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The FA-MAS Type 62 is a 7.62×51mm NATO rifle developed by the French Army as a replacement for the MAS-49/56. It was the last in series of 40 different prototype rifles designed between 1952 and 1962. However, the introduction of the 5.56×45mm cartridge caused the French to rethink their approach and the project was eventually cancelled. The Type 62's bayonet was later adopted for use on the FAMAS rifle.
Predecessors
Type-55
The MAS-55 has its gas piston underneath its barrel and operated in a similar way to the FM1924/29 light machine gun but resulted in a heavy rifle for its type.
Type-56
The Type-56 was a simpler alternative to the Type-55 and was closer to the FN FAL.
Type-59
The Type-59 came with an improved stock and foregrip. It also came with a folding stock, bipod and infra-red sight as the AP61.
See also
List of battle rifles
References
7.62×51mm NATO battle rifles
Rifles of France
Trial and research firearms of France |
The Tennessee Army National Guard is a component of the United States Army and the United States National Guard. Nationwide, the Army National Guard comprises approximately one half of the US Army's available combat forces and approximately one third of its support organization. National coordination of various state National Guard units are maintained through the National Guard Bureau.
Tennessee Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army. The same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. The Tennessee Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Tennessee.
Current units
Current units include the following:
230th Sustainment Brigade
194th Engineer Brigade
30th Troop Command - moved from Smyrna to Tullahoma in 2004
1st Squadron, 230th Cavalry Regiment
1st Battalion, 181st Field Artillery Regiment
230th Liaison Team
TN Medical Command
25th Operational Support Airlift Detachment
1st Battalion (Airfield Operations), 107th Aviation Regiment
117th Regiment Training Institute:
1-117th Military Police
2-117th Armor
3-117th Quartermaster
Officer Candidate School (OCS)
278th Armored Cavalry Regiment (ACR)
278th ACR
Headquarters 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment at Knoxville
Detachment 1 Battery A Regimental Fires Squadron 278th ACR at Pigeon Forge
Headquarters and Headquarters Troop RTS, 278th ACR at Lebanon
A Troop RTS, 278th ACR at Nashville
C Troop RTS, 278th ACR at Dunlap
Detachment 1, C Troop RTS, 278th ACR at Monteagle
Detachment 2, C Troop RTS, 278th ACR at McKenzie
B Battery Field Artillery Squadron, 278th ACR at Covington
Regimental Support Squadron Headquarters, 278th ACR at Columbia
Detachment 1, Troop F Support Squadron, 278th ACR at Parsons
Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1/278th ACR Henderson
Troop A 1/278th ACR at Huntingdon
Troop B 1/278th ACR at Clarksville
Troop C 1/278th ACR at Milan
Troop D 1/278th ACR at Ashland City
Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 2/278th ACR at Cookeville
Detachment 1, HHT, 2-278th ACR at Gallatin
Troop E, 2/278th ACR at Jamestown
Detachment 1, Troop E, 2/278th ACR at Livingston
Troop F, 2/278th ACR at McMinnville
Troop G, 2/278th ACR at Crossville
Troop H, 2/278th ACR at Rockwood
Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 3/278th ACR at Mount Carmel
Troop K, 3/278th ACR AT Newport
Troop L, 3/278th ACR at Greeneville
181st Field Artillery Regiment
181st Field Artillery Regiment
Detachment 1 at Dayton
Battery A at Lawrenceberg
Battery B at Pulaski
Detachment 1, Battery B at Fayetteville
Military Police
117th Military Police Battalion at Athens
Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 168th Military Police Battalion at Dyersburg
251st Military Police Company at Lexington
Detachment 1, 251st Military Police Company (CS) at Bolivar
252nd Military Police Company at Cleveland
Detachment 1, 252nd Military Police Company at Oneida
253rd Military Police Company (CS) at Lenoir city
Detachment 1, 253rd Military Police Company (CS) at Bristol
268th Military Police Company at Ripley
Detachment 1, 268th Military Police Company at Alamo
269th Military Police Company at Murfreesboro
473rd Brigade Support Battalion
473rd Brigade Support Battalion
Company A at Lobelville
Detachment 1, Company A at New Tazewell
Detachment 1, Company E (FSC AR) at Gordonsville
Company G, at Lewisburg
Engineering Units
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 194th Engineer Brigade at Jackson
Detachment 1, 190th Engineer Company, 230th Engineer Brigade at Jefferson City
212th Engineer Company at Paris
Detachment 1, 212th Engineer Company at Camden
Maintenance Units
776th Maintenance Company at Elizabethon
Detachment 1, 776th Maintenance Company at Mountain City
771st Maintenance Company at Centerville
Detachment 1, 771st Maintenance Company at Hohenwald
Transportation Units
Detachment 1, 1176th Transportation Company at Jacksboro
Detachment 1, 1175th Transportation Company (Het) at Brownsville
Other
155th Signal Company at Memphis
Battery A, 3rd Battalion, 115th Field Artillery Regiment at Maryville
Detachment 1, Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 1st Squadron, 230th Cavalry Regiment at Louisville
Troop A, 1st Squadron, 230th Cavalry Regiment at Jackson
Company B, Special Troops Battalion (SIG) at Knoxville
Detachment 1, 730th Quartermaster Company at Erwin
176th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion at Johnson City
30th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion at Humbolt
Recruiting and Retention Battalion at Smyrna
129th Army Band at Nashville
Company E, 278th Brigade Support Battalion at Lafayette
Troop D, 278th Brigade Support Battalion at Clinton
History
Tennessee's 45th General Assembly in 1887 established the Tennessee National Guard, as it is known today. State lawmakers set up the basic conditions under which the force would operate. Tennessee was among the first states to offer her full quota of soldiers for the Spanish–American War. The equipped Tennessee Guard units were mobilized. Four regiments were created, but only the 1st and 4th Regiments deployed overseas. In World War I, the 30th Infantry Division was deployed overseas. Tennessee personnel made up the 117th Infantry Regiment, the 114th and 115th Field Artillery, and the 114th Machine Gun Battalion.
After World War One, platoons of the Tennessee National Guard participated in the Knoxville riot of 1919.
When the 30th Infantry Division reorganized on 11 September 1947 it was composed of Guard units from North Carolina and Tennessee. In 1954 it was reorganized as a North‑South Carolina division with the Tennessee portion reorganized and redesignated as the 30th Armored Division. The 30th Armored Division was inactivated on 1 December 1973, with its lineage carried by the 30th Armored Brigade and the 30th Support Group, TN ARNG.
The 194th Engineer Brigade was activated as an entity of the Tennessee Army National Guard on 1 November 1973. This occurred as a result of the major reorganization of the Tennessee ARNG which inactivated the 30th Armored Division. The numerical designation was derived from a former engineer unit of the Tennessee Army National Guard, the 194th Engineer Battalion, headquartered in Centerville, Tennessee.
More than 3,600 Tennessee Guardsmen responded to Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The 196th Field Artillery Brigade (including the 1st Battalion, 181st Field Artillery) was one of only two Army Guard combat units to see actual combat. The Tennessee Army deployed 17 units during the conflict. A few days prior to G-Day, Tennessee's 212th Engineer Company, attached to the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), broke through the border berm into enemy territory, building a six-lane road. The unit traversed six miles before the ground war began, becoming the first unit of the 101st into Iraq and one of the first U.S. units to breach the Iraqi defensive zones.
The 30th Armored Brigade (Separate) furled its colors in Jackson, Tennessee in the early 1990s. The colors were passed to the 230th Area Support Group in Dyersburg, TN. The 230th has been inactivated since its return from Camp Arifjan, Kuwait.
Historic units
See also
Tennessee Air National Guard
Tennessee State Guard
Tennessee Military Department
References
Historical register and dictionary of the United States Army, from ..., Volume 1 By Francis Bernard Heitman
Encyclopedia of United States Army insignia and uniforms By William K. Emerson (page 51).
External links
US Army Lineage And Honors Information
Bibliography of Tennessee Army National Guard History compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History
Tennessee Military Department Official Site
Military in Tennessee
State agencies of Tennessee
United States Army National Guard by state |
Soper is an occupational surname for a soaper.
It may refer to:
People
Daniel E. Soper (1843–1923), American politician
Donald Soper, Baron Soper (1903–1998), British Methodist minister, socialist and pacifist
Fred E. Soper (1854–1930), American politician
George Soper (1870–1948), American sanitation engineer
George Soper (illustrator) (1870–1942), British illustrator and etcher
John Harris Soper (1846–1944), marshall of the Kingdom of Hawaii
Kate Soper (born 1943), British philosopher
Kate Soper (composer) (born 1981), American composer
Lesley Soper (born 1954), New Zealand politician
Matt Soper, American politician
Steve Soper (born 1951), British racing driver
Tony Soper (born 1929), British naturalist, author and broadcaster
J. Dewey Soper (1893–1982), Canadian explorer/ornithologist
Lyle Soper (born 1990), Heavy Equipment Operator
Places
Soper, Burkina Faso
Soper, Michigan, ghost town
Soper, Oklahoma, US
Dewey Soper Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
Soper Lake, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
Soper River, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada
Other
Soper Frauds redirects to Michigan relics, archaeological fakes in Michigan
Occupational surnames
English-language occupational surnames |
Orange Walk Football Club is a Belizean football team, currently playing in the Premier League of Belize.
The team is based in Orange Walk Town, Orange Walk District. Their home stadium is People's Stadium, and was founded on 21 June 2016.
References
Football clubs in Belize
association football clubs established in 2016
2016 establishments in Belize |
SS Bee was an Australian wooden steamship built in 1884 and wrecked in 1901. She earned historical notability as the first of Robert Hayles' ferry fleet. Hayles' Magnetic Island ferry service, eventually operated under the business name Hayles Magnetic Island Pty. Ltd., served Magnetic Island for over 80 years and eventually came to operate a number of passenger and cargo services through ports around northern Australia.
History
Bee was built in 1884 in Newcastle, New South Wales, by Scott Bros, for the Watson Ferry Service, who operated her on their Manly-to-Sydney ferry service from 1884.
Robert Hayles Snr., the owner of a resort on Picnic Bay, Magnetic Island, purchased Bee in 1899 to transport holiday makers between Townsville and Picnic Bay. The vessel sank in October 1900 but was refloated and continued service for Hayles.
On 17 March 1901, Bee cast off from Picnic Bay Jetty in heavy seas. As she attempted to depart, her chain steerage gear became jammed. Unable to maneuver properly, she was taken broadside by the waves and washed up on the nearby beach at Picnic Bay. Efforts to save her failed, and within two days she was deemed unsalvageable.
Wreck
Bee′s wreck lies on the beach at the mouth of the unnamed creek at the western end of Picnic Bay. It generally is not visible, but sometimes can be seen following extreme weather events, which erode sand from the beach and reveal it.
References
Shipwrecks of Magnetic Island
Ships built in New South Wales
1884 ships
Maritime incidents in 1900
Maritime incidents in 1901
1901 in Australia
1871–1900 ships of Australia
Merchant ships of Australia
Coastal passenger vessels of Australia
Paddle steamers of Australia
Water transport in New South Wales |
Muhammad Umar Babrakzai ( 1980 – present) is the tribal chief of the Zadran tribe and Afghan jurist.
Background and early life
Babrakzai is the grandson of Babrak Khan, a previous Zadran chieftain who died in 1924 or 1925, though it's unclear through what father.
It is unknown who preceded Babrakzai as chieftain. It was possibly Abdulla Khan Jadran Yawan, who was chieftain as of 1969, although it's unclear if Babrakzai was Abdulla's immediate successor or if someone else was chieftain between them.
At some point, Babrakzai moved to France where he received an education. Upon returning to Afghanistan, he became part of Kingdom of Afghanistan's elite. At some point after King Mohammed Zahir Shah initiated a period of democratic reforms with the 1964 constitution, Babrakzai served as Supreme Court justice.
Tribal chief
Babrakzai opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The authors of Out of Afghanistan describe him as being the "prime mover" of the initial Afghan resistance, due to him forming a "national council" to map out an Afghan response. He joined the National Islamic Front of Afghanistan, became the chairman of a pro-resistance loya jirga, and also organized a jirga in Peshawar. In addition, Babrakzai maintained contacts with France during this period, and helped French activists to set up a International People's Tribunal in Paris.
Babrakzai continued to resist the Soviets during the rest of the Soviet–Afghan War. In 1983, he attended a meeting with US president Ronald Reagan. An image of this meeting later became an internet meme, where Babrakzai and other members of the meeting were falsely described as Taliban officials, even though the Taliban had not been formed yet by that time. Despite his regional influence, however, Babrakzai had little control over the militants in his tribal territories, over whom Jalaluddin Haqqani gained more control.
Babrakzai continues to be tribal chief as of 2019.
Family
References
Afghan rebels
Pashtun people
Afghan chiefs |
This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Summer Youth Olympic Games between 2010 and 2018. As of the 2018 Games, all of the current 206 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Games, and two hundred and three nations in all Summer Youth Olympic Games to date.
List of nations
Table legend
Alphabetical list
See also
List of participating nations at the Winter Youth Olympic Games |
James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele (22 September 1395 – 4 July 1450) was an English soldier and politician. He was born at Herstmonceux, Sussex, the second son of Sir William Fiennes (1 August 1357 – 18 January 1402) and his wife Elizabeth Batisford (Wartling, Sussex, 1363 - Herstmonceux, 18 January 1405).
Fiennes fought in the Hundred Years' War and served as High Sheriff of Kent in 1436 and High Sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1438. He was Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports from 1447 to 1450, and Lord High Treasurer of England from 1449 to 1450. Fiennes' tenure as Lord High Treasurer occurred during the Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump in England.
He was summoned to Parliament from 1446 to 1449 and is said to have been created Baron Saye and Sele by letters patent in 1447. Saye and Sele was a supporter of William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, the principal power behind the throne of Henry VI.
After Suffolk's deposition and murder in 1450, Fiennes was imprisoned in the Tower with his son-in-law William Cromer, deputy-sheriff of Kent. Having been released from the tower and handed over to the rebels as a placatory gesture by the King, Baron Saye was brought to Guildhall for a sham trial. Upon being found guilty of treason, he was paraded through part of London and beheaded by a mob of the rebels in London under Jack Cade at the Standard in Cheapside on 4 July 1450. His son-in-law was also executed by the rebels outside the city walls on the same day. The heads of the two men were put on pikes and unceremoniously paraded through the streets of London while their bearers pushed them together so that they appeared to kiss. He was succeeded in the barony by his son William.
Ancestry
Family and legacy
He married twice.
His first wife was Joan, whose family name is uncertain, and their children were:
Elizabeth (died 1475), who married three times. First, her stepmother's brother William Cromer (died 1450), of Tunstall, murdered like her father by Jack Cade's rebels; secondly Alexander Iden, of Westwell, Jack Cade's capturer, and lastly Sir Lawrence Raynsford (died 1490). Both her first two husbands had been a High Sheriff of Kent and her last was a High Sheriff of Essex and of Wiltshire.
William (born about 1428), who became 2nd Baron Saye and Sele and was killed in 1471 during the Battle of Barnet.
Before 1441, he married as second wife Emmeline (died 5 January 1452), daughter of Sir William Cromer, twice Lord Mayor of London. They may have had two daughters.
Fiennes appears as a named character in the play Henry VI, Part 2 by William Shakespeare, while the Battle of Barnet at which his son William died is referenced in the next play of the trilogy, Henry VI, Part 3.
His elder brother, Roger Fiennes (1384–1449) married Elizabeth Holland (daughter of John Holland (Duke of Exeter, half-brother of Richard II, son of Thomas Holland and Joan "the fair" of Kent) and Elizabeth of Lancaster (daughter of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster))
References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.
|-
|-
1395 births
1450 deaths
James
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Lord High Treasurers of England
People of the Hundred Years' War
High Sheriffs of Kent
High Sheriffs of Surrey
High Sheriffs of Sussex
Prisoners in the Tower of London
English MPs 1447
People from Herstmonceux
Barons Saye and Sele |
Brooks Sports, Inc., also known as Brooks Running, is an American sports equipment company that designs and markets high-performance men's and women's sneakers, clothing, and accessories. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, Brooks products are available in 60 countries worldwide. It is a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.
Brooks, founded in 1914, originally manufactured shoes for a broad range of sports. "White hot" in the mid-70s, the company faltered in the latter part of the decade, and filed for bankruptcy protection in 1981. In 2001, the product line was cut by more than 50% to focus the brand solely on running, and its concentration on performance technology was increased. Brooks Running became the top selling brand in the specialty running shoe market in 2011, and remained so through 2017 with a 25% market share.
Brooks shoes have been named "Best Women's Running Shoe" and "Best Winter Running Shoe" by publications including Runner's World and Sports Illustrated. The company has been recognized for environmental sustainability programs and technical innovation.
History
Early history: Founding, Bruxshu Gymnasium Shoes, Carmen Manufacturing
Brooks Sports, Inc. was founded in 1914 by John Brooks Goldenberg, following his purchase of the Quaker Shoe Company, a manufacturer of bathing shoes and ballet slippers. Based in Philadelphia, it operated as a partnership between John Goldenberg and his brothers, Michael and Frank. By 1920, Quaker Shoes had been renamed Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Co., Inc., and its shoes were sold under the brand name Bruxshu. In addition to bathing shoes and ballet slippers, it sold a gymnasium shoe, Ironclad Gyms. The company's innovations included the 1938 introduction of orthopedic shoes for children, Pedicraft, and rubber brakes for roller skates (then known as "quick stops"), patented in 1944.
In 1938, the Goldenbergs bought the Carmen Shoe Manufacturing Company in Hanover, Pennsylvania. Until 1957 a better grade leather was purchased, cut, stitched and fit in Philadelphia, while the same procedure in Hanover used lower grade materials. Both shoes were sold in Philadelphia under the Brooks name, and ranged from inexpensive to high-priced.
In 1956, after a series of operational changes, John notified his brother that he would not renew their partnership agreement, and Michael discussed expanding Carmen with his nephew, Frank's son Barton. In 1957, following the dissolution of the partnership, the existence of Brooks Shoe Manufacturing Company was terminated, and Michael and Barton each acquired 50% of Carmen. In 1958, Michael purchased Barton's interest in the company, and as the sole owner, he renamed Carmen the Brooks Manufacturing Company.
1970s: Introduction of EVA, the Vantage, Runner's World #1 running shoe
In 1975, Brooks worked with elite runners, including Marty Liquori, a former Olympian, to design a running shoe. The collaboration produced the Villanova, Brooks's first high-performance running shoe. It was the first running shoe to use EVA, an air-infused foam that was quickly adopted by other athletic brands. Brooks followed the Villanova with the Vantage, a running shoe constructed with a wedge to address overpronation. In 1977, based on newly developed measurements of cushioning, flexibility, and durability, the Vantage was ranked at #1 in the annual Runner's World running guide. Runners embraced Brooks' technology, and the demand "exploded". Towards the end of the decade Brooks was among the top three selling brands in the US. The Vanguard was another running shoe which appeared in this decade.
1980s: Bankruptcy, the Chariot, Brooks for Women
In 1980, as a result of production issues with Brooks's manufacturing facility in Puerto Rico, defective shoes began to arrive at sporting goods stores. Nearly 30 percent of the shoes were returned, and Brooks scrapped 50,000 pairs. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and was purchased at auction by footwear manufacturer Wolverine World Wide in 1981.
In 1982, stability became the top priority for runners, and Brooks introduced the Chariot, a medial post shoe that featured an angled wedge of harder-density foam in the midsole. Thicker on the inside of the shoe and tapered toward the outside, the Chariot represented a "sea change" in running-shoe design. In 1987, with Brooks for Women, it launched an anatomically adjusted line of shoes designed for women.
1990s: The Beast, Adrenaline, ownership changes, apparel, Run Happy
In 1992, Brooks launched the Beast, a motion control shoe that integrated diagonal rollbar technology. In 1994, the Adrenaline GTS—an abbreviation for go-to shoe—was released. With a firmer midsole density, the Adrenaline GTS was built on a semi-curve, an accommodation for runners with a high arch and wide forefoot. The Beast became a best seller, and the Adrenaline GTS went on to become one of the best-selling running shoes of all time.
Wolverine moved Brooks away from the niche running market to a generalist athletic brand. The "class to mass" strategy was unsuccessful, and Brooks was sold to Norwegian private equity company The Rokke Group for $21 million in 1993. Brooks moved to Rokke's Seattle location following its acquisition. In 1998, Rokke sold a majority interest in Brooks to J.H. Whitney & Co., a Connecticut private equity firm.
Brooks introduced a full-line of technical running and fitness apparel for women and men in the spring of 1997. It also expanded into the walking category with the introduction of performance walking shoes.
Brooks's Run Happy tag line first appeared in print advertising in 1999. Rather than depicting running as a grueling pursuit, as competitive brands did, Run Happy was based on the idea that runners love running, and suggested that Brooks products allowed "runners to have the running experience they were looking for".
2000s: Jim Weber, Berkshire Hathaway, BioMoGo
In 2001, Jim Weber, a former Brooks board member, was named president and CEO of the company. At the time, the company's market share was low, and bankruptcy had again become a concern. Weber cut lower-priced footwear from the Brooks product line, added an on-site lab and staff engineers, and focused the company on technical-performance running shoes. As the brand was rebuilt, its annual revenue fell to $20 million. Three years later, it was $69 million.
Brooks was acquired by Russell Athletic in 2004. In 2006, Russell was purchased by Fruit of the Loom and Brooks became a subsidiary of Fruit of the Loom's parent company, Berkshire Hathaway. It became an independent subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway in 2011.
In the mid-2000s, Brooks introduced High Performance Green Rubber, a material it developed for outsoles that used sand rather than petroleum. It subsequently developed BioMoGo, the first biodegradable mid-sole for running shoes. It used a non-toxic, natural additive that increased the rate of biodegradation by encouraging microbes in the soil to break the material down into nutrients that could be used by plants and animals, biodegrading approximately 20 times faster than traditional soles. By using BioMoGo, Brooks estimated that it would cut more than 30 million pounds of landfill waste over a 20-year period. The BioMoGo technology was open source.
2010s: DNA, $500 million milestone, Brooks Heritage, 2017 awards, FitStation
Brooks DNA (and later Super DNA) was released in 2013. It provided customized cushioning, and adapted to the user's gender, weight and pace. Engineered from non-Newtonian liquid, it was another of Brooks's technological "firsts".
In 2011, Brooks became the leading running shoe in the specialty market. On its 100-year anniversary, with a 29% market share, Brooks revenue hit $500 million. Weber stated that based on the company's year-over-year growth, investments from Berkshire Hathaway and the support of its CEO, Warren Buffett, Brooks would become a billion dollar brand.
The Brooks Heritage Collection was launched in 2016, returning the Vanguard, the Chariot, and the Beast to the market. Only the technology was updated; the details of the original shoes, including the colorways, were replicated.
Brooks introduced the first customized performance running shoe based on personal biomechanics in the United States in December 2017. An in-store station that combines 3D foot scanning with gait analysis and pressure mapping, it was developed in partnership with HP and Superfeet.
In 2017, Brooks shoes were named Best Running Shoe (The Glycerine and the Launch, Sports Illustrated); Editor's Top Choice (The Adrenaline GTS 18, Runner's World); and Ten Best Running Shoes (The Levitate, Men's Fitness).
Shortly after, Brooks developed the DNA Flash—their first nitrogen-injected midsole technology—and applied it to silhouettes such as the Hyperion Tempo as well as a few easy everyday running shoes. The brand worked with nitrogen injection for about three and a half years before releasing its DNA Loft V3 nitrogen-injected foam, which was introduced in the Aurora BL sneaker.
Sustainability and social responsibility
Brooks Running has implemented environmentally conscious practices into their business and manufacturing practices. Several models of their shoes have High Performance Rubber Green (HPR Green) outsoles that are made with sand instead of petroleum. The company says that it uses recycled materials to make other parts of their shoes "whenever possible", including laces, fabrics, hangtags and packaging.
In 2014, the company partnered with Bluesign Technologies (stylized as bluesign technologies) to evaluate, manage, and eliminate priority chemicals used in the process of manufacturing apparel. Manufacturers that become Bluesign system partners are required to establish management systems for improving resource productivity, consumer safety, water emissions, air emissions, and occupational health and safety.
Brooks is also a member of the Sustainable Apparel Coalition, a global trade organization that works to reduce the environmental and social impact of apparel and footwear products. With the some collections, Brooks offers vegan products.
Built in 2014, the Brooks headquarters meet the environmental standards of Seattle's Deep Green Pilot Program. The building captures and reuses at least 50 percent of storm water on the site and uses 75 percent less energy than a typical commercial building in the city. As of 2016, it was "one of the greenest buildings in the world".
Brooks provides paid time annually to employees to volunteer for community organizations. Among other causes, Brooks employees have supported ConservationNEXT's Seattle Backyard Collective, Habitat for Humanity, Northwest Harvest, the Seattle Ronald McDonald House and the 2018 Special Olympic Games. "Run B'Cause" product donation grants are given annually to organizations who support a "healthier, Run Happier world".
It was announced in June 2017 that Brooks Running would partner with the 2018 Special Olympics USA Games to create limited-edition co-branded running shoes and apparel, with a portion of the proceeds benefiting the games, and provide free running shoes to athletes participating in the Special Olympics Healthy Athletes Fit Feet program, which offers athletes free podiatric screenings.
Sponsorship
Team sponsorships
Hansons-Brooks
Brooks Beasts Track Club
Brooks Mavericks
Brooks Run Happy Team
Sponsored athletes (partial list)
Notes
References
External links
Shoe companies of the United States
Clothing companies established in 1914
Athletic shoe brands
Sportswear brands
Manufacturing companies based in Seattle
1914 establishments in Pennsylvania
Wallingford, Seattle
Berkshire Hathaway |
Vivian Prescott was an Italian born American actress.
Biography
Prescott appeared in 202 films between 1909 and 1917. She was born in Genoa, Italy and spent some time on the American stage before entering silent pictures.
Filmography
Winning Back His Love (1910)
Comrades (1911 short)
Fisher Folks (1911)
The Primal Call (1911 short) - The Millionaire's Girlfriend
The Man from the West (1912) - Mary, the cook
The Sands of Dee (1912)
Man's Enemy (1914)
References
External links
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses |
```javascript
//your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------
//your_sha256_hash---------------------------------------
// Object Rest unit tests
if (this.WScript && this.WScript.LoadScriptFile) { // Check for running in ch
this.WScript.LoadScriptFile("..\\UnitTestFramework\\UnitTestFramework.js");
}
var tests = [
{
name: "let assignment with simple Object",
body: function() {
let {a, b, ...rest} = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4};
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "var assignment with simple Object",
body: function() {
var {a, b, ...rest} = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4};
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "Rest in assignment expression",
body: function() {
({a, b, ...rest} = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4});
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "Rest with simple function parameter Object",
body: function() {
function foo({a: _a, b: _b, ..._rest}) {
assert.areEqual(1, _a);
assert.areEqual(2, _b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, _rest);
}
foo({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4});
}
},
{
name: "Rest with simple catch parameter Object",
body: function() {
try {
throw {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4};
} catch({a: _a, b: _b, ..._rest}) {
assert.areEqual(1, _a);
assert.areEqual(2, _b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, _rest);
}
}
},
{
name: "Rest with simple for variable declaration",
body: function() {
bar = [{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4}];
for({a, b, ...rest} of bar) {
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, rest);
}
}
},
{
name: "Rest nested in destructuring",
body: function() {
let {a, b, double: {c, ...rest}} = {a: 1, b: 2, double: {c: 3, d: 4}};
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual(3, c);
assert.areEqual({d: 4}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "Rest with nested function parameter Object",
body: function() {
function foo({a: _a, b: _b, double: {c: _c, ..._rest}}) {
assert.areEqual(1, _a);
assert.areEqual(2, _b);
assert.areEqual(3, _c);
assert.areEqual({d: 4}, _rest);
}
foo({a: 1, b: 2, double: {c: 3, d: 4}});
}
},
{
name: "Rest with computed properties",
body: function() {
let {a, ["b"]:b, ...rest} = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4};
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "Rest with computed properties in function parameter binding",
body: function() {
function foo({a: _a, ["b"]: _b, ..._rest}) {
assert.areEqual(1, _a);
assert.areEqual(2, _b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, _rest);
}
foo({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4});
}
},
{
name: "Rest inside re-entrant function",
body: function() {
function foo(r) {
if (r) {
var {a, [foo(false)]:b, ...rest} = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4};
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({c: 3, d: 4}, rest);
} else {
var {one, ...rest} = {one:1, two:2, three:3};
assert.areEqual(1, one);
assert.areEqual({two: 2, three: 3}, rest);
}
return "b";
}
foo(true);
}
},
{
name: "Rest nested in Computed Value",
body: function() {
let {[eval("let {..._rest} = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4};\"a\"")]:nest, ...rest} = {a: 10, b: 20, c: 30, d: 40};
assert.areEqual(10, nest);
assert.areEqual({b: 20, c: 30, d: 40}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "Rest with no values left to destructure",
body: function() {
let {a, b, ...rest} = {a: 1, b: 2};
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, b);
assert.areEqual({}, rest);
}
},
{
name: "Getters in rhs object should be evaluated",
body: function() {
let getterExecuted = false;
let obj = {a: 1, get b() {getterExecuted = true; return 2;}};
let {...rest} = obj;
assert.areEqual(1, rest.a);
assert.isTrue(getterExecuted);
assert.areEqual(2, rest.b);
}
},
{
name: "Rest modifying source object",
body: function() {
let val = 1;
let source = {get a() {val++; return 1;}, get b() {return val;}};
let {b, ...rest} = source;
assert.areEqual(1, b);
assert.areEqual(1, rest.a);
}
},
{
name: "Source object changed by destructuring before Rest",
body: function() {
let val = 1;
let source = {get a() {val++; return 1;}, get b() {return val;}};
let {a, ...rest} = source;
assert.areEqual(1, a);
assert.areEqual(2, rest.b);
}
},
{
name: "Copy only own properties",
body: function() {
let parent = {i: 1, j: 2};
let child = Object.create(parent);
child.i = 3;
let {...rest} = child;
assert.areEqual(3, child.i);
assert.areEqual(2, child.j);
assert.areEqual(3, rest.i);
assert.isFalse(rest.hasOwnProperty("j"));
}
},
{
name: "Rest includes symbols in properties",
body: function() {
let sym = Symbol("foo");
let a = {};
a[sym] = 1;
let {...rest} = a;
assert.areEqual(1, rest[sym], "property with Symbol property name identifier should be copied over");
assert.areEqual(1, Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(rest).length);
}
},
{
name: "Object Rest interacting with Arrays",
body: function() {
let arr = [1, 2, 3];
let {[2]:foo, ...rest} = arr;
assert.areEqual(2, Object.keys(rest).length);
assert.areEqual(1, rest[0]);
assert.areEqual(2, rest[1]);
assert.areEqual(3, foo);
}
},
// TODO: Fix bug regarding nested destrucuring in array rest.
// Disabling this test for now
// {
// name: "Object Rest interacting with Array Rest",
// body: function() {
// function foo(a, ...{...rest}) {
// assert.areEqual(1, a);
// assert.areEqual(2, rest[0]);
// assert.areEqual(3, rest[1]);
// assert.areEqual(2, Object.keys(rest).length);
// }
// foo(1, 2, 3);
// }
// },
{
name: "Object Rest interacting with Numbers",
body: function() {
let {...rest} = 1;
assert.areEqual(0, Object.keys(rest).length);
}
},
{
name: "Object Rest interacting with Functions",
body: function() {
let {...rest} = function i() {return 1;}
assert.areEqual(0, Object.keys(rest).length);
}
},
{
name: "Object Rest interacting with Strings",
body: function() {
let {...rest} = "edge";
assert.areEqual(4, Object.keys(rest).length);
assert.areEqual("e", rest[0]);
assert.areEqual("d", rest[1]);
assert.areEqual("g", rest[2]);
assert.areEqual("e", rest[3]);
}
},
{
name: "Test Proxy Object",
body: function() {
let proxy = new Proxy({i: 1, j: 2}, {});
let {...rest} = proxy;
assert.areEqual(2, Object.keys(rest).length);
assert.areEqual(1, rest.i);
assert.areEqual(2, rest.j);
}
},
{
name: "Test Proxy Object with custom getter",
body: function() {
let handler = {get: function(obj, prop) {return obj[prop];}};
let proxy = new Proxy({i: 1, j: 2}, handler);
let {...rest} = proxy;
assert.areEqual(2, Object.keys(rest).length);
assert.areEqual(1, rest.i);
assert.areEqual(2, rest.j);
}
},
{
name: "Test Proxy Object with custom getter and setter",
body: function() {
let setterCalled = false;
let handler = {
get: function(obj, prop) {
return obj[prop];
},
set: function(obj, prop, value) {
setterCalled = true;
}
};
let proxy = new Proxy({i: 1, j: 2}, handler);
let {...rest} = proxy;
assert.areEqual(2, Object.keys(rest).length);
assert.areEqual(1, rest.i);
assert.areEqual(2, rest.j);
assert.isFalse(setterCalled);
}
},
{
name: "Test Syntax Errors",
body: function() {
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...rest1, ...rest2} = {a:1, b:2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Destructuring assignment can only have 1 Rest", "Destructuring rest variables must be in the last position of the expression");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...{a, b}} = {a:1, b:2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Destructuring inside Rest is invalid syntax", "Expected identifier");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...{a, ...rest}} = {a:1, b:2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Nested Rest is invalid syntax", "Expected identifier");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...rest, a} = {a:1, b:2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Rest before other variables is invalid syntax", "Destructuring rest variables must be in the last position of the expression");
assert.throws(function () { eval("...(rest)"); }, SyntaxError, "Rest must be inside destructuring", "Invalid use of the ... operator. Spread can only be used in call arguments or an array literal.");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...(rest)} = {a:1, b:2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Destructuring expressions can only have identifier references");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...++rest} = {a: 1, b: 2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Prefix operators before rest is invalid syntax", "Unexpected operator in destructuring expression");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...rest++} = {a: 1, b: 2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Postfix operators after rest is invalid syntax", "Unexpected operator in destructuring expression");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...rest+1} = {a: 1, b: 2};"); }, SyntaxError, "Infix operators after rest is invalid syntax", "Unexpected operator in destructuring expression");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {... ...rest} = {};"); }, SyntaxError, "Incomplete rest expression", "Unexpected operator in destructuring expression");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...} = {};"); }, SyntaxError, "Incomplete rest expression", "Destructuring expressions can only have identifier references");
assert.throws(function () { eval("function foo({...rest={}}){};"); }, SyntaxError, "Rest cannot be default initialized", "Unexpected default initializer");
}
},
{
name: "Test Type Errors",
body: function() {
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...rest} = undefined;"); }, TypeError, "Cannot destructure undefined", "Cannot convert null or undefined to object");
assert.throws(function () { eval("let {...rest} = null;"); }, TypeError, "Cannot destructure null", "Cannot convert null or undefined to object");
}
},
];
testRunner.runTests(tests, { verbose: WScript.Arguments[0] != "summary" });
``` |
There are only a few terrorist attacks in Pakistan, resulting over 50 deaths.
