, Ives released a Meccano and Erector Set-like construction toy in 1913 named Struktiron. Although it offered parts its competition did not, the set was not very successful and Ives withdrew it from the market in 1917.
World War I had mixed effects on the company. On one hand, it eliminated imports from Germany, increasing Ives' share of the market. However, Ives' geographic location made it difficult to bring in the materials it needed to make trains, and also made shipping finished products difficult. Lionel and American Flyer, being headquartered in New York City and Chicago, respectively, did not face that challenge. Additionally, Ives' isolation made it impossible for Ives to gain lucrative wartime government manufacturing contracts. As a result, Ives did not benefit financially from the war.
After the war, Ives, along with competitors Lionel and American Flyer, lobbied successfully for protective tariffs to promote the fledgling American toy train industry. As a result, there was very little foreign competition after World War I, especially at the high end of the market where Ives had positioned itself.
The seasonal nature of train sales continued to cause concern for Ives, and Harry Ives, Edward Ives' son and successor, sought one last time to diversify by selling toy boats, which he hoped would support the company through strong summer sales. The first boats, released in 1917, were powered by a clockwork engine from an Ives O gauge locomotive. However, the designs were unrealistic looking, lacking the costly detail that was the highlight of competing German designs, and had a tendency to sink easily. Additionally, since Ives did not use a primer when painting the boats, the paint flaked off easily. Ives had difficulty adapting its methods for designing and building trains to work for boats. Despite the problems, Ives continued producing the boats until 1928. Few Ives boats exist today, but it is unclear whether this was due to lack of popularity or their propensity to sink.
Harry Ives had a heated professional relationship with Lionel founder Joshua Lionel Cowen, in which they traded lawsuits and, starting in 1915, Lionel criticized the quality of Ives' offerings in print advertisements, calling its cars flimsy and showing a cast-iron Ives locomotive shattering into 15 pieces when dropped from a table, while a Lionel locomotive dropped from the same height would survive with only dents. Other ads criticizing Ives' quality appeared, but they always compared Ives' cheapest products with Lionel's priciest offerings.
Although Ives could rightly claim that its lithographed offerings were more realistic than Lionel's simple enameled two-color cars, Lionel, taking a cue from Ives, targeted advertising straight at children, claiming its cars were the most realistic and that its paint jobs were more durable.
Ives' subdued responses did little to counter Lionel's claims, only calling its competitors (including Lionel) imitators whose technology was "12 years behind." It was no match for Lionel's bold and brash ads. Additionally, Lionel's trains generally were priced lower, or, in instances where their price was comparable to Ives, they were larger, making them appear to be a better value for the money. As a result, Lionel continually gained ground on Ives, finally overtaking them in sales in 1924.
In 1921, Ives abruptly discontinued its slow-selling 1 gauge trains in favor of Wide Gauge trains, a standard Lionel had introduced several years earlier and called "Standard Gauge". Ives did not call its trains Standard Gauge, as Lionel had trademarked the name. While Ives was inconsistent in what it called its larger-gauge trains, it most frequently called it wide gauge. Numerous other companies also entered the wide gauge market in the early 1920s, increasing consumer interest in the size and forcing the manufacturers to innovate in order to survive.
In 1924, Ives introduced a locomotive engine that would change directions when its power flow was interrupted, a feature that Lionel would not offer for another two years. Even after Lionel's introduction, Ives' offering was unique in that it offered a neutral position as well as forward and reverse, and the engine's headlight continued to operate even when the train was in neutral. Ives charged a premium for this feature, which it dubbed the "R-unit" (the "R" stood for 'remote'), and it increased sales.
This was not enough for Ives to re-take its former place as market leader—by 1926, Lionel's revenue was twice that of Ives'--and, worse yet for the company, Ives was losing money by the mid-1920s. This was worsened by Ives' attempts to compete at the low end of the market, where, unlike its competition, it sold its entry-level models at a loss. If Ives' low-end products were higher quality than its competitors, it benefited its customers, not the company.
Slogan
For a time, the Ives Manufacturing Company used the slogan: "Ives Toys Make Happy Boys".
Bankruptcy
In an effort to turn around the company, Harry Ives relinquished his presidency in 1927, becoming chairman of the board and bringing in an outsider, Charles R. Johnson, as president, but problems continued and Ives' largest creditor sued in 1928. Ives filed for bankruptcy, reporting liabilities of $188,303.25. As Ives already had $245,000 in Christmas sales lined up, Johnson petitioned for a private sale and a quick settlement. The motion for a private sale was denied.
On July 31, 1928, Ives was purchased by Lionel and American Flyer for $73,250. The low price in comparison to the company sales was presumably due to liens on Ives' assets. Lionel and Flyer then operated Ives as a joint venture, retaining Johnson and Harry Ives as president and chairman, respectively. Harry Ives left the company in September 1929, and died within seven years.
Ives' new owners immediately discontinued the line of toy boats, and much of Ives' train product line was replaced with relabeled American Flyer or Lionel product, and most new designs were carried out using Lionel and American Flyer parts, even though Ives' own designs were usually more realistic. There are several reasons for this. When Lionel and American Flyer bought Ives, they did not buy the factory or tooling, which they then had to rent. It may have been less expensive for the parent companies to supply their own parts than to rent the old Ives tooling. Some historians have speculated that the Ives tooling was worn out and no longer suitable for use. A third factor was that Lionel's and Flyer's manufacturing process was less labor-intensive, which made their designs less expensive to manufacture than the Ives designs they replaced.
A notable exception was the Ives 1122 locomotive, first produced in 1929, which was the first near-to-scale model of an existing locomotive to enter the marketplace. Although it had a 4-4-2 wheel configuration, it was otherwise a recognizable copy of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad President Washington Class 4-6-2 locomotive.
Whatever the reasons, the Ives product line after 1928 inherited many recognizable traits from three different companies' product lines.
Lionel Manufactured Production
In 1930, Lionel bought out American Flyer's share in Ives and closed the Ives factory in Connecticut, moving operations to Lionel's New Jersey factory. Lionel kept the Ives brand on the market through 1932, then repositioned Ives for 1933, branding its entry-level trains as Lionel-Ives, then dropped the Ives name altogether following that year. Although re-issues were occasionally made, the Ives name never re-appeared on the marketplace with any kind of regularity.
Although Joshua Lionel Cowen would later claim that he dumped all of the Ives molds in the Connecticut River, Ives' influence lived on. Lionel continued the Ives practice of issuing low-end train sets that ran on a circle of O-gauge track with a 27-inch diameter, and Lionel incorporated some Ives-designed freight cars into its product line. The Lionel 1680 tanker car, for instance, was an Ives design that remained in Lionel's catalogs right up to the start of World War II.
Even more significantly, the Ives e-unit first introduced in 1924 lived on in Lionel locomotives, with a modified version of the Ives design first appearing in Lionel trains starting in 1933. Some historians have said Cowen coveted the Ives e-unit, and that it was the primary reason Lionel bought the company. It would remain present in Lionel trains for more than 50 years.
References
External links
December 1918 advertisement for Ives in Popular Science - Ives Toys Make Happy Boys, Popular Science monthly, December 1918, page 111, Scanned by Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=EikDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA111
The Ives Train Society
Toy train manufacturers
Model railroad manufacturers
Defunct toy manufacturers
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Plymouth, Connecticut
1868 establishments in Connecticut
1932 disestablishments in New Jersey
Manufacturing companies established in 1868
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1932
Historic American Engineering Record in Connecticut
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1928
American companies established in 1868
1928 mergers and acquisitions
Model manufacturers of the United States
Toy companies established in the 19th century |
Swett is an unincorporated former town of Bennett County, South Dakota, United States. It was put up for sale as a ghost town in June 2014 and had not found a buyer.
The town, on U.S. Highway 18 approximately two hours southeast of Rapid City, covers of land. Its buildings include a gas station, museum, a bar and a store. Daniel Simmons-Ritchie of the Rapid City Journal describes the buildings as "a few ramshackle buildings". The residence is said to be haunted.
History
Swett was founded in 1931. In 1932 a post office was started in the local grocery store, which was owned by a farmer named Swett. In the 1940s there were 40 residents. At the time the community included a post office, a grocery store, and several houses. The post office was closed in 1945, leaving the community to be known for the saloon. Later the saloon was converted into a home after the building of the current Swett Tavern.
As time passed, the number of people owning property decreased. Eventually one person owned all of the properties and land in the community. The property was passed from person to person. In 1998 Lance Benson acquired the town. Benson divorced a previous wife, and she received the town after he signed away the property. In 2012 Benson re-acquired the town. In June 2014 Benson offered to sell the town for $399,000. The hamlet's sale became international news. In October 2015, the bank in Gordon, Nebraska, holding the mortgage foreclosed on the hamlet property. The selling price was reduced to $250,000 in 2015. The three mobile homes were removed in a general clean up of the property.
Economy
Simmons-Ritchie described the Swett Tavern bar as the "beating heart" of the community which serves as the "de facto gathering place for a small army of local cowboys and wheatgrowers." Simmons stated that the bar is "the only watering hole in a 2-mile radius". Simmons-Ritchie stated that the bar was known for having "a reputation for attracting rough customers" and fights but that the reputation of the bar improved after Benson acquired it. Simmons-Ritchie added that the bar "has always maintained a distinctly local veneer; a place where cowboy hats are de rigueur and rusted wagon wheels adorn the front facade."
Census designated place
Although it is not part of a formal CDP, Swett is included by the United States Census Bureau in its statistical Unorganized Territory of West Bennett.
See also
Scenic, South Dakota (town put up for sale and sold)
References
Unincorporated communities in Bennett County, South Dakota
Unincorporated communities in South Dakota |
Manjakkorai is a village located near Gunaseelam in Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu state, India, which was once fully surrounded by nature and agriculture but no longer, because of sand excavation in the Kaveri river. The sand excavation is not run at this village and the people are not allowed to join the team, but villagers of nearby villages such as Amoor, Evoor and Ayyampalayam up to Thottiyam are permitted.
The young bloods arranged a festival with Gunaseelam named "Kaappu kattu ther thiruvizha" for Amman in 2013-2014 and in 2017 have arranged a festival named "Kutty kudi thiruvila" for Karuppu Sami.
Villages in Tiruchirappalli district |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
'use strict';
/**
* Compute the maximum value of a strided array.
*
* @module @stdlib/stats/base/max
*
* @example
* var max = require( '@stdlib/stats/base/max' );
*
* var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];
* var N = x.length;
*
* var v = max( N, x, 1 );
* // returns 2.0
*
* @example
* var floor = require( '@stdlib/math/base/special/floor' );
* var max = require( '@stdlib/stats/base/max' );
*
* var x = [ 2.0, 1.0, 2.0, -2.0, -2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 ];
* var N = floor( x.length / 2 );
*
* var v = max.ndarray( N, x, 2, 1 );
* // returns 4.0
*/
// MODULES //
var max = require( './main.js' );
// EXPORTS //
module.exports = max;
// exports: { "ndarray": "max.ndarray" }
``` |
Lotus Eaters is a 2011 British drama film directed by Alexandra McGuinness and starring Antonia Campbell-Hughes, Johnny Flynn and Benn Northover. It is McGuinness' directorial debut.
Cast
Antonia Campbell-Hughes as Alice
Johnny Flynn as Charlie
Benn Northover as Felix
Liam Browne as Benedict
Amber Anderson as Suzi
Jay Choi as Lulu
Gina Bramhill as Bella
Daisy Lewis as Saskia
Cynthia Fortune Ryan as Orna
Katrena Rochell as Leni
Alex Wyndham as Marlon
Chloe Jenden as Casting Agent
Anna Bondareva as Lottie
Nicola Wren as Indira
Reception
, the film holds an 8% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on thirteen reviews with an average rating on 4.92 out of 10.
References
External links
2011 films
British drama films
2011 directorial debut films
2010s English-language films
2010s British films |
The Malmö Symphony Orchestra () is a Swedish orchestra, based in Malmö. Since 2015, it has been resident at the Malmö Live Concert Hall. The orchestra has a complement of 94 musicians.
History
The orchestra was founded in 1925 with Walther Meyer-Radon as the first chief conductor, from 1925 to 1929.
At first, the orchestra performed both symphony concerts and served as the orchestra of the Malmö Opera and Music Theatre. From 1991 onwards, the orchestra has been exclusively devoted to symphony orchestra concerts. Between 1985 and 2015, the orchestra gave its main concert series in the Malmö Concert Hall, after which they moved to Malmö Live.
Herbert Blomstedt held the title of Huvuddirigent (principal conductor) during 1962–1963. Past principal guest conductors have included Brian Priestman (1988–1990), Gilbert Varga (1997–2000), and Mario Venzago (2000–2003).
Since 2019, the orchestra's current chief conductor is Robert Treviño. In May 2021, the orchestra announced that Treviño is to stand down as its chief conductor at the close of the 2020-2021 season, and then to take the title of artistic adviser for 2 years.
The orchestra has made recordings for BIS, Daphne and Naxos.
Chief conductors
Walther Meyer-Radon (1925–1929)
Georg Schnéevoigt (1930–1947)
Sten-Åke Axelson (1948–1961)
Rolf Agop (1962–1964)
Peter Erős (1966–1968)
Elyakum Shapirra (1969–1974)
Janos Fürst (1974–1977)
Stig Westerberg (1978–1985)
Vernon Handley (1986–1988)
James DePreist (1991–1994)
Paavo Järvi (1994–1997)
Christoph König (2003–2006)
Vassily Sinaisky (2007–2011)
Marc Soustrot (2011–2019)
Robert Treviño (2019–2021)
Selected recordings
Franz Schmidt: Symphonie n° 1, conductor Vassili Sinaïski, (2009, Naxos).
Camille Saint-Saëns : Complete 5 concertos and works for piano and orchestra, conductor Marc Soustrot, Romain Descharmes, piano (Naxos 2017)
Camille Saint-Saëns : Concertos for cello and orchestra n° 1 & n° 2, Gabriel Schwabe, cello, conductor Marc Soustrot (CD Naxos 2017)
Camille Saint-Saëns : Complete 5 symphonies, conductor Marc Soustrot (3 CD Naxos 2020)
Beethoven : Complète 9 symphonies, conductor Robert Treviño (5 SACD Ondine 2019)
References
External links
Malmö Symphony Orchestra homepage
Musical groups established in 1925
Swedish symphony orchestras
Tourist attractions in Malmö |
Fiorenzuola d'Arda (; , or ) is a city and comune in Italy in the province of Piacenza, part of the Emilia-Romagna region. Its name derives from Florentia ("prosperous" in Latin). The "d'Arda" portion refers to the River Arda which flows from the Apennines into the valley where Fiorenzuola is situated. Fiorenzuola's origins are old, dating from the first prehistorical human settlements in Italy.
History
Fiorenzuola d'Arda was one of the main centers of the area during the Middle Ages. Under the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza it was a "middle county" independent from both parties.
Main sights
Collegiata of San Fiorenzo, built in the 14th century and remade in the late 15th/early 16th centuries. It was built above the preexisting church of Saint Bonifacio.
Church of Beata Vergine di Caravaggio
Oratory of Beata Vergine
Verdi Theater
Church of St. Francis
Sport
The town is represented by Serie C football club US Fiorenzuola.
Twin towns
Camagüey, Cuba
Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Laussonne, France
See also
U.S. Fiorenzuola 1922
References
External links
Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna |
Od bižuterije do ćilibara (trans. From Bijouterie to Amber) is the sixth studio album from Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Bajaga i Instruktori, released in 1997.
Track listing
All songs written by Momčilo Bajagić, except where noted.
"Silikon (2004.)" – 3:40
"Tvoja je gajba sigurna" – 5:11
"Još te volim" – 4:42
"To!" – 3:51
"Iza nas..." - 4:35
"Leti leti ptico" – 4:37
"Nezgodna varijanta (Jedna od...)" – 5:19
"Ne volim zimu" (Ž. Milenković, M Bajagić) – 2:38
"Što ne može niko možeš ti" – 5:08
Personnel
Momčilo Bajagić - vocals, guitar
Žika Milenković - vocals, guitar
Miroslav Cvetković - bass guitar, backing vocals
Saša Lokner - keyboards, backing vocals
Vlada Negovanović - guitar, backing vocals
Čeda Macura - drums, backing vocals
Additional personnel
Saša Habić - cello
Boško Milaković - drum programming
Reception
The songs "Silikon (2004.)", "Tvoja je gajba sigurna", "Ne volim zimu", and the ballads "Još te volim" and "Iza nas" were the album's biggest hits.
References
Od bižuterije do ćilibara at Discogs
EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006, Janjatović Petar;
External links
Od bižuterije do ćilibara at Discogs
Bajaga i Instruktori albums
1997 albums
Komuna (company) albums |
Prater Island (Praterinsel) is one of the two islands in the Isar in Munich. The other is Museum Island.
Geography of Munich
Islands of Bavaria |
Sinapali is a Panchayat Samiti (Block) in Nuapada District of Odisha. There are five blocks in Nuapada and Sinapali one of them.
Geography
Sinapali Block Situated in Southern part of Nuapada district.
Administration
Sinapali is a Panchayat Samiti (Block) and Tahasil in Nuapada District of Odisha. Administrative head of the block is Block Development Officer (BDO).
There are many block level offices are located. Some of them are as follows:-
Tahasil Office
Block Education Office
Police Station
Fire Station
Community Health Center
Regional Agriculture Office
Government
Sinapali Panchayat Samiti have a chairman in its Block level.
Gram Panchayat
There are 27 Gram Panchyats.
References
Nuapada district |
Chinlea is an extinct genus of late Triassic Mawsoniid coelacanth fish found in and named after the Chinle Formation that crops out in the southwestern states of Arizona and New Mexico. The word “Chinle” comes from the Navajo word meaning "flowing out", referencing the location where water flows out of the Canyon de Chelly. They were also possibly found in the Dockum Group.
Discovery and Description
Chinlea was described by Schaeffer in 1967 from type specimen Chinlea sorenseni (A.M.N.H No. 5652) found in the upper part of the Chinle Formation, Little Valley, San Juan County, Utah. When it was described Chinlea was thought to be most closely related to Dilpurus from the Dockum Group because of their similar basisphenoid, long ossified pleural ribs, pelvic plate and unpaired basal plate shape, and supplementary caudal lobe length. Their long ossified ribs might have been mechanically related to more efficient swimming. However Schaeffer differentiated Chinlea from Dilpurus by its greater posterior extension of the supratemporal; increased ossification of the extrascapulars; a robust antroventral process on the lateral rostral; larger and triangular postorbital; longer dentary with notched posterior border; anteriorly narrowed angular; small, numerous, closely spaced teeth on dentary; large, tusk-like teeth on premaxilla dermopalatine, possibly ectopterygoid, and precoracoid; and no denticles on anterior borders of the dorsal and caudal fins. Chinlea was originally described as being 32-100 mm and an estimated 160-500 mm in length, but a later C. sorenseni skull collected in the same area confirmed that some undetermined remains belonged to Chinlea and that they could get at least up to 200, possibly 800 mm.
Phylogeny
Mawsoniids had two main episodes of diversification; Chinlea occurred during the Triassic episode in North America which also has a younger taxon in South America (Parnaibaia). Chinlea and the Mawsoniid taxa after it all have extrascapulars integrated to the postparietal shield covering the neurocranium. Chinlea and Mawsonia also have an even number of extrascapulars. Compared to Mawsonia and Axelrodichthys, the bifurcated region of the dentary on Chinlea is longer and angles upwards. Mawsonia and Axelrodichtys also have a high coronoid eminence that Chinlea does not. Of the species on the cladogram, Chinlea is the only one not known to continue into the Jurassic, and Mawsonia and Axelrodichthys did not even evolve until the Jurassic.
The following cladogram is based on Cavin et al. (2019).
Paleoenvironment and Paleoecology
Chinlea likely lived in North and South America close to the equator. Unlike marine Latimeriids which include the one genus of extant coelacanths, Mawsoniids could also inhabit fresh or brackish water. The fluvial and lacustrine depositions in the Chinle Formation suggest an area with large bodies of water and a seasonal monsoonal climate. Chinlea lived alongside their likely prey Ceratodus (lungfish) that made burrows to avoid desiccation and lie dormant, giving evidence of a dry season. The postorbital bone bridging across the intercranial joint, which is characteristic of Mawsoniids, suggests they had a smaller gape for suction feeding than other coelacanths and would have to eat relatively smaller prey. Chinlea also lived with at least 10 species of Osteichthyes (bony fish), Hybodontids (shark), Metoposaurids (amphibian), and Phytosaurids (reptile). While there were changes to the terrestrial and aquatic tetrapod taxa, fish fauna did not have any major change throughout the formation.
References
Mawsoniidae
Triassic bony fish
Prehistoric bony fish genera
Chinle fauna
Fossil taxa described in 1967 |
Marshall County Courthouse or Marshall County Court House may refer to:
Marshall County Courthouse (Indiana), Plymouth, Indiana
Marshall County Courthouse (Iowa), Marshalltown, Iowa
Marshall County Courthouse (Kansas), Marysville, Kansas
Marshall County Courthouse (Mississippi), Holly Springs, Mississippi, a Mississippi Landmark
Marshall County Courthouse (Oklahoma), Madill, Oklahoma
Marshall County Courthouse (South Dakota), Britton, South Dakota
Marshall County Courthouse, part of the Moundsville Commercial Historic District, Moundsville, West Virginia |
Kolanı (also, Kelany-Turany, Kolany, and Kolany-Turuny) is a village and municipality in the Hajigabul Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,944.
References
Populated places in Hajigabul District |
One of the most striking features of Indian classical dance and dances of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and the Malay world is the use of hand gestures. Speaking in dance via gestures in order to convey outer events or things visually is what mudras do. To convey inner feelings, two classifications of mudras (hand or finger gesture) are used in Indian classical dance, Thai dances, Cambodian dances, Lao dances, Burmese dances and Malay dances, and are a prominent part of the dancer's vocabulary.
Background
The Abhinaya Darpa (a descriptive primer for dancers) mentions that the dancer should sing the song by the throat, express the meaning of the song through hand gestures, show the state of feelings in the song by eyes, and express the rhythm with his or her feet.
From the Natya Shastra, a text on the arts, this quotation and translation is often quoted by Indian classical dance instructors:
"Yato hastastato drishtihi"..."Where the hand is, the eyes follow"
"Yato drishtistato manaha"..."Where the eyes go, the mind follows"
"Yato manastato bhavaha"..."Where the mind is, there is the feeling"
"Yato bhavastato rasaha"..."Where there is feeling, there is mood/flavour, sweetness (i.e., appreciation of art; aesthetic bliss)"
So vast are the subtleties expressed in the hand gestures of hasta that the vastness of what being human entails, and perhaps even what the entire universe contains, might be expressed by the dancer.
Hence as 'hasta' form a distinct coded language which brings a unique poetic element while performing, so too when abhinaya (traditional facial expressions), pose (attitude), and rhythm complete the language, the dancer may express practically anything and everything to an attentive audience.
Gestures
Bharatanatyam
In Bharatanatyam, the classical dance of India performed by Lord Nataraja, approximately 51 root mudras (hand or finger gestures) are used to clearly communicate specific ideas, events, actions, or creatures in which 28 require only one hand, and are classified as `Asamyuta Hasta', along with 23 other primary mudras which require both hands and are classified as 'Samyuta Hasta'; these 51 are the roots but the branches permit of many more mudra, some of which are used primarily as aesthetic or decorative.
Thai dances
See also
List of gestures
List of Indian dances
Adavu
References
Further reading
Marg Magazine Volume 10 - Issue 4, pp. 12-13, 24 (September 1957)
Marg Magazine Volume 32 - Issue 2 (June 1979)
External links
Indianartz.com. Hasta Mudras - Gallery.
Ramm-Bonwitt, Ingrid (1987). Mudras - As Maos Como Simbolo do Cosmos.