February – March
28 February:- Two policemen were shot dead outside the United States consulate in Karachi, the same place where 12 people were killed by a car bomb nine months ago.
10 March:- Two people were injured when a masked terrorist opened indiscriminate fire on a mosque in Gulistan Colony, Faisalabad.
June – July
8 June:- 11 Pakistani police trainees were shot dead in what is believed to have been a sectarian attack on Sariab Road, Quetta, as they all belonged to Hazara Shi'a branch of Islam. Another nine were reported wounded.
4 July:- At least 47 people were killed and 150 injured in an attack on a Shia mosque in the south-western Pakistani city of Quetta.
October – December
3 October:- Six employees of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) were killed and several others injured when their official van was fired upon on Hub River Road in Mauripur, Karachi. A Lashkar-e-Jhangvi cadre was officially charged.
6 October:- Maulana Azam Tariq, chief of the Millat-i-Islamia (formerly Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan) and MNA, was assassinated by unidentified gunmen along with four others as his car drove into the capital, Islamabad.
14 December:- President Pervez Musharraf survived an assassination attempt when a powerful bomb went off minutes after his highly guarded convoy crossed a bridge in Rawalpindi. Musharraf was apparently saved by a jamming device in his limousine that prevented the remote controlled explosives from blowing up the bridge as his convoy passed over it.
25 December:- Another attempt was carried on the president 11 days later when two suicide bombers tried to assassinate Musharraf, but their car bombs failed to kill the president; 16 others nearby died instead. Musharraf escaped with only a cracked windscreen on his car. Militant Amjad Farooqi was apparently suspected as being the mastermind behind these attempts, and was killed by Pakistani forces in 2004 after an extensive manhunt.
References
2003 in Pakistan
2003 |
Seguin Independent School District is a public school district based in Seguin, Texas, United States.
In addition to Seguin, the district also serves the communities of McQueeney and Kingsbury.
In 2009 and 2010, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency.
History
In 2016 Seguin ISD attempted to buy the radio station KWED, owned by Guadalupe Media. The radio station acts as the publisher for the Seguin Daily News. The board of trustees approved a deal in which the district would have paid Guadalupe Media $400,000, to lease the station, with an option to buy it after the payment period of five years ($75,000 per year). The district would have decided which employees would remain at the station. The payments would have been in increments over a five-year period. By August of that year Guadalupe Media backed out of the deal. The radio station had previously aired criticism against the school district. Eliana Reihl, a candidate for a school board position, stated her belief that the district was motivated to silence criticism. Some other critics argued that the radio station was losing money and that the district would have to pay additional money to keep the station afloat.
Schools
Secondary schools
Grades 9-12
Seguin High School
Mercer Blumberg Learning Center at Saegert
Seguin Alternative School
Middle schools
Grades 6-8
A.J. Briesemeister Middle School
Jim Barnes Middle School
Elementary schools
Grades K-5
F.C. Weinert Elementary
George W. Vogel Elementary
Jefferson Elementary
McQueeney Elementary
Oralia Rodriguez Elementary
Robert F. Koennecke Elementary
Vincent Patlán Elementary
Pre-kindergarten
Ball Early Childhood Center
References
External links
School districts in Guadalupe County, Texas
Seguin, Texas |
The Osborn Hotel is a building in southeast Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
A major fire severely damaged the building on August 8, 2014.
Doc Marie's, a lesbian bar, operates in the building as of 2022.
Further reading
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Portland, Oregon
References
External links
1890 establishments in Oregon
Buckman, Portland, Oregon
Hotel buildings completed in 1890
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Portland, Oregon
Italianate architecture in Oregon
Portland Historic Landmarks |
Frances Mackenzie, Countess of Seaforth (née Herbert; 165918 December 1732), was a Welsh-born Scottish noblewoman and wife of Kenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth.
Biography
Early life and family
The daughter of William Herbert, 1st Marquess of Powis, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Somerset, Frances was born into a Roman Catholic Jacobite family. She had one brother, William, and four sisters: Mary, Anne, Lucy and Winifred. Her family played an active part in the various Jacobite risings throughout the late 17th and early 18th centuries; her father personally helped Mary of Modena and James, Prince of Wales escape after the Glorious Revolution of 1688; and her sister Winifred's husband William Maxwell, 5th Earl of Nithsdale was captured at Preston together with other Jacobite leaders, found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Winifred famously helped him escape from the Tower of London in 1715.
Marriage and children
Frances married a fellow Jacobite in 1680, the Scottish Kenneth Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Seaforth. The Mackenzies had four children: William, Mary, Alicia and Alexander. Ten years into their marriage, Kenneth was sent off to head a rising in Scotland. He was captured and imprisoned, however. He was released in 1697 and the family fled to Paris, where he died in January 1701.
Later years and death
After her husband's death, she remained in Paris, and died there on 18 December 1732, aged 73.
Children
Ancestry
References
1659 births
1732 deaths
17th-century Scottish women
18th-century Scottish women
Frances
Daughters of British marquesses
Wives of knights
English Jacobites
Frances
Scottish countesses |
Claire B. Lang is an American talk show host. Since 1996, she has reported for NASCAR. She is currently the host of XM Satellite Radio's "Dialed In." She was one of the first women to become a sports radio host. She has been called the "First Lady" of NASCAR Radio.
Beyond her work as a radio host, Lang has appeared on The John Boy & Billy Show, TBS, Fox Television, Inside NASCAR, and Sky Sports in Europe. She attended the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, graduating in 1976. She voices the narrator on all the main challenges in the 2017 video game NASCAR Heat 2.
Lang is the daughter of John Bennett, the silver medalist in long jump at the 1956 Summer Olympics.
References
Living people
American sports radio personalities
University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire alumni
American sports journalists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Dolmen of Pedra Branca is a burial tomb, used in the late Neolithic and, subsequently, in the late Chalcolithic periods. It is situated in the Vale de Figueira in the parish of Melides, which is in the Grândola municipality of Portugal's Setúbal District.
Description
The burial chamber's roof (in stone or wooden slabs) was supported in the middle by a large, 2.20m. tall, quartzite pillar, which had the structural function of sharing the weight of the crypt's roof with the other supports. The main polygonal chamber, measuring 3.85m. x 3.40m, reached by an entrance corridor, was covered by transverse slabs. A trapezoidal chamber on the left side was a separate compartment, measuring 3.5m. x 1.5m. Apart from the quartzite pillar, other materials used were sandstone and limestone. In addition to skeletons, many funerary offerings have been discovered. The dolmen is situated high on a hill that visually dominates the surrounding Vale de Figueira area.
The lower level of the tomb dates from 2500 BCE in the late Neolithic and contains most of the funerary offerings, including an archer's armband, arrowheads, blades, beads, engraved schist plaques, idols, cups, and vases. The upper level from around 2000 BCE in the late Chalcolithic, contains bell-shaped vases, among other artifacts. Dates have been verified by carbon dating.
Excavation
Discovered by L. Trindade and A Rodrigues of the Geological Service of Portugal, the excavation was carried out by O. da Veiga Ferreira and collaborators in 1972 and 1975.
References
Further reading
National monuments in Setúbal District
Megalithic monuments in Portugal
Prehistoric sites in Portugal
Tourist attractions in Setúbal District |
Identification of inmates in Nazi concentration camps was performed mostly with identification numbers marked on clothing, or later, tattooed on the skin. More specialized identification in Nazi concentration camps was done with badges on clothing and armbands.
Numbers
A practice was established to tattoo the inmates with identification numbers. Prisoners sent straight to gas chambers didn't receive anything. Initially, in Auschwitz, the camp numbers were sewn on the clothes; with the increased death rate, it became difficult to identify corpses, since clothes were removed from corpses. Therefore, the medical personnel started to write the numbers on the corpses' chests with indelible ink. Difficulties increased in 1941 when Soviet prisoners of war came in masses, and the first few thousand tattoos were applied to them. This was done with a special stamp with the numbers to be tattooed composed of needles. The tattoo was applied to the upper left part of the breast. In March 1942, the same method was used in Birkenau.
The common belief that all concentration camps put tattoos on inmates is not true. The misconception is because Auschwitz inmates were often sent to other camps and liberated from there. They would show a number, but it came from their time at Auschwitz.
Metal stamps turned out to be impractical, and later numbers were tattooed with a single needle on the left forearm.
The tattoo was the prisoner's camp entry number, sometimes with a special symbol added: some Jews had a triangle, and Romani had the letter "Z" (from German Zigeuner for "Gypsy"). In May 1944, the Jewish men received the letters "A" or "B" to indicate particular series of numbers. For unknown reasons, this number series for women never began again with the "B" series after they had reached the number limit of 20,000 for the "A" series.
Cloth emblems
Colored inverted triangles were used in the concentration camps in the German-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there. The triangles were made of fabric and were sewn on jackets and shirts of the prisoners. These mandatory badges had specific meanings indicated by their color and shape. The system of badges varied somewhat between the camps. Such emblems helped guards assign tasks to the detainees: for example, a guard at a glance could see if someone were a convicted criminal (green patch) and thus likely of a "tough" temperament suitable for kapo duty. Someone with an "escape suspect" mark usually would not be assigned to work squads operating outside the camp fence. Someone wearing an F could be called upon to help translate guards' spoken instructions to a trainload of new arrivals from France.
Detainees wearing civilian clothing (more common later in the war) instead of the striped uniforms were often marked with a prominent X on the back. This made for an ersatz prisoner uniform. For permanence, such Xs were made with white oil paint, with sewn-on cloth strips, or were cut (with underlying jacket-liner fabric providing the contrasting color). Detainees would be compelled to sew their number and (if applicable) a triangle emblem onto the fronts of such X-ed clothing.
Armbands
Armbands were used within the camps to identify kapos, camp "police" (detainees assigned to keep order among their fellow detainees), and certain work crew leaders. Armbands were also in use among detainees sent to perform forced labor in factories outside the camps.
See also
Mutilation
SS blood group tattoo
Notes
Bibliography
FAQ of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
External links
Auschwitz concentration camp
Identification
Tattooing
Tattoos by type
Terminology of Nazi concentration camps
Torture victims
Victims of human rights abuses |
An overprint is an additional layer of text or graphics added to the face of a postage or revenue stamp, postal stationery, banknote or ticket after it has been printed. Post offices most often use overprints for internal administrative purposes such as accounting but they are also employed in public mail. Well-recognized varieties include commemorative overprints which are produced for their public appeal and command significant interest in the field of philately.
Surcharges
The term "surcharge" in philately describes any type of overprint that alters the price of a stamp. Surcharges raise or lower the face value of existing stamps when prices have changed too quickly to produce an appropriate new issue, or simply to use up surplus stocks.
Any overprint which restates a stamp's face value in a new currency is also described as a surcharge. Some postal systems have resorted to surcharge overprints when converting to a new national monetary system, such as Sierra Leone did when the British Commonwealth converted to decimal currency in the 1960s.
Stamps have occasionally been overprinted multiple times. A famous example of repeated surcharging happened during the German hyperinflation of 1921–1923. Prices rose so fast and dramatically that postage stamps which cost five or ten pfennigs in 1920 were overprinted for sale in the values of thousands, millions, and eventually billions of marks.
Commemorative overprints
Overprints have often been used as commemoratives, providing a faster and lower-cost alternative to designing and issuing special stamps or postmarks. The United States, which historically has issued relatively few commemorative overprints, did this in 1928 for issues celebrating Molly Pitcher and the discovery of Hawaii. British stamps heralding the 1966 FIFA World Cup were reissued after England's victory with the overprint "England Winners". Similarly, Guyana issued a set of 32 stamps showing team pictures of all the participants in the 1998 World Cup – after the tournament eight of these were reissued with an overprint announcing France's win.
In some rare cases, commemorative overprints have been applied to souvenir sheets. When these postal commodities are overprinted, they are always very carefully positioned for aesthetic appeal, usually on the blank outer border ("selvage") of the paper.
Change of function overprints
Regular stamps were also overprinted to indicate exclusive usage for a special function or combination of functions; intended for airmail, official mail, newspapers, postage due, special delivery, telegraph and so on. The official stamps of some countries like Great Britain had an overprint which defined the specific official usage; for inland revenue, government parcels, office of works, military, admiralty, war tax (see below). The opposite occurs as well, in this case special function stamps are overprinted to serve as regular stamps.
Security measures
Overprints have been used as security measures to deter misuse and theft. In the nineteenth century, Mexico was plagued by thefts of stamps on their way to remote post offices. To address this, stamps were shipped from Mexico City to the local districts where they were overprinted with the district name – they were not valid for postage without the overprint.
In El Salvador a significant quantity of stamps was stolen from the San Salvador post office in 1874. As a result all remaining stock was officially overprinted 'Contrasello' preventing usage of the non-overprinted stamps.
The United States used a similar strategy to deal with thefts in Kansas and Nebraska in 1929, overprinting the current definitive issue with "Kans." and "Nebr." before they were shipped from Washington, to make it more difficult to sell stolen stamps outside the indicated state.
Colonial overprints
Nations overprinted stamps for use in their colonies mainly for the same reasons as for their domestic use. Due to poor planning, supply problems, faster than anticipated changing postal rates, changes in currency or other reasons they ran out of stamps, and demand had to be met. Some overprints were used to establish the first stage of postal service in a new territorial possession or colony however. If preparations had not been made, the controlling nation's regular homeland stamps would be overprinted with a local name, local currency or 'abroad' indication. In a similar fashion a nation's domestic stamps may be overprinted for use in foreign post offices under that power's control. For example, from 1919 to 1922 the United States overprinted 18 postage stamps at double value and marked for its office in Shanghai, China.
Provisional overprints
Provisional stamps are postage issue made for temporary ad hoc usage to meet demands until regular issues are reintroduced.
Transitional government overprints
New states or states in transition have sometimes found it necessary to recirculate stocks of stamps printed by a previous government. Some historical perspective may be gleaned from the study of such stamps: some transitional government overprints blend neatly with their predecessors' designs, while others attempt to totally obscure or even deface the older markings. In several European nations in 1944–45, Nazi occupational stamps were overprinted for the provisional governments, and those which depicted Adolf Hitler were most heavily overprinted, obliterating his face.
Wartime overprints
During times of war, many nations have issued war tax stamps. Before new stamps could be printed, older stamps were frequently overprinted with surcharges or a simple inscription such as "War Tax".
In actual combat zones, the replenishment of stamp stocks is generally low on a military's list of priorities. In contested or occupied areas, captured local stamps are often expediently overprinted by the occupying forces.
Precancels
Any stamp that is cancelled by postal authorities before it is sold is described as "precancelled": the precancellation mark is an overprint. This is usually only done when stamps are sold in large bulk quantities to businesses or other large organizations: the postal service will save the labor of cancelling each individual stamp by precancelling the entire purchased quantity. The overprints also help prevent theft or misuse because they usually include the name of the city or region in which they are to be used. Unlike standard cancellation marks, they usually do not give a specific date, affording the bulk purchaser time to use them at their discretion. In some situations, however, months or years may be included in the overprint to indicate an expiration.
Precancels for official government use are fastidiously prepared, but other kinds are almost always "heavy cancels" which deliberately obliterate much of a stamp's design.
Since the 1980s, many modern postal systems no longer use overprints to indicate bulk purchases. Bulk mail is franked using barcodes on pre-printed envelopes or on blank adhesive labels. The USPS introduced a new standard of barcode cancellation in 2011.
Private overprints
Any overprint that does not originate from a stamp-issuing authority is considered a private overprint or private cancellation. Such overprints almost always invalidate a stamp for postal use. Most countries treat unofficial overprints the same way the United States Post Office does: the USPS Domestic Mail Manual states that stamps "overprinted with an unauthorized design, message or other marking" are not valid for postage.
Private overprints generally remain outside the formal realm of philately, although individual issues can achieve notoriety through their popularity or aesthetic appeal. Private overprints are typically political messages or commercial promotion, but can also originate from speculative philatelic purposes produced deliberately with a view to selling them to unsuspecting collectors.
Stamps owned by commercial entities have sometimes privately overprinted the backs of their purchased stamps. These overprints are usually made as control marks or accounting information. Such overprinting does not invalidate a stamp unless it shows through the front.
Specimen overprints
Some stamps are never valid for postal use. They are made for use in promotional displays or as reference material by postal authorities and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Still others are manufactured by printers for color matching throughout successive printings. In all such cases, the stamps will display the word "specimen" (or "cancelled") on its face. Occasionally, the word may be uniquely handwritten by a postal authority or, much more elaborately, punched through the stamp paper in a method known as perfin. Most often, though, specimen markings are applied as a prominent overprint.
Overprints on currency
The design and printing of valid paper currency is rarely done hastily and overprints are extremely rare, but in times of crisis such measures have been taken. After World War I, the various successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire made multilingual overprints to their old Imperial currency until new notes could be designed and circulated.
Currency overprints were also used during World War II to mark all United States dollars in the Hawaiian islands. These Hawaii overprint notes were made in case the islands were captured and the invading forces gained control of the money.
The Haitian Gourde was overprinted after the unexpectedly rapid fall of the Baby Doc Duvalier regime. The overprint consisted of a red circle with a slash across it with the date of the end of the Duvalier regime (7 February 1986) printed below in red. The brusque symbol obscured the images of Baby Doc and Papa Doc until they were replaced with images of figures from Haitian history. Something similar was done in Iran in 1979 when the Shah's picture was covered by an intricate design.
Overprint errors
Overprint errors are widespread. Known are double, inverted, misspelled, wrong, partly or entirely missing overprints.
See also
Precancel
Specimen stamp
Countermark, an equivalent to an overprint found on coins
References and sources
References
Sources
GBOS. ''Bogus overprints. Website Great Britain Overprints Society. Online article
External links
The GB Overprints Society, specializing in British overprints
Alphabetilately, essay on postal overprints
Postage stamps
Philatelic terminology
Stamp collecting |
Lyonella is a fungal genus in the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis). A monotypic genus, Lyonella contains the single species Lyonella neurophila, described as new to science by German mycologist Hans Sydow in 1925.
The genus name of Lyonella is in honour of Harold Lloyd Lyon (1879-1957), who was an American botanist (Algology and Mykology), Phytopathologist, working at the University of Minnesota.
The genus was circumscribed by Hans Sydow in Bernice P. Bishop. Mus. Bull. vol.19 on page 108 in 1925.
References
Monotypic Sordariomycetes genera
Enigmatic Sordariomycetes taxa |
State-owned enterprises (SOEs) in New Zealand are registered companies listed under Schedules 1 and 2 of the State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986. Most SOEs are former government departments or agencies that were corporatised. They are responsible to the Minister of State Owned Enterprises.
Many other government-owned companies and statutory trading organisations are referred to informally as "state-owned enterprises" although they are not SOEs in the strictest sense. These are also listed here.
Function
The function of SOEs is to operate successfully as a business, as profitable as those not owned by the Crown. The section of the Act defining this is usually interpreted as meaning that SOEs are expected to ready themselves for privatisation, though this is not always the case.
Two Ministers of the Crown act as the shareholding ministers in the company. In the case of SOEs these are usually the Minister of State Owned Enterprises (see article for list) and the Minister responsible for the particular company.
The Crown is assisted in the running of SOEs and other Crown-owned companies by the Treasury's Commercial Operations group (formerly the Crown Ownership Monitoring Unit).
List of state enterprises
The state enterprises are listed in Schedule 1 of the State-owned Enterprises Act.
State-(part-)owned enterprises
The following table lists entities that are monitored by Treasury, but are not state enterprises (see table above). For a more complete list of government entities and organisations, see Public sector organisations in New Zealand.
Former state-owned enterprises
Former state-owned enterprises come in three forms – those removed from the Schedules of the Act and made Crown entities, those removed and not privatised, and those removed and privatised. Well-known SOEs that became Crown entity companies include broadcasting companies Television New Zealand (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand (RNZ).
Timberlands West Coast Limited, wound up in 2008
Learning Media Limited, wound up in 2013
Solid Energy, wound up in 2018
Privatised state-owned enterprises
Privatised state-owned enterprises include:
Bank of New Zealand (BNZ); sold to National Australia Bank in 1992
Contact Energy – sold to cornerstone shareholder and sharemarket float in 1999
DFC New Zealand Limited – went bankrupt in 1989 and later liquidated
Export Guarantee Office
Fairway Resolutions
GCS Limited – formerly Government Computing Services, purchased by EDS New Zealand
Government Printing Office – became GP Print, Whitcoulls, Blue Star Group and Webstar
Government Supply Brokerage Corporation (NZ) Limited
Health Computing Service
National Film Unit – purchased by Peter Jackson and renamed Park Road Post
New Zealand Rail Limited (The rail operations of the Railways Corporation) – later renationalised as KiwiRail.
New Zealand Steel Limited – purchased by BHP
Post Office Bank Limited (Postbank) – sold to ANZ
Radio New Zealand (Commercial Stations) – Sold to Clear Channel to form The Radio Network. Non-commercial stations RNZ National and RNZ Concert remain.
Rural Banking and Finance Corporation – purchased by the National Bank of New Zealand)
Shipping Corporation of New Zealand – sold to P&O, 1989
State Insurance Office
Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Limited – copper network later unbundled between 2006–2008
Terralink International – GIS provider
Tourist Hotel Corporation of New Zealand Limited
Vehicle Testing New Zealand, sold in 1999 to the Motor Trade Association
Works and Development Services Corporation New Zealand Ltd which remained in state ownership after the sale of Works Civil Construction Ltd to Downer & Company. Company has been struck off Companies Office register on 21 May 2005.
Former, non-SOE state-owned corporations
State Insurance
Tourist Hotel Corporation
Government Life Insurance Corporation – later renamed Tower Insurance
National Airways Corporation – merged with Air New Zealand in 1980
Other Crown-owned companies
Other, non-SOE Crown-owned companies are the Crown entity companies. These are the Crown Research Institutes (CRIs), the broadcasting companies Television New Zealand Limited (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand Limited (RNZ), and the New Zealand Venture Investment Fund Limited.
See also
Constitutional economics
Council-controlled organisation – a New Zealand local government equivalent
Crown entity
List of government-owned companies
Political economy
Public sector organisations in New Zealand (lists SOEs and Crown entities)
References
External links and sources
State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 as consolidated and amended at the www.legislation.govt.nz site
Schedule 1 (State Enterprises), State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 as amended
Schedule 2 (New State Enterprises), State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 as amended
State sector organisations at the State Services Commission site
Lists of companies of New Zealand
New Zealand |
|}
This is a list of electoral district results for the 1996 Victorian state election.
Results by electoral district
Albert Park
Altona
Ballarat East
Ballarat West
Bayswater
Bellarine
Benalla
Benambra
Bendigo East
Bendigo West
Bennettswood
Bentleigh
Berwick
Box Hill
Brighton
Broadmeadows
Bulleen
Bundoora
Burwood
Carrum
Caulfield
Clayton
Coburg
Cranbourne
Dandenong
Dandenong North
Doncaster
Dromana
Eltham
Essendon
Evelyn
Footscray
Forest Hill
Frankston
Frankston East
Geelong
Geelong North
Gippsland East
Gippsland South
Gippsland West
Gisborne
Glen Waverley
Hawthorn
Ivanhoe
Keilor
Kew
Knox
Malvern
Melbourne
Melton
Mildura
Mill Park
Mitcham
Monbulk
Mooroolbark
Mordialloc
Mornington
Morwell
Murray Valley
Narracan
Niddrie
Northcote
Oakleigh
Pakenham
Pascoe Vale
Polwarth
Portland
Prahran
Preston
Richmond
Ripon
Rodney
Sandringham
Seymour
Shepparton
South Barwon
Springvale
Sunshine
Swan Hill
Thomastown
Tullamarine
Wantirna
Warrandyte
Warrnambool
Werribee
Williamstown
Wimmera
Yan Yean
See also
1996 Victorian state election
Candidates of the 1996 Victorian state election
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1996–1999
References
Results of Victorian state elections
1990s in Victoria (state) |
Pakari is a village development committee in Saptari District in the Sagarmatha Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,641 people living in 810 individual households.
References
Populated places in Saptari District
VDCs in Saptari District |
The Huriwai River is a river of about in New Zealand's North Island. It rises in rough hill country to the southeast of Port Waikato, flowing west to reach the Tasman Sea south of the mouth of the Waikato River. The main tributary is the Mangapai Stream.
The river has a waterfall in its upper reach, at the boundary of sandstone and conglomerate rocks. Just north of the river's estuary, the Jurassic rocks have been described by the Geological Society as containing, "amazing fossil leaves and ferns".
At the point where the river is crossed by Waikaretu Road, its water quality is in the lower 50% for macroinvertebrates.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
External links
Google street view of river at Waikaretu Road
Rivers of Waikato
Waikato District
Rivers of New Zealand |
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Eidoreus politus is a species of beetle in the family Eupsilobiidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
References
Coccinelloidea
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1895 |
is a 2018 Japanese anime romantic comedy film directed by Tatsuya Ishihara and based on Torako's light novel series Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions. It premiered in Japan on January 6, 2018, and has been licensed by Sentai Filmworks and Madman Entertainment.
Plot
After the events of the series, Yūta Togashi, Rikka Takanashi and Shinka Nibutani, are about to enter their third year of high school. Their junior, Sanae Dekomori, is now the president of the student council. Rikka's sister, Tōka, tells Yūta on a call from Italy that she wanted to bring Rikka to Italy as her career stabilizes. Yūta and Rikka initially assume that it was meant only to last the whole spring break. However, they soon find out that Tōka intends to permanently bring Rikka to Italy. That night, Shinka and Sanae, along with their friend Satone Shichimiya and senior Kumin Tsuyuri, suggest that the two elope. The two agree, and they board the train the next day.
Tōka soon discovers the plan, and she confronts the remaining members. After revealing that she had secretly recorded their conversation last night, she blackmails the group. Afraid of losing reputation at school, Sanae and Shinka comply.
Shinka and Sanae eventually find Rikka and Yūta at the Kyoto Tower, but the two manage to board a train to Kobe. Tōka later confronts Yūta at a diner. After asking questions about Rikka's chūnibyō, Tōka lets the two leave, warning that she would detain them if they happen to cross paths again.
Rikka and Yūta arrive at Wakayama, where they attempt to book a room at a love hotel. They eventually fail, and as they leave, they see Sanae and Shinka. Yūta deduces that Tōka is tracking them using Rikka's phone. They take an overnight bus to Tokyo. Unbeknownst to Rikka, Yūta buys a butterfly-shaped ring. Running low on cash, they decide to go to Hokkaido to visit Rikka's mother. However, the two do not know the contact details, so they try to retrieve it at a basement garage and Tōka cannot use Rikka's phone signal to track them. However, the phone manages to transmit a faint signal, enough to reveal their location to Tōka.
The next day, Rikka and Yūta go to Haneda Airport, where they see Shinka and Sanae. After creating a distraction for the two, they successfully board a flight to Hokkaido.
Arriving at Hokkaido, Yūta reveals his intention why he wanted to talk to Rikka's mother about her future. The couple soon found out that Rikka's mother is not home, and is instead at Aomori. Meanwhile, Rikka calls Satone back home about her "losing powers". The next day, Yūta discovers that Rikka abandoned him in his sleep. However, he soon learned from Rikka's mother that Rikka had already meet up with her that morning.
Meanwhile, Rikka stands by a seaside cliff, struggling over her conflicting feelings. Satone and Kumin arrive at the scene, convincing Rikka to go back to Yūta. Rikka confesses her thoughts to them, concerned that if she changes, she might lose Yūta. Sanae and Shinka also arrive at the scene, telling the group that they had informed Yūta about Rikka's whereabouts. As a sign of truce, Shinka gives them tickets for a ferry home. The couple reunite with a huge embrace.
On their ferry home, Rikka asks Yūta about her "abandoning her powers" and if Yūta still love her even after that. Yūta reaffirms his love for her, leading to their first kiss.
Rikka, Yūta and her friends attend what is revealed to be Tōka's wedding to an Italian man and that the whole pursuit was a ruse to test Yūta's determination.
In the post-credit scene, Rikka's new apartment is now two floors above Yūta's. As Rikka climbs down on a rope to meet him, Yūta realizes that everything about her is the reason why he fell in love with her in the first place.
Cast
Production
Kyoto Animation announced the film on May 19, 2017. Most of the staff returned for the series, with Tatsuya Ishihara directing the film. Jukki Hanada returned to write the script based on the original work by Torako. Character designer Kazumi Ikeda also returned, as did composer Nijine to create the film's soundtrack. Singer ZAQ performed the film's theme song, "Journey". Mutsuo Shinohara served as art director, Akihiro Ura served as cinematographer and Yota Tsuruoka served as the sound director. Rin Yamamoto was in charge of the film's 3DCG, and Akiyo Takeda served as color key artist. Hiroyuki Takahashi edited the film. Shochiku distributed it in Japan.
Release
The film was released in Japan on January 6, 2018. It was released on Blu-ray and DVD on July 18, 2018. On April 16, 2018, Sentai Filmworks announced the licensing of the film. It premiered at the Los Angeles Anime Film Festival on September 21, 2018. The DVD and Blu-ray versions were released on November 20, 2018. The film premiered at Madman Anime Festival on June 2, 2018.
Reception
The film opened at number 6 in the Japanese box office on its opening weekend, grossing . It dropped to number 9 on its second weekend, taking in , before falling out of the top ten on its third weekend with . Overall, it grossed , or about US$1.74 million.
Kim Morrissy of Anime News Network praised the film for finally progressing Rikka and Yuta's relationship, but otherwise felt that it somewhat retread ground covered by the first two television series. He also found the film's animation to be good but lacking, more in line with the TV series than a typical theatrical production, and made special note of the poor inclusion of 3D objects, such as vehicles, into the 2D animation. He appreciated the film's many references to other Kyoto Animation series, such as Tamako Market, Sound! Euphonium, The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, and Clannad, and opined that the film would mainly appeal to fans of the series who had enjoyed the second season of the anime, as well as fans of Kyoto Animation's other works.
References
External links
2018 anime films
2018 films
Anime films based on light novels
Kyoto Animation
Romantic comedy anime and manga
Sentai Filmworks
Shochiku films
2018 romantic comedy films |
Nir Oz () is a kibbutz in southern Israel. It is located in the northwestern Negev desert between Magen and Nirim, and covers 20,000 dunams. Nir Oz is under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In it had a population of .
History
Founded on 1 October 1955 as a Nahal settlement, Nir Oz was recognized as a kibbutz two months later. According to a resident named Shlomo Margalit in 2013, there had been a moshav on the site around 1952, "but too many members were killed by the fedayeen or left, so it was dissolved." There were only four trees growing at the kibbutz at the time of its founding; it was developed over time into a model for low-water landscaping. The Hashomer Hatzair took over Nir Oz in May 1957, with a founding group of 70 members.
Due to its proximity to Gaza, Nir Oz farmers often come under Palestinian sniper fire. In 2008 the Israel Defense Forces asked the kibbutz to harvest its potatoes at night to lower the risk of attack. On 5 June 2008 a mortar bomb fired from the Gaza Strip hit the Nirlat paint factory on the kibbutz, killing an employee and wounding four others. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack. Around 2013 a tunnel from Gaza was found near Nir Oz. A 2023 book about water in the Jordan River valley reported that the village had a number of "self-contained bomb shelters, each weighing 67 tons."
2023 Israel–Hamas war
In the 7 October 2023 surprise attack on Israel, about one quarter of the 400 residents of Nir Oz were killed, injured or abducted. The surviving kibbutz members were evacuated to Eilat. According to the New York Times, "no one lives in Kibbutz Nir Oz anymore".
Economy
In addition to agriculture, Nir Oz has a factory for silicon sealant products and an engineering firm. In recent years, Nir Oz has become a major grower of asparagus for export. The agricultural workers were at one time Gazan but in recent years workers from Thailand have been employed instead. The kibbutz was beginning to market itself as an ecotourism destination; agronomist Ran Pauker would provide information about the kibbutz's 900 species of desert-appropriate plantings. Ran Pauker is one of the co-authors of one of the chapters of a 2001 book on combating desertification (sometimes described as oasification) with site-appropriate landscape design. Drinking water is provided from a desalination plant at Ashkelon; irrigation water was recycled water from Shafdan.
Ecosystem
In 1960 Nir Oz introduced a long-term water saving gardening project on of kibbutz land. Some 750 drought-resistant plants have been tested. The garden, designed by landscape architect Hayyim Kahanovich, uses only 50 percent of the water used in the centre and north of the country. The project is conducted in cooperation with Ben Gurion University of the Negev and serves as a study and observation site for researchers, gardeners, teachers and students from all over the country. In 2011 the site was part of a program designed to reduce the sight lines of possible assaults launched from Gaza, by way of an Israeli eucalyptus-planting program designed to yield increased tree cover in the western Negev Desert. By 2023, the kibbutz had 65 species of eucalyptus "grown from seed imported from South Africa, South America, [and] Baja California." The kibbutz kept a flock of turkeys that escaped or were released during the Hamas attack and are now roaming freely.
See also
List of kibbutzim
References
External links
Kibbutzim
Kibbutz Movement
Nahal settlements
Populated places established in 1952
Water conservation
Gaza envelope
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)
1955 establishments in Israel |
Adeaze are a New Zealand R&B/soul duo comprising brothers Nainz and Viiz Tupai. The group's debut album, Always and for Real, was released in 2004 and topped the album chart in New Zealand.
History
Brought up playing music in the church, the brothers used the time wisely crafting their skills with different instruments and live performance. Their passion for music continued and Adeaze performed eagerly at various church and school functions, during their adolescent years. The brothers attended Mangere College in Auckland New Zealand with a quick stint at Otahuhu College. In 1999 the brothers attended Excel School of Performing Arts and received Diplomas in Performance graduating at the top of the class, followed by a national tour of New Zealand with the students of Excel. The same year Adeaze caught the attention of Brotha D from Dawn Raid, who recognising the talent got the duo to record two songs for the upcoming compilation Southside Story (Dawn Raids Debut Album).
The duo released their debut album Always and for Real in 2004, which includes the number-one hit "Getting Stronger", their cover version of Bee Gees's song "How Deep Is Your Love", and "A Life with You"—which is sampled for Mariah Carey's "Your Girl" from the 2005 album, The Emancipation of Mimi. The album reached the number one position on the New Zealand album charts in 2004.
Then the duo released the second album, Rise and Shine, in 2011.
In a May 2008 Rip It Up interview, Former New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark stated Adeaze were her favourite New Zealand music group.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
Further reading
Jewell, Stephen. "Adeaze". New Zealand Musician Magazine. Retrieved 20 October 2006.