Dance in India
Dance in Thailand
Dance in Cambodia
Dance in Malaysia
Dance in Brunei
Dance in Singapore
Dance in Indonesia
India dance-related lists |
Mariekerke is the name of several locations:
Mariekerke, Belgium, near Bornem in the province of Antwerp.
Mariekerke, Netherlands, a former municipality in the province of Zeeland
Klein Mariekerke, a hamlet in Zeeland, formerly in the municipality of Mariekerke. |
Guaramirim is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.
Notable people
Julio Cesar Football player
See also
List of municipalities in Santa Catarina
References
Municipalities in Santa Catarina (state) |
Fimbristylis aestivalis commonly known as summer fimbry, is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Australia. The specific epithet, aestivalis, is derived from Latin and means "pertaining to the summer".
The annual grass-like or herb sedge typically grows to a height of and has a tufted habit. It blooms between June and July and produces brown flowers.
In Western Australia it is found along creeks and in other damp areas in the Kimberley region where it grows in alluvium.
References
External links
Fimbristylis aestivalis at the Atlas of Living Australia
Plants described in 1805
Flora of Western Australia
Aestivalis
Endemic flora of Australia |
The 1979 Embassy World Darts Championship was the second World Professional Championships. Having been held the previous year at the Heart of the Midlands Club in Nottingham, the event moved to Jollees Cabaret Club in Stoke-on-Trent where it was to remain until 1985.
The tournament was held between 2 February and 9 February and had been expanded from 16 players to 24. The eight seeded players each received a bye into the second round. The format also changed from a straight matchplay (legs) to sets. Each set was the best of 5 legs. - For matches in the opening rounds the matches were best of three sets, - best of five for the quarter-finals and semi-finals, with the final being best of 9 sets, split over an afternoon and evening session with the play-off for third held in between.
Defending champion, Leighton Rees of Wales again progressed to the final where he met John Lowe in a repeat of the inaugural championship. This time, Lowe was the top seed and came out on top in the final by 5 sets to 0.
New players
With the expansion from 16 to 24 players in the finals, 11 players made their championship debuts, the most notable being John Wilson of Scotland, - no doubt to be soon known as Jocky. Wilson's performances over 1978 had enabled him to be seeded 8th for the tournament, and thus ensure a place in round 2 straight away.
Seeds
Wilson entering the seeds meant he would replace Rab Smith, the Scot having to play the first round before moving into the later stages. England's John Lowe had risen to be number 1 seed, with Eric Bristow dropping to 2nd seed after his first round defeat a year earlier. Leighton Rees remained seeded 3, with Tony Brown moving up to number 4. The Semi-Finalist from 1978 Nicky Virachkul was seeded 5th with the other Last 4-man, Stefan Lord seeded 6th. Alan Evans was the 7th seed along with Wilson as 8th.
John Lowe
Eric Bristow
Leighton Rees
Tony Brown
Nicky Virachkul
Stefan Lord
Alan Evans
Jocky Wilson
Tournament summary
The second Embassy World Championship opened up with the first surprise, Doug McCarthy's 2–1 win over Charlie Ellix. - McCarthy would meet Lowe in the last 16 later on in the event. Jim McQuillian, following Paddy Clifford as only the second Irishman to pay in the World Championship, looked comfortable in his 2–0 win over Murray Smith.
Leighton Rees, the defending champion, played a notably poorer standard than he did in the previous year's event. In all but one of his matches in this tournament, he averaged below 80, including in the final. John Lowe won the final in a set whitewash to achieve the first of his three world championships.
Prize money
Total Prize fund was £15,000 (plus a £12,000 bonus for a nine-dart finish - not won)
Champion £4,500
Runner-up £2,000
Third Place £1,500
Fourth Place £1,000
Quarter finalists £500
2nd round losers £300
1st round losers £200
Results
John Lowe won the final 5-0 (3-1, 3-0, 3-0, 3-2, 3-0) and thus became the 1979 BDO World Darts Champion. Illness prevented Alan Evans from playing the third-place match, so Tony Brown took third place by default.
References
BDO World Darts Championships
BDO World Darts 1979
Bdo World Darts Championship, 1979
Bdo World Darts Championship
BDO World Darts Championship |
Baranya or Baranja may refer to:
Baranya (region) or Baranja, a region in Hungary and Croatia
Baranya County, a county in modern Hungary
Baranya County (former), a county in the historic Kingdom of Hungary
Baranya, Hungarian name of village in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine
Baranja, Nepal, a village in Nepal
See also
Baranyai, a surname
Baranjars, a group of medieval Turkic tribes
Barania Góra, mountain in southern Poland |
The Egyptians Act 1530 (22 Hen. 8. c 10) was an Act passed by the Parliament of England in 1531 to expel the "outlandish people calling themselves Egyptians", meaning Roma. It was repealed by the Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856.
Content
The Act accused Romanichals of using "crafty and subtle devices" to deceive people, notably by claiming to tell fortunes whilst also allegedly frequently committing felonies such as robbery. The statute forbade any more Roma from entering the realm and gave those already in England sixteen days' notice to depart from the realm. Goods which Roma had stolen were to be restored to their owners. Roma who violated the statute were to have their properties confiscated and divided between the Sovereign and the Justice of the Peace or another arresting officer.
Egyptians Act 1554
The 1530 act was not successful in its aim of expelling all Roma, for Mary I passed the Egyptians Act 1554 (1 & 2 Philip & Mary, c. 4), which complained that "Egyptians" were plying their "devilish and naughty practices and devices". However, the newer act allowed some Roma to escape prosecution so long as they abandoned their nomadic lifestyle, or as the act put it, their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company".
See also
UK immigration law
UK labour law
Vagrancy Act 1824 s 4, contained the offence of telling fortunes
Notes
References
Stanford Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536 (Cambridge University Press, 1970).
External links
National Archive page with wording of the Act
Text of statute (old script [DEFUNCT FILE])
Text of statute
Acts of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)
Antiziganism in the United Kingdom
1530 in law
1530 in England
Romani history
Immigration law in the United Kingdom
Discrimination in England
Racism in England
Romani-related controversies
Romani in England |
The Silver Medal of Military Valor () is an Italian medal for gallantry.
Italian medals for valor were first instituted by Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia on 21 May 1793, with a gold medal, and, below it, a silver medal. These were intended for junior officers or common soldiers who had distinguished themselves in combat.
These medals fell into disuse during the period of Napoleonic domination. They were reinstated on 1 April 1815, by Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia, who, however, abolished them only a few months later, on 4 August 1815, replacing them with the Military Order of Savoy (l'Ordine militare di Savoia), now known as the Military Order of Italy.
However, in 1833, Charles Albert of Sardinia, recognizing that the Military Order was too exclusive in that it could only be awarded to persons of high rank, re-instituted the medals for valor (gold and silver) as awards for noble acts performed by soldiers in both war and peace.
According to royal decree no. 753 of 24 May 1915, the number of times one individual could receive a medal for valor (both silver and gold) was limited to three, after which a promotion was foreseen. This limit was abolished with royal decree no. 975 of 15 June 1922.
During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel, units above the level of company and civilians for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy.
During World War I, the medal was given out some 38,614 times for individual acts of heroism (compared to 368 Gold Medals and 60,244 Bronze medals).
Thus, the Italian Silver Medal for Military Valor is equivalent in frequency and prestige to the British Military Cross, which was awarded some 40,253 times during World War I.
The Silver Medal for Military Valor is still awarded by the Italian state, and it, along with the Gold and Bronze medals for Military Valor as well as the "Croce di Guerra al Valor Militare" (War Cross of Military Valor - which can only be awarded in time of war) is established by the Royal Decree of 4 November 1932, in which the purpose of these medals is defined as "To distinguish and publicly honor the authors of heroic military acts, even ones performed in time of peace, provided that the exploit is closely connected with the purposes for which the Armed Forces are constituted, whatever may be the condition or quality of the author."
Notable recipients
Italo Balbo
William George Barker VC
Nicola Bellomo (twice)
Alfred-Ingemar Berndt
Aaron Bradshaw Jr.
Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia
Federico Cafiero
Mark W. Clark
Gino De Giorgi (twice)
Ludovico De Filippi
Arturo Ferrarin
Alfred Gause
Joachim Helbig
Ernest Hemingway
Sir William Holmes
Hans Kroh
Hans-Joachim Marseille
Mario Masciulli
Walther Nehring
Erwin Rommel
Hans-Ulrich Rudel
Hippolyte De La Rue
Emanuele Ruspoli
Nazario Sauro
Achille Starace
Johannes Streich
Walkiria Terradura
Attilio Teruzzi
Edmond Thieffry
Cervi Brothers
Hans von Luck
Guido Jung
Ada Gobetti
Armando Diaz
See also
Medal of Military Valor
Gold Medal of Military Valor
Bronze Medal of Military Valor
Italian medals 1860-today (Italian Wikipedia)
List of military decorations
References
Military awards and decorations of Italy
Courage awards
ca:Medalla al Valor Militar (Itàlia)
fr:Médaille de la valeur militaire (Italie)
it:Valor militare
zh:银制勇敢勋章 |
Clodine ( ) is an unincorporated community in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, between the Alief section of Houston and the city of Fulshear.
History
Clodine was first established in the 1880s as a station on the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway. Clodine had acquired a Post Office by 1893. In 1896 the town had a general store, a Baptist church, and a population of fifty. Clodine acquired a Community School in the year 1897. By 1914 Clodine had telephone and telegraph connections, and a population of twenty-five. The Texas and New Orleans Railroad bought the San Antonio and Aransas Pass line in 1934 and removed the depot and section houses. In 1936 the town had gained a factory and several businesses. In 1947 Clodine had a population of fifty and was a shipping point for surrounding farms and a local oil field. In 1990 Clodine had around 31 residents.
In 2001 George Bush High School opened. In the early 2003 the rail road was taken up to make way for the Westpark Tollway. In 2005 the Westpark Tollway was constructed on the former railroad right of way. A shopping center was built near the tollway on FM 1093. In April 2008 the Clodine General Store was moved to make room for the expansion of Farm to Market Road 1464.
Education
Clodine is within the Fort Bend Independent School District. It is served primarily by George Bush High School, Hodges Bend Middle School, Barbra Jordan Elementary School, and Mission West Elementary School.
References
External links
Unincorporated communities in Texas
Unincorporated communities in Fort Bend County, Texas
Greater Houston |
Roger Heman (March 28, 1932 – November 13, 1989) was an American sound engineer. He won an Academy Award for Best Sound and was nominated for another one in the same category. His father was also a sound engineer and also won an Academy Award, for Best Effects, Special Effects for Crash Dive.
Heman Jr. died of lung cancer at the age of 57.
Awards and nominations
Won an Academy Award for Jaws (1975), shared with Robert L. Hoyt, Earl Madery and John Carter
Nominated for an Academy Award for Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), shared with Richard Portman and Jim Alexander
Nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Sound for Coal Miner's Daughter, shared with Gordon Ecker, Richard Portman and James Alexander
Nominated for a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Mixing for the 1970 TV movie My Sweet Charlie, shared with John Stransky Jr., Melvin M. Metcalfe Sr. and Clarence Self
References
External links
1932 births
1989 deaths
American audio engineers
Best Sound Mixing Academy Award winners
Deaths from lung cancer
20th-century American engineers |
Benfluralin is an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class. The mechanism of action of benfluralin involves inhibition of root and shoot development.
It is used to control grasses and other weeds. Annual use in the United States was approximately in 2004.
References
Herbicides
Anilines
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Nitro compounds
Nitrobenzenes |
In games and sport, a tiebreaker or tiebreak is used to determine a winner from among players or teams when their scores are tied at the end of a contest, or a set of contests.
General operation
In matches
In some situations, the tiebreaker may consist of another round of play. For example, if contestants are tied at the end of a quiz game, they each might be asked one or more extra questions, and whoever correctly answers the most from that extra set is the winner. In many sports, teams that are tied at the end of a match compete in an additional period of play called "overtime" or "extra time". The extra round may also not follow the regular format, e.g. a tiebreak in tennis or a penalty shootout in association football. In the Super Smash Bros. series of platform fighting games published by Nintendo, if at least two fighters have an equal amount of points or stocks when time runs out, then a tiebreaker will occur as "Sudden Death" with the tied players receiving 300% damage and whoever delivers the final hit is the winner of the match.
In tournaments and playoffs
In some sports, tournaments, and playoffs, the tiebreaker is a statistic that is compared between different contestants who have the same win–loss record, or number of points scored etc. Some competitions, such as the FIFA World Cup, the EuroLeague, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League and the National Football League, have a whole set of tiebreaking rules in which a group of statistics are compared between the tied teams, one at a time, to determine the seeding in their respective knockout or playoff tournament.
The statistics that are compared may include total goals scored, the record between the two tied teams, and other factors. In many of these tiebreaking rules, if the teams remain tied after comparing all of these statistics, then the tie is broken at random using a coin toss or a drawing of lots.
Swiss system tournaments use a variety of criteria not found in other types of tournament which exploit features specific to the Swiss system.
In some sports leagues, a one-game playoff, or occasionally a "best-of" series format, may be played instead to break the tie.
In promotion/relegation and draft order
Some sports leagues may use tiebreaking rules to help determine which teams that have the same win–loss record are promoted and relegated, or have the higher pick in their respective sports draft. These tiebreaking rules may be the same ones used in their respective knockout or playoff tournament, except that the tied team with the worse statistic is the one that either get relegated or receives a higher draft pick, but in some sports leagues like the National Football League, the set of tiebreaking rules to compare the worst-ranked teams is completely different from the rules to select the playoff teams.
Specific sports
Association football
In association football contests, many matches are allowed to end in a draw, particularly when played in a round-robin tournament ("league format"), but in cases where a winner must be chosen such as play-offs, a tournament's final, a single-elimination tournament, there are several methods of deciding this: extra time, penalty shoot-out, match replay, and away goals rule in two-legged tie.
Extra time tiebreaker
After regular time or 90 minutes, the usual method is extra time, where each team will play two 15-minute periods of extra time. The team that leads at the end of 30 minutes wins the tie. If, at the end of extra time, after 120 minutes, no winner can be decided, the match goes to a penalty shoot-out.
Penalty shoot-out tiebreaker
Occasionally, in matches like the Community Shield in England, the match can go straight to a penalty shootout after 90 mins of play has been completed.
Match replay
Alternatively, in tournaments such as the English FA Cup, the match is replayed in its entirety, going through the aforementioned stages of extra time and penalties if the second match is drawn. This method is no longer used from the quarter-finals onwards. In league matches, when two or more teams are tied on points, a series of tiebreakers are adopted, where goal difference and head-to-head points are the most common ones. While some competitions (including FIFA competitions) use goal difference as the first tiebreaker, some others (including UEFA and AFC competitions) use head-to-head points.
Away goals rule
American football
In the National Football League of professional American football, if both teams are tied at the end of regulation, an overtime period is played under modified "sudden death" rules. Before the 2017 season, this period was 15 minutes in all games. Since 2017, a 15-minute period has been used only in playoff games (in which a winner must be decided); overtime in regular-season games consists of a 10-minute period, no overtime in preseason up to & since . If the team that receives the ball first scores a field goal, then the opponent must receive a chance at equalising that score of their own; the first team to score a touchdown or safety wins the game; and once both teams have had possession of the ball in overtime, the first team to score under any legal means, touchdown (offensive or defensive), field goal or safety, wins. If neither team scores before the end of the overtime period, or both teams score one field goal each, the game is considered a draw and ends, and counts as a "half-win" in the standings for purposes of winning percentage for both draft order and playoff positioning. However, in the playoffs, true sudden death rules apply from double overtime onwards.
Australian rules football
There is no tiebreak for regular season matches in Australian rules football, and both teams earn two points each.
In the AFL, new rules were introduced for finals in 2016 and modified in 2020: if there is a tie at the expiry of regulation time, including in the Grand Final, two three minute halves of extra time are played with the teams swapping end after each half. If the match is still tied when extra time has expired, the procedure is repeated (but in true golden point) until a winner is determined.
Previous systems
Prior to 1991, if the scores were tied in a finals match after the final siren, the drawn final would be replayed on the following weekend, thus delaying all other finals by one week.
Due to various logistical issues that arose following the drawn 1990 Qualifying Final, the AFL replaced this procedure with extra time (with the exception of the Grand Final) in 1991. Until 2015, if the scores in a finals match were tied when regulation time expired, two five-minute halves of extra time were played until a winner was determined. This procedure was used twice: in the 1994 Second Qualifying Final between North Melbourne and Hawthorn (won by North Melbourne), and the 2007 Second Semi-final between West Coast and Collingwood (won by Collingwood).
If the scores were tied after the final siren in the Grand Final, the match would be replayed on the following weekend.
Baseball
If a baseball game is tied at the end of the usual nine innings, the game continues into extra innings until an inning ends with one team ahead. Although games are occasionally ended as ties on account of weather or darkness (the latter happened much more often before lights were installed on most professional baseball fields in the 1940s), and some leagues (including Nippon Professional Baseball) allow only a limited number of extra innings before a game ends as a tie, professional baseball in the United States has no such limit. The longest Major League game in history (on May 1, 1920) lasted 26 innings, and a minor-league game in 1981 lasted 33 innings. In some venues, including international baseball, starting with the second extra inning that may begin a full reset of the batting order to the coach's choice with up to two runners already on base, in order to increase the chances of a resolution.
Major League Baseball used the term "tiebreaker" to refer to one or more additional games played after the scheduled end of the regular season between teams with identical win–loss records in order to determine participants in postseason play. This tiebreaker game format was abolished in the 2022 season, to compensate for an expanded postseason.
Chess
In chess, when two players play a match against each other and the score is even after the scheduled number of games, often there is a tiebreak with games with faster time controls. In tournaments, when two or more players have the same final score, there can be a play-off but usually an auxiliary scoring system is used.
Cricket
Most cricket matches do not feature tiebreakers. The most common tiebreaking method in limited overs cricket matches is the Super Over, wherein each team plays an additional over of six balls to determine the result. Subsequent Super Overs may be played if the first Super Over ends in a tie.
In a tournament, the most common way to separate two teams tied on points gained from matches won and lost is Net Run Rate, which is a measure of how much a team wins or loses each game of the tournament by.
Field target
Field target — a precision air rifle shooting sport — uses either a sudden-death or shot count tiebreaker. The sudden-death tiebreaker (usually used to determine a single place such as 3rd when 3 awards are to be given or between two shooters) consists of each tied shooter (order dictated or decided by coin-toss or other technique) shoots at a target (typically a difficult shot such as ½" at 35 yards). If all shooters in the tie fail, then the target is moved closer. If one shooter hits, then the next shooter(s) who miss are out of the competition. If a round is complete with multiple ties remaining, the target is moved out (made more difficult) and the same procedure is repeated until only one shooter remains. This procedure can then be repeated to determine further placings among the losers of the previous round.
In cases where multiple places are to be determined (as in five people tied for first place), one approach is to have each shooter make several shots (n − 1 or more with n being the number of tied shooters). If all shooters miss all shots, the target is moved in (made easier); similarly, if all shooters hit on all shots, the target is moved out (made more difficult). If some variation in hits exists after a round, the top score gets the highest placing while those with identical scores can have a sudden-death shootout or a repeat of the multiple shot shootout (typically with a more difficult target) to determine other placings.
Ice hockey
Tennis
Snooker
If the scores are level when all the balls are potted in a frame of snooker, the black is "respotted" (placed back on the table, on its designated spot) and the cue ball put "in hand". The referee will then toss a coin, and the winner of the coin toss decides who will take the first shot. Play then continues until the black is potted or another frame-ending situation occurs.
Sumo
At the conclusion of a , the winner of a division is the with best record at the end of the 15-day tournament. If two or more wrestlers share are tied for the lead within a division, a series of additional playoff bouts will be held on the final day to determine the divisional champion. Restrictions against bouts between close relatives, members of the same stable, and previously faced opponents are lifted during a playoff situation.
Outside sport
The term "tiebreaker" is sometimes used loosely outside the world of sports — for example, for an innovative weapon or strategy introduced in a war where the two opposing armies are evenly matched, a decisive political move introduced in an electoral race where the contending parties are evenly matched (such as a casting vote), and similar situations in other fields.
See also
Overtime (sport)
Tie (draw)
One-game playoff
Sports terminology |
Fox Island is an island in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, in the United States of America. It lies between Conanicut Island and North Kingstown just south of the village of Wickford, Rhode Island. The island is a part of the town of North Kingstown. The Native Americans called the island "Nanaquonset" (also "Nonequasset" or "Sonanoxet.") The island was purchased from Native Americans by Randall Holden and Samuel Gorton in 1659. In the 1860s a Christian preacher named Captain Jimmie Hammond became the first full-time resident of the island where he lived with his chickens and cat. In 1880, Rev. William Pendleton Chapman, a pastor at the nearby Quidnessett Church, featured the island in his adventure book titled “Budd Boyd’s Triumph: The Boy Firm of Fox Island.” Various other private owners have owned the island since its first habitation. Since 2000 it has been privately owned by a corporation which uses a large wind generator on the east side of the island.
References and external links
Sidney Smith Rider, The Lands of Rhode Island: As They Were Known to Caunonicus and Miantunnomu When Roger Williams Came in 1636 (Published by the Author: 1904).
Frederic Denlson, Narragansett Sea and Shore, (J.A. & R.A. Reid, Providence, RI., 1879)
George L. Seavey, Rhode Island's Coastal Natural Areas.
References
Islands of Washington County, Rhode Island
Islands of Narragansett Bay
North Kingstown, Rhode Island
Islands of Rhode Island
Private islands of the United States |
```javascript
//your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------
//your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------
// Return values from Intl function calls show the function name correctly in debugger.
/////////////////// DateFormat ////////////////////
var options = { ca: "gregory", hour12: true, timeZone:"UTC" };
var dateFormat1 = new Intl.DateTimeFormat("en-US", options); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();**/
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
var date1 = new Date(2000, 1, 1);
var date2 = dateFormat1.format(date1); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();**/
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
var stringDate1 = date1.toLocaleString("en-us"); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();resume('step_over');locals();resume('step_over');locals();**/
Intl.DateTimeFormat.supportedLocalesOf(["en-US"], { localeMatcher: "best fit" });
dateFormat1.resolvedOptions();
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
/////////////////// NumberFormat ////////////////////
var numberFormat1 = new Intl.NumberFormat(); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();**/
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
var formattedNumber1 = numberFormat1.format(123.456); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();**/
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
Intl.NumberFormat.supportedLocalesOf(["en-US"], { localeMatcher: "lookup" }); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();resume('step_over');locals();**/
numberFormat1.resolvedOptions(); /**bp:locals();resume('step_over');locals();**/
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
/////////////////// Collator ////////////////////
var collator1 = Intl.Collator(); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();resume('step_over');locals();**/
var compare1 = collator1.compare('a', 'b');
WScript.Echo(""); // Dummy line to get desired debugger logging behavior. Required due to the above bug.
Intl.Collator.supportedLocalesOf(["en-US"], { localeMatcher: "best fit" }); /**bp:resume('step_over');locals();resume('step_over');locals();**/
collator1.resolvedOptions();
WScript.Echo("Pass");
``` |
```sqlpl
BEGIN /*!90000 PESSIMISTIC */;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `test_table_82`;
COMMIT;
``` |
Beyhan Sultan may refer to:
Beyhan Sultan (daughter of Selim I) (before 1493 –1559), Ottoman princess
Beyhan Sultan (daughter of Mehmed III), Ottoman princess
Beyhan Sultan (daughter of Ibrahim) (1645–1700), Ottoman princess
Beyhan Sultan (daughter of Mustafa III) (1766–1824), Ottoman princess |
Copelatus bertrandi is a species of diving beetle. It is part of the genus Copelatus in the subfamily Copelatinae of the family Dytiscidae. It was described by Bilardo & Rocchi in 1996.
References
bertrandi
Beetles described in 1996 |
KCTN (100.1 FM) is a commercial radio station that serves the Elkader, Iowa area. The station primarily broadcasts a country music format. KCTN is licensed to Design Homes, Inc.
The transmitter and broadcast tower are located between Garnavillo and Elkader, near the unincorporated community of Clayton Center. According to the Antenna Structure Registration database, the tower is tall with the FM broadcast antenna mounted at the level. The calculated Height Above Average Terrain is .
References
External links
KCTN website
CTN |
The Slovene ambassador in Washington, D. C. is the official representative of the Government in Ljubljana to the Government of the United States.
List of representatives
See also
Slovenia–United States relations
References
United States
Slovenia |
Leghorn Mission Support Site (also known as Leghorn MSS, Eagle's Nest, Gibralter or Golf-5) was a MACV-SOG base located northwest of Đắk Tô Base Camp, in Attapeu Province, Laos.
History
The base was located on a steep and narrow ridgeline, approximately 10 km west of the Vietnam-Laos border and 43 km northwest of Đắk Tô Base Camp.
The base was first established on 15 January 1967 as an operations base and radio relay site to allow SOG teams to remain in contact while conducting operations in southern Laos. The hillside on which it was constructed was so steep as to render the base practically impervious to ground attack or small arms or mortar fire. While intended as a temporary facility, Leghorn remained in use for five years.
Current use
The base has reverted to jungle.
See also
Hickory Hill Mission Support Site
Sledgehammer Mission Support Site
References
Military installations of the United States in Laos
Military installations closed in the 1970s |
Bruno Lopes (, ; born 9 February 1966), better known as Kool Shen, is a French rapper, actor and producer, with Portuguese and Breton origins. He is also a break dancer and a graffiti artist. He is a co-founder of Suprême NTM and one of the major figures of French rap. He was featured on Enhancer's album Electrochoc in the song "Hot".
Olympique Lyonnais shirt
On 2 November 2009, it was announced by French football club Olympique Lyonnais (OL), in collaboration with Betclic and Universal Music, that Kool Shen's name would feature on the team's shirt in a match against league rivals Olympique de Marseille (OM) the following week. It was the first time that a musical artist's album was promoted on a football shirt. OL and OM went on to play out a memorable 5–5 draw in the match.
Discography
Dernier round (2005)
Kool Shen – Live (2005)
Crise de conscience (2009)
Sur le fil du rasoir (2016)
Music videos
1998 : "That's my people".
2000 : "United we stand" (feat Toy). Directed by J.G Biggs
2002 : "Are You Ready?" (feat Toy). Directed by J.G Biggs
2004 : "Qui suis-je?" (actors: Samuel Le Bihan & Jo Prestia). Directed by J.G Biggs.
2004 : "II shoot IV my people" (feat Big Ali) Directed by J.G Biggs.
2004 : "Un ange dans le ciel". Directed by J.G Biggs.
2005 : "L'avenir est à nous" (feat Rohff & Dadoo). (actor: Tchéky Karyo) Directed by J.G Biggs.
2005 : "That's my people (live)" (feat Sinik & Kery James) Directed by J.G Biggs.
2006 : "HOT" (with Enhancer & David Banner) Directed by HK corp.
2009 : "J'reviens" (feat JoeyStarr) (Actor : Philippe Nahon)
2009 : "C'est bouillant" (with Salif)
Filmography
References
External links
Official Site
1967 births
Living people
French rappers
French people of Breton descent
French people of Portuguese descent
People from Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis
Rappers from Seine-Saint-Denis
French poker players
French male film actors
21st-century French male actors |
CJMQ-FM is a Canadian radio station. Based in Sherbrooke, Quebec, where it has studios in both downtown Sherbrooke and the borough of Lennoxville, the station broadcasts a community radio format targeted to Anglo-Quebecers in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships.
The station broadcasts at a frequency of 88.9 FM in Sherbrooke, on the cable FM services of Vidéotron (103.9 FM) and Cogeco (104.7 FM), and on the Internet.
Since the demise of CKTS in 1992, CJMQ is the only locally produced English-language broadcaster in the Eastern Townships.
History
CJMQ originated in the 1940s as the Radio Club of Bishop's University, a campus radio station at Bishop's University which broadcast by closed circuit and carrier current. In the 1940s it had a studio in the basement of Norton Hall. With the construction of Bishop Mountain House (or the Student Union Building) the station acquired space in the basement and constructed their first studio.
In the 1970s, as Radio Bishop's, the service broadcast in the late evenings over CKTS, the local English radio station in Sherbrooke. This continued to 1978 when CKTS had sufficient resources to cover their broadcasting day.
In the early 1980s, the station radically expanded, acquiring a large complement of studio equipment from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, including the sound console from Les Beaux Dimanches, and a complete studio from CJFM in Montreal. At this time Radio Bishop's changed its name to RCBU (Radio Champlain Bishop's University) to recognise the support from Champlain Regional College. In 1987, the station officially incorporated as CJMQ Radio Bishop's Inc.
In 1995, CJMQ was granted its first broadcast license by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, and began broadcasting at an effective radiated power of 25 watts on the FM band to a broadcast audience within the town of Lennoxville. It was licensed by the CRTC as a low power not-for-profit campus-community station, which meant it had to provide an alternative source of news, information, and entertainment programming. Transmitting power and antenna location meant that signal reception was not optimum: parts of Bishop's University campus itself and one side of the main street in downtown Lennoxville received a static filled signal throughout the majority of the broadcast day. In 1998, CJMQ increased its effective radiated power to 500 watts.
In 2004, the CRTC reclassified the station's license from campus radio to community radio. Following the shutdown of CKTS in 2006, CJMQ's license was upgraded from Type B to Type A, a special status which confers a more flexible set of regulatory requirements on community radio stations in markets which are not served by any commercial radio stations operating in the same language.
In 2007, the station was granted another power increase, from 500 to 1,670 watts.
References
External links
CJMQ-FM
Jmq
Jmq
Bishop's University
Jmq
Radio stations established in 1995
1995 establishments in Quebec |
Javier Henares Payo (born 17 January 1985) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Juventud de Torremolinos CF as a forward.
Career
Born in Málaga, Andalusia, Henares made his senior debut with CD Alhaurino in 2004, in Tercera División. After representing Atlético Malagueño and Albacete Balompié B, he moved to Scotland with Hamilton Academical in 2006.
Henares made his professional debut on 5 August 2006, coming on as a second-half substitute for Richard Offiong in a 6–0 First Division away loss against Gretna. He scored his first goal for the club ten days later, netting his side's second in a 3–1 home win against Berwick Rangers for the League Cup.
In October 2006, Henares was loaned to Second Division side Alloa Athletic until January. He made his debut for the club on 21 October, scoring the winner in a 2–1 away success over Peterhead.
In January 2007, Henares returned to his home country after agreeing to a contract with Antequera CF in the fourth level. He subsequently represented Jerez CF, Arcos CF, CD Alhaurino (two stints), UD Los Barrios and Marbella FC in the same category before moving to Switzerland with Yverdon-Sport FC.
On 23 January 2014, after stints at FC Serrières and FC Stade Nyonnais, Henares signed for UCAM Murcia CF in the fourth division. He would resume his career in the lower leagues in the following years, representing Antequera, CD El Palo, Alhaurín de la Torre CF, CD Zenit de Torremolinos and CD Ciudad de Lucena.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Málaga
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Tercera División players
Atlético Malagueño players
Atlético Albacete players
Antequera CF footballers
UD Los Barrios footballers
Marbella FC players
UCAM Murcia CF players
Scottish Football League players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Yverdon-Sport FC players
FC Serrières players
FC Stade Nyonnais players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland |
Justin Muschamp is a New Zealand wheelchair rugby player and a member of the national team, the Wheel Blacks.
Justin was part of the wheel blacks team that competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics where they won the bronze medal.
References
External links
Paralympic wheelchair rugby players for New Zealand
Wheelchair rugby players at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic bronze medalists for New Zealand
Living people
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paralympic medalists in wheelchair rugby |
The 1958 South American Basketball Championship for Women was the 7th regional tournament for women in South America. It was held in Lima, Peru and won by Brazil. Five teams competed.
Final rankings
Results
Each team played the other teams twice, for a total of eight games played by each team.
External links
FIBA Archive
South
B
1958 in Peruvian sport
Sports competitions in Lima
South American Basketball Championship for Women
April 1958 sports events in South America
May 1958 sports events in South America
1950s in Lima |
The Parish Church of Trindade (Portuguese: Igreja Matriz de Trindade), also known as the Parish Church of the Divine Eternal Father (Portuguese: Igreja Matriz do Divino Pai Eterno), is a Catholic church located in the Brazilian city of Trindade, in Goiás. It was inaugurated on September 8, 1912, by the Redemptorist missionary Antão Jorge and has been considered a Cultural Heritage of Brazil by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage since September 24, 2014.
The temple is related to population growth and the formal establishment of the city, which occurred eight years later, in 1920, due to the attraction of numerous believers who wished to worship the Eternal Father. The Parish Church of Trindade is one of the tourist attractions of the city, especially during the Feast of the Eternal Father, a revered religious event that takes place annually in late June and early July.
Its current configuration dates from the last restoration, executed and supervised by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goiânia in 2013, which highlighted the baroque style and the blue tone of the facade. The nave, the high altar and the side aisles show the simplicity and rusticity of the objects used in the construction of the church.
History
The beginning
The inauguration of the Parish Church of Trindade is directly related to the formal establishment of the city. Built in the territory of the former municipality of Campinas, the church was planned by the Austro-Brazilian Father Antão Jorge in 1912, who was also responsible for organizing the materials that would constitute the church. In the region, around 1848, the gold prospectors Ana Rosa and Constantino Xavier built a chapel covered with buriti leaves, in order to expose the medallion with an illustration of the Holy Trinity crowning the Virgin Mary, that they found on the banks of the Barro Preto stream. From then on, countless people immigrated to the village of Barro Preto to venerate the image in devotion to the Divine Eternal Father.
The gold prospectors asked the sculptor José Joaquim da Veiga Vale to produce a larger replica of the image found, contributing to the population growth of the place. With the arrival of the Redemptorist priests, a religious pilgrimage to the chapel began, but the space became too small to accommodate all the tourists, so the church authorities of the Archdiocese of Goiânia organized, along with Father Antão Jorge, the inauguration of the Parish Church of Trindade in 1912, in the baroque style, with the first mass being held on September 8. The church became the main tourist center of the city until the construction of the Basilica of the Eternal Father in 1943.
Iconography
In a photograph from 1920, it is possible to see the church as the main point of the city, at the time the picture was taken. Due to its construction, the church is centralized in the urban area and its style was maintained in the following decades, characterized by the main entrance and the two prominent towers.
Besides the symbols explicit in the photograph, the materials carved in the masonry by the Redemptorist priests involved in the construction of the temple were seen and kept. There are also the bells and clocks that were imported from Bavaria, Germany. The rustic brick, the dome of the tower and the altar represent the little technique used in the construction and the simplicity of the church.
Restorations
Since its inauguration to its current configuration, the Parish Church of Trindade has undergone numerous reforms; most of them without significant changes in its structure. The clearest modification was the removal of the walls surrounding the chancel and the pulpit inside. In 1958, the first restoration began, managed and supervised by Father Renato de Ferreira. In this renovation, the windows were replaced by stained glass windows, the parquet flooring was replaced by granite, and the facade was also altered. The place lost some of its original features and was reopened in December 1960.
As a result of being listed as Historical Heritage of Goiás on October 13, 1980, it was constitutionally guaranteed that the church could be compensated by the State due to any need for structural changes. Therefore, in 1984, a restoration was carried out in order to highlight the original features of 1912, but also to avoid the collapse, notified as a threat to occur at any time.
In 2001, fourteen paintings were removed, on the grounds that they were not part of the original structure of the church, according to documentation from the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage. The church underwent renovations again in 2010, when the roof was renewed, since it was deteriorated by the action of natural phenomena and the presence of leaks that generated infiltration in the walls. In this work, zinc sheets of the two towers, gutters, and ruffles were replaced, and the church reopened on April 15, 2011.
The latest restoration was carried out at the end of 2013, with the clearest modification being the color: the external details went from brown to blue, as a commemoration of the church's centennial. However, the original architecture and style was maintained, with some materials considered worn out being replaced.
Protected status
The Parish Church of Trindade was listed as a National Material Cultural Heritage Site by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage on September 24, 2014. Previously, the church had already been recognized in the same category by the state of Goiás, alongside other churches in Goiás, Jaraguá, and Pirenópolis. The process responsible for the protection at the national level was filed by the government institution under No. 1656, which was unanimously accepted by the National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage's jurors, under the allegation of "its high historical value".
Implantation and exterior
The Parish Church of Trindade is located in the Sanctuary Square, in the same area where the gold prospectors Ana Rosa and Constantino Xavier displayed the medallion they found at the disposal of tourists who wished to express their faith. The temple is located between Padre Redentorista Street and Doutor Irany Ferreira Street, in the Vila Santa Inês neighborhood; behind it, it intersects Bacharel Valdir José das Neves Street. The church has a symmetrical and identical facade as seen from the square as well as from the street behind. Besides the two main entrances, there are six other entrances on the side wings; three on each.
The current paving in the churchyard and on the edge of the church walls is made of cobblestones. The sidewalk at street level has hydraulic tile paving, as does the square where it is located. In front of the main door there is a sculpture of Father Antão Jorge and a plaque in reference to Father Renato de Ferreira, who conducted and supervised the first restoration. The current landscaping of the square dates back to 2014, when services were carried out under acceptance by Mayor Jânio Darrot, in order to highlight the site visibly to tourists and to enable the entry of numerous devotees.
It is also possible to observe the bells and the clock, which allude to the work of the Redemptorist missionaries from Bavaria, Germany. The church consists of the nave, the cortavento, the illustration of Jesus Christ crucified, the balustrade, left and right lateral altars, the main altar in the main chapel and the pulpit. There are two towers on the exterior face, with a pyramidal dome on which there is a calvary (a wooden Latin cross).
Inside
Nave
The Parish Church of Trindade has a single nave, with an illustration of Jesus Christ crucified on the walls. The floor is wooden with different levels: the entrance, lower, occupied by the believers and the highest, near the altar, reserved for the priest. From the entrance there is a wooden choir, which has, from the nave, a door to the west and another to the east, and on the side walls of the body four windows stand out in conjunction with false parapets and baldachin, which are sash windows, painted blue, having a wooden frame with a straight lintel.
The ceiling of the nave is an acoustic type, with the smooth boards painted white. In the roof, there are two thick wooden ties, which serve to ensure the locking of the roof, in order to prevent the high walls of the church body. There are still two pulpits in the side wings accessible from the nave.
Main altar
The main altar of the church is located opposite the main entrance; therefore, it is the highlight of the temple. It has a similar structure to the nave, with adobe bricks and wooden structures, like the floor. There is a tower in the center that concentrates a group of roses and daisies and, above, the illuminated image of the Divine Eternal Father, the main figure of devotion of the believers who visit the Parish Church of Trindade. To the left, there is a tower with an illustration of the Virgin Mary and, to the right, another tower with an illustration of St. Joseph.
In front of the main altar is a pulpit where the priest speaks and gives his sermons. It is brown in color, with golden details; there is a cross, flowers around it, and a chalice above the pulpit. There are three doors (two on the left and one on the right) connecting the main altar to the presbytery.
Side wings
The church has two side wings. In the right wing, there is the baptistery and a staircase that connects to the bell room. On the left wing, there is the confessional and a 1921 painting of Father João Baptista, which alludes to the floor plan of the church, made by the German Max Schmalz. Several other objects were once displayed in the side wings, but were removed and preserved in a city museum; among them were stuffed animals, trophies, military uniforms, statues, and amulets.
Popular culture
The Parish Church of the Divine Eternal Father is the oldest church still standing in Trindade and a witness to the vertiginous growth of the city that was favored because of the pilgrimage and the strategic position.
Feast of the Divine Eternal Father
The church became the main focus of the Feast of the Eternal Father until 1943, when the Basilica of the Eternal Father was built under the orders of Bishop Emanuel Gomes de Oliveira, in order to enable the gathering of tourists in a larger and more representative place. The event, considered the biggest in the Center-West Region and the second biggest in Brazil, occurs annually in late June and early July, for ten days, mobilizing the inhabitants of Trindade and nearby towns.
Currently, the church still remains a tourist attraction mainly during the Feast, with several celebrations occurring on the days of the pilgrimage, such as novenas and processions. At the last festival in 2016, the city welcomed 2.7 million worshippers, who visited many churches in the area.
References
External links
Official website
Churches in Brazil
Roman Catholic churches in Goiás
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Brazil |
Anna-Britt Elisabet Agnsäter, née Johansson (27 June 1915 – 13 January 2006), was a Swedish home economics teacher and head of the test kitchen for Kooperativa Förbundet, a Swedish consumers' cooperative federation, from 1946 to 1980. She was the author of several popular Swedish cookbooks, including Vår kokbok. Her ambition as the developer of the food pyramid was to improve Sweden's dietary habits; it became widely accepted both in Sweden and internationally.
Biography
Agnsäter was born in Älmhult, Sweden, the daughter of merchant Carl Johansson and Elesine Nilsson. In 1945 she married officer Agne Agnsäter.
Agnsäter attended a girls' school in Ystad and studied at the home economics school in Rimforsa. In the mid-1930s she interned with politician and activist Elisabeth Tamm in Fogelstad. After passing the home economics teaching exam in 1939 she worked at a reformatory outside of Gothenburg. In 1943 she became assistant , , an advisor on nutrition, finances, and housing issues, in Gothenburg and Bohus County. The following year, she was employed as a traveling home consultant for Kooperativa Förbundet's test kitchen. In 1946, the test kitchen became an independent division, and Agnsäter served as its head until 1980, with the exception of 1948–1949, when she traveled to the United States to study and work for several months.
Agnsäter's trip resulted in new ideas which she brought back to Sweden: upon her return, Agnsäter was the initiator of Kooperativa Förbundet's production of meat thermometers as well as a four-piece measuring cup set adapted for Swedish cooking, now common in Swedish homes.
Agnsäter was the chief editor of 13 editions of Vår kokbok (Our Cookbook), first published in 1951 and Sweden's most popular cookbook. It contained new recipes thoroughly tested by the test kitchen and adapted to the new measuring set. It also included descriptions of how to properly cook with the meat thermometer. Angsäter also wrote and .
Agnsäter played an important role in popular education. She was critical of the television chefs of the time for their liberal use of fat in cooking. Her most important contribution was her 1974 food pyramid. With butter use rising after rationing ended in Sweden, Agnsäter's aim was to teach the Swedish population to eat more healthily and cut back on fat. First published in the magazine Vi, the concept was later exported to a number of countries and adapted to local conditions, including by the US Department of Agriculture in 1984.
Agnsäter died in Stockholm in 2006.
Awards
In 1973 she was awarded the by Stockholm Municipality. In 1993 she was awarded the H. M. The King's Medal and in 1995 the Medal in gold for meritorious contributions to the Swedish consumers' cooperative.
References
Further reading
1915 births
2006 deaths
People from Älmhult Municipality
Nutritionists
Women cookbook writers
Home economists |
Mangalapatti is a village located in Kangeyam taluk of Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
Demographics
Mangalapatti has population of 3,512 of which 1,734 are males while 1,778 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 294 which is 8.37% of total population of Mangalapatti. In Mangalapatti, female sex ratio is 1025 against state average of 996. Moreover, child sex ratio in Mangalapatti is around 1100 compared to Tamil Nadu state average of 943. Literacy rate of Mangalapatti is 67.65% lower than state average of 80.09%. Male literacy is around 76.85% while female literacy rate is 58.62%.
Schools
Government High School, Mangalappatti
Temples
Kaaliamman Temple
Eswaran Temple
Pattatharasi Amman Temple
References
Villages in Tiruppur district |
Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 85B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC85B gene.
Function
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a pathogenic human virus whose RNA genome and replication cycle resemble those of plant viroids. Delta-interacting protein A (DIPA), a cellular gene product, has been found to have homology to hepatitis delta virus antigen (HDAg). DIPA interacts with the viral antigen, HDAg, and can affect HDV replication in vitro.
Interactions
CCDC85B has been shown to interact with:
C19orf25,
KIAA1267,
Keratin 17, and
Protein kinase N1.
References
External links
Further reading |
Brent Ladds (born 1951) is a Canadian ice hockey administrator. He has served as president of the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL) since 2016, and was previously president of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) from 1980 to 2012, commissioner of Allan Cup Hockey from 2013 to 2016, and chairman of the Hockey Canada junior hockey council from 2014 to 2016. As president, he has marketed the CJHL as a development program for players seeking a professional career or an education, with exposure to National Hockey League talent scouts at the annual CJHL Prospects Game and World Junior A Challenge. He also sought to increase marketing opportunities, have consistent administrative practices, and to co-ordinate public relations across the CJHL. His tenure as president also saw the withdrawal of the British Columbia Hockey League, and subsequent format change of the Centennial Cup tournament to include all nine league champions.
Ladds began working in hockey administration with the OHA in 1975, overseeing its program for on-ice officials. He was appointed secretary-manager of the OHA in 1977, then became the first paid full-time president of the OHA in 1980. When the Ontario Hockey Federation was established in 1989, Ladds was named its executive director. As president, he sought to reduce on-ice violence and penalties in the game, and to eliminate hazing from the OHA. His reforms included lengthier suspensions for misconduct, and education for players and coaches. He envisioned a junior ice hockey league that was more provincial in nature, and to improve the quality of coaching and the player experience. He felt that junior hockey in Ontario needed to be more attractive to players, who were departing the OHA for leagues elsewhere in Canada. From 2006 to 2008, he directed the Canada East team at the World Junior A Challenge, and Ontario's hockey teams at the Canada Games. His administration career was recognized with the OHA Gold Stick Award in 1992, the Hockey Canada Order of Merit in 1997, and the President's Award from the Ontario Hockey Federation in 2012.
Early life
Ladds was born in 1951, in Noranda, Quebec.
Ontario Hockey Association
Ladds joined the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) in 1975, to oversee its program for on-ice officials. On July 6, 1977, he was appointed secretary-manager of the OHA to succeed David Branch.
During the 1978–79 season, the OHA suspended 31 players for attacking on-ice officials. Ladds was faced with complaints from officials that the suspensions were too short, and demands for more protection since officials had no appeal process for the suspensions. Ladds felt that 31 attacks was not bad considering the number of games assigned, and noted that officials had representation on the OHA referee committee.
1980 to 1989
Ladds was appointed president of the OHA on April 28, 1980, after a restructuring from an elected president into an elected chairman and an appointed president. He was to focus on the increasing business demands on the OHA, fundraising and publicity, and be a technical co-ordinator. Ladds became the first paid full-time president of the OHA.
In March 1982, Ladds gave a five-season suspension to a player for striking and threatening referees. It was the lengthiest suspension given within 30 years, which Ladds justified since the player was a repeat offender. Later in the same month when a player was ejected from a game for fighting and threatening a referee, Ladds initially gave a suspension for the remainder of the season followed by probation for the next season. Ladds later agreed to reduce the suspension to eight games combined with time served by the player as a referee for minor ice hockey, as an experimental alternative to a lengthy suspension.
When the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) split from the OHA in July 1982, Ladds felt they might compete for the same players. The OHA and OHL disagreed on financial terms of affiliation, then the OHL decided to handle its own administration. The OHA told referees that they could not work for both organizations, which was later reversed by Ladds who felt that it was unfair for the referees. Ladds and the OHL later reached an interim affiliation agreement, which allowed the OHL to compete at the Memorial Cup.
In 1982, Ladds sought to increase publicity for the Northern Ontario Hockey Association (NOHA), and arranged for a feature in The Hockey News by co-ordinating contributions by its member leagues. Later in the year, he oversaw establishment and publication of OHA Hockey News as a house organ.
The OHA Senior A Hockey League ceased operations after the 1986–87 season, when it was reduced to three teams and the OHA was unable to find new teams. Ladds felt that the league had become cost-prohibitive, and noted the need to cut costs and restructure senior ice hockey to compete for the Allan Cup.