External links
Dawn Raid Entertainment profile
Music.net.nz biography
APRA Award winners
Dawn Raid Entertainment
New Zealand contemporary R&B musical groups
Pacific Music Award-winning artists |
Callionymus bleekeri, Bleeker's deepwater dragonet, is a species of dragonet endemic to the Pacific Ocean waters around Indonesia. The specific name honours the Dutch ichthyologist and surgeon Pieter Bleeker (1819-1878).
References
B
Fish described in 1983
Taxa named by Ronald Fricke |
Barbara O'Neal is an American romance novelist who has written over forty books under different pen names.
O'Neal's books include The Lost Recipe for Happiness, How to Bake a Perfect Life, The Goddesses of Kitchen Avenue and Lady Luck's Map of Vegas.
O'Neal has written women's fiction under the names Barbara O’Neal and Barbara Samuel, contemporary and historical romance novels under Barbara Samuel and Ruth Wind, and new adult romances under Lark O’Neal.
Career
O'Neal began her writing career as an author for Harlequin Silhouette. Writing as Ruth Wind, she has published over twenty contemporary romances, winning two RITA awards in this genre. Under the name Barbara Samuel, she has written seven historical romances, winning a RITA in 1998 for her book, Heart of a Knight.
In 2000, O'Neal began writing women's fiction under the name Barbara Samuel, publishing five books under this name until moving her women's fiction titles under the name Barbara O’Neal. These books are set mostly in her home state of Colorado or New Mexico, with themes of food, second chances, and multi-generational stories about women. She has won three RITA awards for her women's fiction work, making her eligible for the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame, into which she was inducted in 2012.
O'Neal has won the RITA award seven times and been nominated for seven others. Her books have also won two Colorado Book Awards, and been named Favorite Book of the Year from Romance Writers of America, a Target Book Club pick, and a top book from Library Journal.
When New Adult Romance emerged as a new genre 2013, O'Neal began writing as Lark O’Neal, launching her first New Adult series, Going the Distance, later that year.
Bibliography
Women's Fiction
Published as Barbara O'Neal
Write My Name Across the Sky. Lake Union. August 2021.
The Lost Girls of Devon. Lake Union. July 2020.
When We Believed in Mermaids. Lake Union. July 2019.
The Art of Inheriting Secrets. Lake Union. July 2018.
The All You Can Dream Buffet. Bantam. March 2014. .
The Garden of Happy Endings. Bantam. April 2012. .
How to Bake a Perfect Life. Bantam. December 2010. .
The Secret of Everything. Bantam. December 2009. .
The Lost Recipe for Happiness. Bantam. December 2008. .
Published as Barbara Samuel
The Scent of Hours (originally published as Madame Mirabou's School of Love). Ballantine. March 2006. .
Lady Luck's Map of Vegas. Ballantine. January 2005. .
The Goddesses of Kitchen Avenue. Ballantine. February 2004. .
A Piece of Heaven. Ballantine. February 2003. .
No Place Like Home. Ballantine. February 2003. .
Published as Ruth Wind
In the Midnight Rain. HarperCollins. May 2000. .
New Adult Romance
Published as Lark O'Neal
Random. November 2013.
Stoked. February 2014.
Epic. August 2014.
Brilliant. December 2014.
Intense. May 2015.
Extreme. December 2015.
Contemporary Romance
Published as Ruth Wind
Miranda's Revenge. Silhouette. September 2007. .
Desi's Rescue. Silhouette. April 2007, .
Juliet's Law. Silhouette. October 2006. .
The Diamond Secret. Silhouette. January 2010. .
Countdown. Silhouette. April 2005. .
Born Brave. Silhouette. October 2001. .
Beautiful Stranger. Silhouette. June 2000. .
Rio Grande Wedding. Silhouette. November 1999. .
For Christmas Forever. Silhouette. December 1998. .
Meant to be Married. Silhouette. August 1998. .
Her Ideal Man. Silhouette. August 1997. .
Reckless. Silhouette. July 1997. .
Marriage Material. Silhouette. June 1997. .
Rainsinger. Silhouette. May 1996. .
The Last Chance Ranch. Silhouette. August 1995. .
Breaking the Rules. Silhouette. August 1994. .
Walk in Beauty. Silhouette. April 1994. .
Jezebel's Blues. Silhouette. December 1992. .
A Minute to Smile. Silhouette. May 1992. .
Light of Day. Silhouette. November 1990. .
Summer's Freedom. Silhouette. March 1990. .
Strangers On a Train. Silhouette. October 1988. .
Historical Romance
Published as Barbara Samuel
Night of Fire. Avon. December 2000. .
The Black Angel. HarperCollins. October 1999. .
Heart of a Knight. HarperCollins. August 1997. .
Dancing Moon. HarperCollins. September 1996. .
Lucien's Fall. HarperCollins. September 1995. .
A Winter Ballad. HarperCollins. November 1994. .
A Bed of Spices. HarperCollins. September 1993. .
Nonfiction
Published as Barbara Samuel
The Care and Feeding of The Girls in the Basement: An Upbeat Guide to Life as a Writer. eBook.
The Girls in the Basement: Celebration Book, A Writer's Guide to Joy. eBook.
Omnibus
Seal of My Dreams. Belle Bridge Books. November 2011. .
Chalice of Roses. NAL. January 2010. . (with Jo Beverley, Mary Jo Putney, Karen Harbaugh)
A Mother's Love. Harlequin. April 2008. . (with Janice Kay Johnson, Raeanne Thayne)
Dragon Lovers. NAL. March 2007. . (with Jo Beverley, Mary Jo Putney, Karen Harbaugh)
Lakota Legacy. Harlequin. October 2003. . (with Madeline Baker, Kathleen Eagle)
Faery Magic. Kensington. 1998. . (with Jo Beverley, Mary Jo Putney, Karen Harbaugh)
Irish Magic II. Kensington. June 2009 (re-release). . (with Susan Wiggs, Morgan Llywelyn, Roberta Gellis)
Irish Magic. Kensington. February 1996, . (with Susan Wiggs, Morgan Llywelyn, Roberta Gellis)
Awards
2012 ROMANCE WRITERS HALL OF FAME for Strong Romantic Elements
2012 RITA Award for Best Novel with Strong Romantic Elements for How to Bake a Perfect Life
2010 RITA Award for Best Novel with Strong Romantic Elements for The Lost Recipe for Happiness"
2006 RITA Award for Best Novel with Strong Romantic Elements for Lady Luck's Map of Vegas (written as Barbara Samuel)
2003 RITA Award for Best Contemporary Single Title for No Place Like Home (written as Barbara Samuel)
1999 RITA Award for Best Long Contemporary Romance for Meant to be Married (written as Ruth Wind)
1998 RITA Award for Best Short Historical for Heart of a Knight (written as Barbara Samuel)
1998 RITA Award for Best Long Contemporary Series Romance for Reckless (written as Ruth Wind'')
External links
Barbara O'Neal web site
Barbara Samuel web site
Lark O'Neal web site
References
American romantic fiction writers
RITA Award winners |
Villmar is a market village and municipality in the Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany. The community is the centre for quarrying and processing the so-called Lahn Marble.
Geography
Location
Villmar lies in the Lahn River valley between the Westerwald and the Taunus, some ten kilometres east of Limburg. In terms of the natural environment, the southwestern part of the municipal area comprises the eastern part of the Limburg Basin (this part known locally as the Villmar Bay or Villmarer Bucht), a nearly even two- to three-kilometre-wide plain that opens to the west lying at elevations of 160 to 180 m into which the Lahn's winding lower valley has cut a channel about 50 metres deep.
Conditioned by the mild climate and the extensive loess soils, intensive crop production prevails here. To the north, the somewhat higher (220–260 m), more richly wooded Weilburger Lahntalgebiet ("Weilburg Lahn valley area") joins up with the Weilburger Lahntal ("Weilburg Lahn valley") and the Gaudernbacher Platte ("Gaudernbach Tableland"), where cropland is limited to scattered loess islands. In the southeast rises the likewise more thickly wooded northwestern part of the Eastern Hintertaunus (or Langhecker Lahntaunus) with the Villmarer Galgenberg (277 m) as its westernmost outpost, visible from a great distance. The municipal area's highest point (332 m) is found southeast of the outlying centre of Langhecke, and the lowest point (114 m) is on the community's western limit where the Lahn flows into the town of Runkel.
Geology
Lying in the geologically significant Lahnmulde ("Lahn Hollow"), Villmar is rich in mineral deposits from the Middle Devonian period: silver, iron ore, slate, and limestone. As the reef limestone (called Lahn marble) could be cut and polished, it was of economic importance to the area. In addition to the reef limestone, the extensively mined, mostly greenish diabase tuff was used for many purposes (for instance, ringwall, parish house and most older buildings' cellars.)
The later deposits from the Tertiary, however, are of lesser importance. Small amounts of sand and gravel are quarried near the Villmarer Galgenberg. Tertiary vulcanism left behind sporadic basalt deposits near Falkenbach, Seelbach and Weyer. These deposits are no longer worked.
Neighbouring communities
Villmar borders in the northwest on the town of Runkel, in the northeast on the community of Weinbach, in the east on the community of Weilmünster, in the south on the communities of Selters and Brechen, and in the west on the town of Limburg (all in Limburg-Weilburg).
Constituent communities
Villmar's Ortsteile are Aumenau, Falkenbach, Langhecke, Seelbach, Villmar and Weyer.
History
Villmar's main centre had its first documentary mention in 1053 when Emperor Heinrich III donated the royal estate of Villmar to the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Matthew in Trier. The landholding bound to this and the abbey's earnings was more closely circumscribed in later confirmations. Of particular importance in this is the abbot's right, already falsely appended to the donation document, to employ a secular Schutzvogt, which amounted to a noble title. In 1154, the abbey's ownership rights were assigned by Archbishop Hillin of Trier to the Villmar Church. A list was drawn up of places owing tithes, among them the current constituent communities of Seelbach, Aumenau and Weyer.
It is believed that in the same year, a falsification of the original document, backdated to 1054, appeared, which dealt with the Vogt rights as well as the parish's extent, and thereby with tithes. The centres of Aumenau and Weyer were already being mentioned in writing in the 8th century, and Falkenbach and Langhecke followed in the 13th and 14th, respectively. Scholars have concluded, indirectly from other documents, that an autonomous parish of Villmar must already have arisen by 910. Even the placename “Villmar” suggests that the community had its beginnings before Frankish times.
In 1166 a Trier ministerial family named “von Villmar”, who had apparently moved to the community not long before this, was living here. The name “von Koblenz” for this family also crops up later, although by the late 13th century, the former seems to have definitively become the family's name. Their coat of arms was quartered in gules (red) and argent (silver or white). In the 14th century, a side-branch of the family formed in Hadamar. There is evidence that the family's holdings lay around Limburg, Montabaur and Delkenheim Castle in the Rheingau, and in the Wetterau. In 1428, the family died out.
Acting as Vögte (plural of Vogt) beginning in the 13th century were counts from the House of Isenburg, in whose service also stood the House of Villmar. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the House of Solms also had Vogt rights. The Landeshoheit (roughly, “territorial sovereignty”) over Villmar's municipal area, to which today's constituent community of Arfurt also belonged, was contested in later times by the Gaugrafen (“Regional Counts”) of Diez, and later, as their successors in the tithing area (Cent) of Aumenau after 1366, by the Counts of Wied-Runkel. As of the 13th century, the historical record also shows Trier's ambition to wrest ascendancy over Villmar from the local overlords.
In 1346, in a move instigated by Archbishop Balduin of Luxembourg, Villmar was granted town rights in the Archbishop's hopes that this might further his goal of annexing the town. In the end, though, this ambition never came to fruition, as a basis for this deed in law could not be established. Trier did not succeed in conquering Villmar in 1359 despite the would-be conquerors’ attack of the fortifications. The conflict with the Villmar Vögte reached its high point in 1360 when the Trier coadjutor bishop Kuno von Falkenstein destroyed the Burg Gretenstein (castle), built near Villmar by Philipp von Isenburg.
The dispute over the territory's overlordship was settled in the 16th century when, with Saint Matthew's Abbey's (Abtei St. Matthias) consent in 1565, the Villmar Vogt rights held by the Isenburg-Büdingens and the Solms-Münzenbergs were sold to the Electorate of Trier for 14,000 Frankfurt guilders. In 1596, the area was united with Wied-Runkel, which forwent Ascendancy over the Villmar-Arfurt municipal area. It was made into a Trier bailiwick. This also had consequences for religious affiliation: while Villmar (and Arfurt) remained uninfluenced by the Reformation, the centres of Seelbach, Falkenbach, Aumenau and Weyer in the Runkel domain were converted, first in 1562 to Lutheranism, and as of 1587 and 1588 to Calvinism. Despite the Reformation, the Abbey continued to derive income as the landlord, including church tithes, until 1803.
After the Electorate's and the Holy Roman Empire's fall between 1803 and 1806, Villmar passed in 1806 to the newly created Duchy of Nassau. In 1866 it was annexed by Prussia. After the Second World War, Villmar became part of the new state (Bundesland) of Hesse.
Within the framework of municipal reform in Hesse, the above-named constituent communities (all former self-administering communities in the old Oberlahnkreis district) merged in 1970 and 1971 to form the new collective community of Villmar. Since 2002 it has been designated a Marktflecken (“market town”).
Politics
Community council
The municipal election held on 26 March 2006 yielded the following results:
Sightseeing
St. Peter’s and Paul’s Parish Church
The church was built between 1746 and 1749 by Thomas Neurohr (Boppard) on the former site of a 1282 Late Romanesque church which had been called a “basilica”. It was built with a five-arched nave with buttresses and flat groin vaulting. The somewhat narrower quire with its arch and 5/8 end is set to the east, ahead of the tower. The latter was given a new neo-Gothic pinnacle after a lightning strike in 1885.
Inside is found rich Late Baroque décor (1760–64) from the Hadamar school (Johann Thüringer, Jakob Wies) as well as works made in the 18th and 19th centuries from local Lahn marble. The Jakobusaltar, nowadays in the Baroque style, was mentioned as early as 1491 as the Jakobus- und Matthias-Altar.
In 1957 architect Paul Johannbroer (Wiesbaden) designed an expansion similar to a quire towards the west. A Celebration altar and an ambo made of French lime sand brick were carved by sculptor Walter Schmitt (Villmar) in the 1980s and 1990s. The organ was built in 1754 and 1755 by Johann Christian Köhler (Frankfurt). After several overhauls (1885/86 Gebr. Keller, Limburg, 1932 and 1976 Johannes Klais, Bonn), today it comprises 27 stops on two keyboards and one pedalboard. Its Baroque design has been preserved.
Lahn marble
The Lahn Marbles are a group of reef limestones with about 100 varieties of dimension stones.
The Marmorbrücke (Marble Bridge) across the Lahn River was built 1894/95. The span is supported by two piers surmounted by three segmental arches; its length to the abutments is 21.5 m. The piers and arches are made out of massive Lahn marble blocks, and the sides are dressed with decorative Lahn marble stones of various kinds. This bridge, an outstanding example of its kind in Germany, has been protected as a Technical Monument since 1985.
The Unica-Bruch, an abandoned Lahn marble quarry, holds the centre of a 380-million-year-old fossil coral reef (limestone) from the Middle Devonian.
The Lahnmarmor-Museum, opened in 2004, shows how Lahn marble came into being, was quarried, and was used.
At the Museum Wiesbaden, many exhibits about Lahn marble are displayed. Moreover, many buildings in Wiesbaden are dressed with the stone.
The Villmarer Lahnmarmor-Weg offers a glimpse into how the varieties of marble were quarried and processed.
The marble from Villmar was used in building, among other structures, the Empire State Building in New York City, United States.
Other landmarks
King Konrad Memorial. In 1894, a statue of King Conrad I of Germany (911-918) was erected on the Bodensteiner Lay, a cliff downstream towards Runkel on the Lahn's left bank. It was made of Devonian limestone.
Fortification remains: A circular rampart was recorded in 1250 and girded the community until the early 19th century. Originally it had three crenellated gates and seven towers. Now all that remains is the bottom part of the Mattheiser Turm (Matthews' Tower) and a few wall remnants, mostly in the former Kellerei-Bezirk (wine cellar quarter). There are two well-preserved gateway arches (Matthiaspforte and Valeriuspforte). The Vogteiburg (“sheriff’s castle”) from the 13th century, built as a residential tower, can be discerned through the remains of its lower walls. The Vögte held authority over the high court, which was sited on the Dingplatz, between the castle and the church. In the 18th century this was called the alter Burg Platz. Today it is a former graveyard. The execution site lay roughly 2 km southeast of town on Galgenberg (Gallows Mountain). In 1890 the diocesan building master Max Meckel replaced the wine-cellar building with a new parish house built in English neo-Gothic style. He incorporated a tower from the old building.
NaturFreundehaus “Wilhelmsmühle” or Lahntalhaus, between Villmar and Aumenau, used since 1928; a new building was constructed in 1932. Many prominent politicians and like-minded people came here for relaxation and quiet. Among them were the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann, who after the First World War had proclaimed the First German Republic in Berlin in 1918; the longtime SPD chairman Erich Ollenhauer; and the former Mayor (Oberbürgermeister) of the state capital Wiesbaden, Georg Buch. For a time he acted as President of the Hesse Landtag. Unique among the events at the Lahntalhaus before the Second World War were the Kinderrepubliken (Children's Republics). Several hundred participants would stay at the tent camp, which bore the motto Ordnung, Freundschaft, Solidarität (Order, Friendship, Solidarity).
Economy and infrastructure
Villmar's economic importance lay in marble processing, which began in the 17th century. From 1790 onwards, twelve quarries are known to have been worked, with others in the outlying area. In the second half of the 20th century, Lahn marble came up against competition from cheaper imports, disrupting mining operations. Processing continued, however, even as smaller works disappeared over time, often owing to lack of growth. Among the greater operations, the Nassauische Marmorwerke closed its gates in 1979 after becoming insolvent. Likewise, the Steinverarbeitungsbetrieb Engelbert Müller, which had been known since the War for great building projects of sacred objects, shut down in 2001. The last quarrying in Villmar was done in 1989 for the reconstruction of the high altar at the Jesuitenkirche Mannheim, which had been heavily damaged in the Second World War. Four stoneworking businesses are still running in town today.
In the 17th century, silver was mined, although the lode was soon exhausted.
Since the 1950s, Villmar has changed into a residential community with moderate tourism. The great majority of workers earns its livelihood in Limburg an der Lahn, Wetzlar, Gießen and, given the favourable transport connections, the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region.
Transport
Villmar is linked to the long-distance road network by the Limburg-Süd Autobahn interchange on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt), 10 km away.
Within the community lie Villmar and Aumenau railway stations on the Lahntal railway, serving Koblenz, Limburg, Villmar, Wetzlar and Gießen. Arfurt (Lahn) station, which is just outside the municipality, is near Seelbach on the same line. Regionalbahn trains stop here, running the DB Regio AG Limburg–Gießen service. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Limburg Süd on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.
Villmar's main centre and outlying centres of Aumenau and Falkenbach abut the Lahn, which is not only a river, but also a federal waterway. Along the Lahn also runs the heavily used R7 bicycle path.
Education
Villmar is home to the Johann-Christian-Senckenberg-Schule, a primary school, Hauptschule and Realschule all in one, as well as to a primary school in the outlying centre of Aumenau. Higher schools are to be found in Limburg, Weilburg and Weilmünster.
Institutions
Gemeindliche Kindertagesstätte Villmar (municipal daycare)
Gemeindliche Kindertagesstätte Aumenau (municipal daycare)
Gemeindlicher Kindergarten Seelbach (municipal kindergarten)
Gemeindlicher Kindergarten Weyer (municipal kindergarten)
Katholischer Kindergarten Villmar (Catholic kindergarten)
Villmar Volunteer Fire Brigade, founded in 1929 (includes youth fire brigade)
Aumenau Volunteer Fire Brigade, founded in 1932 (includes youth fire brigade)
Falkenbach Volunteer Fire Brigade, founded in 1934 (includes youth fire brigade)
Langhecke Volunteer Fire Brigade, founded in 1934 (includes youth fire brigade)
Seelbach Volunteer Fire Brigade, founded in 1932 (includes youth fire brigade)
Weyer Volunteer Fire Brigade, founded in 1933 (includes youth fire brigade since 1983)
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Willy Bokler (born on 1 September 1909 in Villmar; d. 12 February 1974), Prelate and Federal President of the Bund der deutschen katholischen Jugend (BDKJ, “Federation of German Catholic Youth) 1952-1965
Bernhard Falk (b. 5 August 1948 in Villmar), Vice-president of the Bundeskriminalamt
Prof. Dr. Dr. habil. Ernst O. Göbel (b. 24 March 1946 in Seelbach), President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
Honorary citizens
Dr. Jakob Hartmann (b. 22 February 1879; d. 7 May 1961), Physician in Villmar 1905-1956
Nikolaus Homm (b. 6 May 1909; d. 22 October 2004), Catholic priest in Villmar 1952-1976
Peter Weyand (b.16 May 1875; d. 4 February 1963), Catholic priest in Villmar 1924-1952
Famous people who have worked in town
Heinrich Joseph Rompel (b. 1746), Cubist from Mainz in 1792/93, was among the leaders in the "Mainz Revolution".
Hubert Aumüller (b. 26 October 1927), Former mayor of the greater community of Villmar. He was elected mayor of Villmar on 31 May 1952. After 36 years in office, he retired on 30 June 1988. He was formerly the youngest, and by years of service, the oldest mayor in Hesse. His service was recognized with a series of honours, among them the Bundesverdienstkreuz (1982) and, on the occasion of his retirement, the Freiherr-vom-Stein-Plakette.
Bernhard Hemmerle (b. 25 December 1949), Church music director, cantor in Villmar 1975-1994.
Paul Theodor Lüngen (b. 29 June 1912; d. 17 February 1997), Army music master, retired; founder of the Villmar Volunteer Fire Brigade's wind orchestra, leader from December 1979 - August 1985.
References
External links
Community’s homepage
Heimatforschung Villmar
Lahnmarmor-Museum
Limburg-Weilburg |
Tamil Nadu has a multi-party system. The Election Commission of India accords recognition to national-level and state-level political parties based upon objective criteria. A recognized political party enjoys privileges like a reserved party symbol, free broadcast time on state-run television and radio, consultation in the setting of election dates, and giving input in setting electoral rules and regulations. Other political parties that want to run in local, state, or national elections must register with the Election Commission of India. The Election Commission of India recognizes registered parties as recognized state parties if they meet the relevant criteria following a Lok Sabha or Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. The recognized-party status is reviewed periodically by the Election Commission of India.
Prior to the 2016 amendment, which went into effect on 1 January 2014, if a political party failed to meet the criteria in the subsequent Lok Sabha or Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election, they lost their status as a recognized party. In 2016, the Election Commission of India announced that such a review would take place after two consecutive elections instead of every election. As a result, a political party must retain its recognized party status even if it fails to meet the criteria in the next election. However, if they fail to meet the criteria in the subsequent election following the next election, they would lose their status.
National parties
State parties
Unrecognized parties
Notes
References
Political parties in Tamil Nadu
Politics of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu politics-related lists |
Robert Tolley (14 March 1849 – 2 January 1901) was an English first-class cricketer active 1871–78 who played for Nottinghamshire. He was born in Radford, Nottinghamshire; died in Nottingham.
References
1849 births
1901 deaths
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
North v South cricketers |
Pyrgocythara helena is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 3.5 mm, its diameter 1.25 mm.
(Original description) The minute, solid shell is pale yellowish brown. It is strongly sculptured. The protoconch of about two whorls is low and rapidly increasing. The last one is keeled, otherwise smooth. . The four subsequent whorls show a deeply constricted, not appressed suture. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl seven) strong ribs. These are angulated at the periphery, with subequal deep interspaces, and which are not continuous up the spire. The spiral sculpture consists of on the upper whorl one, on the third two, on the body whorl about seven obscure rounded rather coarse threads with narrower interspaces. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow close to the suture. The outer lip is varicose and smooth within. The inner lip is smooth. The columella is short and straight. The siphonal canal is not differentiated from the aperture.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Sea of Cortez, Western Mexico and off Costa Rica
.
References
External links
helena
Gastropods described in 1919 |
Anakkara may refer to:
Anakkara (Palakkad), a village in Palakkad district in Kerala state, India
Anakkara (Idukki), a village in Idukki district in Kerala state, India |
The Letov Š-33 was a 1930s prototype Czechoslovakian long-range bomber, designed and built by Letov.
Development
Intended to meet a Czech military requirement and designed as a three-seat long-range bomber, the Š-33 first flew in 1930. The Š-33 was a cantilever mid-wing monoplane with a conventional tailskid landing gear. Powered by an 800 hp (597 kW) Isotta Fraschini engine, the Š-33 was tested but no production order was placed.
Specifications
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Válka, Letov Š-33 :: Letov :: Československo / ČR / SR (CZK/CZE/SVK) (multilingual)
S-33
1930s Czechoslovakian bomber aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930 |
This is a list of various northernmost things on earth.
Cities and settlements
Geography
Nature
Wild animals
Plants
These lists only contain naturally occurring plants and trees, excluding individuals planted by humans.
General
Shrubs
Trees
Education
Science and technology
Historical sites and archaeological findings
Recreation
General
Culture and music
Sport
Religious structures
Monasteries, religious orders and institutions
Transportation
Shops and service facilities
General
Famous brand names
Car brands
Fast food restaurants
Restaurants
Factories
Food and drinks
Farming
Gardens, zoos and aquaria
International organizations
Buildings and landmarks
Other
Note: A lot of info on this section is inaccurate. Pending fix
-
See also
List of southernmost items
Extreme points of Earth
Extreme points of the Arctic
List of countries by northernmost point
Notes
References
Physical geography
Geography of the Arctic
Lists of extreme points
Geography-related lists of superlatives |
In mathematics, especially in the area of algebra known as group theory, the Prüfer rank of a pro-p group measures the size of a group in terms of the ranks of its elementary abelian sections. The rank is well behaved and helps to define analytic pro-p-groups. The term is named after Heinz Prüfer.
Definition
The Prüfer rank of pro-p-group is
where is the rank of the abelian group
,
where is the Frattini subgroup of .
As the Frattini subgroup of can be thought of as the group of non-generating elements of , it can be seen that will be equal to the size of any minimal generating set of .
Properties
Those profinite groups with finite Prüfer rank are more amenable to analysis.
Specifically in the case of finitely generated pro-p groups, having finite Prüfer rank is equivalent to having an open normal subgroup that is powerful. In turn these are precisely the class of pro-p groups that are p-adic analytic – that is groups that can be imbued with a
p-adic manifold structure.
References
Infinite group theory |
The Light Division is a light infantry division of the British Army. It was reformed in 2022, as part of Future Soldier reforms.
Its origins lay in "Light Companies" formed during the late 18th century, to move at speed over inhospitable terrain and protect a main force with skirmishing tactics. These units took advantage of then-new technology in the form of rifles, which allowed it to emphasise marksmanship, and were aimed primarily at disrupting and harassing enemy forces, in skirmishes before the main forces clashed.
Formed in 1803, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Light Division was raised thereafter: during the Crimean War, the First World War, from 1968 to 2007, and from 2022 to the present day. Some light infantry units remained and remain outside of the Light Division.
Origins of the Light Division
The British Army's first three "Rifle Battalion" was raised by the 60th (Royal Americans) in 1797–99. The command of this first rifle battalion was given to Francis de Rottenburg, who had extensive experience with light infantry. While the 60th did not officially become part of the Light Division, it and Rottenburg were influential in terms of British Army doctrine regarding rifle-armed light infantry.
In 1800, an "Experimental Corps of Riflemen", was raised by Colonel Coote Manningham and Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. William Stewart – drawn from officers and other ranks from drafts of a variety of British regiments. The corps differed in several regards from the Line infantry of the British Army. Most significantly, it was armed with the formidable Baker rifle, which was more accurate and of longer range than the musket, although it took longer to load. As the rifle was shorter than the musket, it was issued with a 21-inch sword bayonet. Riflemen wore dark green jackets rather than the bright red coats of the British line infantry regiments of that time; pantaloons, rather than breeches; black leather facings and belts rather than white and; a green plume on their "stovepipe shakoes". They were trained to work alone or in pairs, in open order and to think for themselves.
Napoleonic Wars
Four months after its formation, the Rifle Corps was judged ready for its first operation. On 25 August 1800, three companies, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel William Stewart, spearheaded a British amphibious landing at Ferrol, Spain, where the Rifles helped to dislodge the Spanish defenders on the heights. However the expedition was defeated and withdrew the following day. In 1801, one company of the corps, under the command of Captain Sidney Beckwith, served as marksmen aboard Royal Navy ships at the First Battle of Copenhagen. During the battle, the Rifle Corps suffered one lieutenant killed, its first officer to fall, and two other ranks killed and six wounded, some of whom died later. (In 1847 the Admiralty made the Naval General Service Medal with the clasp "Copenhagen 1801" claimable by surviving veterans, including members of the Rifle Corps.)
In January 1803, the corps became an established regular regiment and was renamed the 95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles).
On 17 July 1803, an unofficial "Corps of Light Infantry" was formed, by brigading together the
43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry) Regiment, the
52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) and the
95th Regiment.
(The name "Light Division" was not used until several years later.)
General Sir John Moore finished training the 43rd, 52nd, and 95th in September 1805.
Because the three Rifle battalions of the 60th Royal Americans were already wearing the green clothing and black leather equipment that were typical of continental light infantry, the 95th Rifles adopted the same uniform as the 60th. But despite the best efforts of Moore, the other light infantry regiments were ordered to conform to the regulations for light companies of line regiments by retaining their red jackets.
Armed with the Baker rifle and wearing dark green uniforms, the Green Jackets were hard to spot and spent their time sniping at enemy officers, NCOs and any other figure of authority in an enemy formation. A well-aimed shot could bring down an enemy commander with ease, lowering morale in the enemy. The Baker Rifle had far greater accuracy and range than the standard muskets of the time and the men using them were considered marksmen, trading devastating firepower for superior accuracy and range.
In 1807, Denmark while officially neutral, was suspected by the British of planning to ally itself with France. The corps of light infantry (43rd, 52nd and 95th Regiments) led by Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, was part of a force that defeated Danish forces at the Siege of Køge and Second Battle of Copenhagen, and with it the entire Danish fleet.
The Corps of Light Infantry, under Moore, sailed for Spain for what would become known as the Peninsular War. The campaign established the value of light infantry armed with rifles.
Four further battalions were trained by Rottenberg in the Curragh of Kildare in Ireland during May 1808. Later, Rottenberg returned to England and, at Brabdourn Lees barracks in Ashford, retrained the 68th, 85th and 71st Regiments as light infantry, to help meet the demand for such troops in the Peninsula.
During the Peninsular war of 1808–1809, Caçadores Battalions of the Portuguese Army were attached to the Light Division.
Battle of Corunna
The Battle of Corunna, (16 January 1809), was an attack by 16,000 French under Marshal Soult during the amphibious evacuation of 16,000 British under General Sir John Moore. Moore had hoped to draw the French Army away from Portugal, to allow the small British force in that country to be reinforced, and to allow the Spanish armies to reform. Hugely outnumbered, Moore was forced to retreat. Made in a harsh winter and under constant pressure, the retreat severely tried his men. The exhausting marches, cold weather and frequent skirmishes with the pursuing French units saw many fall to illness or exhaustion, or to turn to alcohol and become so drunk that they were left behind. The Light Division (then the Light Brigade) was one of the few units that kept its discipline and, along with units of British cavalry, fought a series of rearguard actions against the French. The brigade then fought at Corunna where the French were repulsed. It was then sent to Vigo for embarkation.
Thomas Plunket was a Rifleman in the 95th Rifles. During the retreat Plunket shot the French Général de Brigade Auguste-Marie-François Colbert at a range of between 200 and 600 metres using a Baker rifle.Costello, Edward - 'Rifleman Costello' First published in 1841 titled "The Adventures of a Soldier" Costello served with Plunkett and can both cite personally witnessed experiences and the legend he already was at the time Plunket had run forward to make this shot, and before returning to his own lines he reloaded, and shot a trumpet-major who had rushed to the aid of the fallen general. This second feat showed that the first shot had not been a fluke, and the deaths were sufficient to throw the pending French attack into disarray. The shots were at a sufficiently long distance to impress others in the 95th Rifles, whose marksmanship (with the Baker rifle) was far better than the ordinary British soldier who, armed with a Brown Bess musket, was trained to shoot into a body of men at 50 metres with volley fire.
Battle of Talavera
While reforming in England after their evacuation from Corunna, Brigadier-General Robert Craufurd was ordered to take his brigade, now composed of the 1st Battalion of the 43rd, 1st Battalion of the 52nd and 1st Battalion of the 95th, back to the Peninsula. The brigade landed at Lisbon on 2 July 1809 and embarked on a series of grueling marches in the July heat to join Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington's army. Wellesley fought and won the battle while the Light Brigade was still pouring sweat on the road, although at times it averaged 30 miles per day. The Riflemen of the 60th performed sterling service in their absence, being one of the few regiments mentioned by name in Wellesley's dispatch to the British government. During the reorganizations that followed, Craufurd was given command of the 3rd Division, whose previous commander, Major-General Mackenzie, had been killed at Talavera. With the subsequent addition of Captain Hew Ross's troop of Royal Horse Artillery, the 1st Hussars of the K.G.L. and the Portuguese 3rd Caçadores Battalion (commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel George Elder), this became the Light Division.' Craufurd also wrote the first Standing Orders for the Light Division, a training manual and handbook.
Battle of the River Côa
Craufurd's operations on the Côa and Águeda in 1810 were daring to the point of rashness; the drawing on of the French forces into what became the Battle of the River Côa (24 July 1810), in particular was a rare lapse in judgement that almost saw his removal from command. Although Wellington censured him for his conduct, he at the same time increased his force to a full division by the addition of two picked battalions of Portuguese Caçadores, Chestnut troop, Royal Horse Artillery (RHA) & part of the 14th & 16th, Light Dragoons
Battle of Bussaco
The Battle of Bussaco, (27 September 1810) was a defensive battle won by the Allies which allowed Wellington to resume the retreat of his army into the previously fortified Lines of Torres Vedras. He reached these by 10 October. Finding the lines too strong to attack, the French withdrew into winter quarters. Deprived of food and harried by British hit-and-run tactics, the French lost 25,000 men captured or dead from starvation or sickness before they retreated into Spain early in 1811, freeing Portugal from French occupation except for Almeida, near the frontier. During the retreat, the Battle of Sabugal was also fought.
Battle of Sabugal
The Battle of Sabugal (3 April 1811), Craufurd had taken ill and was home in England so the Division was under the command of Major-General William Erskine, the plan was for the Light Division and two brigades of cavalry to circle behind the French open left flank while the other four divisions attacked the front. On the day of the battle there was a heavy fog, the other commanders decided to wait until visibility improved. Undeterred, Erskine ordered Lieut-Colonel Thomas Sydney Beckwith's 1st Brigade forward. Instead of crossing the Côa beyond the French, the brigade drifted to the left in the fog, crossed at the wrong location and struck the French left flank.
Erskine, who was very nearsighted and mentally unbalanced, then became cautious and issued explicit instructions to Colonel George Drummond not to support his fellow brigade commander. At this point, Erskine rode off to join the cavalry, leaving the Light Division leaderless for the rest of the battle. The French switched most of their 10,000-man corps against Beckwith's 1,500 and pressed the light infantry back. When Drummond heard the sounds of battle approaching, he deduced that Beckwith's men were retreating. Disobeying orders, Drummond led his 2nd Brigade across the Côa and joined Beckwith. Together they drove the French back.
Battle of Fuentes De Onoro
At the Battle of Fuentes de Onoro (3 May 1811) the 51st Foot and 85th Light Infantry, along with the Light Division demonstrated how the French Cavalry could be beaten by a combination of rapid movements, accurate rifle fire and disciplined formations. During the battle the Light Division was sent to reinforce the 51st and 85th Light Infantry, who had been caught in open ground and surrounded by French Cavalry. When reinforced, the whole force was able to retire rapidly – chased by the French cavalry. Whenever the French came close, the light infantrymen, riflemen and caçadores, rapidly formed squares at the last safe moment, beating off the cavalry. This series of rapid moves, combined with the disciplined forming of squares – off the line of march, was a spectacle that few could have believed was possible.
Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
The Division, now once again under the command of Major-General Robert Craufurd, was involved in the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (8 January 1812), where they stormed and took the Grand Teson redoubt. Then on 19 January together with Major-General Thomas Picton's 3rd Division they were ordered to storm the city. Picton's Division assaulting the greater breach in the northwest of the city's walls while the Light Division was sent against the lesser breach in the north.
Launched at 7 pm, the assault was completely successful, although amongst the dead were Major-Generals Henry Mackinnon and Craufurd. The victory was somewhat marred when the British rank and file thoroughly sacked the city, despite the efforts of their officers.
Battle of Salamanca
Following on from the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo and the death of Crauford the Division now under the command of Charles Alten, was held as the reserve division for the Battle of Salamanca (22 July 1812) and did not take a major part in the fighting.
Battle of Vitoria
At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813), the division was part of the Right Center Column under Wellington's personal direction. Wellington launched his attack in four columns, and after hard fighting the enemy's centre was broken and soon the French defence crumbled. About 5,000 French soldiers were killed or wounded and 3,000 were taken prisoner, while Wellington's forces suffered about 5,000 killed or wounded. 152 cannons were captured, but King Joseph Bonaparte narrowly escaped. The battle led to the collapse of Napoleonic rule in Spain.
Battle of the Pyrenees
During the French withdrawal across the Pyrenees and into France the Light Division was involved in the Battle of the Pyrenees (25 July 1813) and the Battle of the Bidassoa (1813) (7 October 1813), during which the toughest fighting of the day occurred in Major General Bertrand Clausel's center sector. John Colborne's brigade of Charles Alten's Light Division attacked La Bayonette. Not waiting for the attack, the French charged downhill and drove back the 95th Rifles. Suddenly the 52nd appeared and quickly turned the tables. Following closely behind the retreating French, they overran the redoubt with surprising ease.
Meanwhile, James Kempt's second Light Division brigade and Francisco de Longa's Spanish division attacked up two spurs of Mont Larroun to secure some positions. The next day the French abandoned the position to avoid encirclement.
Battle of Nivelle
The Battle of Nivelle (10 November 1813), started just before dawn as the Light Division headed towards the plateau on the summit of the Greater Rhune (the summit had been garrisoned by French troops but they had fled after the skirmish on the River Bidassoa, fearing to be cut off from their own army). The objective of the division was to sweep the three defensive forts constructed by the French out of the battle. They moved down into the ravine in front of the Lesser Rhune and were ordered to lie down and await the order to attack. After the signal from a battery of cannon, the offensive began. It started with the 43rd, 52nd and 95th – with the Portuguese Caçadores in support, storming the redoubts on the crest of the Rhune. Despite this being a risky move and the men being almost exhausted, the surprise and boldness of the British sent the French fleeing towards other forts on other hills.
While the 43rd and 95th were dealing with the French on the Rhune, there still remained one very strong star-shaped fort below on the Mouiz plateau which reached out towards the coast. This was attacked by Colborne's 52nd, supported by riflemen from the 95th. Once again, the French were surprised and the British succeeded. They had, in the French eyes, appeared from the ground at which point, in danger of being cut off, the French soldiers quickly fled leaving Colborne in possession of the fort and other trenches without loss of a single fatal casualty.
Battle of Toulouse
The final action of the Peninsula War was the Battle of Toulouse, (10 April 1814), In the evening of 10 April 1814, Marshall Soult, received an official communiqué from Paris informing him that Napoleon had surrendered to the Coalition forces in northern France. Unsure of what to do, Soult's generals advised him to surrender the city, as reinforcements were unlikely to arrive and further news reached Toulouse informing Soult of the surrender of French armies across France.
This ended the Peninsula War.
Claimed to be one of the strongest divisions in the British army in the Peninsula War, the Light Division proved its tough nature in the numerous actions it had been involved in from the infamous retreat to Corunna right up until the invasion of France in 1814 and the conclusion of the war at the Battle of Toulouse.
Structure during the Peninsular War
Commanding Generals: Robert Craufurd, William Erskine, Charles Alten
1st Brigade
1/43rd (Monmouthshire Light Infantry) Regiment
1/95th Rifles
3/95th Rifles (HQ & 5 companies)
3rd Portuguese Caçadores.
2nd Brigade
1/52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)
2/95th Rifles
1/17th Portuguese Line
2/17th Portuguese Line
1st Portuguese Caçadores.
Divisional Troops
Ross' Troop, Royal Horse Artillery
Part of the 14th Light Dragoons
Part of the 16th Light Dragoons
Waterloo
After the abdication of Napoleon in 1814 and his exile to the island of Elba, the Peninsula army was dismantled and divided. Following Napoleon's escape and return to power in France, there was one more battle to fight.
A Light Division by name was not formed for Waterloo but the Light Infantry battalions, excepting the 1st battalion of the 95th which was assigned to the 5th Division, were massed into the 3rd British Brigade assigned to the 2nd Division. The 3rd Brigade was commanded by then Major-General Frederick Adam. The other brigades were foreign troops with the 1st Brigade consisting of 4 line battalions of the Kings German Legion and 3rd Brigade consisting of four battalions of Hanoverian Landwehr (militia). Since the British army had so few light troops, 16 of 21 light infantry battalions in the Allied Army at Waterloo came from allied forces. The 3rd British Division, for example, had over 2,300 light infantry in King's German Legion and Hanoverian battalions.
The final action of the day saw Sir John Colborne bring the 52nd Light Infantry round to outflank the Old Guard, of the French Imperial Guard as it advanced towards the British centre in a last-ditch attempt to defeat Wellington.
As the column passed his brigade, the 52nd charged, fired a destructive volley into the left flank of the Chasseurs and attacked with the bayonet. The whole of the Guard was driven back down the hill and began a general retreat to the cry of "La Garde recule"
After their unsuccessful attack on the British centre, The French Imperial Guard made a last stand in squares on either side of the La Belle Alliance. The 3rd (Light) Brigade charged the square which was formed on rising ground to the (British) right of La Belle Alliance and again threw them into a state of confusion. The other square was attacked by the Prussians. The French retreated away from the battle field towards France.
Structure at Waterloo
2nd (Light) Brigade
52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry), (the biggest battalion at Waterloo)
71st (Glasgow Highland) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry)
2nd Battalion, 95th Rifles
Detachment, 3rd Battalion, 95th Rifles
1st Brigade, King's German Legion
1st Line Battalion, KGL
2nd Line Battalion, KGL
3rd Line Battalion, KGL
4th Line Battalion, KGL
3rd Hanoverian Brigade
Landwehr Battalion Bremervörde
Landwehr Battalion 2nd Duke of York's (Osnabrück)
Landwehr Battalion 3rd Duke of York's (Quakenbrück)
Landwehr Battalion Salzgitter
Crimean War
The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey, and the Baltic Sea region and is sometimes considered to be the first "modern" conflict and "introduced technical changes which affected the future course of warfare."
A Light Division was again formed for service, but this was in name only as no light infantry battalions were assigned to it. The division was involved in the Battle of the Alma (20 September 1854), which is usually considered the first battle of the Crimean War, took place in the vicinity of the River Alma in the Crimea. An Anglo-French force under General St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan defeated General Menshikov's Russian army, which lost around 6,000 troops.
They were also engaged in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), and the battle of Battle of Inkerman (5 November 1854) before the end of hostilities.
Structure during the Crimean War
Commanding General:Lieutenant General Sir George Brown
First Brigade:Major General William Codrington
33rd Regiment of Foot
23rd The Royal Welch Regiment of Fusiliers
7th Regiment of Foot
Second Brigade:Major General Sir George Buller
77th (East Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers)
19th (1st North Riding of Yorkshire) Regiment of Foot
One troop of Royal Horse Artillery
one field Battery Royal Artillery
By the late 19th century the concept of fighting in formation was on the wane and the distinctions between light and heavy infantry began to disappear. Essentially, all infantry became light infantry in practice. Some regiments retained the name and customs, but there was in effect no difference between them and other infantry regiments.
World Wars
During the First World War two Light Divisions were formed the 14th (Light) Division (they were the first division to be attacked by Germans using flamethrowers), and the 20th (Light) Division. Both served on the Western Front and were involved in the major battles, including the Battles of the Somme, Battles of Arras and the Battles of Ypres.
Following the end of the First World War, the British formed an occupation army in Germany: British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). In February 1919, the 2nd Division was redesignated as the Light Division, and it joined the BAOR.
The British Army did not form a Light Division for service during the Second World War, with the exception of the 61st Division, which was briefly redesignated as one in the final months of the war. The ethos of the Light Division, however, was carried on in new infantry formations such as the Commandos, Parachute Regiment and the Chindits all lightly armed fast and agile units.
Infantry Depots
1968 - 2007
After the Second World War the British Army had fourteen infantry depots, each bearing a letter. Infantry Depot J at Farnborough was the headquarters for the six English light infantry regiments and Infantry Depot O at Winchester was the headquarters for the two rifle regiments and the Middlesex Regiment.
In 1948, the depots adopted names and this became the Light Infantry Brigade and Green Jackets Brigade.
Then in 1968 the Light Division was reformed as an Administration Division with the regimentation of the Light Infantry Brigade and the Green Jackets Brigade.
As formed, the Light Division comprised seven regular infantry battalions:
1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Battalions, The Light Infantry
1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions, The Royal Green Jackets
The Light Infantry lost its 4th Battalion in 1969, while both regiments lost a battalion in 1992.
In 2005, two further regiments were attached to the Light Division:
1st Battalion, The Devonshire and Dorset Light Infantry
1st Battalion, The Royal Gloucestershire, Berkshire and Wiltshire Light Infantry
This was in preparation for all four regiments being amalgamated into a single large regiment named The Rifles,
which was formed in February 2007. Regimental names of the regiments that formed The Rifles were not maintained. As a consequence, upon the formation of The Rifles, the name Light Division was no longer to be used.
2022 onwards
In 2022, as part of the Future Soldier reforms, the Light Division was reformed to serve as one of the new divisions of infantry intended to bring all infantry regiments under an administrative division. The new Light Division was formed from a total of ten infantry battalions (7 regular army and 3 Army Reserve), plus two additional incremental companies:
1st Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles
2nd Battalion, The Royal Gurkha Rifles
F (Falklands) Company, The Royal Gurkha Rifles
G (Coriano) Company, The Royal Gurkha Rifles
1st Battalion, The Rifles
2nd Battalion, The Rifles
3rd Battalion, The Rifles
5th Battalion, The Rifles
4th Battalion, Ranger Regiment
6th Battalion, The Rifles
7th Battalion, The Rifles
8th Battalion, The Rifles
The 4th Battalion, Ranger Regiment was formerly the 4th Battalion, The Rifles.
Commanders
Notes
Footnotes
Bibliography
Standing Orders of the Light Division (printed in Home's Précis of Modern Tactics, pp. 257–277
William Napier, Peninsular War, bk. xvi. ch.v.
External links
http://www.britishbattles.com/
http://www.95thrifles.com 95th (Rifle) Regiment of Foot - Battle Re-enactment and Living History
http://www.1st95thrifles.com/ 1st Battalion, 95th (Rifle) Regiment of Foot (1/95) – 95th Rifles Living History Society
https://web.archive.org/web/20091026233803/http://geocities.com/THE_RIFLES/ 2nd Battalion, 95th (Rifle) Regiment of Foot (2/95) – Living History and Battle Re-enactment
http://www.royalgreenjackets.co.uk Royal Green Jackets and Rifle Brigade Museum
https://web.archive.org/web/20091207083248/http://robertcraufurd.iespana.es/
https://web.archive.org/web/20080313141021/http://www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regts/the_rifles/index.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20080916190003/http://www.lightinfantryreunited.co.uk/ Light Infantry Reunited - Site for all ex and serving Light Infantry/RGJ and Rifles personnel
Light
Light
British military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War
British light infantry
King's German Legion |
Pittyvaich distillery was a producer of single malt Scotch whisky that operated between 1974 and 1993.
History
The Pittyvaich distillery, built in 1974 by Arthur Bell & Sons, was among the youngest Scottish distilleries while it was operating. It stood near the Dufftown Distillery in Dufftown.
Originally built to provide malt whisky for blends, Pittyvaich eventually did release an official bottling in 1991. Prior to the official bottling, a number of independent bottlers (including Signatory Vintage and Cadenhead's) released Pittyvaich as a single malt.
The distillery was demolished in 2002.
External links
Scotch Whisky
Malt Madness
1974 establishments in Scotland
1993 disestablishments in Scotland
Defunct companies of Scotland
Scottish malt whisky
Distilleries in Scotland
Food and drink companies established in 1974
Companies based in Morris County, New Jersey
Demolished buildings and structures in Scotland
Buildings and structures demolished in 2002
British companies disestablished in 1993
British companies established in 1974
Dufftown |
Public General Acts
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| {{|Post Office and Telegraph (Money) Act 1959|public|2|17-12-1959|An Act to provide further money for expenses of the Post Office properly chargeable to capital account; and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Marshall Scholarships Act 1959|public|3|17-12-1959|maintained=y|An Act to increase the number of Marshall scholarships which may be provided in each year.}}
|-
| {{|Expiring Laws Continuance Act 1959|public|4|17-12-1959|An Act to continue certain expiring laws.}}
|-
| {{|Atomic Energy Authority Act 1959|public|5|17-12-1959|maintained=y|An Act to increase the maximum number of members of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, and to enable the Authority to include in their pension schemes staff of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science.}}
|-
| {{|Commonwealth Scholarships Act 1959|public|6|17-12-1959|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for matters arising out of the recommendations of the Commonwealth Education Conference.}}
|-
| {{|Sea Fish Industry Act 1959|public|7|17-12-1959|An Act to increase the aggregate amounts of grants made in pursuance of schemes under sections one and five of the White Fish and Herring Industries Act, 1953, and section three of the White Fish and Herring Industries Act, 1957, and otherwise to amend the provisions as to schemes under those Acts; to authorise measures for the increase or improvement of marine resources; to make further provision for regulating the catching of sea-fish and for licensing fishing-boats; and for purposes connected with those matters.}}
|-
| {{|Lord High Commissioner (Church of Scotland) Act 1959|public|8|17-12-1959|An Act to increase the allowance payable to Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.}}
|-
| {{|Judicial Pensions Act 1959|public|9|17-12-1959|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law with respect to the pensions and other benefits attaching to certain high judicial offices, to regulate the age of retirement from such offices, and to increase certain pensions and other benefits granted to or in respect of persons who have held such offices.}}
|-
| {{|Consolidated Fund Act 1960|public|10|22-03-1960|An Act to apply certain sums out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the years ending on the thirty-first day of March, one thousand nine hundred and sixty and one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one.}}
|-
| {{|Foreign Service Act 1960|public|11|22-03-1960|An Act to amend the law as to the superannuation benefits which may be granted to or in respect of certain members of Her Majesty's foreign service.}}
|-
| {{|Distress for Rates Act 1960|public|12|22-03-1960|An Act to consolidate, with corrections and improvements made under the Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act, 1949, certain enactments relating to the recovery of rates.}}
|-
| {{|Air Corporations Act 1960|public|13|22-03-1960|An Act to increase the borrowing powers of the British Overseas Airways Corporation and the British European Airways Corporation.}}
|-
| {{|Cinematograph Films Act 1960|public|14|22-03-1960|An Act to amend the Cinematograph Films Acts, 1938 and 1948.}}
|-
| {{|Water Officers Compensation Act 1960|public|15|22-03-1960|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law relating to compensation for officers and servants of water undertakers affected by orders under the Water Act, 1945, or by combinations or orders under the Water (Scotland) Act, 1946.}}
|-
| {{|Road Traffic Act 1960|public|16|22-03-1960|maintained=y|An Act to consolidate, with corrections and improvements made under the Consolidation of Enactments (Procedure) Act, 1949, certain enactments relating to road traffic.}}
|-
| {{|Coal Industry Act 1960|public|17|22-03-1960|An Act to authorise further advances to the National Coal Board for capital purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Local Employment Act 1960|public|18|22-03-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make provision to promote employment in localities in England, Scotland and Wales where high and persistent unemployment exists or is threatened, and to make consequential provision as respects the industrial estate companies; to amend subsection (4) of section fourteen of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1947, and subsection (4) of section twelve of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act, 1947 (industrial development certificates); and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|European Free Trade Association Act 1960|public|19|22-03-1960|An Act to make provision for matters arising out of the establishment of the European Free Trade Association or otherwise out of agreements relating to trade made with members of the Association; and to repeal the Dyestuffs (Import Regulation) Acts, 1920 and 1934.}}
|-
| {{|Requisitioned Houses Act 1960|public|20|22-03-1960|An Act to enable the Minister of Housing and Local Government to extend the period for which possession of requisitioned houses may be retained by local authorities under the Requisitioned Houses and Housing (Amendment) Act, 1955, and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Wages Arrestment Limitation (Amendment) (Scotland) Act 1960|public|21|22-03-1960|An Act to increase the amount of wages excepted from arrestment under the Wages Arrestment Limitation (Scotland) Act, 1870.}}
|-
| {{|Horticulture Act 1960|public|22|22-03-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for assisting the production and marketing of horticultural produce.}}
|-
| {{|First Offenders (Scotland) Act 1960|public|23|13-04-1960|An Act to restrict the imprisonment of first offenders in Scotland.}}
|-
| {{|Pawnbrokers Act 1960|public|24|13-04-1960|An Act to amend the Pawnbrokers Acts, 1872 and 1922.}}
|-
| {{|War Damage (Clearance Payments) Act 1960|public|25|13-04-1960|An Act to validate payments made by the War Damage Commission before the passing of this Act in respect of the clearance of war-damaged land, and to make further provision for such payments by the Commission.}}
|-
| {{|Iron and Steel (Financial Provisions) Act 1960|public|26|13-04-1960|An Act to authorise the payment out of the Consolidated Fund of loans to be made for capital purposes by the Minister of Power in pursuance of arrangements under section five of the Iron and Steel Act, 1953; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Gas Act 1960|public|27|13-04-1960|An Act to increase the amount which may be borrowed by the Gas Council and Area Boards under the Gas Act, 1948, and to amend that Act with respect to the expenses of the Minister in connection with the testing of gas for compliance with standards prescribed under that Act.}}
|-
| {{|Legal Aid Act 1960|public|28|13-04-1960|An Act to relax the financial conditions for legal aid under Part I of the Legal Aid and Advice Act, 1949, and under the Legal Aid (Scotland) Act, 1949, by altering the limits on disposable income and disposable capital, and the maximum amount of the contribution to the legal aid fund, to make further provision for the remuneration of counsel and solicitors in connection with such legal aid or with applications for it, and to explain references in those Acts to payment and the like.}}
|-
| {{|Marriage (Enabling) Act 1960|public|29|13-04-1960|maintained=y|An Act to enable a person to marry certain kin of a former spouse.}}
|-
| {{|Occupiers' Liability (Scotland) Act 1960|public|30|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law of Scotland as to the liability of occupiers and others for injury or damage occasioned to persons or property on any land or other premises by reason of the state of the premises or of anything done or omitted to be done thereon; and for purposes connected with the matter aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Highlands and Islands Shipping Services Act 1960|public|31|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to authorise the Secretary of State to assist persons concerned with the provision of sea transport services serving the Highlands and Islands; and for purposes connected with the matter aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Population (Statistics) Act 1960|public|32|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make permanent the Population (Statistics) Act, 1938, and to make further provision as to matters with respect to which particulars may be required under that Act and as to certificates to be produced on the registration of still-births.}}
|-
| {{|Indecency with Children Act 1960|public|33|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision for the punishment of indecent conduct towards young children, and to increase the maximum sentence of imprisonment under the Sexual Offences Act, 1956, for certain existing offences against young girls.}}
|-
| {{|Radioactive Substances Act 1960|public|34|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to regulate the keeping and use of radioactive material, and to make provision as to the disposal and accumulation of radioactive waste; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|International Development Association Act 1960|public|35|02-06-1960|An Act to enable effect to be given to an international agreement for the establishment and operation of an International Development Association, and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Game Laws (Amendment) Act 1960|public|36|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make better provision for the prevention of poaching.}}
|-
| {{|Payment of Wages Act 1960|public|37|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to remove certain restrictions imposed by the Truck Acts, 1831 to 1940, and other enactments, with respect to the payment of wages; and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Civil Aviation (Licensing) Act 1960|public|38|02-06-1960|An Act to prohibit certain flying except under a licence or other authority and to repeal section twenty-four of the Air Corporations Act, 1949; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Dock Workers (Pensions) Act 1960|public|39|02-06-1960|An Act to exclude the operation of the Truck Acts, 1831 to 1940, and the Shop Clubs Act, 1902, in relation to provisions concerning pensions under the Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act, 1946.}}
|-
| {{|Commonwealth Teachers Act 1960|public|40|02-06-1960|An Act to make further provision for matters arising out of the recommendations of the Commonwealth Education Conference.}}
|-
| {{|Ghana (Consequential Provision) Act 1960|public|41|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make provision as to the operation of the law in relation to Ghana and persons and things in any way belonging to or connected with Ghana, in view of Ghana's becoming a Republic while remaining a member of the Commonwealth.}}
|-
| {{|Merchant Shipping (Minicoy Lighthouse) Act 1960|public|42|02-06-1960|An Act to enable the lighthouse on Minicoy Island and sums held in the General Lighthouse Fund in connection therewith to be transferred to the Government of India, and for purposes connected with the matter aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Abandonment of Animals Act 1960|public|43|02-06-1960|maintained=y|An Act to prohibit the abandonment of animals; and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Finance Act 1960|public|44|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to grant certain duties, to alter other duties, and to amend the law relating to the National Debt and the Public Revenue, and to make further provision in connection with Finance.}}
|-
| {{|Appropriation Act 1960|public|45|29-07-1960|An Act to apply a sum out of the Consolidated Fund to the service of the year ending on the thirty-first day of March, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one, and to appropriate the supplies granted in this Session of Parliament.}}
|-
| {{|Corporate Bodies' Contracts Act 1960|public|46|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to amend the law governing the making of contracts by or on behalf of bodies corporate; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Offices Act 1960|public|47|29-07-1960|An Act to make further and better provisions for health, welfare and safety in offices; and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Matrimonial Proceedings (Magistrates' Courts) Act 1960|public|48|29-07-1960|An Act to amend and consolidate certain enactments relating to matrimonial proceedings in magistrates' courts and to make in the case of other proceedings the same amendments as to the maximum weekly rate of the maintenance payments which may be ordered by a magistrates' court as are made in the case of matrimonial proceedings.}}
|-
| {{|Public Health Laboratory Service Act 1960|public|49|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to establish a Public Health Laboratory Service Board for the exercise of functions with respect to the administration of the bacteriological service provided by the Minister of Health under section seventeen of the National Health Service Act, 1946.}}
|-
| {{|House of Commons Members' Fund Act 1960|public|50|29-07-1960|An Act to extend the powers of investment of the trustees of the House of Commons Members' Fund.}}
|-
| {{|Road Traffic (Amendment) Act 1960|public|51|29-07-1960|An Act to make provision with respect to the grant of licences to drive motor vehicles to persons who have held licences to drive such vehicles in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man or any of the Channel Islands.}}
|-
| {{|Cyprus Act 1960|public|52|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for, and in connection with, the establishment of an independent republic in Cyprus.}}
|-
| {{|Oil Burners (Standards) Act 1960|public|53|29-07-1960|An Act to make provision for minimum standards of efficiency and safety in respect of oil-burning appliances; and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Clean Rivers (Estuaries and Tidal Waters) Act 1960|public|54|29-07-1960|An Act to amend the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act, 1951, so as to give to river boards powers to deal with new outlets and new discharges of trade or sewage effluent into tidal waters or parts of the sea.}}
|-
| {{|Nigeria Independence Act 1960|public|55|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make provision for, and in connection with, the attainment by Nigeria of fully responsible status within the Commonwealth.}}
|-
| {{|Statute Law Revision Act 1960|public|56|29-07-1960|An Act to revise the statute law by repealing obsolete, spent or unnecessary enactments.}}
|-
| {{|Films Act 1960|public|57|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to consolidate the Cinematograph Films Acts, 1938 to 1960.}}
|-
| {{|Charities Act 1960|public|58|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to replace with new provisions the Charitable Trusts Acts, 1853 to 1939, and other enactments relating to charities, to repeal the mortmain Acts, to make further provision as to the powers exercisable by or with respect to charities or with respect to gifts to charity, and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Adoption Act 1960|public|59|29-07-1960|An Act to amend the law with respect to the revocation of adoption orders in cases of legitimation, and to make further provision in connection with the revocation of such orders under section twenty-six of the Adoption Act, 1958.}}
|-
| {{|Betting and Gaming Act 1960|public|60|29-07-1960|An Act to amend the law with respect to betting and gaming and to make certain other amendments with a view to securing consistency and uniformity in, and facilitating the consolidation of, the said law and the law with respect to lotteries; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960|public|61|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to repeal the Lunacy (Scotland) Acts, 1857 to 1913, and the Mental Deficiency (Scotland) Acts, 1913 and 1940; to make fresh provision with respect to the reception, care and treatment of persons suffering, or appearing to be suffering, from mental disorder, and with respect to their property and affairs; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960|public|62|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision for the licensing and control of caravan sites, to authorise local authorities to provide and operate caravan sites, to amend the law relating to enforcement notices and certain other notices issued under Part III of the Town and Country Planning Act, 1947, to amend sections twenty-six and one hundred and three of that Act and to explain other provisions in the said Part III; and for connected purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Road Traffic and Roads Improvement Act 1960|public|63|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to facilitate the enforcement and administration of the law relating to road traffic and to vehicles on roads by providing for the punishment without a prosecution of offences in connection with lights or reflectors on vehicles, or with obstruction, waiting, parking and kindred matters, and for the employment of traffic wardens in aid of the police; to amend the law with respect to parking places, the regulation of traffic and the costs of removing and storing vehicles and to provide for the disposal of abandoned vehicles; to make temporary amendments of the law relating to highways in the metropolitan police district and the City of London; to make provision as to the effect of regulations made or having effect as if made under section sixty-four of the Road Traffic Act, 1960; and for purposes connected with or arising out of the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Building Societies Act 1960|public|64|29-07-1960|An Act to amend the law relating to building societies.}}
|-
| {{|Administration of Justice Act 1960|public|65|27-10-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make further provision for appeals to the House of Lords in criminal cases; to amend the law relating to contempt of court, habeas corpus and certiorari; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Professions Supplementary to Medicine Act 1960|public|66|27-10-1960|maintained=y|An Act to provide for the establishment of a Council, boards and disciplinary committees for certain professions supplementary to medicine; to provide for the registration of members of those professions, for regulating their professional education and professional conduct and for cancelling registration in cases of misconduct; and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid.}}
|-
| {{|Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960|public|67|27-10-1960|maintained=y|An Act to provide for the admission of representatives of the press and other members of the public to the meetings of certain bodies exercising public functions.}}
|-
| {{|Noise Abatement Act 1960|public|68|27-10-1960|maintained=y|An Act to make new provisions in respect of the control of noise and vibration with a view to their abatement.}}
|-
| {{|Road Traffic (Driving of Motor Cycles) Act 1960|public|69|27-10-1960|An Act to amend the provisions of the Road Traffic Act, 1960, relating to the ages at which and the conditions subject to which persons may drive motor cycles and may obtain licences for that purpose.}}
}}
Local Acts
|-
| {{|Clyde Navigation Order Confirmation Act 1959|local|2|17-12-1959|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act 1936 relating to Clyde Navigation.|po1=Clyde Navigation Order 1959|Provisional Order to extend the period for the compulsory purchase of certain lands by the Trustees of the Clyde Navigation and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Glasgow Corporation Consolidation (General Powers) Order Confirmation Act 1960|local|3|13-04-1960|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act 1936 relating to Glasgow Corporation.|po1=Glasgow Corporation Consolidation (General Powers) Order 1960|Provisional Order to consolidate with amendments the Acts and Orders of or relating to the Corporation of the city of Glasgow with respect to cleansing lighting control of traffic licensing and registration public health establishments for massage and special treatment farmed-out houses and offences and penalties and to confer further powers on the Corporation with respect thereto and to make further provision for the local government health and improvement of the city and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Bromley College and other Charities Scheme Confirmation Act 1960|local|4|02-06-1960|An Act to confirm a Scheme of the Charity Commissioners for the application or management of Bromley College and other Charities, at Bromley, in the County of Kent.|po1=Scheme for the Application or Management of the following Charities, at Bromley, in the County of KentThe Charity known as Bromley College, founded by will of The Right Reverend John Warner, Bishop of Rochester, proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury on the 7th February 1667, and also comprised in the following instruments:—Act of Parliament 22 Car. II cap. 2 (Private);Decree made on the 28th March 1693 by the Commissioners by virtue of a Commission dated the 3rd November 1692 awarded under the great seal according to the Act of Parliament 43 Eliz. cap. 4;Scheme of the Charity Commissioners of the 6th July 1923;and the subsidiary Charities thereof namely the Charities of Sir Orlando Bridgeman and Sir Philip Warwick, The Reverend William Hetherington, Lady Gower, The Right Reverend Zachary Pearce, Bishop of Rochester, Mrs. Betterson, William Pearce, The Right Reverend Walter King, Bishop of Rochester, Mrs. Rose, and Catherine Emma Crew Beynon;The Charity called Sheppard's Charity (otherwise Sheppard's College), comprised in a declaration of trust dated the 29th February 1844, and the subsidiary Charities thereof namely:—(a) The Charity known as Hannah Finnie's Benefaction, founded by will of Hannah Finnie proved at London on the 6th June 1905;(b) The Charity of Lucy Haslewood, founded by will proved in the Principal Registry on the 21st July 1910;(c) The Charity of the Revered Henry Aldwin Soames, founded by will proved in the Principal Registry on the 29th August 1921;(d) The Charity of Louisa Ann Lacey, founded by will proved in the Principal Registry on the 27th March 1925; and(e) The Charity of Elizabeth Hope Lacey, founded by will proved in the Principal Registry on the 14th January 1938.The Charity of James Edward Newell, founded by will proved in the Principal Registry on the 16th March 1880;The Charity called The Holland Fund, founded by the will of Maud Elizabeth Holland proved in the Principal Registry on the 13th November 1957.|po1short=n}}
|-
| {{|Chipping Sodbury Town Trust Scheme Confirmation Act 1960|local|5|02-06-1960|An Act to confirm a Scheme of the Charity Commissioners for the application or management of the Chipping Sodbury Town Trust.|po1=Scheme for the application or management of the following Charity:—The Charity called the Chipping Sodbury Town Trust, in the Ancient Parish of Chipping Sodbury, in the County of Gloucester, regulated by a Scheme of the Charity Commissioners of the 27th January 1899 as varied by Schemes of the said Commissioners of the 13th December 1910 and the 27th October 1922 and as affected by an Order made by the said Commissioners on the 23rd June 1950 under the County of Gloucester (Parish of Sodbury) Order, 1945, as confirmed by the County of Gloucester (Sodbury Parish) Confirmation Order, 1945.|po1short=n}}
|-
| {{|United Charities of Nathaniel Waterhouse, and other Charities (Halifax) Scheme Confirmation Act 1960|local|6|02-06-1960|An Act to confirm a Scheme of the Charity Commissioners and the Minister of Education for the application or management of the United Charities of Nathaniel Waterhouse, and other Charities, in the County Borough of Halifax.|po1=Scheme for the application or management of the following Charities and Foundation, in the County Borough of Halifax:—The United Charities of Nathaniel Waterhouse, regulated by an Act of Parliament (11 and 12. Vict. c. 10) as affected by an Order made by the Charity Commissioners on the 29th April 1904 under the Board of Education Act, 1899, s. 2(2);The Charity known as the Afternoon Lecturer's Fund;The Waterhouse Educational Foundation, constituted by the above-mentioned Order of the Charity Commissioners of the 29th April 1904.|po1short=n}}
|-
| {{|Scottish American Investment Company Limited Order Confirmation Act 1960|local|7|02-06-1960|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act 1936 relating to the Scottish American Investment Company Limited.|po1=Scottish American Investment Company Limited Order 1960|Provisional Order to repeal the Scottish American Investment Company Limited Act 1900 and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Northampton County Council Act 1960|local|8|02-06-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Northampton County Council in relation to the superannuation fund maintained by the Council and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Saint Martin's Parish Church Birmingham Act 1960|local|9|02-06-1960|An Act to confirm the removal of human remains from the churchyard of Saint Martin's Parish Church Birmingham and the erection thereon of a vestry hall and social centre to authorise the erection thereon of another building and the granting of leases of that building and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|London and Surrey (River Wandle and River Graveney) (Jurisdiction) Act 1960|local|10|02-06-1960|An Act to modify and define the respective jurisdictions of the London County Council and the Surrey County Council in relation to the river Wandle and the river Graveney and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Derbyshire County Council Act 1960|local|11|02-06-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Derbyshire County Council in relation to their superannuation fund and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Cornwall County Council Act 1960|local|12|02-06-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Cornwall County Council with respect to superannuation and finance and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Saint Peter Upper Thames Street Churchyard Act 1960|local|13|02-06-1960|An Act to authorise the sale of the churchyard appurtenant to the former church of Saint Peter Upper Thames Street otherwise Paul's Wharf in the city of London to authorise the erection of buildings thereon and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Bala to Trawsfynydd Highways (Liverpool Corporation Contribution) Act 1960|local|14|02-06-1960|An Act to authorise the lord mayor aldermen and citizens of the city of Liverpool to make a contribution in respect of certain highway improvements in the county of Merioneth and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Royal Exchange Assurance Act 1960|local|15|02-06-1960|An Act to amend the royal charters and enactments relating to the Royal Exchange Assurance.}}
|-
| {{|Saint Peter's Church Nottingham (Broad Marsh Burial Ground) Act 1960|local|16|02-06-1960|An Act to provide for the removal of the restrictions attaching to the Broad Marsh Burial Ground in the united benefice of Saint Peter with Saint James in the city of Nottingham to authorise the sale of the said burial ground and its use for building or otherwise and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Royal College of Physicians of London Act 1960|local|17|02-06-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Royal College of Physicians of London to confirm the name of the College and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Saint Stephen Bristol (Burial Grounds etc.) Act 1960|local|18|02-06-1960|An Act to authorise the sale of certain disused burial grounds attaching to the former parish of Saint Nicholas with Saint Leonard Bristol and the erection of buildings thereon to provide for the application of the proceeds of sale thereof and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Edinburgh Merchant Company Order Confirmation Act 1960|local|19|29-07-1960|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act, 1936, relating to the Edinburgh Merchant Company.|po1=Edinburgh Merchant Company Order 1960|Provisional Order to reincorporate the Company of Merchants of the City of Edinburgh and to consolidate with amendments the Act and Orders of and relating to the said Company and to the widows' fund and endowments trust of the Company to constitute and confer powers on the Master's court of the Company and to vest in the said Master's court the Alexander Darling Silk Mercer's fund and to make provision as to the management and administration thereof to make provision as to the vesting in the said endowments trust of the Sir William Fraser Homes and the Russell and Foster Endowment and to confer powers on the said endowments trust with respect thereto and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Glasgow Corporation Order Confirmation Act 1960|local|20|29-07-1960|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order under the Private Legislation Procedure (Scotland) Act 1936 relating to Glasgow Corporation.|po1=Glasgow Corporation Order 1960|Provisional Order to authorise the Corporation of the city of Glasgow to acquire land and construct a new sewer; to authorise the said Corporation to borrow further moneys for the purposes of their tramway undertaking; to enact provisions for facilitating the recovery by the said Corporation of expenditure incurred by them in the demolition of property condemned under the Housing (Scotland) Act 1950 and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Pier and Harbour Order (Fowey) Confirmation Act 1960|local|21|29-07-1960|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Minister of Transport under the General Pier and Harbour Act, 1861, relating to Fowey.|po1=Fowey Harbour Order 1960|Provisional Order to authorise the Fowey Harbour Commissioners to form and maintain a replacement reserve fund to increase the total sum which may stand to the credit of their contingency fund and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Pier and Harbour Order (Yarmouth (Isle of Wight)) Confirmation Act 1960|local|22|29-07-1960|An Act to confirm a Provisional Order made by the Minister of Transport under the General Pier and Harbour Act, 1861, relating to Yarmouth (Isle of Wight).|po1=Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) Pier and Harbour Order 1960|Provisional Order to amend the Yarmouth (Isle of Wight) Pier and Harbour Order, 1931.}}
|-
| {{|Methodist Church Funds Act 1960|local|23|29-07-1960|An Act to make better provision for the investment of certain funds of or connected with the work of the Methodist Church in Great Britain the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man and of its overseas missions funds and to constitute and incorporate a central finance board of the Methodist Church and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Mexborough and Swinton Traction Act 1960|local|24|29-07-1960|An Act to authorise the Mexborough and Swinton Traction Company Limited to discontinue the services of trolley vehicles authorised by the Mexborough and Swinton Traction Acts and Orders 1902 to 1947 and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Brighton Corporation Act 1960|local|25|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the county borough of Brighton to make further provision with respect to the health local government improvement and finances of the borough and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|University of Bristol Act 1960|local|26|29-07-1960|An Act to provide for the pooling of investments and moneys of certain endowment funds of the University of Bristol and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Somerset County Council Act 1960|local|27|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Somerset County Council and in certain cases on the local authorities in the county of Somerset in relation to highways and the local government and improvement of the county to enact provisions with respect to finance and superannuation and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Bude-Stratton Urban District Council Act 1960|local|28|29-07-1960|An Act to empower the urban district council of Bude-Stratton to dispose of portions of the Bude Canal discontinued as a navigation to authorise the closing for navigation of a further portion of the said canal and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|London County Council (General Powers) Act 1960|local|29|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the London County Council and other authorities and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|City of London (Guild Churches) Act 1960|local|30|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the Bishop of London with respect to guild churches in the city of London to amend the City of London (Guild Churches) Act 1952 and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Essex County Council (Fullbridge, Maldon) Act 1960|local|31|29-07-1960|An Act to authorise the county council of Essex in reconstructing Fullbridge in the borough of Maldon over the river Chelmer to reduce the headway under the existing bridge and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Presbyterian Church of England Act 1960|local|32|29-07-1960|An Act to make provision as to the property held by or on behalf of the Presbyterian Church of England to confer further powers of investment on the Presbyterian Church of England Trust and for purposes connected therewith.}}
|-
| {{|Lancashire County Council (Industrial Development etc.) Act 1960|local|33|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the county council of the administrative county of the county palatine of Lancaster in relation to the industrial development of lands within the county and the local government and improvement of the county to make further provision in relation to the superannuation fund of the county council and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Canterbury and District Water Act 1960|local|34|29-07-1960|An Act to apply to the Canterbury and District Water Company certain provisions of the Third Schedule to the Water Act 1945 to make provision as to the rates and charges the Company are authorised to levy to authorise the raising of further capital and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|London County Council (Money) Act 1960|local|35|29-07-1960|An Act to regulate the expenditure on capital account and lending of money by the London County Council during the financial period from the first day of April nineteen hundred and sixty to the thirtieth day of September nineteen hundred and sixty-one and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|City of London (Various Powers) Act 1960|local|36|29-07-1960|An Act to authorise the Corporation of London to acquire land for the purposes of Spitalfields Market to transfer Bunhill Fields Burial Ground to the Corporation and to make provision for the improvement thereof to make provision with respect to parking accommodation swimming baths smoke abatement and finance and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Derby Corporation Act 1960|local|37|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Derby in relation to the superannuation fund maintained by the council of the borough and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Hastings Pier Act 1960|local|38|29-07-1960|An Act to increase the powers of the Hastings Pier Company and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Tyne Tunnel Act 1960|local|39|29-07-1960|An Act to authorise variations of the works authorised by the Tyne Tunnel Acts 1946 and 1956 including the construction of new works to amend those Acts in certain respects to confer further powers in connection with those works including the taking of tolls and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Croydon Corporation Act 1960|local|40|29-07-1960|maintained=y|An Act to consolidate with amendments numerous enactments in force in the county borough of Croydon to make further provision for the health local government and improvement of the borough to confer further powers upon the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the borough and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Newcastle upon Tyne Corporation Act 1960|local|41|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the lord mayor aldermen and citizens of the city and county of Newcastle upon Tyne and the stewards and wardens committee of the Town Moor in the city in relation to the Town Moor to confer further powers upon the Corporation in relation to the local government health improvement and finances of the city and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Southampton Corporation Act 1960|local|42|29-07-1960|An Act to empower the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Southampton to construct a bridge across the river Itchen and other street works in the borough to make further provision with reference to the lands and the improvement health local government and finances of the borough and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Bournemouth Corporation Act 1960|local|43|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Bournemouth to make further provision for the improvement health local government and finances of the borough and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Southend-on-Sea Corporation Act 1960|local|44|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the borough of Southend-on-Sea to make further provision for the improvement health local government and finances of the borough and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Manchester Ship Canal Act 1960|local|45|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the Manchester Ship Canal Company and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Salford Corporation Act 1960|local|46|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the mayor aldermen and citizens of the city of Salford and to make further and better provisions for the health local government improvement and finances of the city and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|British Transport Commission Act 1960|local|47|29-07-1960|An Act to empower the British Transport Commission to construct works and to acquire lands to confirm an agreement between the Commission and the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty relating to the Stratford-on-Avon Canal to extend the period during which legal proceedings in respect of the River Kennet Navigation and the Kennet and Avon Canal are restricted to authorise the closing for navigation of portions of certain canals to extend the time for the compulsory purchase of certain lands to confer further powers on the Commission and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Blackfriars Bridgehead Improvements Act 1960|local|48|29-07-1960|An Act to authorise the Corporation of London to purchase lands compulsorily to construct a river wall and street works and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Hertfordshire County Council Act 1960|local|49|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Hertfordshire County Council and on local authorities in the administrative county of Hertford in relation to lands and highways and the local government improvement health and finances of the county and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Bristol Corporation Act 1960|local|50|29-07-1960|An Act to authorise the lord mayor aldermen and burgesses of the city of Bristol to execute works and acquire lands to confer further powers upon the Corporation and to make further and better provision for the health improvement local government and finances of the city and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Gloucester and Sharpness Canal (Water) Act 1960|local|51|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers on the Bristol Waterworks Company and the British Transport Commission in relation to the supply of water from the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal and for other purposes.}}
|-
| {{|Oldham Corporation Act 1960|local|52|29-07-1960|An Act to confer further powers upon the mayor aldermen and burgesses of the county borough of Oldham with reference to lands to make further provision with regard to the water and markets undertakings of the Corporation and for the local government health improvement and finances of the borough to authorise the redemption of gas and water annuities to enact provisions with reference to public entertainments and the welfare of the inhabitants of the borough and for other purposes.}}
}}
References
Lists of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom |
Free Media Awards (formerly: Gerd Bucerius Prize for Free Press in Eastern Europe, ) is the press prizes awarded by the two foundations The Fritt Ord Foundation and the ZEIT-Stiftung.