In 1987, the Port Elgin Bears withdrew from a Western Ontario Junior C Hockey League playoffs series due to perceived on-ice violence by the Hanover Barons. Ladds and the OHA investigated the incident, which received national publicity when Port Elgin's coach was supported by Otto Jelinek, the Canadian Minister of State for Fitness and Amateur Sport. Port Elgin team officials were given one-year suspensions when the OHA found no evidence to justify abandoning the series. Ladds felt that the OHA had a responsibility to enforce player safety when justified, and agreed to study controlling on-ice violence. In the 1987–88 season, Ladds suspended a player for life who struck an opponent in the head with a hockey stick.
During the summer in 1989, the Metro Toronto Hockey League (MTHL) and the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA), broke away from the OHA and formed the Central Canada Hockey Association, due to disagreement with an OHA restructuring proposal which would have limited their voting powers. The dispute ended when the Ontario Hockey Federation (OHF) was established, with equal representation for the OHA, NOHA, MTHL, and OMHA. Ladds was named executive director of the OHF, which was given the mandate to oversee hockey in Ontario, and be a review panel for three years to propose further restructuring if necessary.
1990 to 1999
Ladds and the OHA established bursaries as of the 1995–96 season, to counter the loss of players to scholarships in the United States. The OHA awarded the bursaries to students chosen to attend the University of Windsor, University of Waterloo, and Wilfrid Laurier University.
When 13 people from the Tilbury Hawks were charged with sex-related crimes in 1994, Ladds sought to eliminate hazing from the OHA and suspended the team's officials for one year. In 1997, parents of players on the Kingsville Comets spoke out against hazing and campaigned for its end. Ladds felt that the OHA must educate its teams and players annually on acceptable practices, in order to prevent incidents and change future behaviour. Ladds subsequently published handbooks given to players annually which covered hazing, alcohol, drug use, tobacco, and sexual harassment. He also required each team to have a youth worker serving as a prevention services co-ordinator. The OHA then requested that the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) include the education in coaching certification programs, and for it to be available to all hockey administrators.
The Metro Junior A Hockey League (MetJHL) operated independent from the OHA as of the 1995–96 season, when it was opposed to a ruling by the CAHA which gave jurisdiction over junior ice hockey in the province to the OHA. Ladds hoped to negotiate a settlement despite that several teams departed the MetJHL to join the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL) which was affiliated with the OHA. Ladds sought for the MetJHL and OPJHL to compete at an equal level within the OHA, whereas the MetJHL insisted on its own administration and was opposed to paying fees to the OHA. The MetJHL rejoined the OHA in 1997, then merged into the OPJHL in 1998.
Ladds wanted to establish a junior hockey league that was more provincial in nature, rather than several local leagues within Ontario. He proposed merging the two tier-2 junior A leagues, and the two junior B leagues, which included 65 teams. He felt that there was little difference in talent between the junior A and B leagues, and that more teams deserved the opportunity to compete for the Royal Bank Cup as national champions. He envisioned a provincial championship for all teams, and to market a program divided into divisions or conferences, similar to the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States.
In the 1997–98 season, Ladds sought to reduce on-ice penalties, and planned post-season interviews with the coaches of the most penalized teams to justify their registration as a coach in future seasons. In the same season, the OHA began the practice of linesmen on the ice during warm-ups to prevent pre-game taunting and physical incidents. In the 1998–99 season, Ladds decided that the length of a suspension for any player who injured another would last at least as long as the injury, "in order for him to appreciate the seriousness of his action". Ladds felt that the coaches and players needed to take responsibility for their actions, and they denied the need end brawling in hockey. He stated that the suspension was a trend of lengthier punishments driven by public outcry, and that hockey administrators moved towards marketing a non-violent game.
2000 to 2012
In 2000, Ladds served as chairman of the bid committee for Hamilton and Kitchener to host the 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. In 2001, Ladds appointed Vern Stenlund as the OHA's first "master mentor coach", to improve the quality of coaching and the player experience in junior hockey.
When the World Junior A Challenge was established in 2006, Ladds felt that it gave exposure to junior hockey and could serve as source of players for the Canada men's national junior team. From 2006 to 2008, he was the director of operations for the Canada East team at the World Junior A Challenge, which won two silver medals and a bronze medal. He held the same role for Ontario's hockey teams at the Canada Games, which won gold and silver medals in consecutive events.
When Major League Hockey merged with the Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League in 2008, Ladds felt it was needed to maintain well-run OHA franchises. He hoped for senior hockey return to regenerate after the AAA-level had shrunk to only five teams. Ladds stated that his most difficult experience as president was the death of Don Sanderson, who sustained an on-ice head injury while playing for the Whitby Dunlops in 2009. The OHA subsequently debated its rules for wearing hockey helmets, and Ladds argued for them to be properly worn and securely fastened.
Ladds led the study "Tomorrow's Game" to help OHA teams manage their finances and volunteers, which began in 2006 as a survey of teams and leagues to assess priorities and gather recommendations. The study also proposed restructuring junior hockey as of the 2010–11 season, which would have reclassified teams from A to D levels, into a premier league and two developmental leagues. Teams in the proposed premier league would have been required to employ a full-time coach, doctor, nutritionist, and athletic trainers. Ladds felt that junior hockey in Ontario needed to be more attractive to players, who were departing the OHA for leagues elsewhere in Canada.
Retirement
Ladds retired as OHA president in June 2012. He stated that when he began working for the OHA, he dealt with "three or four bench-clearing brawls [each] weekend", but that culture had changed over time. He felt that the OHA had transitioned into being "a more nimble and responsive organization" than when he began; and was proud of his work to advance player safety and reduce on-ice injuries, which included increased penalties for rough play and certification programs for coaches and referees.
Ladds reflected on his experience with the OHA by stating,
Allan Cup Hockey and Hockey Canada
Ladds served as commissioner of Allan Cup Hockey from 2013 to 2016, overseeing senior hockey in Ontario. He also served as chairman of the Hockey Canada junior hockey council from 2014 to 2016, and as chairman of the 2016 Royal Bank Cup organizing committee.
Canadian Junior Hockey League
The Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL) named Ladds its president as of September 27, 2016, while it looked to restructure its administration to assist the chairman of the board. He was tasked with overseeing all administration, events, planning and corporate partnerships. Ladds succeeded Rick Morocco who had been the executive director since 2014. Ladds stated that his goals included increasing marketing opportunities, and to have consistent administrative practices among the ten constituent leagues of the CJHL. He has sought to co-ordinate public relations across the CJHL, and oversaw a diversity and inclusion committee to update terms of reference.
When Ladds became president, he wanted the CJHL to improve its position as a development program for players seeking a professional career or an education. Four years later, he felt that the CJHL had "become a program of destination", because of the increasing number of players graduating to professional hockey. He felt that the annual CJHL Prospects Game and the World Junior A Challenge both generated exposure and opportunity for the players, due to the number of National Hockey League (NHL) talent scouts who attend the events.
In 2018, Ladds introduced a concussion protocol for the CJHL funded by the Co-operators, for the assessment and management of concussion, and digitally tracking a player's concussion history. He later developed a player safety committee to implement educational videos for players, and for uniform ice hockey rules in the constituent leagues of the CJHL.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, Ladds cancelled the 2019–20 season playoffs for all leagues, the four regional championships, and the Centennial Cup national championship. He worked on several return-to-play scenarios for the 2020–21 season, which included staggered registrations and different opening dates for each league. Due to the pandemic, some leagues in the CJHL played games without spectators in attendance with greatly reduced income. Ladds hoped that the financial assistance given by provincial governments in Alberta and Saskatchewan would be equalled by other provinces. Without national hockey events, some CJHL leagues planned showcases for players to be scouted. Ladds worked with the NHL Central Scouting Bureau to make long-term plans for the NHL Entry Draft.
The British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL) withdrew from the CJHL prior to the 2021–22 season. The BCHL reportedly sought to import players aged 16 and 17 from other provinces, which was opposed by the remainder of the CJHL. Despite the loss of a league, Ladds reiterated that the other nine league were committed to the CJHL. In planning for the next Centennial Cup, Ladds considered a format change since no team from British Columbia would compete against an Alberta team for the Doyle Cup and a berth in the national championship.
In 2021, Ladds stated that all CJHL leagues agreed to truth and reconciliation games in support of First Nations in Canada. He praised the Dryden Ice Dogs for being the first team to arrange such a game, and hoped for more to follow. The 2022 Centennial Cup saw a format change into a 10-team event, which included the host Estevan Bruins, and the nine league champions. The CJHL chose not to have the four regional championships, and gave each league champion a berth in the Centennial Cup.
Honours and awards
Ladds received the OHA Gold Stick Award in 1992, an order of merit given for service to hockey by a non-player. He received the Hockey Canada Order of Merit in 1997, for contributions to hockey at the national level. He received the President's Award from the Ontario Hockey Federation in 2012, for contributions to hockey in Ontario.
Personal life
Ladds resided in Georgetown, Ontario, as of 1997. He later lived in Toronto, then moved to Calgary, to be closer to family in 2014. After retiring from the OHA, Ladds helped operate his family's trout farm.
Notes
References
1951 births
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Canadian people
21st-century Canadian people
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian Junior Hockey League
Canadian sports executives and administrators
Hockey Canada personnel
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Ontario Hockey Association executives
Sportspeople from Rouyn-Noranda |
Lithurgopsis apicalis, the orange-tipped woodborer, is a species of woodborer bee in the family Megachilidae. Adults commonly visit flowers of Cactaceae, Malvaceae, and Asteraceae, with nests built in stalks of Agave.
References
Further reading
Megachilidae |
Antti Luusuaniemi (born 7 September 1979) is a Finnish actor. He appeared in more than thirty films since 2003.
Selected filmography
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Finnish male film actors |
Tha Kham () is a village and tambon (subdistrict) of Wiang Kaen District, in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In 2005 it had a population of 5,425 people. The tambon contains six villages.
References
Tambon of Chiang Rai province
Populated places in Chiang Rai province |
```java
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*
*/
package com.ctrip.framework.apollo.openapi.v1.controller;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import com.ctrip.framework.apollo.openapi.dto.OpenAppDTO;
import com.ctrip.framework.apollo.portal.AbstractIntegrationTest;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.http.HttpEntity;
import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.http.HttpMethod;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.test.context.jdbc.Sql;
/**
* Integration test for {@link AppController}.
*
* @author wxq
*/
public class AppControllerIntegrationTest extends AbstractIntegrationTest {
@Test
@Sql(scripts = "/sql/openapi/ConsumerServiceIntegrationTest.testFindAppIdsAuthorizedByConsumerId.sql", executionPhase = Sql.ExecutionPhase.BEFORE_TEST_METHOD)
@Sql(scripts = "/sql/cleanup.sql", executionPhase = Sql.ExecutionPhase.AFTER_TEST_METHOD)
public void testFindAppsAuthorized() {
final String token = "3c16bf5b1f44b465179253442460e8c0ad845289";
HttpHeaders httpHeaders = new HttpHeaders();
httpHeaders.set(HttpHeaders.AUTHORIZATION, token);
ResponseEntity<OpenAppDTO[]> responseEntity =
restTemplate.exchange(this.url("/openapi/v1/apps/authorized"), HttpMethod.GET,
new HttpEntity<>(httpHeaders), OpenAppDTO[].class);
OpenAppDTO[] openAppDTOS = responseEntity.getBody();
assertEquals(2, openAppDTOS.length);
Set<String> appIds = new HashSet<>();
for (OpenAppDTO openAppDTO : openAppDTOS) {
appIds.add(openAppDTO.getAppId());
}
assertTrue(appIds.contains("consumer-test-app-id-0"));
assertTrue(appIds.contains("consumer-test-app-id-1"));
}
}
``` |
Caroline Fischer (born 4 April 1984) is a German pianist. She has performed around the world and has received several awards and prizes.
Musical education
Caroline Fischer received her first piano lessons from her mother at the age of three. At the age of nine, she enrolled in the Julius Stern Institute at the Berlin University of the Arts. She began her studies at the Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler" in Berlin when she was 16, and continued studying at the Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Mannheim in Germany, the Geneva University of Music in Switzerland, and the Norwegian Academy of Music in Oslo, with the professors Pascal Devoyon, Paul Dan, Georg Sava, Ulrich Eisenlohr, and Einar Steen-Nøkleberg. She completed nine degrees (eight diplomas, one master's degree) including two Konzertexamen degrees. In addition to her musical career, Fischer studied cultural and media management at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg as well as event management.
Fischer speaks five languages: German, English, French, Korean, and Spanish.
Concert performances
Fischer has given numerous successful concerts in Europe, Asia, South America, and the United States and has performed in major concert halls, such as the Philharmonie Berlin, Carnegie Hall New York, Konzerthaus Berlin, Seoul Arts Center, Musikhalle Hamburg, Gumho Art Hall Seoul, Beijing Forbidden City Concert Hall, Shenzhen Concert Hall, Xinghai Concert Hall, Ruhrfestspielhaus Recklinghausen, Theater Wolfsburg, Woori Financial Art Hall Seoul, National Theatre Bangkok, Thailand Cultural Centre, Teatro Municipal de Las Condes Chile, Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica, Wiener Musikverein and the Wiener Konzerthaus. She has played as a soloist with the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra, Korean Chamber Orchestra, Berlin Symphony Orchestra, Baden-Baden Philharmonic Orchestra, Orquesta de Cámara de Valdivia, New Symphony Orchestra Berlin, New Philharmonie Westphalia, and at the International Steinway Piano Festival, EXPO Hanover and Yeosu, Beethoven-Festival Bangkok, Korean Festival Seoul, and Schleswig-Holstein Music Festival. Fischer gave concerts during the state visits of the former German Federal President Roman Herzog to South Korea and Mongolia and performed in Bellevue Palace Berlin for former Federal Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel.
Awards
Fischer has won 39 prizes and awards (first prizes, gold medals, audience awards) in national and international competitions: Jugend musiziert, International Steinway Piano Competition Berlin, International Queen Sophie Charlotte Competition, International Competition for Young People Berlin, Köster Classic Award-Klassik Radio Hamburg, Lions Club Mannheim Music Competition, Förderpreis Berliner Salon, Vienna Grand Prize Virtuoso, American Protégé International Concerto Competition, On Stage International Classical Music Competition, International Quebec Music Competition, Classic Superstar Award, and received 16 scholarships from renowned foundations: Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Academy of Arts, Berlin, Hans und Eugenia Jütting Foundation, Lutz-E. Adolf Foundation for highly gifted people, Kölner Gymnasial- und Stiftungsfonds, Franz Grothe Foundation, PE-Förderkreis, Gotthard Schierse Foundation, Yehudi Menuhin Live Music Now, etc.
Teaching activities
From 2010 to 2013, Fischer was the assistant piano teacher to Prof. Einar Steen-Nøkleberg at the Norwegian Academy of Music in Oslo and was appointed youngest visiting artist at the Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. She regularly gives masterclasses in Europe, South America and Asia: Royal Danish Academy of Music, Silpakorn University, Princess Galyani Vadhana Institute of Music Bangkok, University of Panama, University of Costa Rica, Conservatorio de Música Universidad Mayor Chile, Sichuan Conservatory of Music, etc.
Discography
Caroline Fischer Piano (2006)
Lisztomagia (2009)
Pearls of Classical Music (2017)
Piano Passion (2017)
All four CDs were released by Genuin classics.
Other activities
In addition to her active performing career, Fischer is the chairwoman of the Kulturclub Berlin e.V. as well as the artistic director and organizer of the Rising Stars Grand Prix – International Music Competition Berlin, which is held in the Philharmonie Berlin.
Musical family tree
Caroline Fischer studied i.a. with Prof. Dan and Prof. Sava. Both were pupils of György Halmos, who studied with Emil von Sauer. He was a student of Franz Liszt. Liszt received piano lessons from Czerny who, in his own youth, had been a student of Beethoven and Hummel. Beethoven himself studied with Haydn.
References
External links
Classical pianists
German classical pianists
Living people
Musicians from Berlin
German women pianists
Women classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
German people of Korean descent
21st-century classical musicians
21st-century classical pianists
1984 births
20th-century women pianists
21st-century women pianists
Berlin University of the Arts alumni |
Cuyahoga Heights High School is a public high school located in Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio, United States. It serves the villages of Cuyahoga Heights, Valley View, and Brooklyn Heights. It is a Blue Ribbon School of Excellence.
Athletics
Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships
Girls' softball - 2014
Mascot change
By unanimous vote of the Board of Education in August 2021, the outdated name "Redskins" was removed immediately. Until a new mascot was selected, the school was known as "Heights". On March 23, 2022 the new mascot was revealed and the school will go forward as the "Red Wolves".
Notable alumni
Dylan Drummond - Wide receiver for the Detroit Lions
Zac Lowther - baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles Organization
Jason Popson - musician, rapper, and vocalist for the band Mushroomhead
Flip Saunders - NBA basketball player and coach
Jack Squirek - former NFL linebacker
Kelli Stack - a member of the United States women's national ice hockey silver medal team
Zach D'Orazio - former NFL wide receiver
Notes and references
External links
Cuyahoga Heights Schools
School Matters: Overview of Cuyahoga Heights Schools
High schools in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio |
Alonzo Greene Smith (6 September 1848 – 6 August 1907) was a politician from the U.S. state of Indiana. Between 1886 and 1889 he served as acting Lieutenant Governor of Indiana.
Life
Alonzo Smith was born in Meigs County in Ohio. There is not much information available about his youth. He completed the majority of his education at common schools in addition to supplemental courses at Franklin College. In 1867, Smith moved to North Vernon, Indiana, and began practicing law. He joined the Democratic Party and was elected to the Indiana Senate, where he became the President Pro Tempore. In 1886 and 1887 there was a political dispute in Indiana between the Democratic and the Republican Party. It started when Governor Isaac P. Gray announced that he wanted to be elected to the United States Senate by the Indiana General Assembly. This led to the so-called Black Day of the Indiana General Assembly on 24 February 1887. The Democratic controlled State Senate refused to seat the newly elected Lieutenant Governor Robert S. Robertson (Republican) ignoring a decision of the Supreme Court of Indiana. When Robertson entered the Senate chamber, a group of Democratic Senators attacked him. This led to a fight between Democratic and Republican State Senators. Shortly afterwards the fight continued in the Indiana House of Representatives. Democratic and Republican State Representatives and State Senators continued to attack each other. After about four hours strong police forces were able to reestablish order in the building. The result of this was that Governor Gray gave up his plan to run for the United States Senate and Robertson was still not seated as Lieutenant Governor. At that point the President pro tempore of the State Senate, Alonzo Smith, who was already acting Lieutenant Governor since 8 November 1886 when he replaced Mahlon Dickerson Manson who had retired, was permanently assigned to this office. He served in this position until 14 January 1889 when the term ended. Between 1890 and 1894 Smith was the State attorney general of Indiana. He died on 6 August 1907 in Indianapolis.
Literature
American Bar Association: Annual Report: Including Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, : Volume 31, E.C. Markley & Son, Philadelphia, 1907, P. 771.
Los Angeles Herald. : Volume 34, Number 309, Herald Pub. Co., Los Angeles, Calif., 6. August 1907, P. 2.
Law Notes. : Volume 11, E. Thompson Co., Northport, N.Y., 1908, P. 115.
References
External links
Smith as Attorney General of Indiana at Ballotpedia
Footnotes about Smith in Indiana History and Government
Article about the political disruptions in Indiana in the 1880s
1848 births
1907 deaths
Democratic Party Indiana state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
Indiana Attorneys General
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
People from Meigs County, Ohio |
Natalia Adamovna Alimova (Russian: Наталья Амировна Алимова, born 6 February 1978), is a volleyball player from Russia.
She played for the Russia women's national volleyball team.
She participated in the 2005 Women's European Volleyball Championship, and 2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship.
Clubs
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
Russian women's volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball players for Russia
20th-century Russian women
21st-century Russian women
Middle blockers
Russian expatriate volleyball players
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate volleyball players in Italy |
Moritz Heidegger (4 December 1932 – 12 February 1956) was a Liechtensteiner bobsledder.
Life
Moritz Heidegger, who came from Triesen, took part in the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo. He competed in the two-man event with his pusher Weltin Wolfinger. However, the duo was in last place after the second of four runs and therefore did not start again.
Two weeks later, the two athletes started on the Olympic Bob Run in St. Moritz. During the race, the bobsleigh skidded and the track collapsed, as a result of which it overturned several times. Despite wearing a helmet, Heidegger was severely hit in the back of the head by the bumpers. The President of the Liechtenstein Federation, baron Eduard Theodor von Falz-Fein, immediately drove Heidegger to the hospital in Samedan. However, Heidegger did not regain consciousness and died a few days later. As a result, bobsleighing was temporarily banned in Liechtenstein.
References
1932 births
1956 deaths
Liechtenstein male bobsledders
Olympic bobsledders for Liechtenstein
Bobsledders at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Bobsledders who died while racing
Place of birth missing |
Jeremy Phillip Felton (born July 17, 1987), known professionally as Jeremih ( ), is an American singer and record producer. In 2009, he signed a record deal with Def Jam Recordings. Jeremih's commercial debut single, "Birthday Sex", peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart—leading his self-titled debut album released in June that year, reaching number six on the US Billboard 200 chart. Jeremih's success continued with the release of his second album, All About You, led by the single "Down on Me" (featuring 50 Cent), which also reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100. In 2014, his single "Don't Tell 'Em" (featuring YG) became his third top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100. The song became the lead single for his third studio album, Late Nights released in December 2015. A collaborative album between Jeremih and California singer Ty Dolla Sign, titled MihTy, was released in 2018.
Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Jeremih began playing drums at the age of three and is able to play the saxophone, several percussion instruments, and piano/keyboards. He attended Morgan Park High School, where he was part of the marching band as well as a Latin jazz band. He also learned to play percussion instruments like congas and timbales. Felton was a good student and earned academic honors at Morgan Park High School. His strong academic performance enabled him to graduate from high school a year early. He enrolled at the University of Illinois and Parkland College in Urbana-Champaign. After spending a semester at the university studying engineering, he wanted to change his education to something related to music. He transferred to Columbia College Chicago in 2007 to pursue a degree in music business. After performing a tribute to Ray Charles at one of the campus's talent shows, he received positive feedback and realized his vocal ability, saying that the "music was just taking over".
Career
2009–2011: Jeremih and All About You
While attending Columbia College Chicago, Jeremih collaborated with record producer Mick Schultz. Together, they recorded a song, titled "My Ride". Jeremih received guidance from his cousin, Day26 group member, Willie Taylor. In February 2009, Jeremih met with Def Jam CEO Russell Simmons, and executive vice president of A&R Karen Kwak. After performing for the two, Jeremih signed a recording contract with Def Jam that same day. In 2009, Jeremih released his debut single, "Birthday Sex". The song later peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In June 2009, Jeremih released his eponymous self-titled debut studio album, Jeremih. The album debuted at number 6 on the US Billboard 200, selling 59,000 copies in its first week. In promotion of the album, Jeremih took part in America's Most Wanted Tour, alongside Lil Wayne, Young Jeezy, and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em. The second single, "Imma Star (Everywhere We Are)", peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100.
In August 2009, Jeremih was selected by Ron Huberman and Mayor Richard M. Daley of the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) to campaign children to return to school. Community activists protested and demanded CPS to undo their decision, claiming that Jeremih's music was "not appropriate for students" and "promotes teen sex". Huberman argued that "school officials would be naive to pretend students don't listen to Felton's music already". Daley also argued that recording artists have the freedom of speech, noting that Jeremih was "a young man, [with a] back-to-school message, a young man who has had great success recording, producer, going to school, went to public school". In September 2009, Jeremih performed on ABC Daytime'''s soap opera One Life to Live, alongside recording artist Lionel Richie. The two performed "Just Go", a song from Richie's album with the same title.
On June 1, 2010, Jeremih released the first single for his second studio album All About You, titled "I Like" featuring Ludacris. "Down on Me" featuring rapper 50 Cent was confirmed to be the second single from the album. "Down on Me" charted on the number-one position for eight weeks total on Rhythmic Billboard chart. All About You was released on September 28, 2010. The following year, Jeremih and Rick Ross were featured on the song, which was performed by Wale, titled "That Way" from the compilation album Self Made Vol. 1.
2012–2015: Late Nights
In December 2011, Jeremih confirmed he had been working on his third studio album which was originally titled Thumpy Johnson. He announced plans from a summer 2012 release under Def Jam. However, the album was not released. Instead, Jeremih released his first mixtape titled Late Nights with Jeremih on August 7, 2012.
On November 5, 2014, Jeremih and members of his crew were involved in an incident at a Fuddruckers restaurant in Billings, MT in which Jeremih's associates allegedly "hassled" a young female restaurant employee and a manager for discriminating against them. Members of Jeremih's crew responded to the alleged racism by taking over the restaurant's microphone, throwing beer onto employees, and allegedly throwing a glass beer bottle into the kitchen, getting broken glass into the fryer and forcing the restaurant to close temporarily. The Billings Police Department sought but never issued arrest warrants in response to the incident. Surveillance footage of the altercation was published by TMZ, and the concert promoter for Jeremih's Billings performance offered refunds to audience members and renounced the actions taken by Jeremih and his crew.
"All the Time" is a song which originally appeared on his mixtape Late Nights with Jeremih but was re-released with an additional verse by rapper Lil Wayne as a single. The song was released on April 16, 2013, as a digital download. On July 17, 2014, Jeremih formally released his collaborative EP "No More" with Shlohmo through his Twitter account.
The first single off Jeremih's third studio album (retitled Late Nights: The Album), "Don't Tell 'Em" featuring YG, was released on June 6, 2014. The second single, "Planez" featuring J. Cole was released on January 22, 2015. The first promotional single "Tonight Belongs to U!" featuring Flo Rida was released on April 21, 2015. The third single, "Oui" was released on October 30, 2015. The second promotional single, "Royalty" featuring Big Sean and Future, was released October 29, 2015. The third promotional single "Peace Sign" featuring Fabolous and Red Cafe was released November 18, 2015. The fourth single, "Pass Dat" was released December 1, 2015. On December 4, Jeremih finally released the album to critical acclaim. To promote the album, Jeremih embarked on his Late Nights Uncut Tour.
2016–present: MihTy
On February 7, 2016, Jeremih revealed his fourth studio album will be called, Later That Night in an interview with Billboard. In the same interview, he mentioned he had been recently writing songs for Kanye West and Nicki Minaj. In the summer of 2016, Jeremih headlined his first European concert tour. In July 2016, Jeremih released his second mixtape called Late Nights: Europe, which he recorded while on tour overseas. He stated that he was 90% done with his upcoming album Later That Night that would complete his "Late Night" series.
In June 2016, Jeremih announced a joint album with PartyNextDoor titled Late Night Party, which he said would be released before Later That Night. Following this announcement, the two artists headlined a joint tour called Summer's Over Tour scheduled for November and December 2016. In the last week of the tour, it was announced that Jeremih would removed from the tour. The decision came after Jeremih left the stage mid-performance in Chicago, sent a body-double to perform in Houston, and criticized PartyNextDoor on stage in Dallas. A few months later, Jeremih stated that there were arguments between the two artists' teams, but he had no ill will towards PartyNextDoor.
On Cinco de Mayo 2017, Jeremih released an EP, Cinco De MihYo, which he had written and recorded in 24 hours. In March 2018, Jeremih released an EP titled The Chocolate Box. Pitchfork stated, "When his projects are well-considered, or made with hyper-focused collaborators, he can be the most enchanting man in the room," but called one of the four tracks awkward and bored.
On June 8, 2018, Jeremih and Ty Dolla Sign released "The Light" as the lead single from their collaboration album MihTy. The 11-track album was released on October 26, 2018, and features guest appearances from Chris Brown, French Montana, and Wiz Khalifa.
In July 2018, Jeremih announced a joint tour with singer Teyana Taylor called Later That Night. The tour dates were from August 3 through September 8 in the United States. On August 15, Teyana tweeted that she would be leaving the tour due to mistreatment from Jeremih.
In 2019, Jeremih was featured in Chantel Jeffries' song and music video "Chase the Summer". In March 2020, Jeremih was featured on the remix for "Baby Girl" by Bryce Vine. On May 3, 2021, DJ Khaled released a music video for his song "Thankful" from his album Khaled Khaled featuring Jeremih and Lil Wayne.
After a long hiatus from recording, Jeremih released his comeback single, "Changes", on October 21, 2022.
In April 2023, he introduced his first protégé, Illinois singer Murf Dilly, to the music scene with his debut single "2 C's". The song featured Jeremih as a guest vocalist and was released on his newly established Late Nightz Records.
Musical style
Jeremih cited Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and R. Kelly as his biggest influences. He described their music as "timeless", calling them "true musician-artists". With the release of his debut album, Andy Kellman of Allmusic compared Jeremih's vocals to Slim of 112 and Raphael Saadiq, noting that his "charmingly sly voice...is hard to not like". In contrast, Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe felt that Jeremih's voice was "thin", showing "little range". Jody Rosen expressed that Jeremih "has a way with tunes and hooks". He received comparisons to The-Dream, R. Kelly, and Stevie Wonder.
Health
In November 2020, Jeremih was hospitalized in Chicago after testing positive for COVID-19. By November 14, he was reported to be on a ventilator in the intensive care unit. He was taken off the ventilator on November 19 but remained in critical condition. His spokesman said Jeremih has no underlying conditions. Jeremih was transferred out of intensive care on November 21, into a general hospital to make a full recovery. He was released from the hospital on December 4.
Discography
Studio albums
Jeremih (2009)
All About You (2010)
Late Nights'' (2015)
Awards and nominations
MOBO Awards
The Music of Black Origin Awards (MOBO Awards) is an awards ceremony established in 1995 by Kanya King.
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2009
|Jeremih
|Best R&B/Soul Act
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
American Music Awards
The American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973.
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2009
|Jeremih
|T-Mobile Soul/R&B Breakthrough Artist
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
Grammy Awards
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2016
| "Planez" (with J. Cole)
| Best R&B Performance
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
NAACP Awards
An NAACP Image Award is an accolade presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film, television, music, and literature.
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
|Jeremih
|Outstanding New Artist
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
Chicago Music Awards
The Chicago Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony for music artist professionals to get recognized for their talents and hard work. Ephraim Martin, CMA President, is the founder.
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
|Jeremih
|Best New Entertainer Of The Year
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
|Jeremih
|Songwriter Of The Year
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2010
|Jeremih
|R&B Entertainer Of The Year
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|Jeremih
|Best Male Vocalist Of The Year
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
Billboard Music Awards
The Billboard Music Award is an honor given by Billboard magazine, the preeminent publication covering the music business. The Billboard Music Awards show had been held annually in December until it went dormant in 2007, but it returned in May 2011. By Billboard Music Award.
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2012
|Jeremih Ft.50 Cent-Down On Me
|Top R&B Song
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|Jeremih Ft.YG-Don't Tell Em
|Top R&B Song
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
iHeartRadio Music Awards
The iheartRadio award honors the biggest Artists and Songs of the year.
!Source
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|Jeremih Ft YG-Don't Tell Em
|Hip Hop/R&B Song of the Year
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
African-American male singers
African-American record producers
American contemporary R&B singers
American male pop singers
American male singers
Columbia College Chicago alumni
Def Jam Recordings artists
Parkland College alumni
Record producers from Illinois
Singers from Chicago
Songwriters from Illinois |
The Pokémon Graphic Novel, more commonly known as is a Japanese manga series created by Toshihiro Ono and serialized in the children's manga magazine CoroCoro Comic. Individual chapters were collected into four tankōbon volumes by Shogakukan, who released the first volume on October 28, 1997 and the fourth volume on January 28, 2000. The characters and storylines are all drawn from the Pokémon anime series, although some events and depictions of characters diverge slightly from the anime, and the world itself has a visibly higher level of technology.
The manga was published in English in North America by Viz Communications in a "flipped", left-to-right format. In 1998 the company released the series as individual single comic book issues; the collected volumes came afterwards. At the time of its release Issue #1 was the best-selling manga issue, and best-selling comic book of any type, in the United States. The issue sold 1.001million copies, the highest for a single comic book since 1993. The first volume, The Electric Tale of Pikachu!, was released on September 5, 1999. The third volume, Electric Pikachu Boogaloo, was released on April 5, 2000.
In Singapore, the manga is published in English by Chuang Yi and translated as Pokémon: The Electric Tale of Pikachu! for all four volumes. The Traditional Chinese edition in Taiwan of the manga is published by Da Ran Culture Enterprise and Chingwin Publishing.
Development
Toshihiro Ono, the author of the series, said that he began drawing the series after Mr. Saito, Ono's editor, asked Ono to draw a manga to go along with the anime. During the production of the manga, Ono received scripts of the anime series. The author then altered the stories to fit the desired amount of pages used per storyline.
Ono said that his favorite manga chapter was "Clefairy Tale" from the first volume and that he was "embarrassed that I can't say why." According to Ono he did not find any particular chapter to be more difficult than any other chapter. He said that when the episode "Clefairy in Space" ("Subway no Pipi") was going in manga form, Ono had to redraw many of the pages, a time-consuming process. Ono encountered difficulty in drawing Dragonite in the final chapter, as he struggled to "get a face that cute to look powerful." His favorite human characters to work with were Ash Ketchum and Jessie and James. In particular he liked Jessie and James because they are minor characters and "have much more freedom" than main characters. Therefore, minor characters are "more fun to draw." Ono's favorite characters to draw were Ash Ketchum, Ditto, Nurse Joy, and Oddish.
Story
Jason S. Yadao, the author of The Rough Guide to Manga, wrote that "the story was predictable" and that "narrative complexity never was a defining trait of the franchise."
Characters
Japanese names in Western order (given name before family name) are given first, followed by the English name. For simplicity, English language names will be used in this and other articles in Wikipedia about Pokémon, unless explicitly referring to the Japanese version.
Satoshi / Ash Ketchum - The main character, whose name in the Japanese version (Satoshi) is named after Satoshi Tajiri, the creator of the Pokémon games. Ash aspires to be a Pokémon Master, and together with the various friends and Pokémon that travel with him, embark on many adventures. In a similar fashion to the game, Ash does this by entering various Pokémon League competitions.
Kasumi / Misty - A Water-Type Pokémon trainer and the Gym Leader of Cerulean City. She is the youngest of four sisters. Like her anime counterpart, she joins Ash on his journey after he "borrows" her bike and Pikachu destroys it. Although critical towards Ash, she develops feelings towards him, who appears to reciprocate.
Takeshi / Brock - A Rock-Type Pokémon breeder and the Gym Leader of Flint City. Unlike his anime counterpart, he never joins Ash on his journey and the only time they meet is during Ash's battle with him for his second badge.
Pikachu, a little, yellow, mouse-like creature with a lightning bolt tail and the ability to create electrical jolts from its cheeks. Unlike the games or anime, Ash finds this Pikachu chewing on the electrical wiring in his house, and keeps it as his first Pokémon when he qualifies to be a trainer.
Shigeru / Gary Oak - His name in the Japanese version (Shigeru) is named after famed video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Unlike his anime counterpart, this version of Ash's rival does not hang out with a pack of cheerleaders, nor does he travel by car. In fact, about the only thing this Gary has in common with the anime Gary is his antagonistic attitude towards Ash. In the manga's epilogue he travels with Ash.
Team Rocket- A chaos causing 'gang' that has many goals, mainly conquering the Pokémon world.
Musashi / Jessica "Jessie" - The female half of Team Rocket. In the manga's epilogue, she marries James and are expecting their first child.
Kojiro / James - The male half of Team Rocket. In the epilogue, he quits the gang, marries Jessie, and are expecting their first child.
Nyarth (ニャース Nyāsu) / Meowth - The talking cat of Team Rocket. One of very few Pokémon that can speak a human language.
Sakaki / Giovanni - The seldom-seen boss/leader of Team Rocket.
Volume and comic list
The series was originally released in the United States in an American comic book format. Part 1, Issue #1 was released in November 1998, and the subsequent three issues of Part 1 were released in December 1998, and January and February 1999. Part 2 #1 was released in March 1999 and the other three issues were released in April, May, and June of that year. Part 3 #1 was released in July 1999, and the other three issues were released in August, September, and October of that year. Part 4 #1 was released in November 1999 and the other issues were released in December 1999 and January and February 2000. In 1999 extremely low print samplers which were only available in the Pokémon Video Suitcase promotional set titled Pokémon Electric Tale of Pikachu Special Signature Edition was also released which contained the printed signature of Toshihiro Ono on the cover. The Special Signature Editions were available in a Red Version and a Blue Version.
Toshihiro Ono
Toshihiro Ono was born in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture on February 27, 1965. He moved to Chiryū, Aichi Prefecture when he was one year old. Ono said that he began drawing in elementary school and junior high school. He drew illustrations for advertising agencies, men's magazine columns, and English language dictionaries. In addition to his freelance jobs he also was an assistant for Glass no Kamen, a manga by Suzue Miuchi. In August 1999, after the publication of Pokémon: The Electric Tale of Pikachu, Ono appeared at the San Diego Comic-Con. Ono said that he likes American comics because the artwork and storylines have "such a different flavor" than artwork and storylines of Japanese comics. His favorite artists were Walter Simonson and Mike Mignola.
References
Other Pokémon manga
Magical Pokémon Journey (known in Japan as PiPiPi's Adventures)
Pokémon Adventures (known in Japan as Pocket Monster Special)
Ash & Pikachu (known in Japan as Satoshi to Pikachu)
Pokémon Gold & Silver
External links
"Animerica Interview Toshihiro Ono" (Archive) VIZ Media.
EX.org vol 1. review
"Pokemon #1 Hits 1 Million Copies" (Archive) -(Viz Media)
Mania vol. 3 review
Mania vol. 5 review
Children's manga
The Electric Tale Of Pikachu
Viz Media manga
1997 manga
Shogakukan manga |
Schull and Skibbereen Light Railway 1 and 3 were two locomotives manufactured by Peckett and Sons in 1906 and 1914 respectively. They were the Schull and Skibbereen Railway's fifth and sixth locomotives, and took the numbers of withdrawn locomotives.
History
The first member of this class was numbered "No. 1" and named "Gabriel", replacing the original No. 1, named "Marion", which was scrapped on its arrival.
The second locomotive in this class was also built by Peckett and Sons and delivered to the railway in 1914. This locomotive was numbered "No. 3" and originally named "Consiliation" but later renamed "Kent". This replaced the original No. 3, named "Ilen" which was scrapped when the new locomotive arrived.
Both locomotives passed to the Great Southern Railways in the 1925 amalgamation. The GSR added an "" suffix to the running number, and classified both locomotives as Class 1 or Class DN4. No. 1 was withdrawn and scrapped in 1936; but No.3 survived until nationalisation when it passed to Córas Iompair Éireann. Eventually, it was withdrawn and scrapped in 1953.
Preservation
The S&S pair were two of a class of five engines, two others went to Borneo and were scrapped , whilst the last is currently preserved on the Bay of Islands Vintage Railway in New Zealand.
References
External links
Irish narrow gauge locomotives by railway
Steam locomotives of Ireland
4-4-0T locomotives
Peckett locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1905
3 ft gauge locomotives
Scrapped locomotives |
```objective-c
class CContainerDlg : public CDialog
{
DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CContainerDlg)
public:
CContainerDlg(CWnd* pParent = NULL); // standard constructor
virtual ~CContainerDlg();
virtual void OnFinalRelease();
// Dialog Data
enum { IDD = IDD_CONTAINER_DIALOG };
protected:
virtual void DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX); // DDX/DDV support
DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
DECLARE_DISPATCH_MAP()
DECLARE_INTERFACE_MAP()
public:
CCirc m_circctl;
``` |
Altica woodsi is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America. It feeds on Vitis riparia and Virginia creeper.
References
Further reading
Alticini
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1920
Beetles of North America |
Secret Weapon is eighth studio album by punk rock band MxPx and is considered a "back to roots" album for the group.
Secret Weapon is available in three different versions:
The standard version with 16 tracks
A double 12-inch vinyl version with special artwork
A special edition with a "Making of..." DVD, new artwork, and three extra tracks
Background
On November 7, 2006, it was announced the group had re-signed with Tooth & Nail Records. In February 2007, the band revealed they were aiming to release an album through the label by mid-2007.
Release
On May 2, 2007, Secret Weapon was announced for release. In the same announcement, the album's track listing was revealed, and the title track was made available for streaming. In May and June, the band headlined the Tooth & Nail Tour with support from the Classic Crime, the Fold, Sullivan, Run Kid Run, Hawk Nelson and Project 86. The album received much online publicity before its release, much due to MxPx's return to Tooth and Nail Records.
On July 5, 2007, a music video was released for "Secret Weapon". Secret Weapon was made available for streaming on July 10, before being released a week later through Tooth & Nail Records. The group performed a week's worth of shows on the 2007 edition of Warped Tour between late July and early August. "You're on Fire" was released to radio on August 21. A music video was released for "Shut It Down" on November 19, 2007. In January 2008, the band toured Japan and Indonesia, prior to a stint in Australia. They was originally scheduled to support Yellowcard in March and April 2008, however, they had to pull out due to scheduling conflicts. Instead, the band toured across the US with Chiodos in April 2008 and appeared at the Bamboozle Left festival. Following this, the band toured with the Colour Fred, until May 2008. On September 5, a music video was released for "Contention". In September and October 2008, the band went on a co-headlining US tour with Lagwagon; they were supported by Only Crime and TAT.
Reception
The album debuted at No. 76 on the Billboard 200; it also went to No. 1 on the Billboard's Christian chart. In 2008, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Rock Album of the Year at the 39th GMA Dove Awards.
Track listing
All songs written by Mike Herrera.
Vinyl and special edition tracks
In addition to the 16 tracks included on all versions of the album, the special editions come with 3 additional tracks:
Personnel
Mike Herrera – lead vocals, bass
Tom Wisniewski – guitars, backing vocals
Yuri Ruley – drums
References
MxPx albums
2007 albums
Albums produced by Aaron Sprinkle
Tooth & Nail Records albums |
"Easy" is a song by British YouTuber KSI, British rapper Bugzy Malone and Dutch-Moroccan DJ R3hab. It was released for digital download and streaming by Atlantic Records and Warner Music Group on 13 May 2023.
Release and promotion
The single was first previewed on 14 January 2023 as KSI's ring walk against fellow YouTuber FaZe Temperrr. On 13 May, "Easy" was released on released for digital download and streaming by Atlantic Records and Warner Music Group ahead of KSI's bout with Joe Fournier, which KSI used for his ring walk.
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Tidal.
KSIsongwriting, vocals
Bugzy Malonesongwriting, vocals
R3habsongwriting, production, engineering, mixing, mastering
Al Shuxsongwriting, production
Diego Avesongwriting, production
Rico Lovesongwriting
Charts
References
2023 songs
2023 singles
KSI songs
Bugzy Malone songs
R3hab songs
Songs written by KSI
Atlantic Records singles
Warner Music Group singles |
The inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (petrosal ganglion) is a sensory ganglion. It is larger than and inferior to the superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It is located within the jugular foramen.
The pseudounipolar neurons of the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve provide sensory innervation to areas around the tongue and pharynx. More specifically:
innervation of taste buds on the posterior 1/3 of tongue
general sensory innervation of posterior 1/3 of tongue, soft palate, palatine tonsils, upper pharynx and Eustachian tubes
innervation of baroreceptor cells in the carotid sinus
innervation of glomus type I chemoreceptor cells in the carotid body
The central processes of the neurons which provide taste sensation synapse in the rostral portion of the solitary nucleus (also called the gustatory nucleus). The central processes of the neurons which provide general sensory information synapse in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Finally, the central processes of the neurons which innervate the carotid sinus and carotid body synapse in the caudal portion of the solitary nucleus.
Tympanic nerve
The tympanic nerve is the first branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It branches at the level of the inferior ganglion. Importantly, the axons which form the tympanic nerve do not synapse in this ganglion or have their cell bodies in it. The neuron cell bodies of the axons which form the tympanic nerve are found in the inferior salivatory nucleus and superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
References
Somatic ganglia of the head and neck
Glossopharyngeal nerve |
The 1965 South American Championships in Athletics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 8 and 16 May. This was the last edition of the Championships in which Brazil did not top the medal table.
Medal summary
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
External links
Men Results – GBR Athletics
Women Results – GBR Athletics
Medallists
S
South American Championships in Athletics
A
1965 in South American sport
International athletics competitions hosted by Brazil
1965 in Brazilian sport
Athletics in Rio de Janeiro (city) |
Paraplosia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. It contains the single species Parapalosia cinderella, which is found in French Guiana.
References
External links
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
Lithosiini |
is a bay south of Yokohama on the west side of Tokyo Bay. Isogo faces this bay.
Geography of Yokohama
Bays of Japan
Landforms of Kanagawa Prefecture |
Leucocoprinus ianthinus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Like several other Leucocoprinus species it may have originated in a tropical climate but now finds a home in plant pots, greenhouses and compost piles in many countries. It is not seen in plant pots with the same kind of regularity as the well known Leucocoprinus birnbaumii and not seen in the wild as frequently as Leucocoprinus brebissonii.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1888 by the English botanist and mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke who classified it as Agaricus (Lepiota) ianthinus based on specimens collected in the hothouses of Kew Gardens (London, England) in 1888. In 1891 the Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo reclassified it as Lepiota ianthinus or Lepiota janthina in the original text. It was reclassified as Leucocoprinus ianthinus in 1945 by Marcel Locquin.
An additional basionym was classified as Lepiota lilacinogranulosa or Lepiota lilacino-granulosa by the German mycologist Paul Christoph Hennings in 1898. In 1934 the French botanists and mycologists Roger Heim and Henri Romagnesi reclassified it as a variant of Hiatula cepaestipes (now known as Leucocoprinus cepistipes). The species was reclassified as Leucocoprinus lilacinogranulosa by Locquin in 1943. This is now also considered a synonym of Leucocoprinus ianthinus however some mycologists do consider them as separate, but similar looking species.
Description
Leucocoprinus ianthinus is a small dapperling mushroom with thin white flesh.
Cap: 1.5-7cm, starting ovate/hemispherical before expanding to campanulate (bell shaped) with age with a prominent umbo and then plano-convex with age. The surface is whitish with a dark purple to reddish brown centre and purplish scales spreading across the cap but becoming sparse at towards the edges. The margins have striations that extend two thirds of the way across the cap or up to the umbo. They may split radially and discolour yellowish with age and it is common for them to curve inwards with age. Gills: Free, moderately crowded and white. Stem: 3.5-7cm long and 2-5mm wide tapering upwards from a slightly bulbous base and hollow interior. The surface is yellowish white towards the top of the stem, whitish below the ring and then with a violet to lilac fibrillose coating at the base and a white tomentous covering at the bulb. The white, ascending, stem ring has a purplish margin but may disappear. Spore print: White to pale lilac. Spores: A different range of sizes is given by different sources: 8–12 x 5.5–7.5 μm or 6.5–10 x 5.75–6.5 μm or 9.5-10.5 x 6.5-7 μm. Ellipsoid to amygdaliform with a thick wall and a germ pore that is covered with a hyaline cap. Dextrinoid, congophilous and cyanophilous. In cresyl blue a pink colouration is visible in the inner wall of the spore. Basidia: 17–42 x 8–11 μm. Four spored or rarely two spored. Smell: fungal, strong and astringent. Taste: fungal.
Similar species
Leucocoprinus brebissonii can appear similar but is distinguished by the darker brown colour of the centre disc and the white stem which lacks a purplish base. It is more commonly found in the wild rather than in plant pots.
Leucocoprinus heinemannii and some related, possibly undescribed species in the Heinemannii complex may appear similar but with black scales.
Leucocoprinus lilacinogranulosus is considered a synonym for L. ianthinus however some sources suggest they may be separate species.