History and prize consideration
The prize was launched in 2000 by the ZEIT Foundation and was called the Gerd Bucerius Press Prizes for Eastern Europe (). The prize is named after the German politician and journalist Gerd Bucerius. In 2004, after the ZEIT Foundation began cooperation with the organisation Freedom of Expression Foundation (Fritt Ord), the prize was presented jointly.
The prize is awarded to journalists and media in Eastern Europe, who are distinguished by their quality, professionalism and civil courage. Organisations consider nominations after consultation with external experts. Each year, an independent jury selects the winners based on these nominations. Three to five awards are awarded per year.
Jury
Alice Bota — Polish-German journalist and writer
Ane Tusvik Bonde — Norwegian senior advisor at the Human Rights House Foundation
Juri Durkot — Ukrainian journalist and translator
— Norwegian journalist, NRK correspondent
Martin Paulsen — Eastern Europe expert from the University of Bergen
Silvia Stöber — German journalist specialising on Eastern Europe, South Caucasus and Central Asia
Laureates
2000
Brestskiy Kurier — Belarusian newspaper
— Russian newspaper in the German language
Veidas — Lithuanian news magazine
— Russian journalist based in Moscow
2001
Zerkalo Nedeli — Ukrainian newspaper
Asya Tretyuk () — Belarusian journalist
Belorusskaya Delovaya Gazeta — Belarusian newspaper
— Russian newspaper
2002
Novaya Gazeta — Russian newspaper
Vysoky Zamok — Ukrainian newspaper
Narodnaja Volya — Belarusian newspaper
— Bulgarian newspaper
Cristian Tudor Popescu — Romanian journalist
2003
— Russian newspaper
Ekspres — Ukrainian newspaper
Belorusy i rynok (back in 2003 called "Belorusskiy Rynok" ) — Belarusian newspaper
Mikola Markevich () — Belarusian journalist
2004
— Russian newspaper
— Russian newspaper
— Ukrainian newspaper
Intex-Press — Belarusian newspaper
24 saati () — Georgian newspaper
Yulia Latynina — Russian journalist and writer
Svetlana Kalinkina — Belarusian journalist
2005
The New Times — Russian magazine
Chechenskoye obshchestvo () — Russian newspaper
BelaPAN — Belarusian news agency
Vitebskiy Kurier — Belarusian newspaper
Resonansi — Georgian newspaper
Semyon Novoprudsky () — Russian journalist
2006
() — Belarusian newspaper
Russian-Chechen news agency — Russian news agency (now Finland-based)
Sovetskaya Kalmykiya segodnya () — Russian newspaper
Vyborgskie Vedomosti () — Russian newspaper
Fatima Tlisova — Russian journalist of Circassian origin
Veronika Shahova () — Russian journalist
Ukrayinska Pravda — Ukrainian newspaper
2007
Natalia Novozhilova () — Russian journalist
Inform Polis () — Russian newspaper
Caucasian Knot — Russian news portal
TURAN — Azerbaijani news agency
Nasha Niva — Belarusian newspaper
CDMAG or CDMag — Belarusian media project
2008
The New Times — Russian magazine
Moy gorod bez tsenzury () — Russian weekly newspaper
Victoria Ivleva — Russian photojournalist and correspondent
Elena Larionova () — Russian journalist
Hazeta Slonimskaya — Belarusian newspaper
Yezhednevnik () — Belarusian online portal
Rauf Mirgadirov — Azerbaijani journalist
2009
Roman Shleinov — Russian journalist of the newspaper Novaya Gazeta
Zoya Svetova — Russian journalist based in Moscow
Novy Chas — newspaper of the city of Minsk, Belarus
Batumelebi — Georgian weekly newspaper
Marianna Grigoryan — freelance Armenian journalist
Azadliq — Azerbaijani daily newspaper
Natik Javadli — journalist of the newspaper
2010
Mikhail Beketov — journalist of the newspaper Khimkinskaya Pravda ()
Arsenyevskiye Vesti — the newspaper of the city of Vladivostok, Russia
Borisovskie novosti () — newspaper of the city of Barysaw, Belarus
Liberali — Georgian magazine
— Azerbaijani journalist
— Azerbaijani network television
Edik Baghdasaryan — Armenian journalist
2011
Chernovik — Dagestan weekly newspaper
Natalya Ivanishina — journalist of the newspaper Ust-Ilimskaya Pravda ()
Marina Koktysh — journalist of the newspaper Narodnaya Volya
— journalist of the Internet media
— Azerbaijani journalist
A1plus — Armenian news portal
2012
Olga Romanova — blogger on Echo of Moscow and columnist for The New Times
magazine — Caucasian independent magazine
— editor-in-chief of the Gramadzyanskaya Alternative magazine and leading columnist for the Svobodnye novosti plus newspaper
The Ukrainian Week magazine
Khadija Ismayilova — Azerbaijani journalist
2013
Elena Kostyuchenko — special correspondent of the information department of Novaya Gazeta
— chief editor of the online portal
— socio-political weekly newspaper
Serhiy Leshchenko — Ukrainian political journalist
— Azerbaijani journalist
Mehman Huseynov — Azerbaijani journalist
2014
— Russian journalist
TV Rain — Russian independent channel
Tetiana Chornovol — Ukrainian journalist
— Ukrainian journalist
Mustafa Nayyem — Ukrainian journalist
Alexander Klaskovsky () — Belarusian journalist
Objective TV — Azerbaijani internet channel
Epress.am — Armenian news portal
2015
Netgazeti — Georgian news portal
— Ukrainian journalist and editor-in-chief of the online newspaper Ostro V
— Ukrainian news agency
— Ukrainian journalist
— Russian regional socio-political newspaper
Galina Timchenko — Russian journalist, editor-in-chief and the founder of the Meduza newspaper
2016
(Our Money) — Ukrainian website
Elena Milashina — Russian journalist
Seymur Hazi — Azerbaijani editor and commentator
2017
— Russian caricature artist
— Russian journalist
Zaruhi Mejlumyan — Armenian journalist
Meydan TV — Azerbaijani media organisation
2018
Belarusian Partisan — Belarusian newspaper
— Russian newspaper
Chai Khana — Georgian media platform
2019
The Insider — Russian online newspaper
— Ukrainian magazine
Hafiz Babali — Azerbaijani journalist
CivilNet — Armenian media platform
7x7 — Russian regional online newspaper and blog
2020
MediaZona — Russian media outlet
Proekt — Russian media outlet
Aziz Karimov — Azerbaijani journalist
Stanislav Aseyev — Ukrainian journalist
Schemes () — broadcast on Ukrainian television
2021
Katsiaryna Barysevich – Belarusian journalist of TUT.BY
Katsyaryna Andreeva – Belarusian journalist of Belsat TV
Darya Chultsova – Belarusian journalist of Belsat TV
Natallia Lubneuskaya – Belarusian journalist of Nasha Niva
TUT.BY – Belarusian media outlet
Belarusian Association of Journalists
2022
Mstyslav Chernov - Ukrainian photographer
Yevgeniy Maloletka - Ukrainian photographer
Nataliya Gumenyuk - Ukrainian journalist and author
Andriy Dubchak - Ukrainian photo and video reporter
Vladyslav Yesypenko - Ukrainian journalist and political prisoner on Russian-occupied Crimea
Zaborona - Ukrainian online newspaper
References
Arts awards in Germany
Human rights awards
Russian awards
Journalism awards |
is a Japanese company headquartered in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Their main businesses include the development and sales of electric vehicles (EVs).
History
The "Kyoto Electric Vehicle Project" was launched at Kyoto University VBL (Venture Business Laboratory) in 2006 and commercialized in April 2010 when it was branded Green Lord Motors Co., Ltd. was established. The company name was changed to GLM Co. Ltd. in April 2014. In 2018, a four-story technical center with a head office function was completed in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto.
GLM developed a finished vehicle business under their own brand and a platform business that provides technical cooperation and joint/contract development with other companies. So far, it has announced joint development with Asahi Kasei, Teijin, Toyo Tires, etc. In September 2016, Yaskawa Electric Corporation announced a capital tie-up with GLM. In July 2017, GLM formed a capital tie-up with Hong Kong's mainboard-listed Aulux HD; it changed its name to WE Solutions Limited in 2018.
Tommykaira ZZ
GLM's first vehicle is the sports car type electric vehicle Tommykaira ZZ. The first mass-produced sports car model as a domestic EV. Full-scale mass production had started in October 2015 at a dedicated factory of Kosaka Metal Industry in Maizuru, Kyoto, which also handles amphibious vehicles of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. The selling price is 8 million yen excluding tax, and it is on sale only for 99 units.
By using high-rigidity aluminum for the chassis and fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) for the exterior frame, it have succeeded in reducing the weight of the vehicle by less than 1 ton, even though it is an EV standard for ordinary passenger cars. Based on the concept of "a racing car that runs on public roads," it is designed with an emphasis on the enjoyment of maneuvering on its own, eliminating power steering, brake boosters, and traction control systems. Equipped with a high-power motor with a maximum output of , it accelerates from 0 to in 3.9 seconds. It is a two-seater open car type with a maximum speed of . The cruising range on a single charge is . A soft top can be equipped as an option.
The ZZ inherits the concept, car name, and logo mark of the "Tommykaira ZZ" (206 units sold worldwide from 1997 to 2001) produced by Tommykaira in Kyoto. It is produced by the same handmade as overseas luxury sports cars, and it is also possible to deliver the car according to the owner's wishes such as exterior color. Not only the internal structure such as the motor and battery, but also the appearance, body, parts and parts are all newly developed by GLM alone or in collaboration with partner companies.
Yuji Fujimune, general manager of the technical division who directed the body design of Lexus at Toyota, and engineers of the former Tommykaira Yume Factory, who was developing the ZZ gasoline car, are involved in the development. It took four years from the start of new car development in October 2011 to full-scale mass production at a dedicated factory.
In 2015, the ZZ was exhibited at the Goodwood Festival of Speed, a global motorsport event in the United Kingdom.
Platform business
GLM is a business that provides automobile engineering services and know-how specialized for EVs developed by the company. It mainly provides R & D support and mass production support to domestic and overseas automobile manufacturers, and technical and development support for automobile-related businesses such as parts, materials, chemicals, and IT manufacturers.
Vehicles
Tommykaira ZZ
In 2015, mass production of the first domestically produced sports car type electric vehicle "Tommykaira ZZ" started. See above for details.
GLM G4
At the 2016 Paris Motor Show, the concept car of the EV supercar "GLM G4" was announced.
The G4 will be an electric vehicle version of the Roadyacht GTS sold by Savage Rivale, a Dutch automaker with which GLM acquired a portion of its shares in 2016 and formed a capital and business alliance. At the Japan premiere in April 2017, it announced that it plans to sell 1,000 units at an estimated price of 40 million yen.
However, in March 2018, it announced that it would focus on the platform business and announced that it would concentrate on the development of the "second generation platform." As a result, the G4 has decided to review all plans such as sales area, selling price, specifications, etc., but the company says that it will announce it as a new vehicle equipped with this second generation platform.
Management policy
The company is developing a business based on a horizontal division of labor model. Rather than one-sided work instructions to suppliers as in the conventional automobile industry, EV development concept, development status, necessary parts content, reason for parts shape and specifications, etc. are disclosed to some extent, based on two-way information disclosure We are jointly developing parts. Therefore, cooperating companies can utilize their cutting-edge technology at an early stage and acquire new know-how through information sharing.
GLM calls the cooperative relationship with automobile-related companies and institutions the "GLM ecosystem." The number of participating companies is steadily increasing, supporting the quality and speed of development of the company's EV. Currently, they have built relationships with more than 200 companies, including GS Yuasa, Nichicon, and the Bosch, and their strength is that they can develop vehicles using not only their own vehicle development resources but also relationships with suppliers.
References
External links
Car manufacturers of Japan
Electric vehicle manufacturers of Japan
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 2010
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2010 |
Baleru is a village in Bhamini mandal, located in Srikakulam district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located between The River Vamsadhara and Tivva hills.
References
Villages in Srikakulam district |
Sabir, Azerbaijan may refer to:
Nəbiağalı
Sabir, Shamakhi
Sabirkənd, Shamkir
Səbir |
Senator Hobbs may refer to:
Albert Hobbs (1822–1897), New York State Senate
Alexander R. Hobbs (1852–1929), Virginia State Senate
Frederick Hobbs (Pennsylvania politician) (1934–2005), Pennsylvania State Senate
Katie Hobbs (born 1969), Arizona State Senate
Steve Hobbs (Washington politician) (born 1970), Washington State Senate |
Pedro Sousa was the defending champion but withdrew before the tournament began due to injury.
João Domingues won the title after defeating Facundo Bagnis 6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–3 in the final.
Seeds
All seeds receive a bye into the second round.
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Bottom half
Section 3
Section 4
References
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
Braga Open - Singles
Braga |
Ahmadabad-e Abbaskhan (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād-e ʿAbbāskhān) is a village in Koshkuiyeh Rural District, Koshkuiyeh District, Rafsanjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 126, in 33 families.
References
Populated places in Rafsanjan County |
```html
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<h2 class="title">C</h2>
<dl>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/Mentat.html#cache-java.lang.String-org.mozilla.mentat.CacheDirection-">cache(String, CacheDirection)</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/Mentat.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">Mentat</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Add an attribute to the cache.</div>
</dd>
<dt><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CacheDirection.html" title="enum in org.mozilla.mentat"><span class="typeNameLink">CacheDirection</span></a> - Enum in <a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/package-summary.html">org.mozilla.mentat</a></dt>
<dd> </dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/TxChange.html#changes">changes</a></span> - Variable in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/TxChange.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">TxChange</a></dt>
<dd> </dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/TxChange.html#changes_len">changes_len</a></span> - Variable in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/TxChange.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">TxChange</a></dt>
<dd> </dd>
<dt><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CollResult.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat"><span class="typeNameLink">CollResult</span></a> - Class in <a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/package-summary.html">org.mozilla.mentat</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Wraps a `Coll` result from a Mentat query.</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CollResult.html#CollResult-org.mozilla.mentat.JNA.TypedValueList-">CollResult(JNA.TypedValueList)</a></span> - Constructor for class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CollResult.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">CollResult</a></dt>
<dd> </dd>
<dt><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CollResultHandler.html" title="interface in org.mozilla.mentat"><span class="typeNameLink">CollResultHandler</span></a> - Interface in <a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/package-summary.html">org.mozilla.mentat</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Interface defining the structure of a callback from a query returning a <a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CollResult.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat"><code>CollResult</code></a>.</div>
</dd>
<dt><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/ColResultIterator.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat"><span class="typeNameLink">ColResultIterator</span></a> - Class in <a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/package-summary.html">org.mozilla.mentat</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Iterator for a <a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/CollResult.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat"><code>CollResult</code></a></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/EntityBuilder.html#commit--">commit()</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/EntityBuilder.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">EntityBuilder</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Transacts the added assertions and commits.</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/InProgress.html#commit--">commit()</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/InProgress.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">InProgress</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Commits all the transacts that have been performed on this `InProgress`, either directly
or through a Builder.</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/InProgressBuilder.html#commit--">commit()</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/InProgressBuilder.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">InProgressBuilder</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Transacts the added assertions and commits.</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/ColResultIterator.html#constructItem-org.mozilla.mentat.JNA.TypedValue-">constructItem(JNA.TypedValue)</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/ColResultIterator.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">ColResultIterator</a></dt>
<dd> </dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/RelResultIterator.html#constructItem-org.mozilla.mentat.JNA.TypedValueList-">constructItem(JNA.TypedValueList)</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/RelResultIterator.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">RelResultIterator</a></dt>
<dd> </dd>
<dt><span class="memberNameLink"><a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/RustError.html#consumeErrorMessage--">consumeErrorMessage()</a></span> - Method in class org.mozilla.mentat.<a href="../org/mozilla/mentat/RustError.html" title="class in org.mozilla.mentat">RustError</a></dt>
<dd>
<div class="block">Get and consume the error message, or null if there is none.</div>
</dd>
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``` |
The All-Ireland Post-Primary Schools Croke Cup, is an annual inter-schools hurling competition organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association. It is the highest inter-schools hurling competition in Ireland, and has been contested every year, except on two occasions, since 1944.
The All-Ireland final, usually held in March, serves as the culmination of a knockout series of games played in February and March. Currently, qualification for the All-Ireland series is limited to teams competing in Connacht, Leinster and Munster. Eligible players must be under the age of 19.
The title has been won at least once by 17 different schools, nine of which have won the title more than once. The all-time record-holders are St Kieran's College, who have won the competition 24 times.
St Kieran's College are the current champions, having beaten Presentation College, Athenry by 3-13 to 0-12 in the 2023 All-Ireland final.
History
Inter-colleges hurling competitions had been played since 1918, with the Leinster Championship and Dr Harty Cup both being formed that year. A similar competition had been running in Connacht since 1938. Participation in these competitions was limited to voluntary secondary schools. Similarly, an annual inter-provincial competition between Conancht, Leinster and Munster had been taking place, with the best college players from the respective provinces being picked to form the teams. It wasn't until 1944 that the Leinster and Munster champions faced each other to decide the All-Ireland champions. St Flannan's College beat St Kieran's College by 5–05 to 3–03 to claim the inaugural title. It was the first of a record-setting four successive All-Ireland titles for St Flannan's College.
St Kieran's College became the second team to win the All-Ireland title, however, the championship was suspended following their victory over St Colman's College in 1948. The championship was reintroduced in 1957, with representatives from the Connacht Championship being allowed to contest the All-Ireland series for the first time. Representatives from the Ulster Championship were allowed to contest the All-Ireland series for the first time in 1964, however, their participation was shortlived.
The Croke Cup has seen a keen rivalry develop between St Flannan's College and St Kieran's College. By 1999, both colleges had won 13 All-Ireland titles. In spite of this, other colleges have enjoyed multiple successes at various times throughout the history of the competition. The North Monastery, St Finbarr's College and St Colman's College brought 10 All-Ireland titles to Cork between 1960 and 1977. St Peter's College, Wexford won four All-Ireland titles from six All-Ireland finals appearances between 1960 and 1973, while Limerick CBS claimed two victories from four consecutive finals appearances between 1964 and 1967. Tipperary wrote their name into the All-Ireland roll of honour when Templemore CBS claimed the title in 1978, while St Brendan's Community School from Offaly won their sole Croke Cup in 1986. The Leinster-Munster stranglehold on the competition was broken in 1995 when St. Raphael's College became the first college from County Galway to claim the All-Ireland title.
The turn of the century has seen St Kieran's College dominate by winning 11 titles between 2000 and 2023. Amalgamated teams have also enjoyed successes during this period, with Dublin Colleges claiming the title in 2006 and Dungarvan Colleges winning in 2013. Amalgamated teams were later precluded from participating in the All-Ireland series, however, vocational schools were permitted to field teams in the competition after a merger with the All-Ireland VS SAHC in 2014. By that stage, the championship had undergone a further expansion when the introduction of a "back door system" in 2005 allowed the defeated Leinster and Munster finalists entry into the All-Ireland series for the first time. The "back door system" was extended to the Connacht runners-up in 2014. The Croke Cup was suspended mid-championship in 2020 and not held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Current format
Qualification
Championship
The championship features six teams in a knockout series of games. Two teams receive byes to the All-Ireland semi-finals, while the other four teams play each other in two All-Ireland quarter-finals. This is organised on a strict rotational basis between the Connacht, Leinster and Munster teams. Teams who have met each other in the respective provincial championships are precluded from meeting each other until the All-Ireland final.
Sponsorship
Masita became the title sponsor of the championship in 2013. The competition was previously sponsored by Coca-Cola.
Trophy and medals
The Dr Croke Cup is the current prize for winning the All-Ireland final. It was commissioned to honour Thomas Croke (1824–1902), who was the Archbishop of Cashel and Emly and one of the first patrons of the Gaelic Athletic Association.
Traditionally, the victory presentation takes place at a special rostrum in the main grandstand of the stadium. The winning captain accepts the cup on behalf of his team before giving a short speech. Individual members of the winning team then have an opportunity to come to the rostrum to lift the cup, which is held by the winning team until the following year's final. In accordance with GAA rules, a set of gold medals is awarded to the championship winners.
Roll of honour
List of finals
Records and statistics
Final
Most wins: 24:
St Kieran's College (1948, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1965, 1971, 1975, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2023)
Most consecutive wins: 4:
St Flannan's College (1944, 1945, 1946, 1947)
Most second-place finishes: 13:
St Kieran's College (1944, 1969, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2017, 2022)
Most consecutive second-place finishes: 3:
Kilkenny CBS (2012, 2013, 2014)
Most appearances: 37:
St Kieran's College (1944, 1948, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023)
Most appearances without winning: 4:
Presentation College, Athenry (1976, 2018, 2019, 2023)
Teams
By decade
The most successful college of each decade, judged by number of championship titles, is as follows:
1940s: 4 for St Flannan's College (1944-45-46-47)
1950s: 2 for St Kieran's College (1957-59)
1960s: 3 for St Peter's College (1962-67-68)
1970s: 2 each for St Kieran's College (1971-75), St Finbarr's College (1972-74) and St Flannan's College (1976-79)
1980s: 3 for St Flannan's College (1982-83-87)
1990s: 4 for St Kieran's College (1990-92-93-96)
2000s: 3 for St Kieran's College (2000-03-04)
2010s: 4 for St Kieran's College (2010-11-14-15-16-18-19)
Gaps
Longest gaps between successive championship titles:
20 years: St Colman's College (1977-1997)
18 years: St Flannan's College (1958-1976)
13 years: St Kieran's College (1975-1988)
11 years: St Flannan's College (1947-1958)
10 years: North Monastery (1960-1970)
10 years: North Monastery (1970-1980)
10 years: St Finbarr's College (1974-1984)
9 years: St Kieran's College (1948-1957)
9 years: North Monastery (1985-1994)
Top scorers
All time
In finals
See also
All-Ireland Colleges Interprovincial Hurling Championship
References
External link
Complete Roll of Honour on Kilkenny GAA bible
All-Ireland Hurling Championships
All-Ireland inter-county hurling championships
Hurling cup competitions |
Vitali Sitnikov (born September 16, 1981) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward who currently plays with PSK Sakhalin in the Asia League Ice Hockey (ALIH).
On November 28, 2015 during a KHL game, Sitnikov was accidentally struck on the throat by the blade of Ladislav Nagy's skate. He immediately went to the bench where upon removing his jersey it was discovered that the skate had slashed his throat which was bleeding. He then proceeded to fall back on the bench before receiving medical attention. He required surgery to close the cut and missed one game.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg players
HC 07 Detva players
HC MVD players
PSK Sakhalin players
Saryarka Karagandy players
Severstal Cherepovets players
Sputnik Nizhny Tagil players
HC Yugra players
Russian ice hockey forwards
Sportspeople from Nizhny Tagil
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Russian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate ice hockey players in Kazakhstan
Expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
Russian expatriate ice hockey people |
Faraj Abbo al Numan (; November 21, 1921 – March 5, 1984), more commonly Faraj Abu, Faraj Aboo or simply Faraj Abou, was an influential Assyrian Iraqi artist, theatre director, designer, author and educator, noted as one of the early artists to integrate Arabic script into his abstract paintings and who achieved international recognition for his artwork.
Life and career
Faraj Abbo was born on 21 November 1921 in Mosul. His artistic talents were evident at a very young age. At 13 years, he was commissioned to produce paintings for local churches in Mosul; such as the work now in Mar Eshai Church.
He received his early art education at the Baghdad Central Secondary School in 1939. He taught Art at Al Hilah High School in Al Hilah, Iraq, as well as the Teachers Centre in Baquba until 1945. He completed a Bachelor Fine Arts degree at the College of Fine Arts – Painting Department in Cairo in Egypt, graduating in 1950. He then travelled to Rome to undertake post-graduate studies, and attained a Diploma Art from the Academy of Fine Arts in 1954 which was awarded with the highest degree of honour.
After returning to Baghdad, he was instrumental in founding the Institute of Fine Arts (which was later renamed the Academy of Fine Arts and became a department within the University of Baghdad) and was among the first group of Faculty members at the Institute. He headed the Department of Plastic Art and was Deputy Dean for many terms. Much later, in the 1970s, he taught drawing at Baghdad University's Architectural Department.
Abbo was very active in Iraq's arts community. He joined the Friends of Art Committee in Baghdad 1941 - Iraq's first formal art society, modelled on European art groups. He also became an early member of the Baghdad Modern Art Group formed by Jawad Saleem and Shakir Hassan Al Said in 1951; a group that sought to inspire a sense of national identity by combining Iraqi heritage within the framework of modern abstract art. As a result of his involvement with the Baghdad Modern Art Group, his academic style was gradually transformed into a more abstract style. His early artwork was based on themes of popular culture and everyday life. He abandoned figurative representation and started to study Arabic script and Islamic geometric style, which he incorporated into his artworks from 1970s. His later works, which the art critic, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, considered as his finest were inspired by arabesque and the nobility of Arabic script.
He married in 1960 and had three children, two daughters and a son. Amal, the eldest daughter is married and living in Los Angeles, USA. She has two sons George Mouwafaq Gharib and Peter Mouwafaq Gharib. The second daughter, Shetha, lives in Doha, Qatar, and has followed in her father's footsteps by becoming an artist and a writer. His youngest son, Faris, lives in Los Angeles with his wife, son Christopher Michael, and Daughter Dilana Shakay.