References
Leucocoprinus
Fungi described in 1888 |
The pineal gland (also known as the pineal body, conarium, or epiphysis cerebri) is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone, which gives it its name. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. It is one of the neuroendocrine secretory circumventricular organs in which capillaries are mostly permeable to solutes in the blood.
The pineal gland is present in almost all vertebrates, but is absent in protochordates in which there is a simple pineal homologue. The hagfish, considered as a primitive vertebrate, has a rudimentary structure regarded as the "pineal equivalent" in the dorsal diencephalon. In some species of amphibians and reptiles, the gland is linked to a light-sensing organ, variously called the parietal eye, the pineal eye or the third eye. Reconstruction of the biological evolution pattern suggests that the pineal gland was originally a kind of atrophied photoreceptor that developed into a neuroendocrine organ.
Ancient Greeks were the first to notice the pineal gland and believed it to be a valve, a guardian for the flow of pneuma. Galen in the 2nd century C.E. could not find any functional role and regarded the gland as a structural support for the brain tissue. He gave the name konario, meaning cone or pinecone, which during Renaissance was translated to Latin as pinealis. In the 17th century, René Descartes revived the mystical purpose and described the gland as the "principal seat of the soul". In the mid-20th century, the real biological role as a neuroendocrine organ was established.
Etymology
The word pineal, from Latin pinea (pine-cone), was first used in the late 17th century to refer to the cone shape of the brain gland.
Structure
The pineal gland is a pine cone-shaped (hence the name), unpaired midline brain structure. It is reddish-gray in colour and about the size of a grain of rice (5–8 mm) in humans. It forms part of the epithalamus. It is attached to the rest of the brain by a pineal stalk.
Location
It normally lies in a depression between the two superior colliculi. It is situated between the laterally positioned thalamic bodies, and posterior to the habenular commissure. It is located in the quadrigeminal cistern. It is located posterior to the third ventricle and encloses the small, cerebrospinal fluid-filled pineal recess of the third ventricle which projects into the stalk of the gland.
The ventral lamina of the pituitary stalk is continuous with the posterior commissure, and its dorsal lamina with the habenular commissure.
Blood supply
Unlike most of the mammalian brain, the pineal gland is not isolated from the body by the blood–brain barrier system; it has profuse blood flow, second only to the kidney, supplied from the choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral artery.
Afferents
The pineal gland receives sympathetic afferents from the superior cervical ganglion, and parasympathetic afferents from the pterygopalatine ganglia and otic ganglia. According to research on animals, neurons of the trigeminal ganglion that are involved in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide neuropeptide signaling project the gland.
Neural pathway for melatonin production
The canonical neural pathway regulating pineal melatonin production begins in the eye with the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina which project inhibitory GABAergic efferents to the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus via the retinohypothalamic tract. The paraventricular nucleus in turn projects to the superior cervical ganglia, which finally projects to the pineal gland. Darkness thus leads to disinhibition of the paraventricular nucleus, leading it to activate pineal gland melatonin production by way of the superior cervical ganglia.
Microanatomy
The pineal body in humans consists of a lobular parenchyma of pinealocytes surrounded by connective tissue spaces. The gland's surface is covered by a pial capsule.
The pineal gland consists mainly of pinealocytes, but four other cell types have been identified. As it is quite cellular (in relation to the cortex and white matter), it may be mistaken for a neoplasm.
Development
The human pineal gland grows in size until about 1–2 years of age, remaining stable thereafter, although its weight increases gradually from puberty onwards. The abundant melatonin levels in children are believed to inhibit sexual development, and pineal tumors have been linked with precocious puberty. When puberty arrives, melatonin production is reduced.
Symmetry
In the zebrafish the pineal gland does not straddle the midline, but shows a left-sided bias. In humans, functional cerebral dominance is accompanied by subtle anatomical asymmetry.
Function
One function of the pineal gland is to produce melatonin. Melatonin has various functions in the central nervous system, the most important of which is to help modulate sleep patterns. Melatonin production is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Light sensitive nerve cells in the retina detect light and send this signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), synchronizing the SCN to the day-night cycle. Nerve fibers then relay the daylight information from the SCN to the paraventricular nuclei (PVN), then to the spinal cord and via the sympathetic system to superior cervical ganglia (SCG), and from there into the pineal gland.
The compound pinoline is also claimed to be produced in the pineal gland; it is one of the beta-carbolines. This claim is subject to some controversy.
Regulation of the pituitary gland
Studies on rodents suggest that the pineal gland influences the pituitary gland's secretion of the sex hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Pinealectomy performed on rodents produced no change in pituitary weight, but caused an increase in the concentration of FSH and LH within the gland. Administration of melatonin did not return the concentrations of FSH to normal levels, suggesting that the pineal gland influences pituitary gland secretion of FSH and LH through an undescribed transmitting molecule.
The pineal gland contains receptors for the regulatory neuropeptide, endothelin-1, which, when injected in picomolar quantities into the lateral cerebral ventricle, causes a calcium-mediated increase in pineal glucose metabolism.
Regulation of bone metabolism
Studies in mice suggest that the pineal-derived melatonin regulates new bone deposition. Pineal-derived melatonin mediates its action on the bone cells through MT2 receptors. This pathway could be a potential new target for osteoporosis treatment as the study shows the curative effect of oral melatonin treatment in a postmenopausal osteoporosis mouse model.
Clinical significance
Calcification
Calcification of the pineal gland is typical in young adults, and has been observed in children as young as two years of age. The internal secretions of the pineal gland are known to inhibit the development of the reproductive glands because when it is severely damaged in children, development of the sexual organs and the skeleton are accelerated. Pineal gland calcification is detrimental to its ability to synthesize melatonin and scientific literature presents inconclusive findings on whether it causes sleep problems.
The calcified gland is often seen in skull X-rays. Calcification rates vary widely by country and correlate with an increase in age, with calcification occurring in an estimated 40% of Americans by age seventeen. Calcification of the pineal gland is associated with corpora arenacea, also known as "brain sand".
Tumors
Tumors of the pineal gland are called pinealomas. These tumors are rare and 50% to 70% are germinomas that arise from sequestered embryonic germ cells. Histologically they are similar to testicular seminomas and ovarian dysgerminomas.
A pineal tumor can compress the superior colliculi and pretectal area of the dorsal midbrain, producing Parinaud's syndrome. Pineal tumors also can cause compression of the cerebral aqueduct, resulting in a noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Other manifestations are the consequence of their pressure effects and consist of visual disturbances, headache, mental deterioration, and sometimes dementia-like behaviour.
These neoplasms are divided into three categories: pineoblastomas, pineocytomas, and mixed tumors, based on their level of differentiation, which, in turn, correlates with their neoplastic aggressiveness. The clinical course of patients with pineocytomas is prolonged, averaging up to several years. The position of these tumors makes them difficult to remove surgically.
Other conditions
The morphology of the pineal gland differs markedly in different pathological conditions. For instance, it is known that its volume is reduced both in obese patients as well as patients with primary insomnia.
Other animals
Nearly all vertebrate species possess a pineal gland. The most important exception is a primitive vertebrate, the hagfish. Even in the hagfish, however, there may be a "pineal equivalent" structure in the dorsal diencephalon. A few more complex vertebrates have lost pineal glands over the course of their evolution. The lamprey (another primitive vertebrate), however, does possess one. The lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum, an early chordate which is a close relative to vertebrates, also lacks a recognizable pineal gland. Protochordates in general do not have the distinct structure as an organ, but they have a mass of photoreceptor cells called lamellar body, which is regarded as a pineal homologue.
The results of various scientific research in evolutionary biology, comparative neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have explained the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of the pineal gland in different vertebrate species. From the point of view of biological evolution, the pineal gland is a kind of atrophied photoreceptor. In the epithalamus of some species of amphibians and reptiles, it is linked to a light-sensing organ, known as the parietal eye, which is also called the pineal eye or third eye. It is likely that the common ancestor of all vertebrates had a pair of photosensory organs on the top of its head, similar to the arrangement in modern lampreys. In many lower vertebrates (such as species of fish, amphibians and lizards), the pineal gland is associated with parietal or pineal eye. In these animals, the parietal eye acts as a photoreceptor, and hence are also known as the third eye, and they can be seen on top of the head in some species. Some extinct Devonian fishes have two parietal foramina in their skulls, suggesting an ancestral bilaterality of parietal eyes. The parietal eye and the pineal gland of living tetrapods are probably the descendants of the left and right parts of this organ, respectively.
During embryonic development, the parietal eye and the pineal organ of modern lizards and tuataras form together from a pocket formed in the brain ectoderm. The loss of parietal eyes in many living tetrapods is supported by developmental formation of a paired structure that subsequently fuses into a single pineal gland in developing embryos of turtles, snakes, birds, and mammals.
The pineal organs of mammals fall into one of three categories based on shape. Rodents have more structurally complex pineal glands than other mammals.
Crocodilians and some tropical lineages of mammals (some xenarthrans (sloths), pangolins, sirenians (manatees and dugongs), and some marsupials (sugar gliders)) have lost both their parietal eye and their pineal organ. Polar mammals, such as walruses and some seals, possess unusually large pineal glands.
All amphibians have a pineal organ, but some frogs and toads also have what is called a "frontal organ", which is essentially a parietal eye.
Pinealocytes in many non-mammalian vertebrates have a strong resemblance to the photoreceptor cells of the eye. Evidence from morphology and developmental biology suggests that pineal cells possess a common evolutionary ancestor with retinal cells.
Pineal cytostructure seems to have evolutionary similarities to the retinal cells of the lateral eyes. Modern birds and reptiles express the phototransducing pigment melanopsin in the pineal gland. Avian pineal glands are thought to act like the suprachiasmatic nucleus in mammals. The structure of the pineal eye in modern lizards and tuatara is analogous to the cornea, lens, and retina of the lateral eyes of vertebrates.
In most vertebrates, exposure to light sets off a chain reaction of enzymatic events within the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythms. In humans and other mammals, the light signals necessary to set circadian rhythms are sent from the eye through the retinohypothalamic system to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and the pineal gland.
The fossilized skulls of many extinct vertebrates have a pineal foramen (opening), which in some cases is larger than that of any living vertebrate. Although fossils seldom preserve deep-brain soft anatomy, the brain of the Russian fossil bird Cerebavis cenomanica from Melovatka, about 90 million years old, shows a relatively large parietal eye and pineal gland.
History
The secretory activity of the pineal gland is only partially understood. Its location deep in the brain suggested to philosophers throughout history that it possesses particular importance. This combination led to its being regarded as a "mystery" gland with mystical, metaphysical, and occult theories surrounding its perceived functions. The earliest recorded description of the pineal gland is from the Greek physician Galen in the 2nd century C.E. According to Galen, Herophilus (325–280 B.C.E.) had already considered the structure as a kind of valve that partitioned the brain chambers, particularly for the flow of vital spirits (pneuma). Specifically, the ancient Greeks believed that the structure maintains the movement vital spirits from the middle (now identified to the third) ventricle to the one in the parencephalis (fourth ventricle).
Galen described the pineal gland in De usu partium corporis humani, libri VII (On the Usefulness of Parts of the Body, Part 8) and De anatomicis administrationibus, libri IX (On Anatomical Procedures, Part 9). He introduced the name κωνάριο (konario, often Latinised as conarium) that means cone, as in pinecone, in De usu partium corporis humani. He correctly located the gland as directly lying behind the third ventricle. He argued against the prevailing concept as a valve for two basic reasons: it is located outside of the brain tissue and it does not move on its own.
Galen instead identified the valve as a worm-like structure in the cerebellum (later called vermiform epiphysis, known today as the vermis cerebelli or cerebellar vermis). From his study on the blood vessels surrounding the pineal gland he discovered the great vein of the cerebellum, later called the vein of Galen. He could not establish any functional role of the pineal gland and regarded it as a structural support for the cerebral veins.
Seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist René Descartes discussed the pineal gland both in his first book, the Treatise of Man (written before 1637, but only published posthumously 1662/1664), and in his last book, The Passions of the Soul (1649) and he regarded it as "the principal seat of the soul and the place in which all our thoughts are formed". In the Treatise of Man, he described conceptual models of man, namely creatures created by God, which consist of two ingredients, a body and a soul. In the Passions, he split man up into a body and a soul and emphasized that the soul is joined to the whole body by "a certain very small gland situated in the middle of the brain's substance and suspended above the passage through which the spirits in the brain's anterior cavities communicate with those in its posterior cavities". Descartes gave importance to the structure as it was the only unpaired component of the brain.
The Latin name pinealis became popular in the 17th century. For example, English physician Thomas Willis described glandula pinealis book, Cerebri anatome cui accessit nervorum descriptio et usus (1664). Willis criticised Descartes' concept, remarking: "we can scarce[ly] believe this to be the seat of the Soul, or its chief Faculties to arise from it; because Animals, which seem to be almost quite destitute of Imagination, Memory, and other superior Powers of the Soul, have this Glandula or Kernel large and fair enough."
Walter Baldwin Spencer at the University of Oxford gave the first description of the pineal gland in lizards. In 1886, he described an eye-like structure, which he called the pineal eye or parietal eye, that were associated with the parietal foramen and the pineal stalk. The main pineal body was already discovered by German zoologist Franz Leydig in 1872 from European lizards. Leydig called them frontal organ (German stirnorgan). In 1918, Swedish zoologist Nils Holmgren described the parietal eye in frogs and dogfish. He discovered that the parietal eyes were made up of sensory cells similar to the cone cells of the retina, and suggested that it was a primitive light-sensor organ (photoreceptor).
The pineal gland was originally believed to be a "vestigial remnant" of a larger organ. In 1917, it was known that extract of cow pineals lightened frog skin. Dermatology professor Aaron B. Lerner and colleagues at Yale University, hoping that a substance from the pineal might be useful in treating skin diseases, isolated and named the hormone melatonin in 1958. The substance did not prove to be helpful as intended, but its discovery helped solve several mysteries such as why removing the rat's pineal accelerated ovary growth, why keeping rats in constant light decreased the weight of their pineals, and why pinealectomy and constant light affect ovary growth to an equal extent; this knowledge gave a boost to the then new field of chronobiology. Of the endocrine organs, the function of the pineal gland was the last discovered.
Society and culture
The notion of a "pineal-eye" is central to the philosophy of the French writer Georges Bataille, which is analyzed at length by literary scholar Denis Hollier in his study Against Architecture. In this work Hollier discusses how Bataille uses the concept of a "pineal-eye" as a reference to a blind-spot in Western rationality, and an organ of excess and delirium. This conceptual device is explicit in his surrealist texts, The Jesuve and The Pineal Eye.
In the late 19th century Madame Blavatsky, founder of theosophy, identified the pineal gland with the Hindu concept of the third eye, or the Ajna chakra. This association is still popular today. The pineal gland has also featured in other religious contexts, such as in the Principia Discordia, which claims it can be used to contact the goddess of discord Eris.
In the short story "From Beyond" by H. P. Lovecraft, a scientist creates an electronic device that emits a resonance wave, which stimulates an affected person's pineal gland, thereby allowing them to perceive planes of existence outside the scope of accepted reality, a translucent, alien environment that overlaps our own recognized reality. It was adapted as a film of the same name in 1986. The 2013 horror film Banshee Chapter is heavily influenced by this short story.
Additional images
The pineal body is labeled in these images.
See also
Pineal gland cyst
References
External links
Circadian rhythm
Endocrine system
Epithalamus
Glands
Human head and neck
Sleep physiology |
Orlandina de Oliveira (born 1943) is a Brazilian-born, naturalized Mexican sociologist and professor. Her areas of expertise are on social inequality, the status of women and youth, and the dynamics of labor markets. She has earned numerous honors for her academic research from international universities including the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle, and Harvard University.
Biography
Orlandina de Oliveira Barbosa was born on 25 April 1943 in Araguari, Minas Gerais, Brazil. She earned a Bachelor's degree in Sociology and Politics in 1966 from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and in 1968 obtained a Master's in sociology from Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociaes (FLACSO) (Latin American Social Sciences Institute) of Santiago, Chile.
During 1969, de Oliveira worked as a research associate at FLACSO's in Santiago and in 1970 moved to Mexico. She began a professorship in February 1970 at the Center for Economic and Demographic Studies at El Colegio de México (COLMEX). In 1972, she became a naturalized Mexican citizen. De Oliveira earned her PhD in Sociology from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975. After completing her doctorate, de Oliveira returned to the Colegio de México and has worked in the Center for Sociological Studies since that time, earning her promotion to the National System of Researchers (SNI) in 1984. Between 1986 and 1987 she served as Academic Coordinator of the Center for Sociological Studies (CES) and from 1988 to 1993 was the Director of CES.
She has held numerous posts as both a visiting researcher and a visiting professor. From 1980 to 1981 she was visiting researcher at the Brazilian Center for Analysis and Planning, São Paulo, Brazil and a visiting researcher in 1989 at the Center for Latin American Studies, University of Texas at Austin. She was honored as the Edward Larocque Tinker Chair by the University of Texas in 1992. In 1994 she was a visiting professor at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil. From 1994 to 1995 she was honored with the Simon Bolivar Chair from the Institut des Hautes Etudes de L'Amerique Latine at the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle. In November 1998 she taught a seminar entitled "Démodynamiques" at the Institut national d'études démographiques in Paris.
From 2000 to 2002, de Oliveira was a researcher with the United Nations Research Institute For Social Development working on research about globalization and its effects on the employment of women.
She returned to the University of Paris in the academic year 2001-2002, when she was honored as the Alfonso Reyes Chair for the Institut des Hautes Etudes de L'Amerique Latine, Paris. She was honored in the 2003-2004 academic year as the Madero Visiting Scholar for the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies (DRCLAS) at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. From 2004 to 2005, she was visiting researcher at the Federal University of Paraná, Brazil.
She has continued to research and publish in Mexico, with many books and articles appearing through 2014.
Awards
1992 Edward Larocque Tinker Chair at the Institute of Latin American Studies, Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas
1994-1995 Simon Bolivar Chair at the Institut des Hautes Etudes d'Amérique Latine, University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, France
2001-2002 Alfonso Reyes Chair at the Institut des Hautes Etudes d'Amérique Latine, University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris, France
2003-2004 Madero Scholar, Harvard University-David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies (DRCLAS), Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Selected works
Books
de Oliveira Muñoz, Orlandina. Industrialization, migration and entry labor force changes in Mexico City: 1930-1970 University of Texas at Austin: Austin, Texas (1975) (in English)
de Oliveira, Orlandina. Migración y absorción de mano de obra en la ciudad de México, 1930-1970 Centro de Estudios Sociológicos: Mexico City, Mexico (1976) (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina. Migración femenina, organización familiar y mercados laborales en México Centro de Estudios Sociológicos: Mexico City, Mexico (1984) (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina. Trabajo, poder y sexualidad El Colegio de México: Mexico City, Mexico (1989) (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Bryan R Roberts. Urban development and social inequality in Latin America University of Texas at Austin: Austin, Texas (1992) (in English)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Marina Ariza. Imágenes de la familia en el cambio de siglo, universo familiar y procesos demográficos contemporáneos Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales (IISUNAM): Mexico City, Mexico (2004)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Brígida García Guzmán. Las familias en el México metropolitano: visiones femeninas y masculinas El Colegio de México: Mexico City, Mexico (2006) (in Spanish)
Articles
de Oliveira, Orlandina. "Situación de clase y contenidos ideológicos (análisis de comerciantes y empleados públicos en Santiago de Chile)" Revista Mexicana de Sociología (México), Vol. 33 No. 2 (April–June 1971) pp. 285–327 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Brígida García Guzmán. "Urbanization, migration and the growth of large cities trends and implications in some developing countries" Internal Conference on Population, United Nations: New York City, New York (1984) (in English)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Humberto Muñoz García. "Concentración o desconcentración? datos e hipótesis sobre la ciudad de México y su región" Ciencia (México), Vol. 39, No. 3 (September 1988) pp. 165–177 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina. "Migration of women, family organization and labour markets in Mexico" Family, household, and gender relations in Latin America, Kegan Paul International: London (1991), pp. 101–118 (in English)
de Oliveira, Orlandina. "Experiencias matrimoniales en el México urbano la importancia de la familia de origen" Estudios Sociológicos (México), Vol. 13, No. 38 (May–August 1995), pp. 283–308 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Brígida García Guzmán. "Crisis, reestructuracion economica y transformacion de los mercados de trabajo en Mexico" Nueva Epoca (Mexico), Year 4, No. 15, (1998), pp 40–72 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Brígida García Guzmán. "Trabajo, familia y condicion femenina : una revision de las principales perspectivas de analisis" Nueva Epoca (Mexico), Year 5, No. 20, (1999), pp 89–127 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Marielle Pepin Lehalleur. "Rupturas culturales en los relatos autobiograficos de mujeres que migran del campo a la ciudad" Revista Mexicana de Sociología (México) Vol. 62, No. 1, (January–March 2000), p. 123-143 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Brígida García Guzmán. "Transformaciones recientes en los mercados de trabajo metropolitanos de Mexico: 1990-1998" Estudios Sociológicos (México) Vol. 19, No. 57 (September–December 2001) pp. 653–689 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina. "Reflexiones acerca de las desigualdades sociales y el género" Estudios sociológicos (México), Vol. 25, No. 75 (September–December 2007), pp. 805–812 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Brígida García Guzmán. "Cambios familiares y políticas públicas en América Latina" Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 37, August 2011
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Minor Mora Salas. "Las vicisitudes de la inclusión laboral en los albores del siglo XXI: trayectorias ocupacionales y desigualdades sociales entre jóvenes profesionistas mexicanos" Estudios Sociológicos (México), Vol. 30, No. 88, January–April 2012 (in Spanish)
de Oliveira, Orlandina and Marina Ariza. "Viejos y nuevos retos de la precariedad en el sector terciario, 1995-2010" (coautora ), in Rabell Romero, Cecilia (editor) Los mexicanos. Un balance del cambio demográfico, FCE: México (2014) (in Spanish)
References
1943 births
Living people
Brazilian emigrants to Mexico
Naturalized citizens of Mexico
People from Araguari
Mexican feminists
Writers from Mexico City
Mexican sociologists
Mexican women sociologists
20th-century Mexican women writers
20th-century Mexican writers
21st-century Mexican women writers
Mexican feminist writers
20th-century Mexican educators
Mexican women educators |
Rands is the pen name and alter ego of Michael Lopp (born 1970 in California), a blogger, software engineering manager, and webcomic author. Lopp originally used the name "Rands" as his chat room handle, and it is his persona when writing about software management. Rands is his wife's maiden name, though they were dating at the time he chose it. In 2010, he began working at Palantir after more than eight years at Apple. In June 2014 after 4 years he left Palantir for Pinterest. He became Vice President of Engineering at Slack in May 2016, then left Slack in 2019 to return to Apple as Senior Director of Engineering in 2020.
Web publications
Starting in 1996, Lopp wrote The BitSifter Digest, a website that published "the more interesting collections of bits which arrive at our desks" once a week, which increased in frequency and became daily by 2001. According to Steve Baldwin of disobey.com's Ghost Sites, it received recognition for its "pioneering use of borderless frames" and "topical, eclectic editorial content", and "was an important forerunner of the 'Blog.'" The BitSifter Digest stopped updating in 2001 and no longer exists at the domain name bitsifter.com.
Lopp co-created the webcomic Jerkcity (now BoneQuest), which started in 1998 and included a character named "Rands".
In April 2002, Lopp started a blog titled Rands in Repose. It explains aspects of technological or corporate culture, with particular focus on techniques for improving management skills. For example, one post explains the nuances of an interesting application, and another identifies and names workplace stereotypes. Posts contain a level of observational humor, such as direct explanations of management jargon.
Print publications
In June 2005, an essay by Lopp was published in the book The Best Software Writing I, edited by Joel Spolsky. The essay was the July 2004 post on Rands in Repose titled "What To Do When You're Screwed."