Faraj Abbo al Numan died in Baghdad on the 5 March 1984.
Work
Faraj Abbo is often remembered as the painter who always wore a suit, even while working. He is among a small group of post-war Iraqi artists who won international recognition Yet, his work is difficult to classify. In his early career, he was noted for portraiture, but in his later career he became known for work that was distinctly Iraqi and abstract.
He authored a specialized book in fine arts, The Elements of Art, published by Dolphin Publishing Company in 1984, (two volumes in Arabic), which became a basic reference for art students and researchers.
He participated in more than 60 exhibitions <ref>Rivera, E.," Artist's Retrospective in Doha," The Peninsula," 12 May 2009</ref> and his work is part of the permanent collections of prestigious galleries and institutions, including: Baghdad University, Baghdad Airport and the Jordan National Gallery, Amman.
Select list of paintings
Islamic Abstract Ornamentation oil on canvas, 1970s
Islamic Abstract Calligraphy'' oil on canvas, 1980s
See also
Hurufiyya movement
Iraqi art
List of Iraqi artists
References
External links
Modern Art Archive - Electronic resource maintained by Iraqi artists that includes reproductions of artworks, many of which were looted from the Museum of Modern Art in 2003 and remain missing. These works are not accessible in any other public source.
1921 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Iraqi painters
Abstract painters
Artists from Baghdad
Iraqi contemporary artists
Iraqi expatriates in Egypt
Iraqi expatriates in Italy |
Floridean starch is a type of a storage glucan found in glaucophytes and in red algae (or rhodophytes), in which it is usually the primary sink for fixed carbon from photosynthesis. It is found in grains or granules in the cell's cytoplasm and is composed of an α-linked glucose polymer with a degree of branching intermediate between amylopectin and glycogen, though more similar to the former. The polymers that make up floridean starch are sometimes referred to as "semi-amylopectin".
Properties
Floridean starch consists of a polymer of glucose molecules connected primarily by α(1,4) linkages, with occasional branch points using α(1,6) linkages. It differs from other common α-linked glucose polymers in the frequency and position of the branches, which gives rise to different physical properties. The structure of floridean starch polymers is most similar to amylopectin and is sometimes described as "semi-amylopectin". Floridean starch is often described in contrast to starch (a mixture of amylopectin and amylose) and glycogen:
Historically, floridean starch has been described as lacking amylose. However, amylose has been identified as a component of floridean starch granules in some cases, particularly in unicellular red algae.
Evolution
Features such as UDP-glucose building blocks and cytosolic storage differentiate the Archaeplastida into two groups: the rhodophytes and glaucophytes, which use floridean starch, and the green algae and plants (Chloroplastida), which use amylopectin and amylose. There is strong phylogenomic evidence that the Archaeplastida are monophyletic and originate from a single primary endosymbiosis event involving a heterotrophic eukaryote and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium.
Evidence indicates that both ancestors would have had established mechanisms for carbon storage. Based on review of the genetic complement of modern plastid genomes, the last common ancestor of the Archaeplastida is hypothesized to have possessed a cytosolic storage mechanism and to have lost most of the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium's corresponding genes. According to this hypothesis, the rhodophytes and glaucophytes retained the ancestral eukaryote's cytosolic starch deposition. Starch synthesis and degradation in green algae and plants is much more complex – but significantly, many of the enzymes that perform these metabolic functions in the interior of modern plastids are identifiably of eukaryotic rather than bacterial origin.
In a few cases, red algae have been found to use cytosolic glycogen rather than floridean starch as a storage polymer; examples such as Galdieria sulphuraria are found in the Cyanidiales, which are unicellular extremophiles.
Other organisms whose evolutionary history suggests secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga also use storage polymers similar to floridean starch, for example, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes. The presence of floridean starch-like storage in some apicomplexan parasites is one piece of evidence supporting a red alga ancestry for the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic organelle.
History
Floridean starch is named for a class of red algae, the Florideae (now usually termed Florideophyceae). It was first identified in the mid-19th century and extensively studied by biochemists in the mid-20th century.
References
Starch
Red algae |
Katherine Harris (born 1957) is an American politician.
Katherine Harris may also refer to:
Katherine Safford Harris, American psychologist
Katherine Corri Harris (1890–1927), American actress
See also
Kate Harris (born 1982), Canadian author
Katy Harris, fictional character in Coronation Street
Catherine Harris, Australian businesswoman |
Risto Mattila (15 August 1909 – 3 March 1990) was a Finnish sprinter. He competed in the men's 100 metres at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1909 births
1990 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Finnish male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Finland
Place of birth missing |
My Documents is the commonly recognized name of a special folder in Microsoft Windows (even though starting with Windows Vista, it is called Documents only, and the actual name of the folder might be different when the language of the installed copy of Windows is not English.) This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software.
Until Windows XP, it contained other subfolders such as "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos". Starting with Windows Vista, these subfolders were moved out of My Documents and were made its siblings.
Overview
Microsoft first introduced the "My Documents" folder in Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2, as a standard location for storing user-created files. The folder, located under the root directory of the boot volume. A shortcut to it is displayed directly on the user's desktop.
The Windows NT family of operating systems set up the "My Documents" folder in the user's profile folder. In Windows XP and earlier, the path is \Documents and Settings\[user name]\My Documents\ (alias %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\) on boot volume. A user can later change the physical location of "My Documents". However, "My Documents" in Windows Explorer (and file dialog boxes) doesn't appear as an absolute path. In addition to translation, the display name of the folder might change depending on owner of the folder. For example, if a user who has logged on to Windows XP and later with user account A look at the personal folders of user account B via Windows Explorer, instead of "My Documents", he sees "B's Documents". This customization is achieved using desktop.ini file.
Windows Vista makes a lot of changes to this folder. Dropping "My" in its name, it is stored in \Users\[user name]\Documents regardless of the Windows language. Windows Explorer, however, shows a different display name for it, depending on the chosen language. For instance, an English copy of Windows shows "My Documents", a French copy shows "Mes documents" and a German copy shows "Eigene Dokumente" (changed from "Eigene Dateien" in Windows XP). Additionally, "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos" are not longer stored in it; they are now called "Pictures", "Music" and "Video" and are now its siblings.
Perversion of purpose
This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. Users are supposed to be sole authority of what is stored in this folder. Creating, renaming, moving, or deleting the contents of this folder is not supposed to impact the proper execution of installed software. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. For example:
Remote Desktop Connection creates a hidden Default.rdp file.
Windows PowerShell creates a WindowsPowerShell subfolder.
Microsoft Office creates a Custom Office Templates subfolder.
Fiddler creates a Fiddler2 subfolder.
Calibre creates a Calibre library subfolder.
AutoCAD 2016 creates two subfolders: AutoCAD Sheet Sets and Inventor Server SDK ACAD 2016.
Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software. Their option is to either live with this chaos, or simply store their files elsewhere.
Other "My" folders
Windows 98 introduced two additional folders with a "My" prefix: "My Music" and "My Pictures". They are not present in Windows Server 2003 by default, unless enabled using the Start menu customization. Installing Windows Media Player 10 or 11 on Windows XP adds a "My Videos" folder which Windows Media Player uses to store video files that are shown in its media library. In Windows Vista, "My" prefix is removed and these three folders are expelled out of what is now called "Documents". In addition, other user folders are added: "Contacts", "Downloads", "Favorites", "Links", "Saved Games" and "Searches". Windows 10 adds "OneDrive".
Group Policy
On Windows machines which operate as part of a Windows Server domain, administrators can configure the location of "My Documents" (and other Special Folders) through Group Policy. Corporate desktop deployments commonly redirect "My Documents" to a folder on a file server.
See also
My Briefcase
Home directory
Windows Shell namespace
References
Further reading
Redirect My Documents to the home directory based on security group membership
Windows components
File system directories |
James or Jim Bishop may refer to:
James Bishop (artist) (1927–2021), American painter
James Bishop (colonial administrator) (1625–1691), early English colonial administrator of Connecticut
James Bishop (congressman) (1816–1895), New Jersey congressman
James Bishop (diplomat) (born 1938), American diplomat
James Bishop (rugby union), Scottish rugby union player
James Chapman Bishop (1783–1854), British organ manufacturer
James Cunningham Bishop (1870–1932), American banker
Jamie Bishop (1971–2007), German language instructor and Virginia Tech shooting victim
Jamie Bishop (cricketer) (1971–2015), Welsh cricket player
Jim Bishop (1907–1987), American journalist
Jim Bishop (baseball) (1898–1973), Major League Baseball pitcher
Jim Bishop (bishop) (1908–1994), English bishop
Jim Bishop (doctor), Australian doctor, Chief Medical Officer of Australia 2009–2011 |
Georgios "Giorgos" Gkiouzelis (; born October 13, 1995) is a Greek professional basketball player for Apollon Patras of the Greek Basket League. He is a 2.04 m (6'8") tall and 98 kg (215 lb.) power forward.
Professional career
Gkiouzelis played with the youth program of Panathinaikos before starting his pro career in 2014. From 2012 to 2017, Gkiouzelis played at the lower leagues in Greece, before joining Koroivos Amaliadas of the Greek 2nd division. The following season, he played with Diagoras Dryopideon.
In 2020, Gkiouzelis joined Iraklis Thessaloniki of the Greek Basket League.
The following season, Gkiouzelis moved to Ionikos Nikaias. In 23 games, he averaged 5 points and 3.3 rebounds, playing around 18 minutes per contest.
On July 10, 2022, Gkiouzelis returned to Peristeri with a two-year (1+1) contract, but appeared in only 4 league games with limited playing time. He subsequently moved to Karditsa for the rest of the season. In 14 games with Karditsa, Gkiouzelis averaged 5.1 points and 2.8 rebounds, playing around 20 minutes per contest.
On June 25, 2023, Gkiouzelis signed with Apollon Patras.
References
External links
Giorgos Gkiouzelis at eurobasket.com
Giorgos Gkiouzelis at proballers.com
Giorgos Gkiouzelis at realgm.com
1995 births
ASK Karditsas B.C. players
Apollon Patras B.C. players
Ionikos Nikaias B.C. players
Iraklis Thessaloniki B.C. players
Living people
Greek men's basketball players
Koroivos B.C. players
Basketball players from Serres
Peristeri B.C. players
Power forwards (basketball) |
```go
package extension
import (
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethclient"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/node"
"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/private"
)
type subscriptionHandler struct {
facade ManagementContractFacade
client Client
service *PrivacyService
}
func NewSubscriptionHandler(node *node.Node, psi types.PrivateStateIdentifier, ptm private.PrivateTransactionManager, service *PrivacyService) *subscriptionHandler {
rpcClient, err := node.AttachWithPSI(psi)
if err != nil {
panic("extension: could not connect to ethereum client rpc")
}
client := ethclient.NewClientWithPTM(rpcClient, ptm)
return &subscriptionHandler{
facade: NewManagementContractFacade(client),
client: NewInProcessClient(client),
service: service,
}
}
func (handler *subscriptionHandler) createSub(query ethereum.FilterQuery, logHandlerCb func(types.Log)) error {
incomingLogs, subscription, err := handler.client.SubscribeToLogs(query)
if err != nil {
return err
}
go func() {
stopChan, stopSubscription := handler.service.subscribeStopEvent()
defer stopSubscription.Unsubscribe()
for {
select {
case err := <-subscription.Err():
log.Error("Contract extension watcher subscription error", "error", err)
break
case foundLog := <-incomingLogs:
logHandlerCb(foundLog)
case <-stopChan:
return
}
}
}()
return nil
}
``` |
Simone Genatt is a Broadway producer and founder and chairperson of Broadway Asia, among the largest international production, management and distribution companies for Broadway and other live entertainment across the global markets.
Background
Simone Genatt grew up in New York and attended Stanford University. She co-founded Broadway Asia with her business partner, Marc Routh. Over the last 20 years, the Broadway Asia partners have played in 400 cities in over 40 countries on five continents including over 30 cities in mainland China. Genatt has recently collaborated on productions with Rodgers & Hammerstein, Nickelodeon, DreamWorks Animation, Universal Studios, MGM Theatrical, Warner Bros, Stage Entertainment, Elephant Eye Theatricals, Baruch/Frankel/Viertel/Routh, Nederlander Worldwide, Resorts World, CMC Live, Sevenages, China Broadway Entertainment and China Arts and Entertainment Group.
Early life
Genatt began her career as the Managing Director of The Aspen Theater Company, and is the co-founder of the Aspen Art Park. She then returned to New York to pursue her dreams on Broadway, and spent two years apprenticing to Gerald Schoenfeld, the former Chairman of the Shubert Organization, followed by several years working for Broadway producer, Roger Berlind, before establishing Broadway Asia. She is a founding Board member of Urban Arts Partnership, among the largest arts education companies in New York with an annual budget of $12 million, providing arts education programs to over 60,000 students annually.
Career
On Broadway, Genatt produced The Sound of Music, Little Shop of Horrors, Legally Blonde, An American in Paris, Amelie and Anastasia. She is the Executive Producer of DreamWorks' Kung Fu Panda, Jay Chou's The Secret, Neverland: The Peter Pan Immersive Entertainment, China Goes Pop!, Cookin/Nanta and Brazil Brazil. Genatt's producing career extends beyond Broadway to Japan, Korea and China. She has been working in mainland China since the early 1990s, and has done more than 35 productions throughout the territory. She started networking with Chinese producers in 1988, but they were not yet ready for the Broadway musical art form. Broadway Asia has since created theatrical training schools in several Asian cities, which teach the basics of musical theater performance. Genatt has been committed to fostering international collaborations and building live entertainment infrastructure systems within China, Korea and other emerging markets territories to support the expansion and exploitation of Broadway shows. This includes co-productions between Tony Award-winning artists and local artists like Cookin'/Nanta and Jay Chou's The Secret. “It’s really easy to write a bad musical and it’s really really hard to write a good one”. The Chinese government has welcomed this art form by building more than 25 new theaters. In China, “People feel if they make their lives better in terms of art, entertainment, and culture, that the country will be more productive and Broadway is riding that wave. They want what’s new, what’s hot, what’s cool, and Broadway represents the best of the West.” Genatt has said that she is in the Chinese market because she admires the Chinese and the Chinese admire Broadway.
Notable productions
An American in Paris
Amelie
Anastasia
The Sound of Music
The King and I
Cinderella
The Producers
Hairspray
Rock of Ages
Legally Blonde
The Addams Family
West Side Story
42nd Street
In The Heights
Swing!
Reel to Real, the Movies Musical
I Love You, You’re Perfect, Now Change
Murder Ballad
Cookin’/Nanta
Stomp
China Goes Pop!
Manual Cinema
SpongeBob Squarepants Live
Ice Age Live
I Got Merman
Fuerzabruta
Ice Musicals
Neverland, The Peter Pan Immersive Theatrical Entertainment
Jay Chou's The Secret
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from New York (state)
American theatre managers and producers |
Katerina Jenckova (born ) is a retired Czech female volleyball player. She was part of the Czech Republic women's national volleyball team.
She participated at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany. On club level she played with PSG Athens.
Clubs
PSG Athens (2002)
References
External links
http://www.cev.lu/Competition-Area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=5320&PlayerID=16868&ID=51
1971 births
Living people |
Johann Truchet (born 16 August 1983) is a football defender who plays for the French Championnat National 2 club AS Furiani-Agliani.
Truchet signed for then Ligue 2 side Stade de Reims in the summer of 2007 from En Avant de Guingamp.
Honours
Trophée des Champions: 2004
External links
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Villefranche-sur-Saône
Footballers from Rhône (department)
French men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Olympique Lyonnais players
Stade de Reims players
En Avant Guingamp players
CA Bastia players
Borgo FC players
FC Borgo players |
La hija de Moctezuma ("Moctezuma's Daughter") is a 2014 Mexican comedy film directed by Iván Lipkies. It stars María Elena Velasco (as La India María), Eduardo Manzano, Rafael Inclán, Raquel Garza, and Ernesto Pape. This was Maria Elena Velasco's last film played as "La India Maria" before her death.
Synopsis
At the request of her great-grandfather, Moctezuma Xocoyotzin, La India María must find Tezcatlipoca's magical black mirror in order to prevent the destruction of Mexico. A Spanish archaeologist (Alonso), a tricky treasure hunter (Bianchi), and a greedy governor (Brígida Troncoso) all find out about the existence of the black mirror and embark on a frenetic chase to obtain it.
Cast
María Elena Velasco as La India María
Eduardo Manzano as Xocoyote
Rafael Inclán as Moctezuma
Raquel Garza as Brígida Troncoso
Ernesto Pape as Alonso
Irma Dorantes as unidentified character
Armando Silvestre as unidentified character
Production
Casting
Rafael Inclán had to learn Náhuatl to play Moctezuma.
Actress and singer Irma Dorantes wanted to participate in the film and was given a small part as a secretary.
Release
The film premiered in Mexico on 9 October 2014 with 370 copies distributed by Star Castle Distribution.
Critical response
La hija de Moctezuma received good reviews from critics. Lucero Calderón of Excélsior wrote: "I can only say that if [Mexican] viewers sometimes see scary movies made in Hollywood, why can't they give an opportunity to a well-made film that appeals to the nostalgia of popular cinema and that was done through the efforts and sacrifice of many people."
References
External links
Mexican comedy films
2014 comedy films
2010s Mexican films |
The Lake Bolac stone arrangement, also known as the Kuyang stone arrangement, is an Aboriginal ceremonial site near the town of Lake Bolac in the Western District, north-east of Hamilton, Victoria, Australia. It is one of several Aboriginal stone arrangements scattered across Australia. It was registered on the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register in 1975, and is protected by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.
The basalt stones are arranged in two lines and are said to resemble a giant eel. The stones vary in size from about to , with some possibly having been embedded in holes in the ground so as to make them stand upright.
The Lake Bolac ceremonial site, and the similar Wurdi Youang site, were identified as being Aboriginal structures on the basis that there was "no counterpart among colonial structures and there was no evidence that they ever formed part of any type of fence or building". Both arrangements are on land that had been owned by a single European Australian family since first settlement, and there existed no tradition within those families of the arrangements having been built by Europeans. Massola utilised similar criteria to identify the Mount Franklin stone arrangement as a potential Aboriginal stone alignment.
The importance of eels to the Aboriginal economy was recognised early in the site's history: "Lake Boloke is the most celebrated place in the Western District for the fine quality and abundance of its eels, and, when the autumn rains induce these fish to leave the lake and to go down the river to the sea, the Aborigines gather there from great distances".
At some stage, some of the stones were removed to make way for a road (now the Glenelg Highway to Adelaide). In April 2021 the stone arrangement, which is on privately-owned land, was found to have been damaged. The Eastern Maar Aboriginal Corporation, after viewing the site from the road, said that up to of the stone arrangement may have been destroyed.
The Lake Bolac Eel Festival is a community music and art festival held each autumn on the foreshore of Lake Bolac since 2004, inspired by the fact that Lake Bolac was a traditional gathering place for Indigenous people before white settlement. This festival has helped to make the site well-known to both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people.
External links
Lake Bolac Eel Festival
References
Pleistocene paleontological sites of Australia
History of Victoria (state)
Australian Aboriginal cultural history
Stone circles in Australia |
Rusudan Goginashvili (born 6 April 2001) is a Georgian swimmer. She competed in the women's 50 metre backstroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.
References
2001 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Female backstroke swimmers from Georgia (country) |
Trecastagni () is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Catania in the Italian region Sicily, located about southeast of Palermo and about north of Catania.
Trecastagni borders the following municipalities: Pedara, San Giovanni la Punta, Viagrande, Zafferana Etnea.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Sicily |
Col Alto is a historic home located at Lexington, Virginia. The original section was built about 1827, and is a two-story, double-pile, three-bay, Georgian style brick dwelling with a hipped roof. In the 1930s, the house was remodeled, enlarged, and modernized by architect William Lawrence Bottomley. Bottomley added the distinctive Palladian style veranda. Also on the property are a contributing barn and log cabin. Col Alto was the home of Congressman James McDowell (1795-1851), for whom the house was built, and Congressman Henry St. George Tucker III (1853-1932).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is now operating as a Hampton Inn and Suites by Hilton.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Georgian architecture in Virginia
Houses completed in 1827
Houses in Lexington, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Lexington, Virginia
1827 establishments in Virginia
Tucker family residences |
"Going Down to Liverpool" is a song written by Kimberley Rew for his group Katrina and the Waves, although best remembered for a cover version by the Bangles.
Background
The original version of the song appeared on the band's 1982 EP Shock Horror! (with the band then simply named The Waves). Soon thereafter, they re-recorded the song for inclusion on their 1983 debut full-length album Walking on Sunshine, which was only released in Canada. The version included on both releases featured Rew on lead vocals.
When the band signed with major label Capitol Records, the song was re-recorded again with Katrina Leskanich on lead vocals and included on their 1985 self-titled album. Although never released as a single, it was featured as the B-side of two of the band's singles, "Plastic Man" and their breakthrough hit "Walking on Sunshine".
The Bangles version
American band the Bangles covered the song on their 1984 major label debut album All Over the Place. The song features lead vocals by Debbi Peterson and it was released as the album's second single, one of only two singles with Peterson on lead vocals, the other being "Be with You". The song had been introduced by a friend to Vicki Peterson, who immediately liked it and urged the band to record a cover.
The single failed to chart in the U.S., and became a minor UK hit in April 1985, peaking at No. 79. The single's B-side was the album track "Dover Beach", and the 12" single featured three songs from their Bangles EP on the B-side.
When the band found success with their subsequent album Different Light, "Going Down to Liverpool" was re-released as a single in the UK and Ireland in 1986 after the release of "If She Knew What She Wants", with new cover artwork and featuring the Different Light album track "Let It Go". This time the single fared better but still only became a minor hit, peaking at No. 56, while it became a top 40 hit in Ireland peaking at No. 21.
Music video
The music video for the song was directed by Tamar Simon Hoffs, the mother of Bangles member Susanna Hoffs. The video features the band inside a car being driven around by a chauffeur, who appears to be unimpressed by the group (at one point he turns off the car radio, stopping the song). The car stops inside a tunnel and the girls walk towards the end of it, which cuts to the band playing and dancing over a red background. After the girls leave the car, the chauffeur ends up tapping his fingers on the steering wheel. Leonard Nimoy played the part of the chauffeur; this came about due to Nimoy being a friend of Tamar and Susanna's family. The video entered rotation on MTV in mid-October 1984.
Charts
References
1982 songs
1984 singles
1986 singles
Katrina and the Waves songs
The Bangles songs
Columbia Records singles
Songs written by Kimberley Rew
Song recordings produced by David Kahne
Songs about Liverpool |
Charles "Charlie" LaFayette Shepard, Jr. (July 11, 1933 – June 23, 2009) was an award-winning, all-star and Grey Cup champion running back in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers from 1957 to 1962.
A graduate of North Texas State University, Shepard played with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1956, rushing for 91 yards in 12 games. He next joined the Blue Bombers in 1957 for an all-star 6-year stay. He would play in the Grey Cup championship game 5 of those years, winning 4 times. His best season was 1959, when he rushed for 1076 yards, was an all-star and was Grey Cup Most Valuable Player. He rushed for 3768 yards with the Bombers and was an excellent punter, never averaging less than 43.1 yards per punt in a season.
He has since been inducted into the Winnipeg Football Club Hall of Fame, in 1992, and the North Texas State University Athletic Hall of Fame in 2005. Charlie Shepard died July 23, 2009, age 76.
References
1933 births
2009 deaths
Players of American football from Dallas
Players of Canadian football from Dallas
American football running backs
North Texas Mean Green football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football running backs
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players |
The year 2021 in Japanese music.
Debuting
Debuting groups
≠Me
AB6IX
ASP
Be First
Enhypen
Ho6la
INI
Itzy
Loona
Naniwa Danshi
NIK
Rocket Punch
Treasure
Debuting soloists
(as Cluppo)
Takuya Eguchi
Ai Hashimoto
Masato Hayakawa
Miyu Honda
Elaiza Ikeda
Takanori Iwata
Reina Kondō
Marika Kōno
Kanako Momota
Hiroki Moriuchi
Yurie Neno as a member of Sweet Pop Candy
Miho Okasaki
Aguri Ōnishi
Rie Takahashi
Wonho
Daiki Yamashita
Returning from hiatus
Returning groups
Ajico
Funky Monkey Babys
Nirgilis
Rythem
TM Network
Returning soloists
Fullkawa Honpo
Yūzō Kayama
Noriyuki Makihara
Shiori Niiyama
Naoya Urata
Events
72nd NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen
Number-ones
Oricon number-one albums
Oricon number-one singles
Hot 100 number-one singles
Awards
63rd Japan Record Awards
2021 MTV Video Music Awards Japan
Albums released
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Disbanding and retiring artists
Disbanding
100%
AŌP
Ayumikurikamaki
Blu-Billion
Cellchrome
CY8ER
Desurabbits
GFriend
Hotshot
Iz*One
Maison Book Girl
OnePixcel
Pink Cres.
Sakura Gakuin
V6
Retiring
Saki Shimizu
Chinami Tokunaga
Nana Yamada
Mika Sakaki as a member of Sweet Pop Candy
Going on hiatus
Gackt
Rikiya Higashihara
Kariyushi58
Maon Kurosaki
Silent Siren
Suchmos
Tokyo Performance Doll
References |
Hemicrepidius subpectinatus is a species of click beetle belonging to the family Elateridae.
References
Beetles described in 1902
subpectinatus |
Surangani is a 1955 Sri Lankan drama film directed by Cyril P. Abeyratne.
Plot
Cast
Kanthi Gunatunga as Ramya
Eddie Junior as Sena
D.R. Nanayakkara as Kuda
Pearl Vasudevi
Lilian Edirisinghe
Disna Ranjani
G. S. B. Rani as Aunt
M P Gemunu
Sujeeva Lalee
Kingsley Jayasekera
Production
The film was produced by The Ceylon Theatres Ltd. and was released on 19 February 1955 at Elphinstone (Maradana ) & 13 other centres through Ceylon Theatres circuit.
Soundtrack
The music was composed by T. R. Paapa. Popular songs included
Aaley Pem Res Dahara – G. S. B. Rani Perera
Suranganaavi Maage
Sapaa Jeewey Uthum (Rupe Bale) – Dharmadasa Walpola
Koibatado Mey Sathaa – Eddie Junior
Seyaava Anduna Roopey
Kandukaraye Shantha Sandhyawe – Dharmadasa Walpola
Prem Santhapaye – Dharmadasa Walpola and G. S. B. Rani Perera
Deepey Sri Lanka Dilena – G. S. B. Rani Perera
References
1955 drama films
1955 films
Sri Lankan black-and-white films
Sri Lankan drama films |
El Carmen del Darién is a municipality and town in the northern part of the Chocó Department, Colombia.
Climate
El Carmen del Darién has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year round. The following climate data is for Curbaradó, the capital of the municipality.
Municipalities of Chocó Department |
Joseph V. Lutz (born May 30, 1948) is an American politician. He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing District 35A from 1983 to 1990.
Early life
Joseph V. Lutz was born on May 30, 1948, in Baltimore, Maryland. He attended Calvert Hall High School. Lutz graduated from Towson State University with a Bachelor of Science in 1970. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University with a Master of Science in 1979.
Career
Lutz worked in his family-owned lumber and hardware business from 1966 to 1974. He then served in the Maryland Army National Guard from 1970 to 1973 and then the U.S. Army Reserve from 1973 to 1979. Lutz was a teacher in Baltimore City Public Schools from 1970 to 1979. He then served as an account manager at Digital Equipment Corporation.
Lutz served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1983 to 1990. He represented District 35A and was elected as a Democrat. He ran again for District 35A in the election of 1990 and 1994, but lost both times to James M. Harkins and Donald C. Fry.
Personal life
Lutz married Joyce Petr. They had two children.
References
Living people
1948 births
Politicians from Baltimore
Schoolteachers from Maryland
Towson University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Maryland National Guard personnel
United States Army reservists
Democratic Party members of the Maryland House of Delegates
20th-century American politicians |
Route 330, also known as Road to the Shore or more commonly Gander Bay Road, is a highway that extends from Gander, Newfoundland across "the loop" (as locals call it) passing through towns such as Gander Bay South, Carmanville, Musgrave Harbour, and Lumsden to New-Wes-Valley. Here, the highway connects with Route 320, which continues "the loop" down the west shore of Bonavista Bay exiting back to the Trans-Canada Highway (Route 1) in Gambo.
Route description
Route 330 begins in Gander at an intersection with Route 1 (Trans-Canada Highway). It immediately heads north through a business district and neighbourhoods that are sandwiched between downtown to the west and the Gander International Airport to the east. The highway passes through more neighbourhoods before leaving Gander and heading up the rural Gander River Valley, where it passes by Jonathan's Pond Campground. Route 330 now follows the coastline of Gander Bay as it passes through the town of Gander Bay South, where it has an intersection with Route 331 (Boyd's Cove Highway), before it begins passing through the Straight Shore area of Newfoundland as it has a couple of intersections with Route 332 (Frederickton Road), one at Main Point, and the other at Carmanville. Route 330 passes east through inland areas for several kilometres, where it meets a local road leading to Aspen Cove and Ladle Cove, to pass through Musgrave Harbour. The highway now turns southeast along the coastline to pass by Banting Memorial Municipal Park before passing through Deadman's Bay and Lumsden. Route 330 meets a local road leading to Cape Freels, along with the community of the same name, before entering the New-Wes-Valley town limits and passing through Templeman, where it meets a local road to Newtown. Route 330 now enters Pound Cove and comes to an end shortly thereafter at an intersection between Route 320 (Road to the Shore) and a local road to Wesleyville.
Major intersections
See also
List of Newfoundland and Labrador highways
References
330 |
Minority Report: Everybody Runs is a 2002 third-person shooter beat 'em up video game based on the 2002 film Minority Report. It was developed for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox by Treyarch, and for the Game Boy Advance by Torus Games, and published by Activision. A Microsoft Windows version of the game was also planned but cancelled.
Gameplay
Minority Report: Everybody Runs is a third-person shooter beat 'em up game that spans 40 levels. Its main selling point is the ragdoll physics engine, with highly exaggerated effects to enhance interaction with the environment. Enemies thrown against walls or railings will strike or fold over them in a semi-realistic fashion, and will often smash through breakable objects. The player can also use futuristic weapons, both those featured in the movie and new ones created especially for the game by Activision. There are also a few levels which incorporate the use of a jetpack, allowing Anderton to fly around the environment.
A major aspect connecting the video game to the movie is that, in the film, protagonist Anderton believes that he has been framed for a future murder and sets out to prove his innocence. In line with the film as well, Anderton never uses lethal force against criminals or the cops that chase him; all weapons either render the opposition unconscious or incapacitated. However, the game does not use the likenesses of the actors from the movie, with the player character being voiced by Clancy Brown as well as looking like him.
Plot
The game starts with PreCrime Captain John Anderton pursuing future murderer Andre Serena throughout a meat packing facility. Anderton bests Andre and fellow PreCrime officer Barry arrives to subject the latter to virtual reality (the preferred form of punishment).
Anderton arrives at PreCrime HQ in Washington, DC where he is greeted by FBI agents Danny Witwer, Ben Mosely, and Ken Nara. Witwer explains that he was sent by the Attorney General to overlook the operations of PreCrime. Barry alerts Anderton to a vision by the Precogs: John Anderton will be murdered by Nikki Jameson, a consultant of SOL Enterprises. Anderton, Barry, and Mosely arrive at SOL to apprehend her, but she escapes. Returning to HQ, the Precogs generate a new vision, revealing that he will murder Roy Verhagen, a man he had never met. Barry witnesses the vision and attempts to help John escape. As Anderton fights his way to escape PreCrime HQ, he confronts Mosely and soundly defeats him.
Anderton goes to the mall to find Rufus, a former criminal that runs a club. Back in his apartment, Barry informs him that the city has a bounty on him. He also tells Anderton that 2 out of the 3 Precogs have a report, with the last one's MIA, suspecting a glitch. Anderton has Barry send him info on Iris Hinemen, the woman who initiated the Precogs program. PreCrime officers arrive to arrest him, and he makes his way to the rooftops, where Witwer confronts him in a hovership.
As this happens, Verhagen talks with Nikki, revealed to be a contractor hired to kill Anderton. Anderton reaches the botanical gardens, and finds Iris in the greenhouse, where she tells Anderton that he has fallen upon a scenario known as a "minority report": The Precogs are never wrong with their visions, but, occasionally, disagree on the outcome. This is kept secret from PreCrime and the perpetrator, and erased from the system. Both Anderton and Iris agree that public knowledge of the minority report would shut PreCrime down. Iris instructs him to find the dissenting Precog and download the information needed to clear his name, at which point PreCrime arrives, and Anderton has to protect Iris and leave the gardens.
Anderton meets a black market doctor at the Pepper Hotel to change his eyes and bypass the city's optical scanners. After commotion occurs, Anderton leaves, witnessing a riot against PreCrime. He evades the riots, and runs into agent Nara, beating him in a shootout.
Anderton arrives at PreCrime HQ to find Barry, who reveals Verhagen is the leader of SOL Enterprises, a multimillion-dollar company specializing in robotics, and a major weapons dealer in the black market. Anderton frees Agatha, a Precog, and they make their way out of PreCrime HQ.
After some evasion, Anderton takes Agatha to Rufus, who decodes her visions, and tells him about Shinya Okawa, former employee of SOL. Agatha returns to PreCrime as Anderton goes to meet Okawa.
On a subway train a PreCrime officer notices Anderton. With help from civilians that fought against PreCrime, Anderton commandeers the subway train car and defeats Mosely again.
In the ruins of the Sprawl, Anderton sees ongoing riots. He finds Okawa inside his fortune cookie factory. After a heated discussion, Anderton retrieves Okawa's computer in exchange for Verhagen's location.
Anderton fights through a waste management facility which has a backdoor to Verhagen's lair. Nikki joins the fight; she is beaten by Anderton. Anderton pursues Verhagen as Witwer and two PreCrime officers arrive. As Verhagen attempts to escape, Anderton cuts him off and holds him at gunpoint. Verhagen begs for mercy, offering Anderton bribes, which he refuses, and a gunshot is heard as the screen fades to black. As it cuts back, Verhagen sees that Anderton deliberately missed the shot.
Anderton witnesses Verhagen's imprisonment firsthand. Content with the results, Anderton is reinstated into PreCrime.
Development
Minority Report was announced in April 2002, before the release of the film. The console version was developed by Treyarch, which had recently released a well received Spider-Man game. They would use the same engine for both games.
The Gameboy Advance version was developed by Torus Games.
Reception
Minority Report: Everybody Runs received "mixed" reviews on all platforms according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
In a review of the console versions for GameSpot, Matthew Gallant was critical of the "shoehorning of the combat-oriented gameplay" into the licence, as well as a "number of odd gameplay decisions" made in the translation from film to game. Problems included the small enemy variety, limited sound effects and repetitive combat. IGN's Hilary Goldstein said that the game failed to capture the marvel of its movie counterpart and made was critical of the level design which he called "fairly confined and uninteresting in design". On the other hand he gave praise to some of the effects in the game, such as shotgun effects which he thought looked like they were "ripped straight from the movie."
AllGame's Scott Alan Marriott gave the Gameboy Advance version a 2 and half stars out of 5, saying that if nothing else, " developer Torus Games deserves credit for trying something different" and was complimentary of how the game avoided the "common problems" of licensed games on handheld systems. He found the game "surprisingly addictive" and liked the "look of the environments". However, Craig Harris of IGN found the handled edition was held back by its the 'lock-on gameplay' which he described as "clunky". He found the system particularly frustrating when it randomly caused him to kill bystander due its sometimes random seeming behaviour.
References
External links
2002 video games
Activision beat 'em ups
Game Boy Advance games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Cancelled Windows games
Single-player video games
Treyarch games
Video games about police officers
Video games based on films
Video games scored by Jesper Kyd
Video games developed in Australia
Video games set in the United States
Xbox games
Fox Interactive games
Third-person shooters
Torus Games games
Video games developed in the United States |
Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi (The peasants on the banks of river Balan and Pallavi) is a short story collection, written by Dr Binod Bihari Verma, on the village life of Mithila on the banks of the Kosi River and its tributaries.
Overview
This short story collection has fourteen short stories centering on the village society of Mithila. The focus of the stories and the protagonists are from the middle and lower middle class of the population. It deals with their social interactions, their dreams and aspirations, and their interaction with the predominant forces of their environment namely, the rivers.
Explanation of the Book's title
Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi means the tiller by the river and Pallavi, a common feminine name neing a metaphor for the agricultural produce of the farmer. It is the title of the first short story in this collection and is reflective of the general theme of the stories.
Critical reception
has the following review:
Characters in "Balanak bonihar o pallavi"
Most of the short stories have certain similar central characters, these are:
Balan: The "river" or the flood waters
Sounse: Gangetic river dolphin, Platenista gangetica, which populates kosi and its tributaries, now a species on verge of extinction
Oxygen, Hydrogen: Representing the chemicals
Various human characters having different names although representing similar socioeconomic strata:
Rannu Sardar
Sulochana
Saheb
Gonour babu
Real life characters:
Prof Upendra Thakur
Prof Radha Krishna Choudhary
Major themes
Life on the banks of rivers in Mithila
Environmental pollution
Lot of the women in Mithila
Marital relationship in the rural poor
The annual cycle of flooding and the devastation
Unemployment
Curse of the Dowry system in Mithila
Allusions and references
River: Kosi river
People:
Prof Upendra Thakur
Prof Radha Krishna Choudhary
Stories
Balanak bonihar o pallavi
Kunti karna o parshuram
Sulochnak chatisar
Saheb
Brahma - bisun - rati
Ham pan khelonhh
Fulak katha
Antarmukhi vasundhara
Kasha k ful
Machhak piknik
Jivan - nao
Ka purush
Gonour babu
Aakash ful
External links
University of Washington Library entry of Balanak Bonihar O Pallavi
Books on Mithila Region
Maithili-language books
Indian short story collections
1994 short story collections
Culture of Bihar
Culture of Mithila |
Church View is an unincorporated community in Middlesex County, Virginia, United States. Church View is located on U.S. Route 17 west-northwest of Urbanna. Church View has a post office with ZIP code 23032, which opened on May 20, 1852.
References
Unincorporated communities in Middlesex County, Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Virginia |
```tex
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[fancyhdr,pdf]{latex2man}
\input{common.tex}
\begin{document}
\begin{Name}{3}{unw\_get\_reg}{David Mosberger-Tang}{Programming Library}{unw\_get\_reg}unw\_get\_reg -- get register contents
\end{Name}
\section{Synopsis}
\File{\#include $<$libunwind.h$>$}\\
\Type{int} \Func{unw\_get\_reg}(\Type{unw\_cursor\_t~*}\Var{cp}, \Type{unw\_regnum\_t} \Var{reg}, \Type{unw\_word\_t~*}\Var{valp});\\
\section{Description}
The \Func{unw\_get\_reg}() routine reads the value of register
\Var{reg} in the stack frame identified by cursor \Var{cp} and stores
the value in the word pointed to by \Var{valp}.
The register numbering is target-dependent and described in separate
manual pages (e.g., libunwind-ia64(3) for the IA-64 target).
Furthermore, the exact set of accessible registers may depend on the
type of frame that \Var{cp} is referring to. For ordinary stack
frames, it is normally possible to access only the preserved
(``callee-saved'') registers and frame-related registers (such as the
stack-pointer). However, for signal frames (see
\Func{unw\_is\_signal\_frame}(3)), it is usually possible to access
all registers.
Note that \Func{unw\_get\_reg}() can only read the contents of
registers whose values fit in a single word. See
\Func{unw\_get\_fpreg}(3) for a way to read registers which do not fit
this constraint.
\section{Return Value}
On successful completion, \Func{unw\_get\_reg}() returns 0.
Otherwise the negative value of one of the error-codes below is
returned.
\section{Thread and Signal Safety}
\Func{unw\_get\_reg}() is thread-safe as well as safe to use
from a signal handler.
\section{Errors}
\begin{Description}
\item[\Const{UNW\_EUNSPEC}] An unspecified error occurred.
\item[\Const{UNW\_EBADREG}] An attempt was made to read a register
that is either invalid or not accessible in the current frame.
\end{Description}
In addition, \Func{unw\_get\_reg}() may return any error returned by
the \Func{access\_mem}(), \Func{access\_reg}(), and
\Func{access\_fpreg}() call-backs (see
\Func{unw\_create\_addr\_space}(3)).
\section{See Also}
\SeeAlso{libunwind(3)},
\SeeAlso{libunwind-ia64(3)},
\SeeAlso{unw\_get\_fpreg(3)},
\SeeAlso{unw\_is\_signal\_frame(3)},
\SeeAlso{unw\_set\_reg(3)}
\section{Author}
\noindent
David Mosberger-Tang\\
Email: \Email{dmosberger@gmail.com}\\
WWW: \URL{path_to_url}.
\LatexManEnd
\end{document}
``` |
The Rivers State Ministry of Finance is a government ministry of Rivers State, Nigeria that is charged with the responsibility of handling matters related to the finance administration of the state. The ministry's main goal is implementing government financial policies to ensure maximum productivity and positive impact on the lives of the citizens. Incumbent commissioner of the ministry is Barrister Isaac Kamalu appointed in 2019.
List of Finance Commissioners
2011: Chamberlain S. Peterside
2015: Fred Kpakol
2019: Isaac Kamalu
See also
List of government ministries of Rivers State
References
Finance
Finance ministries
Economy of Rivers State |
Seth A. Darst is a Jack Fishman Professor of molecular biophysics at the Rockefeller University. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2008.
Life and career
Darst earned his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1982. He continued his education with advisor Channing R. Robertson at Stanford University, where he earned both M.S. (1984) and Ph.D. (1987) degrees in chemical engineering. Darst completed postdoctoral training, also at Stanford, as an American Cancer Society Postdoctoral Fellow and a Lucille P. Markley Postdoctoral Scholar in the laboratory of Roger D. Kornberg. He joined the faculty at the Rockefeller University in 1992. Darst's research centers on the structural basis of transcription by exploring the enzymes involved in the process.
Honors and awards
2008 – Elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
1995 – Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences
1994 – Irma T. Hirschl Charitable Trust Career Scientist
References
External links
Microbe World audio interview with Dr. Seth Darst
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
21st-century American chemists
Rockefeller University faculty
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Stanford University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology |
Van Cicero Swearingen (February 2, 1873 – March 3, 1943) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 21st Florida Attorney General, serving from 1917 until 1921.
Early life and education
Swearingen was born on February 2, 1873, in Nassau County, Florida. After being educated in local schools, Swearingen attended Mercer University in Macon, Georgia, graduating with his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1899. After graduating, he moved to Jacksonville, Florida, and began a private practice.
Political career
Mayor of Jacksonville
In 1911, Governor Albert W. Gilchrist appointed Swearingen, a Democrat, to Jacksonville's municipal court. He served on the court until 1913, when he successfully ran for mayor of Jacksonville, defeating Socialist Thomas W. Cox with over 92% of the vote.
As mayor, Swearingen began cracking down on vice, closing the bordellos and keeping minors out of pool halls. This struck a nerve with many in Jacksonville who saw value in the city's red light district. Swearingen even used spies in the form of undercover police officers to help find hidden bordellos.
Swearingen sought reelection in 1915, though he faced three challengers in the Democratic primary: businessman Rudolph Grunthal, physician Charles Johnson, and former mayor J. E. T. Bowden. Though Swearingen came in first during the first round of the primary, he was defeated in the runoff by Bowden, receiving just 41.5% of the vote. Bowden would go on to win in the general election, defeating Socialist I. C. Baldwin.
Florida Attorney General
In 1917, newly elected Governor Sidney Johnston Catts, a member of the Prohibition Party, appointed the incumbent Florida Attorney General, Thomas F. West, to the Florida Supreme Court. Seeing Swearingen's efforts in cracking down on Jacksonville's red light district, Catts appointed him to finish the remaining 3 years of West's term.
Swearingen's tenure as Florida Attorney General remains controversial, Swearingen oversaw the implementation of prohibition in Florida. Despite making use of his spy network from Jacksonville, Swearingen was unable to combat rum runners coming from Cuba and the Bahamas.
Additionally, the Ocoee massacre occurred near the end of Swearingen's tenure. In response to African-Americans attempting to vote in November of 1920 in the town of Ocoee, Florida, the entire black community of North Ocoee was razed to the ground, with as many as 56 blacks lynched or burned in their own homes. Swearingen, a noted racist, did nothing in the aftermath of the massacre to bring the perpetrators to justice.
In 1920, Swearingen did not run for reelection, instead deciding to run for Florida governor. Swearingen faced the Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Cary A. Hardee and State Senator Lincoln Hulley in the Democratic primary. Swearingen was defeated by Hardee by over 22,000 votes. Hardee would go on to win in the general election.
After this loss, Swearingen retired, moving to Miami, Florida, in 1925.
Personal life and death
Swearingen married Alice Padgett on January 1, 1899. They had 6 children together. Additionally, Swearingen was a member of multiple fraternal orders, including the Freemasons, the Shriners from Jacksonville's Morocco Temple, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Knights of Pythias.
Swearingen died at his home in Miami on March 3, 1943.
Electoral history
References
Florida Attorneys General
Mayors of Jacksonville, Florida
1873 births
Date of death unknown
1943 deaths
People from Nassau County, Florida
Politicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Lawyers from Jacksonville, Florida
Politicians from Miami
Lawyers from Miami
Florida Democrats
20th-century American politicians
American Freemasons
Prohibition in the United States
Mercer University alumni |
The 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis was a political dispute over plans to either rewrite the Constitution of Honduras or write a new one.
Honduran President Manuel Zelaya planned to hold a poll on a referendum on a constituent assembly to change the constitution. A majority of the government, including the Supreme Court and prominent members of Zelaya's own party, saw these plans as unconstitutional as they could lead to presidential reelection, which is permanently outlawed by the Honduran constitution. The Honduran Supreme Court upheld a lower court injunction against a 28 June poll. However, the constitutional process for dealing with this situation was unclear; there were no clear procedures for removing or prosecuting a sitting president. The crisis culminated in the removal and exile of Honduran president Manuel Zelaya by the Honduran military in a coup d’état.
On the morning of 28 June 2009, approximately 100 soldiers stormed the president's residence in Tegucigalpa and put him on an airplane to San José, Costa Rica. Zelaya immediately called this a "coup" upon his arrival.
Later that day, the National Congress voted to remove Zelaya from office, having read without objection a purported letter of resignation. Zelaya said the letter was forged. Roberto Micheletti, the President of Congress and next in the presidential line of succession, was sworn in as interim president and declared a "state of exception" suspending civil liberties on 1 July and various curfews were imposed, some nationwide.
State of emergency
On 21 September 2009, Zelaya returned in secret to Honduras, after several attempts to return had been rebuffed. It was announced that he was in the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. The next day, the Micheletti government declared a state of emergency and suspended five constitutional rights for 45 days, specifically:
personal liberty (Article 69),
freedom of expression (Article 72),
freedom of movement (Article 81),
habeas corpus (Article 84)
freedom of association and assembly.
The decree suspending human rights was officially revoked on 19 October 2009 in La Gaceta.
Reaction
These events garnered widespread condemnation as a coup d’état. The United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union condemned the removal of Zelaya as a military coup, and some of these condemnations may still remain unretracted. The OAS rejected an attempt by Honduras to withdraw from the organisation and then suspended the membership of Honduras the following day. Domestic opinion remained very much divided, with demonstrations both for and against Zelaya.
Efforts by Costa Rican President Óscar Arias and the United States to effect a diplomatic solution between Micheletti and Zelaya initially resulted in a proposal by President Arias calling for Zelaya's return to the presidency, albeit with curtailed powers. Arias's proposal also stipulated political amnesty and moved the Honduran general elections up by a month, pushing them to take place in October. The US supported the San José Accord, but negotiations ultimately broke down. The two parties were unwilling to come to any lasting agreement.
Election
Zelaya (elected in January 2006) insisted that the elections of 29 November should not be a precondition to his return to power.
Honduran leaders refused to reinstate Zelaya, pending the elections, but international support for the elections remained scant leading up to the polls. Many Hondurans sought to move past the crisis with the elections, which had been scheduled previous to Zelaya's ouster. Zelaya urged a boycott of the vote.
Initial returns indicated a larger than usual turnout, around 60%, a figure subsequently revised downward to 49%. Zelaya also disputed those figures at the time. Some Honduran activists ended their daily protests demanding the reinstatement of Zelaya because he was ousted in a coup, since Congress voted to keep Manuel Zelaya out of office.
The crisis drew to a close with the inauguration of the newly elected president, Porfirio Lobo, on 27 January 2010. A deal allowed Zelaya to leave the Brazilian embassy and go into exile in the Dominican Republic.
Background
Political and socioeconomic divide in Honduras
Two-thirds of Honduras citizens live below the poverty line, and unemployment is estimated at 28%. It has one of Latin America's most unequal distribution of wealth: the poorest 10% of the population receives just 1.2% of the country's wealth, while the richest 10% collect 42%. Approximately twenty per cent of the nation's GDP comes from remittances of workers from abroad. The BBC called the huge wealth gap in a poor country as one of the reasons why the relations between the president and the other institutions were so strained and that his leftward movement alarmed certain sectors.
Zelaya pushed for a referendum, insisting that Honduras' grinding poverty stemmed from a constitution written in 1982 at the height of that country's brutal repression of leftists – that rigs the game for the most powerful families and interests.
Zelaya supporters, largely from labour unions and the poor, claim conservative business leaders are actually concerned because Zelaya had sharply increased the minimum wage. Víctor Meza, formerly Zelaya's interior minister, stated that: "The impression that stuck with the traditional political class and with the most conservative business leaders of the country was that Zelaya had taken a dangerous turn to the left, and therefore that their interests were in jeopardy." "We underestimated the conservatism of the Honduran political class and the military leadership." John Donaghy of Caritas has said that the real conflict in Honduras is between the poor and wealthy: "It's a system that has kept the poor down for years." To some members of Honduras's small upper class, Zelaya was ousted because of his blossoming leftist alliance with President Hugo Chávez of Venezuela which they recognised as a threat to their interests. To the working-class, it appeared Zelaya was ousted because the elite felt threatened by his efforts to improve their lives – most notably with a 60% increase in the minimum wage to about US$9.60 a day from about $6 a day. Some who protested in support of Zelaya had never voted for him.
Zelaya presidency
Manuel Zelaya, a businessman born into a wealthy Honduran family, was elected in 2005 as the candidate of the country's historically powerful Liberal Party. Zelaya's economic and social policies earned him praise from labour unions and civil society groups, but alienated him from parts of his own party. which were particularly upset by Zelaya's forging a regional alliance with the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA), established by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and other leaders in Latin America as a counter to the trade and security policies sponsored by the United States. Zelaya also planned to convert the Soto Cano Air Base ("Palmerola"), where one of the three United States Southern Command Task Forces is located, into a civilian airport (it was already in use for many civilian flights because of safety concerns about Toncontín International Airport), partly using financing from ALBA and Petrocaribe. The New York Times reported that much of Zelaya's support was derived from labour unions and the nation's poor, while the middle and upper class feared Zelaya was seeking to establish Hugo Chávez's type of socialist populism with a powerful leader in the country.
Zelaya's government was accused of harassing journalists and also accused by the Organization of American States (OAS) of imposing "subtle censorship" in Honduras.
According to The Economist, "Mr. Zelaya's presidency has been marked by a rise in crime, corruption scandals and economic populism." By April 2009, a Mitofsky opinion poll showed that, of those consulted, only one in four respondents approved of Zelaya – the lowest approval rating of 18 regional leaders.
Alliance with ALBA
On 22 July 2008, Zelaya announced plans to incorporate the country into the Bolivarian Alliance for the People of Our America (ALBA), an organisation founded by Hugo Chávez, and that the country had been an "observer member" for "four or more months". The Associated Press, citing Manuel Orozco of the Inter-American Dialogue, said his "campaign for changing the constitution has energized his support base of labour groups, farmers and civil organisations who have long felt marginalized in a country where a wealthy elite controls the media and much of politics".
The Honduran right opposed the ALBA alliance, and feared that Zelaya would move to eliminate the presidential term limit as other ALBA leaders had, whom they considered would-be dictators. According to National Party analyst Raúl Pineda Alvarado, Zelaya's attempt to modify the constitution was a "carbon copy" of what had happened in Venezuela, Ecuador and Nicaragua. US Republican Newt Gingrich wrote in the Washington Examiner that Chávez had used ALBA to create "a tide of incipient dictatorship" flowing out of Venezuela into other countries in Latin America. He noted that Chávez had subverted democracy in Venezuela to ensure his rule would be uncontested for decades, and "one-by-one, each of the members of ALBA have followed Chavez's lead and changed their constitutions to remove limits on the number of terms their presidents can serve." However, the notion of extending term limits in Latin America is not unique to ALBA countries, as efforts in Colombia have been made towards allowing President Álvaro Uribe seek re-election.
Constitutional assembly plans
As early as August 2006, Central America Report stated that "liberal sectors" were proposing to reform "obsolete articles" in the constitution, including one against presidential re-election. The Report said that this was causing controversy. Debate regarding the convening of a constituent assembly took place in Honduras, with support from many groups. "The constitution has since 1980 been tweaked in other areas around thirty times, to the point where politicians of all camps are convinced that the document is no longer adequate. This is where the formal change proposed by Manuel Zelaya comes in: that in the November 2009 election-round, the voters will be presented with four ballot-boxes – the fourth one being used for a referendum on the question: "Do you agree with convening a constituent assembly to draw up a new constitution?"
On 11 November 2008, President Zelaya announced a non-binding referendum to see if the people wanted to have a fourth ballot box (or "Cuarta Urna") during the November 2009 election. The fourth ballot would ask voters whether they wanted to hold a National Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution. Zelaya, whose presidential term was to expire on 27 January 2010, would be ineligible, under the term-limitations of the present constitution, to run in the 2009 election.
On 22 December 2008 Zelaya issued two emergency executive agreements ("acuerdos"), both numbered 46-A-2008, which each authorised transfer of of public money to advertising of his fourth ballot box. Only one was published in the official Gazette. The supposed advertisers paid no sales tax. The Supreme Audit Court's investigation of the advertising money raised concerns of irregularities.
On 17 February 2009, at a public showcasing of tractor equipment received from Venezuela, Manuel Zelaya stated that he would propose a fourth ballot box. On 24 March 2009, Zelaya called for a preliminary poll to be held on 28 June 2009 to gauge popular support for including the Constituent Assembly question in the November 2009 election.
Constitutionality of referendum
The President of the Congress, Micheletti, observed that Article 374 of the constitution states that no referendum can be used to alter the entrenched articles in the constitution that are specified in article 384. He went on to insist that even to announce such a referendum privately is a crime (" . . . porque eso, incluso, anunciarlo privadamente es un delito.")
Article 373 of the Constitution of Honduras states that the constitution can be modified by a two-thirds majority of the National Congress. However, Article 374 specifies that several articles are permanently entrenched; that is, they cannot be modified under any circumstances (Spanish: "en ningún caso"). The entrenched clauses include those on the system of government that is permitted, and the presidential succession. Article 239 specifically prohibits the president from attempting to amend restrictions on succession, and states that whoever does so will cease "immediately" in his or her functions. Zelaya's statement – "[t]he only one who can't be re-elected is the President, but re-election is a topic of the next National Constitutional Assembly" – is a declaration that some have argued violates Article 239. Article 239, however, is not mentioned at all in the judicial case file.
Court ruling
On 25 March, the Attorney General's office formally notified President Zelaya that he would face criminal charges of abusing power if he proceeded with the referendum.
In late May, the court of contentious administration ruled the poll illegal. Honduras' Supreme Electoral Tribunal also ruled that such a poll would be illegal. The lower court's injunction, against the poll, was upheld by the Supreme Court. In late June, the intended consultative poll was also rejected by Congress.
On 3 June, Congress passed a resolution warning Zelaya to correct his administrative conduct.
On 11 June, the Bar Association of Honduras unanimously agreed that Zelaya was violating the law. It asked Zelaya to stop the illegalities and recommended officials not follow his illegal orders.
On 23 June 2009, Congress passed a law forbidding holding official polls or referendums less than 180 days before the next general election, which would have made 28 June poll illegal.
Since this bill was passed after the poll was scheduled, Zelaya rejected its applicability to this case.
The military is in charge of security and logistics in elections in Honduras. Zelaya asked them to perform their election role for the poll, but the head of the military command, General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez, refused the order to pass out the poll materials because the Supreme Court had ruled the poll to be illegal. On 24 June, Zelaya fired him. Later that day, the defence minister and heads of the army, navy and air force resigned. On 25 June, the Supreme Court ruled 5–0 that General Velásquez be reinstated. Tribunal member David Matamoros affirmed the Electoral Tribunal's support for the military's actions.
On 24 June, surveillance cameras captured how about in cash was withdrawn from the Central Bank of Honduras and allegedly driven to the office of Enrique Flores Lanza, Zelaya's chief of staff. The suspicious money was possibly used to finance the referendum.
Just days before the referendum, Zelaya published executive decree PCM-019-2009, which revoked the earlier decree PCM-05-2009. Zelaya issued a new executive decree PCM-020-2009, another attempt to legalise the referendum. According to a legal analysis by former Supreme Court President Vilma Morales, Zelaya stopped being President of Honduras.
Seizure of ballots
Ballots arrived from Venezuela on a plane and the ballot boxes were kept at the Tegucigalpa airport. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal ordered the illegal ballots to be confiscated. Investigators from the Ministerio Público and the Honduran attorney general's office arrived at the airport.
Zelaya led several hundred people to an air force base and took possession of the disputed poll ballots, which were then kept in the presidential palace to avoid their destruction.
In late June, there were large marches both for and against the proposed fourth ballot box.
The Supreme Court, Congress, and the military and the National Human Rights Commissioner recommended that voters stay home because the poll would be neither fair nor safe for voters.
Coup d’état
Supreme court detention order
On 27 May 2009, the Administrative Law Tribunal issued an injunction against holding the poll at the request of Honduran Attorney General Luis Alberto Rubi. On 16 June the Court of Appeals unanimously upheld the 27 May injunction. On 18 June, the Administrative Law Tribunal ordered Zelaya to comply with the ruling in writing within five days. On 26 June the Supreme Court unanimously found that the president had not complied with 18 June order. It also found he was answerable to charges, brought by the Attorney General, for the crimes against the form of government, treason to the motherland, abuse of office and usurpation of functions that damaged the administration. To initiate the case, the Supreme Court appointed member Tomás Arita Valle, who, on 26 June, issued a sealed (secret) order to detain Zelaya for the purposes of taking a statement. Some pro-Zelaya supporters have sought to cast doubt on the Supreme Court's documentation.
Zelaya's detention and first exile
Soldiers stormed the president's residence in Tegucigalpa early in the morning of 28 June, disarming the presidential guard, waking Zelaya and putting him on a plane to Costa Rica. In San José, Costa Rica, Zelaya told TeleSUR that he had been awakened by gunshots. Masked soldiers took his cell phone, shoved him into a van and took him to an air force base, where he was put on a plane. He said he did not know that he was being taken to Costa Rica until he landed at the airport in San José. To the media, he described the events as "a coup" and "a kidnapping".
Tanks patrolled the streets and military planes flew overhead. Soldiers guarded the main government buildings. The government television station and a television station that supported the president were taken off the air. Television and radio stations broadcast no news. The electrical power, phone lines, and international cable TV were cut or blocked throughout Honduras. Public transportation was suspended.
Later that day, the Supreme Court issued a statement that it had ordered the army to arrest Zelaya. On 30 June, the military's chief lawyer, Colonel Herberth Inestroza, showed Judge Arita's arrest order. Colonel Inestroza later stated that deporting Zelaya did not comply with the court order, but that military leadership had decided to do so to avoid violence in Honduras, asking "What was more beneficial, remove this gentleman from Honduras or present him to prosecutors and have a mob assault and burn and destroy and for us to have to shoot?". Inestroza also stated that Zelaya's allegiance to Chávez was hard to stomach and "It would be difficult for us, with our training, to have a relationship with a leftist government. That's impossible. I personally would have retired, because my thinking, my principles, would not have allowed me to participate in that."
Ramón Custodio, the head of the country's human rights commission, said that Zelaya's exile was a mistake and that the military made an "error" sending Zelaya into exile rather than holding him for trial. Honduras's Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case brought by a group of lawyers and judges arguing that the military broke the law taking Zelaya out of the country. In August 2009, Micheletti himself said that a mistake was made when Zelaya was exiled.
Alleged impeachment and presidential succession
A document purporting to be a resignation letter written by President Zelaya, dated 25 June, was read to congress.
Zelaya has said he did not write the letter. Later that day, in an extraordinary session Congress voted to remove Zelaya for manifest irregular conduct and putting in present danger the state of law.
The President of the National Congress was the next on the presidential line of succession because Vice-President Elvin Santos had earlier quit to run in the 2009 elections. The President of the National Congress was Roberto Micheletti, a member of Zelaya's party.
By a show of hands, the National Congress – the majority of whom belonged to Zelaya's own Liberal party – named Micheletti to complete the remaining months of the presidential term.
At around 12:37 the Honduran National Congress unanimously agreed to:
Under the Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 205, 220, subsections 20, 218, 242, 321, 322, 323 of the Constitution of the Republic,
Disapprove Zelaya's repeated violations of the constitution, laws and court orders.
Remove Zelaya from office.
Name the current President of Congress to complete the presidential term that ends on 27 January 2010.
Honduran institutions, including the National Congress, the Supreme Court, and the interim government, maintain Zelaya was replaced constitutionally. Arguments that Zelaya's ouster was illegal because the proper legal procedures were not used has been advanced by several lawyers. Acting Honduran President Roberto Micheletti said forcing deposed President Manuel Zelaya to leave the country, instead of arresting him, was a mistake.
Emergency measures by the interim government
Acting President Roberto Micheletti ordered a curfew which initially lasted for the 48 hours from Sunday night (28 June) and to Tuesday (30 June). The curfew law was not published in the official journal La Gaceta and was not approved by Congress.
Originally the curfew ran from 9:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. That curfew was extended, changed, or renewed several times, in ways Amnesty International and the International Observation Mission called "arbitrary". On 1 July, Congress issued an order (decreto ejecutivo N° 011-2009) which extended restrictions between 22:00 and 05:00 local time and also suspended four constitutional guarantees, including freedom of transit, due process, and freedom from unwarranted search and seizure.
The ambassadors of Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua stated that on 29 June that they were detained and beaten by Honduran troops before being released. Also, several allies of Zelaya were taken into custody by the military. Among them were: Foreign Minister Patricia Rodas; the mayor of the city San Pedro Sula, Rodolfo Padilla Sunseri; several congressmen of the Democratic Unification Party (PUD); and several other government officials. A dozen former ministers from the Zelaya government, as well as PUD presidential candidate Cesar Ham, went into hiding. A Venezuelan state-owned media outlet claimed that Tomás Andino Mencías, a member of the party, said that PUD lawmakers were led away by the military when they tried to enter the parliament building for 28 June vote on Zelaya's deposal.
Several TV stations, radio stations, and newspaper's websites were temporarily shut down. The Miami Herald reported that the "crackdown on the media" began before dawn on the 28th. It said that only pro-Micheletti stations were allowed to broadcast and that they carried only news friendly to the new government. Associated Press personnel were detained and removed from their hotel, but later released. A number of local reporters and media sources reported on harassment and restrictions. Alejandro Villatoro, director of Radio Globo, said that he was arrested and "kidnapped" for some hours by the military.
Honduran newspaper La Prensa reported on 30 June that an armed group of Zelaya supporters, attacked its main headquarters by throwing stones and other objects at their windows, until police intervened.
Events after 28 June
Protests against the coup began almost immediately, as several thousand Zelaya supporters gathered near the Presidential Palace, confronting the guarding soldiers and lit tires on fire. In response to daily pro-Zelaya protests, Congress approved a decree on 1 July that applied an overnight curfew and allowed security forces to arrest people at home and hold them for more than 24 hours.
On 30 June, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution which called for the reinstatement of Zelaya as the President of Honduras. Zelaya spoke in front of the General Assembly where he was applauded several times. In his speech, Zelaya promised not to seek another term as President and said that he would not accept a second term if he were asked to serve again.
30 June also saw the first rally in support of Zelaya's removal take place in the capital, as thousands of Zelaya opponents took to the main square. Roberto Micheletti made an appearance and said that the November general elections will be held as scheduled and that a new president will be sworn in on 27 January 2010. General Romeo Vásquez Velásquez also attended and spoke at the rally.
Honduras was formally suspended from the Organization of American States on 4 July, after the Micheletti government ignored an ultimatum by the OAS to re-instate Zelaya as president. OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza had arrived in Honduras the previous day to negotiate Zelaya's return.
Zelaya met with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in Washington on 7 July. At this meeting, Zelaya agreed to a US-backed proposal for negotiation talks with Micheletti government representatives in Costa Rica set for 9 July. The talks, with Costa Rican President Óscar Arias serving as mediator, proved unsuccessful, as both sides remained far apart according to regional leaders. The participants only agreed to meet again sometime in the future, as Zelaya left Costa Rica to gather more international support.
Meanwhile, Micheletti announced that he accepted the resignation of his Foreign Minister Enrique Ortez, who, in a TV interview, had called US President Barack Obama "[un] negrito que no sabe nada de nada" ("a little black man who knows nothing about nothing"). The US Embassy in Honduras strongly condemned the comments, which Micheletti described as "a scandalous epithet". However, Micheletti immediately reinstated Ortez as Minister of Government and Justice.
In mid-July Honduran Roman Catholic Cardinal Óscar Andrés Rodríguez Maradiaga said that he supported Zelaya's removal from office, saying that Zelaya now "doesn't have any authority, moral or legal", while opposing his expulsion from the country.
On 15 July 2009, interim president Roberto Micheletti stated he would be prepared to step down "if at some point that decision is needed to bring peace and tranquility to the country, but without the return, and I stress this, of former President Zelaya".
In a 16 July interview President Óscar Arias said that he had a mandate from 34 world governments to restore constitutional order in Honduras, by which he meant restore President Zelaya. He rejected Micheletti's proposal to step down if Zelaya did not return to power. He said, "we will see if we can talk of an amnesty, and for whom, over political crimes (veremos si se puede hablar de una amnistía, y para quiénes, sobre delitos políticos)". "Zelaya must abandon his goal of installing a fourth ballot box", he continued. Arias indicated he intended to propose a reconciliation government headed by Zelaya combined with political amnesty.
Meanwhile, both pro- and anti-Zelaya demonstrations continued on an almost daily basis throughout the deeply polarised country.
Venezuela, Nicaragua and Cuba
After Zelaya's exile, Chavez alleged that the Venezuelan ambassador was assaulted by Honduran soldiers; Chavez said that if the ambassador were killed or the Venezuelan Embassy were violated, this would constitute an act of war requiring a military response.
On 2 July, Honduran police arrested several Cubans and Nicaraguans present at demonstrations, and police sources claimed Venezuelans were active in the anti-coup movement.
On 5 July, Venezuelan media showed Hugo Chávez watching Zelaya's attempt to land. Accidentally visible in Chávez's office was the text "051345JUL09 Swarm of africanized bees, Presidential Podium, wounded by stings and desperation of the people", the military-style code for 5, 13 July:45 coincided with a violent confrontation in Honduras.
On 8 July, Colombia arrested 80 Venezuelans who attempted to travel to Honduras.
On 27 July, police confiscated a booklet in a car owned by Carlos Eduardo Reina, a leader of pro-Zelaya operations. It allegedly contained a list of 15 receipts, dated 24 July, and references to a meeting near Nicaraguan border. The receipts totalled 160,000 US dollars.
Hugo Chávez allegedly made payments to ambassadors of Honduras.
In October 2009, Daniel Ortega hinted that the "Resistance" is searching for weapons and training centres. Hugo Chávez said "I'm just warning... no one to be surprised if there is an armed movement in the mountains of Honduras".
Opposition to the interim government
Much of the opposition to the de facto Micheletti government and its actions were coordinated through a wide coalition of grassroots organisations and political parties and movements formerly known as Frente Nacional contra el Golpe de Estado en Honduras (FNGE), now Frente Nacional de Resistencia Popular. The FNGE aimed to restore elected President Manuel Zelaya in replacement of the de facto Roberto Micheletti government, which is perceived by the participating organisations as a dictatorship, considering the documented human rights violations since the coup d’état and the reappearance of figures involved in disappearances and torture in former coups d’état. The FNGE supports a process of participatory democracy that should lead to a national constituent assembly.
FNGE held marches every day since 28 June, except the days when a curfew was imposed, where demonstrations took place in grassroot neighbourhoods. Notable marches on 5 July 15 September, and 27 January involved over 200,000 people per day.
Human rights complaints
A number of groups have published reports, including COFADEH, International Federation of Human Rights, "La Misión Internacional de Solidaridad, Observación y Acompañamiento a Honduras", "Quixote Center Emergency Delegation of Solidarity, Accompaniment and Witness", Amnesty International, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), and Human Rights Watch that documented instances of sexual violence, excessive use of military force, arbitrary detentions, threats at gunpoint against judges responsible for habeas corpus detention and beating members of the media and several confirmed deaths and disappearances allegedly attributable to the de facto government.