In June 2007, Lopp published a book titled Managing Humans: Biting and Humorous Tales of a Software Engineering Manager. A supporting website, Managing Humans, gives a brief pitch for the book.
In August 2010, Lopp published his second book titled Being Geek: A Software Developer's Career Handbook. A website, Being Geek, supports the publishing of the book and includes an original teaser video for the book.
References
External links
BoneQuest
Rands In Repose
American webcomic creators
Living people
Writers from California
1970 births
American computer programmers |
Silent Hill: Downpour is a 2012 survival horror game developed by Vatra Games and published by Konami. First released in March 2012, Downpour is set in the series' eponymous fictitious American town and centers on Murphy Pendleton, a prisoner who enters the town, periodically entering the otherworld, leading him to unlock repressed memories. The game uses a third-person view and can be played in 3D.
Silent Hill: Downpour received mixed reviews from gaming critics, who praised its atmosphere, story and return to the series' survival horror and exploration roots after the action-heavy linearity of Silent Hill: Homecoming, but criticised its monster design, combat and technical performance. A patch since release has fixed many of the technical issues.
Gameplay
Silent Hill: Downpour is a survival horror game played from the over-the-shoulder, third-person perspective, in which the player controls Murphy Pendleton, an escaped convict, as he navigates the titular supernatural town. While the extent to which the game is an open-world environment is debated, Downpour allows for more environmental exploration than previous installments in the series. While Murphy explores the town on foot, he can use the abandoned subway tunnels as a short-cut to various parts of the town. At times, Murphy will need to directly interact with the environment to progress, pulling down fire escapes with hooks or destroying boarded-up doors, for example. Parts of his backstory can be learned from in-game notes and flashbacks; secret messages can be uncovered through the use of a UV flashlight, while clues and maps are stored in his journal to access freely. The player also can shape Murphy's character through several moral choices presented throughout the game, by allowing him to either act on or refuse opportunities to save non-player characters.
While exploring, Murphy may periodically encounter monsters, either alone or in groups. The monsters can harm him, causing his "health" to decline; as it does so, his clothes take on a bloodied and torn appearance to reflect this damage. Items to replenish his health can be found throughout the game. Murphy can obtain a range of melee weapons, including chairs, bottles, shovels, and axes to defend himself, although he can only carry one at a time, which will gradually deteriorate with use and eventually break. Firearms and ammunition are limited, and Murphy has difficulty aiming guns. Murphy can also fight with his fists, although this prevents him from blocking attacks. Additionally, phantom police cruisers roam the streets of Silent Hill; if one spots Murphy, a group of monsters will appear and attack him. The game also features a weather system which alternates fog with varying degrees of rainfall; during heavy rainfall, monsters appear more frequently and behave more violently towards Murphy.
At scripted intervals, Murphy will find himself in the Otherworld, a supernatural, rusty location where he may have to solve a puzzle to progress, navigate traps, or successfully evade the red, indestructible light chasing him. The light causes him harm in close proximity, and being caught by it will produce a "game over". Murphy can attempt to slow it down by knocking items into its path. Other monsters can damage him as he attempts to escape, while the environment will often change during these sequences: doors may suddenly close when Murphy runs towards them, for example.
The game offers fourteen optional side quests, one of which is unlocked in a second playthrough. These are intended to replace the fetch quests in earlier Silent Hill games, which were necessary to progress and often involved a thematically related side story. In Downpour, some of the side quests consist of investigating a local murder scene, freeing caged birds, or returning stolen items to the unseen inhabitants of a local apartment complex. The side quests often end in a tangible reward for Murphy, and after a certain point in the narrative, they are no longer accessible.
Plot
Silent Hill: Downpour focuses on Murphy Pendleton (David Boyd Konrad), who has been incarcerated for several years for stealing a police cruiser and crossing state borders. The game opens with his murder of the sequestered child molester and murderer, Patrick Napier (John Grace), in prison. After a riot, Murphy is placed under the supervision of officer Anne Cunningham (Kristin Price), who has significant animosity toward him, and is in the process of being transported to another penitentiary when the transport vehicle crashes near Silent Hill. Surviving the impact, Murphy finds himself unexpectedly free and decides to flee. Unknown to him, the town draws upon the psyche of its visitors, forming alternative versions of itself with symbols from their unconscious minds, mental states, and thoughts.
In his journey through the largely abandoned town, he encounters the cryptic postman, Howard Blackwood (William Tate), and travels to the Devil's Pit, a tourist attraction, where he encounters the suicidal park ranger J.P. Sater (Andy Hendrickson). Indirectly responsible for the deaths of eight children, Sater is eventually consumed by guilt and commits suicide. As the game progresses, it is revealed that Murphy made a deal with the corrupt corrections officer George Sewell (Joel Bernard), to gain access to Napier, who had abused and drowned Murphy's son, Charlie. Murphy eventually locates DJ Bobby Ricks (Antoine L. Smith), who has been dedicating songs to him to attract his attention. Although he has been trapped by the town, Ricks proposes a plan to escape by boat; his keys, however, have been lost. Before they can leave, Anne confronts them, and all three are attacked by monsters. Murphy regains consciousness to find himself alone again. Led to a monastery on the premise of collecting a deceased relative, Murphy encounters the Bogeyman, a sledge-hammer-wielding monster who murders a child in front of him. Murphy finds it again, seemingly lifeless, and learns that it is the relative he is intended to collect. Murphy confesses Napier's murder did not bring him any solace. Spotting the keys to Ricks's boat around its neck, Murphy seizes them and is drawn into a confrontation with the monster.
After defeating it, Murphy tries to leave the town by boat, only to be stopped by Anne. She shoots him when he refuses to return to the town. He wakes in a prison in the Otherworld and eventually kills the Wheelman, a massive, mute creature in a wheelchair by disabling its life support. Afterwards, Murphy relives the favor he had to repay Sewell, which required him to kill Frank Coleridge (Leer Leary), another corrections officer who was planning to testify against Sewell's corruption and who believed in Murphy. Anne reveals that Coleridge was her father, and after the attack, he lived in a vegetative state until his death years later. Motivated by revenge, Anne had arranged for Murphy's transfer to her prison. In the final sequence of the game, Murphy transforms into the Bogeyman and follows her as she attempts to kill him.
There are six endings available, based on choices made throughout the game. If Murphy does not kill Anne, the "Forgiveness" and "Truth and Justice" endings show that Sewell framed Murphy for his attack on Coleridge. In "Forgiveness", Anne forgives Murphy, and the pair are transported outside of Silent Hill where Anne reports Murphy's death, allowing him to escape. In "Truth and Justice", Anne is also seen seeking revenge against Sewell by confronting him in his office. If Murphy kills Anne, the "Full Circle" and "Execution" endings reveal that Murphy did kill Coleridge. In "Full Circle", Murphy commits suicide out of guilt, only to awake in an Otherworld prison to relive the events again, observed by the Wheelman. In "Execution", Murphy is executed for the murder of Charlie by Sewell. If Anne kills Murphy, the "Reversal" ending has her awaken as a prison inmate in events mirroring scenes of Murphy in prison, with Murphy taking Sewell's role. A joke ending can be obtained that shows Murphy tunneling out of his cell, to be greeted on the other side by a party in his honor, with various characters from the game and series present.
Development
Silent Hill: Downpour was developed by Vatra Games, using the Unreal Engine 3. Given the working title Silent Hill 8 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010, the game was speculated to potentially be a first-person shooter, which would have marked a dramatic shift from the usual gameplay format of the series, though the first-person perspective had been used in some segments of the fourth installment and in the rail shooter spinoff. While this speculation was untrue, an option for multiplayer gaming had been discussed in Downpours early stages of development.
The narrative of Downpour was intended to be a self-contained story in the same vein as Silent Hill 2: while in development, the only requirement was that the story should focus on visitors to the titular town, rather than being part of any overarching narrative involving Alessa and the town's cult. Early on, the decision had been made to feature a criminal as the protagonist in a Silent Hill game for its potential to surprise players who had become accustomed to the usual tropes and plot developments of the series, namely that a seemingly ordinary character is revealed to have an unsettling secret in their backstory or becomes entangled in the town's dark past. Murphy was intended to evoke a measure of discomfort for the player, whether that be through his criminal background, or the questions raised by his presence in Silent Hill. The concept of a criminal protagonist met with some objections when first suggested to the developers at Vatra Games, some of whom did not want the game to center around a "bad guy". Murphy's criminality also divided participants in early focus testing, with it having a negative impact on players who found "certain elements" of it to be off-putting, while others were unconcerned or enjoyed it.
After deciding on the concept of a criminal protagonist, the thematic elements of his Otherworld were considered, with water eventually chosen. Rain was decided on as a "scary" manifestation of water, because of the darkness that comes during a storm and that as a result, "[y]our eyes might play tricks on you". The history and atmosphere of Brno, Czech Republic, the location of Vatra Studios, influenced Downpour. According to design director Brian Gomez, the surrounding markers of the "macabre" history of the Czech Republic, such as its seventeenth-century mummies in the Capuchin Crypt or material reminders of the Soviet regime in the mid-twentieth century, lent the game a "certain heaviness". A nearby gorge, Propast Macocha ("Stepmother Abyss"), provided the inspiration for the "Devil's Pit" level of the game.
Music
With Downpour, long-time composer for the Silent Hill series Akira Yamaoka was replaced by Daniel Licht. Licht studied the music from previous games to allow him to score the game's soundtrack with musical themes in line with the traditional sound of the series but which also had his personal touch. He worked with regular series vocalist Mary Elizabeth McGlynn on several tracks and considered her voice crucial to the music. Despite the influence of water on the narrative of the game, he avoided musical instruments that incorporated water, such as the waterphone, in favor of vocals, strings, guitar, mandolin, and "industrial sounds and ambiences". The mandolin in particular was chosen as a musical nod to the theme of the first Silent Hill game.
Downpour's main theme, "Silent Hill", was performed by the American nu metal band Korn. Konami selected the band from the options available to them, and the theme song did not comprise a significant part of Downpours gameplay; in response to the announcement of Korn's work on the game, a group of fans created an online petition for the removal of the main theme from Downpour. The soundtrack was published on 13 March 2012 by Milan Records.
Release
Silent Hill: Downpour was initially slated to be released in October 2011, but the release date was later pushed back to March 2012. In 2012, Konami published Downpour for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on 13 March in North America, on 30 March in Europe, and on 5 April in Australia. The PlayStation 3 version was released on 8 November 2012 in Japan. An official patch for the frame rate and saving issues for both consoles was released later that year. In 2016, Downpour was made backwards compatible with the Xbox One gaming console.
As part of a promotion for the game, video game publisher Konami held a Facebook contest from 10–16 February 2011, which invited its Silent Hill fans to design an original graveyard sculpture that would appear in the finished game.
A spin-off comic, Anne's Story, was written by Tom Waltz and illustrated by Tristan Jones. Based on downloadable content for Downpour that was never released, it centers on Anne and her parallel journey through Silent Hill as she attempts to capture Murphy. IDW Publishing released the four issues in print from September to December 2014, and reprinted them as part of the second volume of the Silent Hill Omnibus in October 2015.
Critical reception
Silent Hill: Downpour received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. In general, most critics praised the game's story and atmosphere but criticized the combat and technical performance.
Game Informer gave it a 7/10, stating: "I don't regret my time with Silent Hill: Downpour, but mediocrity hung over most of my playthrough". Destructoid gave it an 8/10, stating: "When it's not forcing a sub-par combat system on players, and when it allows itself to be as imaginative as it can be, Silent Hill: Downpour is a stylish, slickly produced, beautifully foreboding game". Games Radar gave it a 7/10, writing: "In spite of its flaws, Silent Hill: Downpour does manage to be smart and imaginative in bursts ... The actual gameplay leaves a lot to be desired, but as recent Silent Hills go, this is one of the better ones". GameSpot gave the game a 7.5/10, saying "Downpour makes some questionable tweaks to the established formula, but those decisions distinguish it from the rest of the series". Official Xbox Magazine summed up its review with "the game's many puzzles and open-world areas did leave us aimlessly wondering and wandering. But varied gameplay, solid combat, and an effective mix of psychological scares and freaky encounters make Downpour a worthwhile trip", giving the game a 7.5/10.
One of the most negative reviews came from IGN, which gave it 4.5/10. The review said that "the most frustrating thing about Silent Hill: Downpour isn't the lousy combat, dull exploration, or even the technical gaffes. It's the fact that every now and then while playing through the game's story, you'll see signs of brilliance; sunlight hinted from behind the overcast sky".
Several reviews singled out the soundtrack for praise, although one criticized the overall sound design, saying dead silence too often made combat commonplace instead of terrifying. The Joystiq review stated Licht did an "admirable job" with the score, yet lamented that "the loss of longtime series composer Akira Yamaoka may be Downpour'''s biggest detriment."
Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of Zero Punctuation fame, who is often vocally critical of past Western Silent Hill titles, reviewed the game more favorably. He noted improvements in the survival aspects of the combat, praising its fluidity in its use of random items as weapons and the ability to avoid enemies. He also praised the exploration as a step in the right direction. He was more critical of the monster designs, as well as describing the game as lacking horror. He was especially critical of how the protagonist's crimes are dependent on the multiple endings. Nonetheless, he described the title as his "favorite Western-developed Silent Hill'' thus far".
Notes
References
External links
2012 video games
Konami games
PlayStation 3 games
Psychological horror games
Silent Hill games
Single-player video games
Survival video games
Unreal Engine games
Video games developed in the Czech Republic
Video games scored by Daniel Licht
Video games set in Maine
Video games set in prison
Video games with stereoscopic 3D graphics
Xbox 360 games
2010s horror video games
Vatra Games games |
Legal tender is a form of money that courts of law are required to recognize as satisfactory payment for any monetary debt. Each jurisdiction determines what is legal tender, but essentially it is anything which when offered ("tendered") in payment of a debt extinguishes the debt. There is no obligation on the creditor to accept the tendered payment, but the act of tendering the payment in legal tender discharges the debt.
Some jurisdictions allow contract law to overrule the status of legal tender, allowing (for example) merchants to specify that they will not accept cash payments. Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender in many countries, but personal cheques, credit cards, and similar non-cash methods of payment are usually not. Some jurisdictions may include a specific foreign currency as legal tender, at times as its exclusive legal tender or concurrently with its domestic currency. Some jurisdictions may forbid or restrict payment made by other than legal tender. In some jurisdictions legal tender can be refused as payment if no debt exists prior to the time of payment (where the obligation to pay may arise at the same time as the offer of payment). For example, vending machines and transport staff do not have to accept the largest denomination of banknote. Shopkeepers may reject large banknotes, which is covered by the legal concept known as invitation to treat.
The right, in many jurisdictions, of a trader to refuse to do business with any person means that a would-be purchaser may not force a purchase merely by presenting legal tender, as legal tender needs to be accepted only for debts already incurred.
Etymology
The term "legal tender" is from Middle French tendre (verb form), meaning to offer. The Latin root is tendere (to stretch out), and the sense of tender as an offer is related to the etymology of the English word "extend" (to hold outward).
Withdrawal and replacement
Demonetisation
Demonetisation is the act of stripping a currency unit of its status as legal tender. It occurs whenever there is a change of national currency: The current form or forms of money is or are pulled from circulation and retired, often to be replaced with new notes or coins. Sometimes, a country completely replaces the old currency with new currency. The opposite of demonetization is remonetisation, in which a form of payment is restored as legal tender. Coins and banknotes may cease to be legal tender if new notes of the same currency replace them or if a new currency is introduced replacing the former one. Examples of this are:
During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, 500- and 1000-guilder banknotes were demonetised, and after liberation, 100-guilder notes were also demonetised. Anne Frank in her diary entry on March 19, 1943 notes: Thousand-guilder notes are being declared invalid. That'll be a blow to the black marketeers and others like them, but even more to people in hiding and anyone else with money that can't be accounted for. To turn in a thousand-guilder bill, you have to be able to state how you came by it and provide proof. They can still be used to pay taxes, but only until next week. The five-hundred notes will lapse at the same time. Gies & Co. still had some unaccounted-for thousand-guilder bills, which they used to pay their estimated taxes for the coming years, so everything seems to be above board.Piet Lieftinck's measure of demonetizing 100-guilder notes was aimed at war profiteers.
On October 6, 1944, 100 franc was demonetized. People having 100 francs were allowed to exchange up to 2000 francs per household for new banknotes. Banks added withdrawal limits and current accounts were frozen.
The Government of Ceylon passed the Prevention of the Avoidance of Income Tax Act on 26 October 1970, demonetized all currency notes of the denominations of Rupees 50 and 100, bearing a date prior to that of the demonetization.
The United Kingdom adopted decimal currency in place of pounds, shillings and pence in 1971. Banknotes remained unchanged (except for the replacement of the 10 shilling note by the 50 pence coin). In 1968 and 1969 decimal coins which had precise equivalent values in the old currency (5p, 10p, 50p – 1, 2, and 10 shillings respectively) were introduced, while decimal coins with no precise equivalent (½p, 1p, 2p – equal to 1.2d (old pence), 2.4d and 4.8d respectively) were introduced on 15 February 1971. The smallest and largest non-decimal circulating coins, the half penny and half crown, were withdrawn in 1969, and the other non-decimal coins with no precise equivalent in the new currency (1d, 3d) were withdrawn later in 1971. Non-decimal coins with precise decimal equivalents (6d ( = 2½p), 1 and 2 shillings) remained legal tender either until the coins no longer circulated (1980 in the case of the 6d), or the equivalent decimal coins were reduced in size in the early 1990s. The 6d coin was permitted to remain in large circulation throughout the United Kingdom due to the London Underground committee's large investment in coin-operated ticketing machines that used it. Old coins returned to the Royal Mint through the UK banking system will be redeemed by exchanging them for legal tender currency with no time limits; but coins issued before 1947 have a higher value for their silver content than for their monetary value.
The successor states of the Soviet Union replacing the Soviet ruble in the 1990s.
The successor states of Yugoslavia replacing the Yugoslav dinar in the 1990s and 2000s.
Currencies used in the Eurozone which were replaced by the euro were then not legal tender, but all banknotes were redeemable for euros for a minimum of 10 years (for certain notes, there is no time limit).
India demonetised its 500 and 1000 rupee notes on 8 November 2016. This action affected 86 per cent of all cash in circulation. The demonetisation action was intended to curb counterfeit notes and black money, the hoarding of unaccounted cash, and sponsorship of terrorism, but also led to long queues from bank runs, leaving more than 30 people dead. The old notes were replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes.
The Philippines has ceased 2 peso and 50 centavo coins of the Flora and Fauna Series in 2000, due to overminting of the coins of the BSP Series that has not included the 2 peso and 50 centavo coins of that series.
Individual coins or banknotes can be demonetised and cease to be legal tender (for example, the pre-decimal United Kingdom farthing or the Bank of England 1 pound note), but the Bank of England does redeem all Bank of England banknotes by exchanging them for legal tender currency at its counters in London (or by post) regardless of how old they are. Banknotes issued by retail banks in the UK (Scotland and Northern Ireland) are not legal tender, but one of the criteria for legal protection under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act is that banknotes must be payable on demand, therefore withdrawn notes remain a liability of the issuing bank without any time limits.
In the case of the euro, coins and banknotes of former national currencies were in some cases considered legal tender from 1 January 1999 until various dates in 2002. Most countries continued to exchange pre-euro notes and coins for a period of time; only Ireland continues to do so. Legally, those coins and banknotes were considered non-decimal sub-divisions of the euro.
When the so-called "Swiss" dinar ceased to be legal tender in Iraq, it still circulated in the northern Kurdish regions, despite lacking government backing it had a stable market value for more than a decade.
This is also true of the paper money issued by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The Confederate currency became worthless by its own terms after the war, since it could only be redeemed a stated number of years after a peace treaty was signed between the Confederacy and the United States (which never happened, as the Confederacy was defeated and dissolved).
Demonetisation is currently prohibited in the United States, and the Coinage Act of 1965 applies to all US coins and currency regardless of age. The closest historical equivalent in the US, other than Confederate money, was from 1933 to 1974, when the government banned most private ownership of gold bullion, including gold coins held for non-numismatic purposes. Now, however, even surviving pre-1933 gold coins are legal tender under the 1964 act.
Withdrawal from circulation
Banknotes and coins may be withdrawn from circulation, but remain legal tender. United States banknotes issued at any date remain legal tender even after they are withdrawn from circulation. Canadian 1- and 2-dollar bills remain legal tender even if they have been withdrawn and replaced by coins, but Canadian $1,000 bills remain legal tender even if they are removed from circulation as they arrive at a bank. However, Bank of England notes that are withdrawn from circulation generally cease to be legal tender but remain redeemable for current currency at the Bank of England itself or by post. All paper and polymer issues of New Zealand banknotes issued from 1967 onwards (and 1- and 2-dollar notes until 1993) are still legal tender; however, 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins are no longer used in New Zealand.
Cashless society
A cashless society describes an economic state whereby financial transactions are not conducted with money in the form of physical banknotes or coins. Cashless societies have existed, based on barter and other methods of exchange. In modern usage, the term usually refers to financial transactions conducted by transfer of digital information (usually an electronic representation of money) between the transacting parties.
Commemorative issues
Sometimes currency issues such as commemorative coins or transfer bills may be issued that are not intended for public circulation but are nonetheless legal tender. An example of such currency is Maundy money. Some currency issuers, particularly the Scottish banks, issue special commemorative banknotes which are intended for ordinary circulation (though no Scottish banknotes nor notes from Northern Ireland are legal tender in the United Kingdom). As well, some standard coins are minted on higher-quality dies as 'uncirculated' versions of the coin, for collectors to purchase at a premium; these coins are nevertheless legal tender. Some countries issue precious-metal coins which have a currency value indicated on them which is far below the value of the metal the coin contains: these coins are known as "non-circulating legal tender" or "NCLT".
Status by country
Australia
The Australian dollar, comprising notes and coins, is legal tender in Australia. Australian notes are legal tender by virtue of the Reserve Bank Act 1959, s.36(1), without an amount limit. The Currency Act 1965 similarly provides that Australian coins intended for general circulation are also legal tender, but only for the following amounts:
Not exceeding 20¢ if 1¢ and/or 2¢ coins are offered,
Not exceeding $5 if any of 5¢, 10¢, 20¢ and 50¢ coins are offered,
Not exceeding 10 times the face value if the coins offered are greater than 50¢ up to and including $10,
To any value for coins of other denominations above $10.
The 1¢ and 2¢ coins were withdrawn from circulation from February 1992 but remain legal tender.
Although the Reserve Bank Act 1959 and the Currency Act 1965 establishes that Australian banknotes and coins have legal tender status, Australian banknotes and coins do not necessarily have to be used in transactions and refusal to accept payment in legal tender is not unlawful. It appears that a provider of goods or services is at liberty to set the commercial terms upon which payment will take place before the "contract" for supply of the goods or services is entered into. If a provider of goods or services specifies other means of payment prior to the contract, then there is usually no obligation for legal tender to be accepted as payment. This is the case even when an existing debt is involved. However, refusal to accept legal tender in payment of an existing debt, where no other means of payment/settlement has been specified in advance, conceivably could have consequences in legal proceedings.
Australia Post prohibits the sending of coins or banknotes, of any country, except via registered post.
History
In 1901, notes in circulation in Australia consisted of bank notes payable in gold coin and issued by the trading banks, and Queensland Treasury notes. Bank notes circulated in all States except Queensland, but were not legal tender except for a brief period in 1893 in New South Wales. There were, however, some restrictions on their issue and other provisions for the protection of the public. Queensland Treasury notes were issued by the Queensland Government and were legal tender in that state. Notes of both categories continued in circulation until 1910, when the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Australian Notes Act 1910 and the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910. The Australian Notes Act 1910 prohibited the circulation of state notes as money, and the Bank Notes Tax Act 1910 imposed a tax of 10%, per annum, on "all bank notes issued or re-issued by any bank in the Commonwealth after the commencement of this Act, and not redeemed". These Acts effectively put an end to the issue of notes by the trading banks and the Queensland Treasury. The Reserve Bank Act 1959 expressly prohibits persons and states from issuing "a bill or note for the payment of money payable to bearer on demand and intended for circulation".
Canada
In general, Canadian dollar banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada and coins issued under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mint Act are legal tender in Canada. However, commercial transactions may legally be settled in any manner agreed by the parties involved with the transactions. For example, convenience stores may refuse $100 bank notes if they feel that would put them at risk of being counterfeit victims; however, official policy suggests that the retailers should evaluate the impact of that approach. In the case that no mutually acceptable form of payment can be found for the tender, the parties involved should seek legal advice.
Under the Currency Act, there are limits to the value of a transaction for which only coins are used. A payment in coins is a legal tender for no more than the following amounts for the following denominations of coins:
$40 if the denomination is $2 to $10,
$25 if the denomination is $1,
$10 if the denomination is 10c to $1,
$5 if the denomination is 5c, and
25c if the denomination is 1c.
In the case of coins of a denomination greater than $10, a payment is a legal tender for no more than the value of a single coin of that denomination. Where more than one amount is payable by one person to another on the same day under one or more obligations, the total of those amounts is deemed to be one amount due and payable on that day.
China
In the People's Republic of China, the official currency renminbi serves as the unlimited legal tender for all transactions. It is illegal for any public institution or individual to refuse the currency when settling public or private debts.
El Salvador
In June 2021, El Salvador became the first country to accept Bitcoin as legal tender, after the Legislative Assembly had voted 62–22 to pass a bill submitted by President Nayib Bukele classifying the cryptocurrency as such.
Eurozone
Euro coins and banknotes became legal tender in most countries of the Eurozone on 1 January 2002. Although one side of the coins is used for different national marks for each country, all coins and all banknotes are legal tender throughout the eurozone. Although some eurozone countries do not put 1 cent and 2 cent coins into general circulation (prices in those countries are by general understanding always rounded to whole multiples of 5 cent), 1 cent and 2 cent coins from other eurozone countries remain legal tender in those countries.
Council Regulation (EC) No 974/98 limits the number of coins that can be offered for payment to fifty. Governments that issue the coins must establish the euro as the only legal tender. Due to variations on the legislative meaning of legal tender in various member states and the ability of contract law to overrule the status of legal tender, it is possible for merchants to choose to refuse to accept euro banknotes and coins within specific countries within the Eurozone. For example, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Finland, and Ireland have de jure or de facto removed the use of 1 cent and 2 cent coins and adopted cash rounding to the nearest multiple of 5 cents. National laws may also impose restrictions as to maximal amounts that can be settled by coins or notes.
Kosovo and Montenegro, which are not members of the European Union and the Eurozone and do not have a formal monetary agreement with the EU, unilaterally adopted the euro in 2002 as their de facto domestic currency to ensure monetary stability and to continue to avoid the high/hyper inflation seen in preceding decades: this means that the euro is not a legal tender there, however it is treated as such by the government and the people.
France
Legal tender was enacted the first time for gold and silver coins in the French Penal Code of 1807 (art. 475, 11°). In 1870, legal tender was extended to all notes of the Banque de France. Anyone refusing such coins for their whole value would be prosecuted (French Penal Code art. R. 642-3).
Republic of Ireland
According to the Economic and Monetary Union Act 1998 of the Republic of Ireland, which replaced the legal tender provisions that had been re-enacted in Irish legislation from previous British enactments, "No person, other than the Central Bank of Ireland and such persons as may be designated by the Minister by order, shall be obliged to accept more than 50 coins denominated in euro or in cent in any single transaction."
History
The Decimal Currency Act, 1970 governed legal tender prior to the adoption of the euro and laid down the analogous provisions as in United Kingdom legislation (all inherited from previous UK law), namely: coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding £10, coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding £5, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.
Republic of India
The Indian rupee is the de facto legal tender currency in India. The Indian rupee is also legal tender in Nepal and Bhutan, but the Nepalese rupee and Bhutanese ngultrum are not legal tender in India. Both the Nepalese rupee and Bhutanese ngultrum are pegged with the Indian rupee.
The Indian rupee used to be an official currency of several other countries, including the Straits Settlements (now Singapore and parts of Malaysia), Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States (now the UAE), Oman, Aden Colony and Aden Protectorate (now parts of Yemen), British Somaliland, British East Africa, and Zanzibar.
In 1837, the Indian rupee was made the sole official currency of the Straits Settlements, as it was administered as a part of India. In 1845, the British replaced the Indian rupee with the Straits dollar after administration of the Straits Settlements separated from India earlier in that same year.
After partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with the word "Pakistan". New coins and banknotes were issued in 1948.
The Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), was introduced by the Government of India as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India Amendment Act of 1 May 1959. This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling.
Kuwait and Bahrain eventually replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies (the Kuwaiti dinar and the Bahraini dinar) after gaining independence from Britain in 1961 and 1965, respectively.
On 6 June 1966, India devalued the rupee. To avoid following this devaluation, several of the states using the rupee adopted their own currencies. Qatar and most of the Trucial States adopted the Qatar and Dubai riyal, whilst Abu Dhabi adopted the Bahraini dinar. Only Oman continued to use the Gulf rupee until 1970, with the government backing the currency at its old peg to the pound. Oman later replaced the Gulf rupee with its own rial in 1970.
On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that existing INR 500 and INR 1000 banknotes would no longer be accepted as legal tender with a view to curb counterfeiting, tax evasion and the parallel economy. The Reserve Bank of India outlined a scheme for holders of such banknotes to either deposit them into their bank accounts for full, unlimited value, or to exchange the banknotes for new, subject to a cap.
New Zealand
New Zealand has a complex history of legal tender. English law applied, as applicable to local circumstances, either from 6 January 1840 (when the Governor of New South Wales by proclamation annexed New Zealand) or from 14 January 1840 (when Captain Hobson (of the Royal Navy) was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand). The English Laws Act 1858 subsequently confirmed that English legislation passed prior to 14 January 1840 was and had been the law of New Zealand, as applicable to local circumstances. The (UK) Coinage Act 1816 therefore applied and British coins were confirmed as legal tender in New Zealand. (Unusually, until 1989, the Reserve Bank, established in 1934, did not have the right to issue coins as legal tender. Coins had to be issued by the Minister of Finance.)
The history of bank notes in New Zealand was considerably more complex. In 1840 the Union Bank of Australia started issuing bank notes under provisions of British law but these were not automatically legal tender.
In 1844, ordinances were passed by NZ Parliament making the Union Bank banknotes legal tender and authorizing the government to issue debentures in small denominations, thus creating two sets of legal tender. These debentures were circulated but were traded at a discount to their face value because of distrust of the colonial government amongst the settler population. In 1845 the British Colonial office disallowed the Ordinance, namely the Debentures Act 1844 (NZ), and the debentures were recalled, not without first causing a panic among holders.
In 1847, the Colonial Bank of Issue became the only issuer of legal tender. In 1856, however, the Colonial Bank of Issue was disbanded; and through the Paper Currency Act 1856 the Union Bank was confirmed once again as an issuer of legal tender. The Act also authorized the Oriental Bank to issue legal tender - but this bank ceased operations in 1861.
Between 1861 and 1874, a number of other banks including the Bank of New Zealand, the Bank of New South Wales, the National Bank of New Zealand and the Colonial Bank of New Zealand were created by Acts of Parliament and authorized to issue bank-notes backed by gold, however these notes were not legal tender.
The 1893 Bank Note Issue Act allowed the government to declare a bank's right to issue legal tender. This enabled the government to make such a declaration to assist the Bank of New Zealand when in 1895 the bank encountered financial difficulties that could have led to its failure.
In 1914, the Banking Amendment Act gave legal-tender status to bank notes from any issuer and removed the requirement that banks authorized to issue bank notes must redeem them on demand for gold (the gold standard).
In 1933, the Coinage Act authorized a specific New Zealand coinage and removed legal-tender status from British coins. In the same year the Reserve Bank of New Zealand was established. The bank was given a monopoly on the issue of legal tender. The Reserve Bank also provided a mechanism through which the other issuers of legal tender could phase out their bank notes. These banknotes were convertible into British legal tender on demand at the Reserve Bank and remained so until the 1938 Sterling Exchange Suspension Notice that suspended provisions of a 1936 amendment of the 1933 Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act.
In 1964, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act re-stated that only notes issued by the Reserve Bank were legal tender. The Act also ended the right of individuals to redeem their bank notes for coin, effectively ending the distinction between coin and notes in New Zealand. The Act came into force in 1967, establishing as legal tender all New Zealand dollar five-dollar banknotes and greater, all decimal coins, the pre-decimal sixpence, the shilling, and the florin. Also passed in 1964 was the Decimal Currency Act, which created the basis for a decimal currency, introduced in 1967.
, banknotes were legal tender for all payments, and $1 and $2 coins were legal tender for payments up to $100, and 10c, 20c, and 50c silver coins were legal tender for payments up to $5. These older-style silver coins were legal tender until October 2006, after which only the new 10c, 20c and 50c coins, introduced in August 2006, remained legal.
Norway
The Norwegian krone (NOK) is legal tender in Norway according to the Central Bank () of 24 May 1985. However, no-one is obliged to accept more than 25 coins of each denomination (of which currently 1, 5, 10 and 20 NOK denominations are in common circulation).
Singapore and Brunei
Singapore and Brunei have a Currency Interchangeability Agreement since 12 June 1967. Under the agreement, Singapore dollar and Brunei dollar are exchangeable at par without charge in both countries. As such, the currency of one country is accepted in the other country as "customary tender".
Switzerland and Liechtenstein
The Swiss franc is the only legal tender in Switzerland. Any payment consisting of up to 100 Swiss coins is legal tender; banknotes are legal tender for any amount.
The sixth series of Swiss bank notes from 1976, recalled by the National Bank in 2000 and the eighth series from the 1990s which was withdrawn in 2021, are both no longer legal tender, but banknotes from both series can be exchanged for current notes indefinitely at branches of the Swiss National Bank or at cantonal banks.
The Swiss franc is also the legal tender of the Principality of Liechtenstein, which is in a customs union with Switzerland.
The Swiss franc is also the currency used for administrative and accounting purposes by most of the numerous international organisations that are headquartered in Switzerland.
Taiwan
The New Taiwan dollar issued by the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) is legal tender for all payments within the territory of the Republic of China, Taiwan. However, since 2007, candidates to become civil servants in elections in the Republic of China may no longer pay any deposit in coinage.
Thailand
Series 2 banknotes first issued in 1925 during the reign of Rama VI and continuing into the reign of Rama VII added the legend: Promise to pay (silver to) bearer on demand in (silver) currency of Siam; later changed in 1928 to be in line with The Currency Act, B.E. 2471 to:
This note is legal tender (literal translation, silver in payment of debt) according to law. The front has a guilloche design with twelve rays, and the back, depictions of the Royal Ploughing Ceremony. These were printed in 6 denominations – 1, 5, 10, 20,100 and 1000 baht – in two types printed by De La Rue of London, England.
United Kingdom
In the UK legal tender specifically relates to the settlement of debts: a debtor cannot successfully be sued for non-payment if they pay the exact amount (change cannot be demanded) into court in legal tender.
Legal tender is solely for the guaranteed settlement of debts, and does not imply a right to pay with cash in other contexts. There is a misconception that somebody due to be paid a certain amount of money—such as a shopkeeper—must accept legal tender if proffered for payment; in reality the payee may choose to refuse or accept any specific type of payment, whether legal tender or not. As a specific instance, following the outbreak in 2020 of the covid pandemic, many shops chose not to accept any form of cash due to the risk of infection, accepting payment cards only.
Throughout the United Kingdom, Royal Mint coins valued £1, £2, and £5 sterling are legal tender in unlimited amounts. Twenty pence pieces and fifty pence pieces are legal tender in amounts up to £10; five pence pieces and ten pence pieces are legal tender in amounts up to £5; and pennies and two pence coins are legal tender in amounts up to 20 pence. In accordance with the Coinage Act 1971, gold sovereigns are also legal tender for any amount. Although it is not specifically mentioned on them, the face values of gold coins are 50p; £1; £2; and £5, a mere fraction of their worth as bullion. Five pound coins, although legal tender, are intended as souvenirs and are almost never seen in circulation.
Current Bank of England notes are legal tender in England and Wales and are issued in the denominations of £5, £10, £20 and £50. Banknotes can always be redeemed at the Bank of England even if discontinued.
To meet the legal definition of legal tender, the exact amount due must be tendered; no change can be demanded.
Maundy money is legal tender but may not be accepted by retailers and is worth much more than face value due to its rarity value and silver content.
In a 1976 case, Miliangos v George Frank Ltd, the House of Lords established that the English courts could order debts to be paid in currencies other than sterling under certain circumstances, overturning two centuries of precedent.
Scotland and Northern Ireland
Royal Mint coins are legal tender in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but no banknotes are. Scottish and Northern Irish banknotes are widely accepted but are not legal tender anywhere in the UK.
History
In the 19th century, gold coins were legal tender to any amount, but silver coins were not legal tender for sums over £2 nor bronze for sums over 1 shilling. This provision was retained in revised form at the introduction of decimal currency, and the Coinage Act 1971 laid down that coins denominated above 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 10 pounds, non-bronze coins denominated not more than 10 pence became legal tender for payment not exceeding 5 pounds, and bronze coins became legal tender for payment not exceeding 20 pence.
United States
Before the Civil War (1861 to 1865), silver coins were legal tender only up to the sum of $5. Before 1853, when U.S. silver coins were reduced in weight 7%, coins had exactly their value in metal (from 1830 to 1852). Two silver 50 cent coins had exactly $1 worth of silver. A gold U.S. dollar of 1849 had $1 worth of gold. With the flood of gold coming out of the California mines in the early 1850s, the price of silver rose (gold went down). Thus, 50 cent coins of 1840 to 1852 were worth 53 cents if melted down. The government could increase the value of the gold coins (expensive) or reduce the size of all U.S. silver coins. With the reduction of 1853, a 50-cent coin now had only 48 cents of silver. This is the reason for the $5 limit of silver coins as legal tender; paying somebody $100 in the new silver coins would be giving them $96 worth of silver. Most people preferred bank check or gold coins for large purchases.
During the early American Civil War, the federal government first issued United States Notes (the first greenback notes), which were not redeemable in gold and silver coins but could be used to pay "all dues" to the federal government. Since land purchases and duties on imports were payable only in gold or the new Demand Notes, the Demand Notes were bought by importers and land speculators for about 97 cents on the gold dollar and never lost value. 1862 greenbacks (Legal Tender Notes) at first traded for 97 cents on the dollar but gained/lost value depending on fortunes of the Union army. The value of Legal Tender Greenbacks swung wildly but trading was from 85 to 33 cents on the gold dollar.
This resulted in a situation in which the greenback "Legal Tender" notes of 1862 were fiat, and so gold and silver were held, and paper circulated at a discount because of Gresham's law. The 1861 Demand Notes were a huge success but robbed the customs house of much needed gold coin (interest on most bonds back then was paid in gold). A money-strapped Congress, which had to pay for the war, eventually adopted the Legal Tender Act of 1862, issuing United States Notes backed only by treasury securities and compelled the people to accept the new notes at a discount; prices rose except for those who had gold and/or silver coins.
Following the Civil War, paper currency was disputed as to whether it must be accepted as payment. In 1869, Hepburn v. Griswold found that Henry Griswold would not have to accept paper currency because it could not truly be "legal tender" and was unconstitutional as a legally enforceable means to pay debts. This led to the Legal Tender Cases in 1870, which overturned the previous ruling and established the paper currency as constitutional and proper legal tender that must be accepted in all situations.
With the 1884 Supreme Court ruling in Juilliard v. Greenman, the "Supreme Court ruled that Congress had the right to issue notes to be legal tender for the payment of public and private debt. Legal-tender notes are treasury notes or banknotes that, in the eyes of the law, must be accepted in the payment of debts." The ruling in the Legal Tender Cases (which include Juilliard v. Greenman) led later courts to "support the federal government's invalidation of gold clauses in private contracts in the 1930s."
On the other hand, coins made of gold or silver may not necessarily be legal tender, if they are not fiat money in the jurisdiction where they are proffered as payment. The Coinage Act of 1965 states (in part):
Contrary to common misconception, there is no federal law stating that a private business, a person, or a government organization must accept currency or coins for payment. Private businesses are free to create their own policies on whether they accept cash, unless there is a specific state law which says otherwise. For example, a bus line may prohibit payment of fares in cents or dollar bills. In addition, movie theaters, convenience stores, and gas stations may refuse to accept large denomination currency as a matter of policy or safety.
The principal purpose of that statute is to ensure the nationwide acceptance of U.S. currency, consistent with constitutional language that reserves to Congress the power to create a uniform currency that holds the same value throughout the United States. While the statute provides that U.S. money is legal tender that may be accepted for the payment of debts, it does not require acceptance of cash payments, nor does it provide that restrictions cannot be imposed upon the acceptance of cash.
Venezuela
On 11 December 2016, Venezuela's government announced demonetisation following almost 500% inflation in the country. People of the country were given 3 days to get rid of the 100 Bolivar notes (most widely used currency) post the introduction of new note of higher denominations. As of 15 June 2017, there has been 7 extensions (one per month) of the legal use of the 100 bolivares bill notes. The 100 Bolivar notes were still legal tender as of 30 December 2017.
See also
Currency
Economy monetization
Gresham's law
Postage stamp demonetization
Standard of deferred payment
Seigniorage
Notes
External links
The Royal Mint – UK Legal Tender Guidelines
The Royal Mint – Legal tender status of stamps in the UK
Act to authorize the Issue of United States Notes, and for the Redemption or Funding thereof, and for Funding the Floating Debt of the United States. 37th Congress, 2d Session, Ch. 33, 12 Stat. 345. [Legal Tender Act]
Act to authorize an additional Issue of United States Notes, and for other purposes. 37th Congress, 2d Session, Ch. 142, 12 Stat. 532 [Second Legal Tender Act]
Act to provide Ways and Means for the Support of the Government. 37th Congress, 3d Session, Ch. 73, 12 Stat. 709 [Third legal Tender Act]
Business law
Monetary reform
Currency |
Christopher Gale (1670February 17, 1735) was the first Chief Justice of the Colony of North Carolina. He was also briefly Attorney General and a customs collector for various ports of North Carolina.
Biography
Christopher Gale was born in 1670 (some sources say 1679) in York, the son of the Rev. Miles Gale and Margaret Stone. He read law under an attorney in Lancashire but Gale migrated to Carolina when he was in his early twenties, settling in Bath. He made his fortune in trade with the Indians. In 1702, Gale married Sarah Laker Harvey, widow of Governor Thomas Harvey. They had four children: Miles, Theophilus, Penelope and Elizabeth. He lived at Kirby Grange, a large plantation near Bath.
Career as a Justice
In 1703, Proprietary Governor Robert Daniel appointed Gale to serve as a Justice of the General Court, the supreme court of the colony and in 1704, he concurrently was appointed attorney general of Carolina. Following the upheaval of Cary's Rebellion in 1708, Gale was removed from office as Chief Justice by Governor William Glover.
Gale traveled to London where the Lords Proprietors of the Carolina colony were meeting to lay his case for reinstatement before them. He was immediately reinstated.
Gale was a capable explorer and was slated to go with John Lawson and Baron Christoph de Graffenried on their fateful 1711 expedition into Indian territory. De Graffenreid and Lawson were captured by Tuscarora Indians and Lawson was killed. Gale was unable to join them due to his wife Susan's illness. Gale later reflected that her illness likely saved his life.
Later that year Governor Edward Hyde sent him to Charleston, South Carolina to secure military aid for the war against the Tuscarora Indians. On his return trip, Gale was captured by the French who held him briefly as a prisoner of war on Martinique. Finally arriving home in July 1712, Gale was rewarded for his service with a re-appointment as Chief Justice. He held that office, with only brief interruptions, until 1731, during which time he obtained commissions as collector of customs at the ports of Beaufort, Currituck, and Roanoke successively. He also briefly served as the absentee Attorney General of the Bahamas.
In 1729, Gale was appointed to a commission to determine the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia along with Colonel John Lovick and William Little.
End of life
His wife Sarah died in 1730 and Gale married Sarah Catherine Ismay, widow of John Ismay, about 1733. Gale died in 1735 in Edenton, North Carolina leaving a will that stated, “To All my friends I leave my hearty prayers & Good wishes, To my Enemys forgiveness & prayers for their Repentance for the many ill offices done me.”
Several of his letters are printed in John Nichols's Illustrations, iv. 489–92.
References
External links
North Carolina Historical Marker B-5
William S. Price Jr., “A Strange Incident in George Burrington’s Royal Governorship,” North Carolina Historical Review (Spring 1974): 149-158
Alan D. Watson, Bath: The First Town in North Carolina (2005)
Marshall DeLancey Haywood, Builders of the Old North State (1968)
1670 births
1735 deaths
People of colonial North Carolina
American jurists
People from Beaufort County, North Carolina |
DX5 may refer to:
Yamaha DX5 synthesizer, an electronic musical instrument
DX5, an antibody which binds to CD49b antigens
DX5 is also the code name used by the main character "Macgyver" in the long running television show "Macgyver" |
Sir John Burgoyne, 1st Baronet (c. 1592–1657) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1645 to 1648. He supported the Parliamentarian cause in the English Civil War.
Burgoyne was the son of Roger Burgoyne, of Sutton, Bedfordshire, and Wroxall, Warwickshire and his wife Margaret Wendy, daughter of Thomas Wendy, of Haslingfield, Cambridgeshire. He was baptised at Haslingfield on 29 January 1592. He was admitted at Emmanuel College, Cambridge on 16 April 1607 and admitted at the Middle Temple in October 1611. His father, who was twice a High Sheriff acquired the estate of Honily at Sutton in 1625 and built Old Honily Hall. Burgoyne succeeded to the estates on the death of his father in 1636. He was High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1640 and was created a baronet of Sutton on 15 July 1641.
In 1645, Burgoyne was elected Member of Parliament for Warwickshire in the Long Parliament. He sat until 1648 when he was excluded under Pride's Purge.
Burgoyne died at the age of 65.
Burgoyne married Jane Kempe, daughter of Julius Kempe, of Spains Hall, Finchingfield, Essex, by whom he had four daughters and three sons. His son Roger succeeded him in the baronetcy.
References
1590s births
1657 deaths
English MPs 1640–1648
High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire
Members of the Middle Temple
People from Warwickshire (before 1974)
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Roundheads
Year of birth uncertain
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
People from Sutton, Bedfordshire |
David L. Williams, sometimes referred to by his initials, DLW, is an American producer and ADR director (and, occasionally, a voice actor) that has been with ADV Films from the beginning when his living room was used as a production facility for their first show, Devil Hunter Yohko. He left ADV in March 2008 and has since worked at Sentai Filmworks and Seraphim Digital.
David regularly makes appearances at anime conventions as a representative of ADV. When asked questions about future productions, he often replies with his trademark phrase, "I can neither confirm nor deny."
Production credits
ADR Director
All Purpose Cultural Catgirl Nuku Nuku (co-directed with Janice Williams)
Angelic Layer
Aquarian Age: Sign for Evolution
Clannad (co-directed with Janice Williams)
Clannad After Story (co-directed with Janice Williams)
D.N.Angel
Dirty Pair (OVAs only)
Dirty Pair: Project Eden
Najica Blitz Tactics
Pretear
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (co-directed with Matt Greenfield and Jin Ho Chung)
Ushio & Tora (OVA)
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American film producers
Place of birth missing (living people)
American voice directors |
The 1963 Texas Southern Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Texas Southern University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1963 NCAA College Division football season. Led by 15th-year head coach Alexander Durley, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 7–3, with a mark of 5–2 in conference play, and finished tied for second in the SWAC.
Schedule
References
Texas Southern
Texas Southern Tigers football seasons
Texas Southern Tigers football |
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