19-year-old Isis Obed Murillo Mencías was shot in the head on 5 July when Zelaya's plane was trying to land at Toncontin Airport; Roger Iván Bados, former union leader, member of the Democratic Unification Party and Bloque Popular, shot dead on 11 July while entering his home in San Pedro Sula; 40-year-old campesino leader and Democratic Unification Party member Ramón García on 12 July, after he was forced by unknown people to get off a bus; 23-year-old Pedro Magdiel Muñoz Salvador, allegedly detained by police during anti-coup protests and taken to an El Paraíso police station on 24 July, was allegedly found at 6:30 am the following morning with 42 stab wounds; 38-year-old high school teacher Roger Abraham Vallejo Soriano, shot in the head allegedly by security forces during protests on 31 July, died on 1 August
On 3 July, Radio América journalist Gabriel Fino Noriega was murdered near La Ceiba.
On or just before 4 August 2009, the National Telecommunications Commission (CONATEL) terminated Radio Globo's transmission frequency rights.
The Paris-based press freedom group Reporters Without Borders released a statement on 29 June stating that, "The suspension or closure of local and international broadcast media indicates that the coup leaders want to hide what is happening."
Carlos Lauría of the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists said: "The de facto government clearly used the security forces to restrict the news... Hondurans did not know what was going on. They clearly acted to create an information vacuum to keep people unaware of what was actually happening." However, in an interview published on 9 July 2009 in The Washington Post, Ramón Custodio López, Honduras's human rights ombudsman, said he had received no official complaints from journalists: "This is the first I have heard about an occupation or military raid of a station," he said. "I try to do the best job I can, but there are things that escape my knowledge."
On 21 August 2009, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) dispatched a six-member delegation which reported accusations it received. The delegation was told of alleged violent confrontations and arbitrary arrests. Someone even accused police of rape. Some alleged that judges were threatened "at gunpoint". According to the received allegations, 3,500 and 4,000 people had been arrested. The IACHR also received accusations that the government has threatened, detained and beaten members of the media. Based on the statements it received, the delegation concluded that there was "an atmosphere of intimidation that inhibits the free exercise of freedom of expression". On the same day, 93 academics and authors, mostly from United States universities, criticised Human Rights Watch's lack of statements and reports on Honduras between 8 July and 21 August. Four days later, Human Rights Watch published a summary of the IACHR report and stated that it had published reports up to 8 July and that human rights supporters had encouraged the IACHR to "directly [intervene]". ABC News (United States) claimed that HRW had "commissioned" the IACHR report.
Violent confrontations with media continued from both Zelaya supporters and opponents during the week of 12 August 2009.
On 10 October, Honduras' interim leaders put in place new rules that threaten broadcasters with closure for airing reports that "attack national security", further restricting media freedom following the closure of two opposition stations.
Zelaya's secret return to Honduras
Zelaya made two initial, open attempts to return to his country, which were rebuffed. On 5 July he attempted to return by air, and the Micheletti government responded by closing Toncontín International Airport and sending the military to guard the runways. As thousands of Zelaya supporters gathered at the airport to meet him, one was confirmed dead and scores injured, when "several soldiers walked through [the crowd] and began firing indiscriminately".
On 26 July, Zelaya briefly entered into Honduran territory, at a border crossing between Honduras and Nicaragua near Las Manos in El Paraíso Department.
On 21 September 2009, Zelaya and his wife arrived at the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa. Zelaya stated that to reach the embassy he travelled through mountains for fifteen hours, and took back roads to avoid checkpoints, but he did not state from which country he entered Honduras. He stated to Canal 36 that "I am here in Tegucigalpa. I am here for the restoration of democracy, to call for dialogue".
Michelletti initially denied that Zelaya had returned. After admitting the return, he issued a curfew and asked the Brazilian government to put Zelaya in Honduran custody to be put on trial. Brazilian foreign minister Celso Amorim stated that Brazil did not aid Zelaya's return.
Thousands of Zelaya supporters soon congregated around the embassy. Security Vice-Minister Mario Perdomo ordered checkpoints to be placed on highways leading to Tegucigalpa, to "stop those people coming to start trouble". Defense Minister Lionel Sevilla suspended all air flights to Tegucigalpa. Late that day, Honduran security forces used tear gas and batons to disperse the crowds outside the Brazilian embassy. The interim government also surrounded the area with military and several agencies reported that 'hooded men' had stormed the building next to the embassy. About 50 pro-Zelaya supporters have been reported wounded by police.
Electricity was cut off to the embassy area and Canal 36 TV; however, Radio Globo sent out a broadcast that included a call for generators and a pledge by the head of the electrical workers union to send technicians which shortly led to power being restored to the immediate area. The curfew was then extended until 6:00 pm the following day, a drastic measure because it means that all workplaces will be closed during daylight hours.
Installed inside the embassy, Zelaya complained of harassment from the Micheletti government aided by Israeli mercenaries. He claimed they had installed a mobile phone jammer, which he showed to the press, and assaulted the occupants of the embassy with toxic gases and radiation, which allegedly caused nose or stomach bleeding or related symptoms in over 25 people inside the embassy.
On 24 September, Brazil called an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council. The Brazilian foreign minister Celso Amorim told the Security Council that "since the day it has sheltered President Zelaya at its premises, the Brazilian Embassy has been virtually under siege" and that "it has been submitted to acts of harassment and intimidation by the de facto authorities". The UN Security Council defended the inviolability of Brazilian embassy and "called upon the de facto government of Honduras to cease harassing the Brazilian embassy and to provide all necessary utilities and services, including water, electricity, food and continuity of communications".
Amnesty International representative Susan Lee described human rights violations by Micheletti's security forces following Zelaya's return as "alarming". These included a "sharp rise in police beatings" and hundreds of arrests of political demonstrators throughout Honduras, and intimidation of human rights defenders by police firing tear gas canisters into the building of the human rights NGO Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras (COFADEH), at a moment when about 100 people were in the COFADEH office, many who were in COFADEH to report human rights violations earlier that day. Dozens of the protestors detained were held in unauthorised detention sites in Tegucigalpa on 22 September. Amnesty International also reported limits imposed by the de facto authorities on free speech, in which Radio Globo and the TV channel 36 "suffered power stoppages or constant interruptions to their transmissions which prevented them from broadcasting". Susan Lee stated "The only way forward is for the de facto authorities to stop the policy of repression and violence and instead respect the rights of freedom of expression and association."
On 28 September 2009, after pressure from home and abroad, Micheletti said that he would lift his decree suspending civil liberties. As of 2 October 2009, Mr. Micheletti had not done so, but told a visiting delegation of Republican members of the US Congress that he would lift the decree and restore civil liberties by Monday, 5 October 2009 at the latest, according to a spokesman for a member of the delegation. On 5 October 2009, Micheletti said that he was lifting the decree but also said that the pro-Zelaya media that had been closed down by the de facto government, Radio Globo and Canal 36 TV, would have to appear before the courts to regain their broadcast permits. On 19 October 2009, the decree was reversed in the official gazette.
Negotiations and accord
On 29 October 2009, the de facto Micheletti government signed an agreement with Zelaya's negotiators that would allow the Honduran Congress to vote on whether the ousted president would be restored and allowed to serve out the few remaining months of his term. Zelaya chose not to give a list of candidates for the unity government to Micheletti, arguing that the Congress was unacceptably delaying the agreed-upon vote on his restoration.
When Micheletti announced he had, unilaterally, formed the unity government without input from Zelaya, Zelaya declared the agreement "dead" early on 6 November. The United States sent diplomats to help to resurrect the pact, but Zelaya insisted that he would not accept any deal to restore him to office if it meant he must recognise the elections of 29 November.
Elections
With Micheletti indicating that he would temporarily step down to allow voters to concentrate on the upcoming presidential elections, and congressional and judicial leadership refusing to reinstate Zelaya before the elections, Panamá, Costa Rica, and the United States indicated that they would support the outcome, but international support for the elections remained scant leading up to the polls.
In the days preceding the elections, United States, Israel, Italy, Colombia, Panama, Peru, Germany, Costa Rica and Japan also announced their intentions to recognise the results of the elections.
Organisations and individuals in Honduras, including the National Resistance Front against the coup d’État in Honduras, Marvin Ponce of the Democratic Unification Party, and Bertha Oliva of Comité de Familiares de Detenidos Desaparecidos en Honduras, and internationally, including Mercosur, President Cristina Kirchner of Argentina and
the Union of South American Nations, said that elections held on 29 November under Micheletti would not be legitimate.
On 29 November 2009, a presidential election was held, according to the Honduran constitution. Five candidates ran for president. Early returns indicate that conservative Porfirio Lobo was elected with around 55% of the votes. Official numbers for the turnout of the election placed it at around 60%, which was subsequently officially revised down to 49% – a considerable decline on the 55% 2005 election turnout.
The European Parliament did not send observers. However, observers were sent by the centre-right European People's Party, who reported a "high degree of civic maturity and exemplar democratic behaviour" during the elections.
Zelaya-reinstatement proposal rejected by Congress
On 2 December, the National Congress debated regarding the possible reinstatement of Zelaya to the presidency. A vast majority of the lawmakers voted against Zelaya's reinstatement. The 128 member Congress voted 111 to 14 against reinstating Zelaya, affirming its 28 June decision. This decision was made as part of the Tegucigalpa/San Jose Accord, and called on the International Community to respect the decision. Almost all congressmen from Zelaya's own political party as well as the opposition National Party voted against the reinstatement, and supported the victory of Porfirio Lobo Sosa as the new president of Honduras in the November 2009 elections.
Zelaya criticised the vote and urged governments not to restore ties with the incoming administration of Porfirio Lobo. "Today, the lawmakers at the service of the dominant classes ratified the coup d’état in Honduras," Zelaya said in a statement released shortly after the vote. "They have condemned Honduran to exist outside the rule of law.".
On 4 December, Juan Barahona-led activists ended five months of daily protests demanding the reinstatement of Zelaya, saying they are moving on now that Congress has voted to keep Manuel Zelaya out of office. Juan Barahona, who had been leading protests since late June when Zelaya was forced out of the country, said that his supporters are "closing that chapter" of their struggle. Barahona said it's time for Hondurans who support policies in favour of the poor and other themes that Zelaya espoused to shift their focus to the 2013 elections.
Second exile
On 20 January 2010, the Dominican Republic and President-elect Porfirio Lobo agreed to a deal that would allow Zelaya to be transported safely from the Brazilian embassy in Tegucigalpa where he had been, to the Dominican Republic upon Lobo taking office on 27 January. Lobo stated that he would ensure Zelaya would leave safely and "with dignity". Lobo negotiated with Dominican President Leonel Fernández. Lobo also discussed the situation with former presidential candidates who signed a statement on the agreement, as well as requesting that sanctions placed against Honduras as a result of the incident be lifted. The next day, Zelaya agreed to the deal, while a close advisor said he would remain politically active and hope to later return to political activity.
Zelaya's return after charges dropped
In May 2011 a court in Honduras dropped all corruption charges against Zelaya, allowing him to return to Honduras. He did so on 28 May 2011 to a massive reception at Toncontin International Airport. On 1 June the OAS voted to re-admit Honduras into the OAS.
Public opinion
International reaction
No foreign government recognised Micheletti as president. US President Barack Obama, along with leaders and officials of governments throughout the hemisphere and the rest of the world, condemned the removal of President Zelaya as undemocratic and called the action taken against him a coup d’état. However, in the United States, the Congressional Research Service (a nonpartisan entity within the Library of Congress working on behalf of the United States Congress), after studying the relevant texts of Honduran law, determined that "The Supreme Court of Honduras has constitutional and statutory authority to ... request of the assistance of the public forces to enforce its rulings," and did not misapply its authority in this case: "Available sources indicate that the judicial and legislative branches applied constitutional and statutory law in the case against President Zelaya in a manner that was judged by the Honduran authorities from both branches of the government to be in accordance with the Honduran legal system."
Americas-based international organisations such as the Organization of American States, Mercosur, and the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas also condemned the events. Over ten Latin American countries, as well as all European Union countries, agreed to withdraw their ambassadors from Honduras until Zelaya is returned to power.
: A one-page resolution, passed by acclamation in the then 192-member body, condemned the removal of Zelaya as a coup and demanded his "immediate and unconditional restoration" as president. The resolution calls "firmly and categorically on all states to recognize no government other than that" of Zelaya.
: The OAS called for an emergency meeting on Sunday, where it approved a resolution demanding "the immediate, safe and unconditional return of the constitutional president, Manuel Zelaya". Secretary General José Miguel Insulza called the situation "a military coup". On 4 July 2009, the OAS carried out a prior ultimatum by unanimously suspending Honduras.
: The United States Department of State condemned the ouster of Zelaya and continued to recognise him as the only constitutional president of Honduras. Although US officials characterised the events as a coup, suspended joint military operations on 1 July, suspended all non-emergency, non-immigrant visas, and cut off certain non-humanitarian aid to Honduras, they have held back from formally designating Zelaya's ouster a "military coup", which would require them to cut off almost all aid to Honduras. However, on 24 September, the Law Library of Congress issued a report stating that the Honduran Congress had constitutional power to remove Zelaya from office, but indicating that his expatriation was unconstitutional. On 29 October, LLOC refused to retract the report. The State Department warned the Micheletti government that it might not recognise the results of 29 November elections if Zelaya were not allowed to return to power first, but ultimately recognised the elections at the last second, despite Zelaya not having been returned to power.
: The European Union called on the Honduran military to release the president and "restore constitutional order". All EU ambassadors had left the country by 2 July.
The World Bank: World Bank President Robert Zoellick stated that the World Bank had "paused" all lending for development programs to Honduras, said to be around US$80 million for the next fiscal year.
The nine members of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas announced in a joint statement that they would not recognise any new government in Honduras.
: In a press release, CARICOM denounced the coup and voiced its concern over the treatment of Honduran and diplomatic officials during the coup. "The Caribbean Community condemns the military action which has interrupted the democratic process in Honduras and which contravenes the principles of the Inter-American Democratic Charter. The Community therefore calls for the immediate reinstatement of President Zelaya."
The Association of Caribbean States condemned the coup in a statement and called for Zelaya's reinstatement. Additionally it stated, "we highlight our condemnation of the brutal treatment that Honduras military personnel gave to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Patricia Rodas as well as the Ambassadors of Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela. This situation is a serious violation of International law, and the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations."
and : President of Paraguay and current president pro tempore of Mercosur Fernando Lugo condemned the coup and said that no member state of Mercosur will recognise a Honduran government that is not led by Manuel Zelaya. Lugo also called for those behind the coup to be punished by serving prison sentences.
and : Chilean president Michelle Bachelet, speaking on behalf of her government and UNASUR, condemned the coup.
The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB): IADB President Luis Alberto Moreno stated that the IADB is pausing all new loans to Honduras until democracy is restored.
The Central American Bank for Economic Integration: Central America's development bank says it is provisionally freezing credits to Honduras.
Reactions of individual countries are dealt with in the International reaction to the 2009 Honduran coup d’état.
See also
Elections in Honduras
Executive branch of the government of Honduras
Government of Honduras
Legal history in Honduras
Politics of Honduras
References
External links
Honduran Constitution (in Spanish)
Supreme Court documentation of Zelaya prosecution (in Spanish)
Armed Forces of Honduras Timeline of events with many scanned documents (in Spanish)
Images
Slideshows by the Verdad en Honduras
Unrest in Honduras slideshow by the Los Angeles Times
Honduran Military Launches Coup by The Wasthington Post
Honduras Coup Photos from Daylife
Military Coup In Honduras slideshow by CBS News
In Pictures: Honduran President Ousted by BBC News
Honduras: Protests Against Presidential Coup slideshow by The Huffington Post
Video
Democracy is Alive and Strong in Honduras, giving a version of events alleged to have led to Zelaya's removal from office
The Real News Network report with video featuring Zelaya stating: "The only position in Honduras that cannot be reelected is the president. But, reelection will be a topic of the coming National Constitutional Assembly." (subtitled, from 10:04–10:22)
Surveillance camera footage showing how $2 million in cash was transported from the Central Bank of Honduras to the office of Zelaya's chief of staff
Honduran Elections Exposed Investigative journalist Jesse Freeston reports from inside the Honduran Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) with proof that the TSE invented fake participation figures.
Analysis
21st Century Socialism Comes to the Honduran Banana Republic, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, 25 May 2009
Honduran Taliban Vows to Protect Sharks by Jesse Freeston, Pulse Media, 1 October 2010.
Crisis in Honduras – What was really behind the removal of President Manuel Zelaya, and is he likely to be reinstated?, Poder magazine's October 2009 issue
Mel fought the law, and the law won, a timeline of events by F.W. Blake on the Honduras Weekly
In a Coup in Honduras, Ghosts of Past U.S. Policies by Helene Cooper, The New York Times, 29 June 2009.
Totalitarian Rightists Put Orwellian Spin on Honduras Coup by John Nichols, The Nation, 2 July 2009
Honduras' non-coup – Under the country's Constitution, the ouster of President Manuel Zelaya was legal, Miguel A. Estrada, Miguel A. Estrada, Los Angeles Times, 10 July 2009
Understanding The Mess In Honduras by William Ratliff, Forbes, 28 September 2009
In Honduras Coup, the Truth is as Strange as any 'Banana Republic' Fiction by Philip Sherwell, Daily Telegraph, 5 July 2009
Why Honduras Sent Zelaya Away by Mary Anastasia O'Grady, The Wall Street Journal, 13 July 2009
Waiting for Zelaya by Greg Grandin, The Nation, 28 July 2009
The Millennium Challenge Corporation and Economic Sanctions: A Comparison of Honduras With Other Countries, Center for Economic and Policy Research, August 2009
HONDURAS: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ISSUES, US Congress, The Law Library of Congress, Directorate of Legal Research for Foreign, Comparative, and International Law, August 2009
Golpe de Estado contra el Presidente Zelaya. Consecuencias de la impunidad en Honduras, Derechos Human Rights
Honduran Constitutional Crisis
2009 Constitutional Crisis
Constitutional Crisis
Honduras |
Oleh Kovalenko (born 11 April 1988) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer. He plays the position of midfielder or striker. His former clubs include FC Helios Kharkiv, FC Dnister Ovidiopol and FC Pärnu Vaprus in Estonian Meistriliiga.
He scored his first Meistriliiga goal on 30 August 2008, in the 22nd minute of a 1–2 loss against JK Maag Tammeka Tartu.
References
External links
1988 births
Living people
Pärnu JK Vaprus players
FC Odesa players
Expatriate men's footballers in Estonia
Ukrainian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ukrainian expatriate men's footballers
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Estonia
FC Helios Kharkiv players
FC Kremin Kremenchuk players
FC Yednist Plysky players
FC Nyva Ternopil players
FC Real Pharma Odesa players |
Tamara Markashanskaya (born 20 November 1954) is a Soviet cross-country skier. She competed in the women's 20 kilometres at the 1984 Winter Olympics.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Cup
Season standings
Individual podiums
1 podium
Team podiums
1 podium
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Soviet female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers for the Soviet Union
Cross-country skiers at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Smolensk |
The 1974–75 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team represented Gonzaga University during the 1974–75 NCAA Division I basketball season. Members of the Big Sky Conference, the Bulldogs were led by
third-year head coach Adrian Buoncristiani and played their home games on campus at Kennedy Pavilion in Spokane, Washington. They were overall and in conference play, tied for third.
Senior guard Ken Tyler was a unanimous selection to the all-conference team; sophomore guard John Holstein and sophomore center Willie Moss were honorable mention.
The conference tournament debuted the following season.
References
External links
Sports Reference – Gonzaga Bulldogs: 1974–75 basketball season
Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball seasons
Gonzaga |
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, East Sikkim or locally known as JNV Pakyong is a boarding, co-educational school in East Sikkim district of Sikkim state in India. Navodaya Vidyalayas are funded by the Indian Ministry of Human Resources Development and administered by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti, an autonomous body under the ministry. Navodaya Vidyalayas offer free education to talented children from Class VI to XII.
History
The school was established in 1992, and is a part of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya schools. The school shifted to its permanent campus in 2017. This school is administered and monitored by Shillong regional office of Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti.
Admission
Admission to JNV Pakyong at class VI level is made through selection test conducted by Navodaya Vidyalaya Smiti. The information about test is disseminated and advertised in district by the office of East Sikkim district magistrate (Collector), who is also the chairperson of Vidyalya Management Committee.
Affiliations
JNV East Sikkim is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education with affiliation number 1840004.
See also
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, West Sikkim
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, North Sikkim
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, South Sikkim
List of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya schools
References
External links
Official Website of JNV East Sikkim
High schools and secondary schools in Sikkim
East Sikkim
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in Sikkim |
The Mendocino Music Festival is an eclectic concert series held each July since 1986 on the Pacific bluffs in the small coastal Northern California town of Mendocino. Evening concerts feature a full symphony orchestra, a big band, an opera, guest singers and bands, chamber music ensembles, dance, blues, jazz, world, folk, and popular contemporary music. Daytime performances include a piano series, chamber concerts, an array of jazz and other contemporary ensembles and an emerging artists scholarship recital.
A festival orchestra composed of professional musicians from the San Francisco Symphony, San Francisco Opera orchestra, San Francisco Ballet orchestra, Symphony of the Redwoods and other Bay Area orchestras is assembled annually for the event. Orchestra members are hosted by local residents.
Each year the Mendocino Music Festival erects a tent containing a concert hall at a site overlooking the Pacific Ocean at the Mendocino Headlands State Park. Seating more than 840, the tent is adjacent to the Ford House Museum Visitor Center and across Main Street from the Kelley House Museum. The festival office is in the Old Bank Building on the corner of Main and Kasten Streets. A volunteer network of over 200 people help during the festival season and at year-round events. Established in 1986, the festival was the dream of Allan Pollack, Susan Waterfall and former principal bassoonist of the San Francisco Symphony Walter Green.
References
Classical music festivals in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in California
Tourist attractions in Mendocino County, California
Music festivals in California |
This is a list of Icelandic government ministries.
Ministries
Historical ministries
See also
Government agencies in Iceland
References
Cabinet of Iceland
Cabinet of Iceland
Ministries |
This is a list of universities in Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Universities
Institut Frecker (affiliated with the Memorial University of Newfoundland)
See also
List of universities by country
References
Universities
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint Pierre and Miquelon |
Bherchha is a village and former Rajput jagir (feudal estate) in Nagda Tehsil, Ujjain district, in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Berchha is famous for the Nag Maharaj temple. Every month Panchami is celebrated here.
References
Jagirs
Princely states of Madhya Pradesh |
The Crucial Test is a lost 1916 American silent drama film directed by John Ince and Robert Thornby. It stars Kitty Gordon and was distributed by the World Film Corporation.
Cast
Kitty Gordon as Thanya
Niles Welch as Vance Holden
J. Herbert Frank as Grand Duke Alexander Bagroff
William W. Cohill as Boris
Winifred Harris as Princess
Adolphe Menjou as Count Nicolai
References
External links
1916 films
American silent feature films
Lost American drama films
Films directed by John Ince
Films directed by Robert Thornby
American black-and-white films
Silent American drama films
1916 drama films
World Film Company films
1916 lost films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films |
```go
package container
import (
"fmt"
containertypes "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/container"
networktypes "github.com/docker/docker/api/types/network"
"github.com/docker/docker/api/types/strslice"
"github.com/docker/go-connections/nat"
)
// WithName sets the name of the container
func WithName(name string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.Name = name
}
}
// WithLinks sets the links of the container
func WithLinks(links ...string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.HostConfig.Links = links
}
}
// WithImage sets the image of the container
func WithImage(image string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.Config.Image = image
}
}
// WithCmd sets the comannds of the container
func WithCmd(cmds ...string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.Config.Cmd = strslice.StrSlice(cmds)
}
}
// WithNetworkMode sets the network mode of the container
func WithNetworkMode(mode string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.HostConfig.NetworkMode = containertypes.NetworkMode(mode)
}
}
// WithExposedPorts sets the exposed ports of the container
func WithExposedPorts(ports ...string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.Config.ExposedPorts = map[nat.Port]struct{}{}
for _, port := range ports {
c.Config.ExposedPorts[nat.Port(port)] = struct{}{}
}
}
}
// WithTty sets the TTY mode of the container
func WithTty(tty bool) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.Config.Tty = tty
}
}
// WithWorkingDir sets the working dir of the container
func WithWorkingDir(dir string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.Config.WorkingDir = dir
}
}
// WithVolume sets the volume of the container
func WithVolume(name string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
if c.Config.Volumes == nil {
c.Config.Volumes = map[string]struct{}{}
}
c.Config.Volumes[name] = struct{}{}
}
}
// WithBind sets the bind mount of the container
func WithBind(src, target string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
c.HostConfig.Binds = append(c.HostConfig.Binds, fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", src, target))
}
}
// WithIPv4 sets the specified ip for the specified network of the container
func WithIPv4(network, ip string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
if c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig == nil {
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig = map[string]*networktypes.EndpointSettings{}
}
if v, ok := c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network]; !ok || v == nil {
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network] = &networktypes.EndpointSettings{}
}
if c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network].IPAMConfig == nil {
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network].IPAMConfig = &networktypes.EndpointIPAMConfig{}
}
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network].IPAMConfig.IPv4Address = ip
}
}
// WithIPv6 sets the specified ip6 for the specified network of the container
func WithIPv6(network, ip string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
if c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig == nil {
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig = map[string]*networktypes.EndpointSettings{}
}
if v, ok := c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network]; !ok || v == nil {
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network] = &networktypes.EndpointSettings{}
}
if c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network].IPAMConfig == nil {
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network].IPAMConfig = &networktypes.EndpointIPAMConfig{}
}
c.NetworkingConfig.EndpointsConfig[network].IPAMConfig.IPv6Address = ip
}
}
// WithLogDriver sets the log driver to use for the container
func WithLogDriver(driver string) func(*TestContainerConfig) {
return func(c *TestContainerConfig) {
if c.HostConfig == nil {
c.HostConfig = &containertypes.HostConfig{}
}
c.HostConfig.LogConfig.Type = driver
}
}
// WithAutoRemove sets the container to be removed on exit
func WithAutoRemove(c *TestContainerConfig) {
if c.HostConfig == nil {
c.HostConfig = &containertypes.HostConfig{}
}
c.HostConfig.AutoRemove = true
}
``` |
Legislative Assembly elections
Assam
Andhra Pradesh
Bihar
Goa, Daman & Diu
|- align=center
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="unsortable"|
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center|Political Party
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats contested
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seats won
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Number of Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |% of Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |Seat change
|-
|
|align="left"|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party||23||18||116,855||38.30%|| 2
|-
|
|align="left"|United Goans Party (Superia Group)||26||10||99,156||32.50%|| 2
|-
|
|align="left"|Indian National Congress||19||1||41,612||13.64%|| 1
|-
|
|align="left"|Independents||36||1||28,874||9.64%|| 1
|-
|
|align="left"|Total||138||30||305,077||
|-
|}
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Mysore
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tripura
West Bengal
References
External links
Election Commission of India
1972 elections in India
India
1972 in India
Elections in India by year |
Mike King may refer to the following notable people:
Sports
Mike King (basketball) (born 1978), American former basketball player
Mike King (BMX rider) (born 1969), American former professional BMX racer
Mike King (Canadian football) (1925–2018), Canadian former gridiron football player
Mike "King" Kelly (1857–1894), American baseball player and manager
Other
Mike King (advocate) (born 1962), New Zealand mental health advocate, television personality and former comedian
Mike King (journalist) (born 1950), American journalist and author
Mike King (radio announcer) (fl. 1999–2013), American radio broadcaster
Mike King (transportation executive) (fl. 2012–2016), American businessman and Kansas Secretary of Transportation
See also
Michael King (disambiguation)
Mick King (1905–1961), Irish hurler
Mike King Tonight, a New Zealand late-night talk show that aired in 2003 |
The Bank Policy Institute (BPI) is an American public policy, research, and advocacy organization, based in Washington, D.C.
The organization was formed in July 2018 following the merger of the Financial Services Roundtable and the Clearing House Association. BPI’s members include 42 banking institutions representing universal banks, regional banks, and foreign banks doing business in the United States. The current CEO is Greg Baer, a former litigator, corporate executive and public official who served as Assistant Secretary for Financial Institutions at the U.S. Department of the Treasury during the Clinton administration and as Managing Senior Counsel for the Federal Reserve Board of Governors.
History
The Association of Reserve City Bankers was formed in 1912 with 102 charter members and, in 1958, the Association of Registered Bank Holding Companies was formed due to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. In 1993, these two entities merged to form the Bankers Roundtable. The name of the organization was changed to the Financial Services Roundtable in 2000 to reflect a decision to broaden the organization's mission to include integrated financial service providers. In July 2018, Financial Services Roundtable merged with the Clearing House Association to form the Bank Policy Institute.
Divisions
BITS (Business-Innovation-Technology-Security — formerly named the Business Industry Technology Secretariat) formed as a division within the then-Bankers Roundtable in 1996. Its mission was to enhance collaboration across the industry on technological issues and address "emerging threats and opportunities,” including cybersecurity, fraud reduction, and critical infrastructure protection.
Leadership
The organization’s board of directors is chaired by JPMorgan Chase & Co. Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon and is composed of the following financial services executives:
Jamie Dimon, JPMorgan Chase & Co. (Chairman)
Brian T. Moynihan, Bank of America
Jean-Laurent Bonnafé, BNP Paribas
Robin Vince, BNY Mellon
Richard Fairbank, Capital One
Jane Fraser, Citigroup
Bruce Van Saun, Citizens
Tim Spence, Fifth Third
Bryan Jordan, First Horizon
David Solomon, Goldman Sachs
Stephen Steinour, Huntington
René Jones, M&T Bank
Kanetsugu Mike, MUFG
John Turner, Jr., Regions
William Rogers, Truist
Andrew Cecere, U.S. Bancorp
Charles W. Scharf, Wells Fargo
Official Mission, Policy Issues and Connections
Official Mission
The Bank Policy Institute (BPI) is a nonpartisan public policy, research and advocacy group, representing the nation’s leading banks. BPI’s members include universal banks, regional banks and the major foreign banks doing business in the United States. Collectively, they employ nearly 2 million Americans, make nearly half of the nation’s bank-originated small business loans and are an engine for financial innovation and economic growth.
Policy Issues, Positions
According to its official website, the group focuses on financial services legislation and regulation. Such issues include:
Accounting standards/FASB
Anti-money laundering, bank secrecy act and sanctions.
Bank conditions and credit availability
Board governance
Consumer affairs
Cybersecurity, technology and data protection
Digital assets
Diversity and inclusion
Dodd-Frank Act implementation
Fintech and innovation
Monetary policy
Prudential regulations, including bank capital and liquidity
Resolution and recovery planning
Supervision and enforcement
Members
BPI has approximately 42 members. Member companies include:
Ally Financial
Barclays
BMO Financial Group
BNP Paribas
BNY Mellon
Capital One
Charles Schwab Corporation
CIBC
Citibank
Citizens Bank
Comercia Bank
Discover Financial
Fifth Third Bank
First Horizon National Corporation
American Express
Goldman Sachs
HSBC USA
Huntington
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Key Bank
Morgan Stanley
M&T Bank
MUFG Bank
Northern Trust
PNC Bank
Popular, Inc.
Raymond James Financial
Royal Bank of Canada
Bank of America
Regions Financial Corporation
Santander Bank
Silicon Valley Bank
State Street Corporation
Synchrony Financial
Synovus
TD Bank
Truist Financial
UBS
United Bankshares, Inc.
U.S. Bank
Wells Fargo
Zions Bancorporation
Major Initiatives
BPI was a vocal advocate for reforms to beneficial ownership requirements that would require the U.S. Department of Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network to collect information from companies at the time of incorporation to determine who owns or has a financial interest in the company. The organization argued that this would help by making it harder for illicit actors to launder money through the U.S. economy.
A legislative fix, supported by BPI, passed in 2020 as a provision of the annual defense spending bill known as the National Defense Authorization Act.
See also
Financial market
Financial services
European Financial Services Roundtable
Business Roundtable
References
External links
Bank Policy Institute
Location of FSR
Advocacy groups in the United States
Trade associations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations |
Jason Rich (born May 8, 1986) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Beşiktaş Emlakjet of the Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). Standing at , Rich played as a guard. He played collegiately for Florida State, until 2008.
Career
Rich played college basketball for Florida State. After graduating, he went to Italy to play for Pallacanestro Cantù. He then played in Israel with Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Jerusalem. After half a season in Belgium with Telenet Oostende, on January 31, 2013 he returned to Italy and signed a deal until the end of the season with Vanoli Cremona. Rich immediately became the leader of the team and helped the team win nine of the last thirteen games of the season, remaining undefeated at home. In these 14 games he averaged 16.1 points, 3.4 rebounds and 2 assists. After a year in Russia with Enisey Krasnoyarsk, he returned to Vanoli Cremona, signing a one-year deal. In October 2014, he signed with Élan Chalon.
On July 1, 2017, Rich signed with Sidigas Avellino of the Italian LBA. He was named the LBA Most Valuable Player of the season, while also being the league's scoring champion. In the 2018 LBA Playoffs, Rich and Avellino were eliminated in the quarter-finals by Trento, losing 1–3.
He has signed with Turkish club Beşiktaş Sompo Japan on October 17, 2018.
On October 24, 2019, he has signed with Gaziantep Basketbol of the Turkish Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).
On June 29, 2020, he has signed with Pallacanestro Varese of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A, but decided to withdraw right after.
Rich returned to play in the season 2021–22 signing with the newly promoted Napoli Basket.
On October 21, 2022, he has signed with Beşiktaş Emlakjet of the Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL) for a second stint.
References
External links
Sports-Reference.com Profile
Legabasket.it Profile
Living people
1986 births
American expatriate basketball people in Belgium
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Florida
BC Enisey players
BC Oostende players
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
Élan Chalon players
Florida State Seminoles men's basketball players
Gaziantep Basketbol players
Guards (basketball)
Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. players
Lega Basket Serie A players
Maccabi Haifa B.C. players
Metropolitans 92 players
Napoli Basket players
Pallacanestro Cantù players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
S.S. Felice Scandone players
Sportspeople from Pensacola, Florida
Vanoli Cremona players |
Polymicrogyria (PMG) is a condition that affects the development of the human brain by multiple small gyri (microgyri) creating excessive folding of the brain leading to an abnormally thick cortex. This abnormality can affect either one region of the brain or multiple regions.
The time of onset has yet to be identified; however, it has been found to occur before birth in either the earlier or later stages of brain development. Early stages include impaired proliferation and migration of neuroblasts, while later stages show disordered post-migration development.
The symptoms experienced differ depending on what part of the brain is affected. There is no specific treatment to get rid of this condition, but there are medications that can control the symptoms such as seizures, delayed development or weakened muscles as some of the noted effects.
Syndromes
Significant technological advances have been made within the past few decades that have allowed more extensive studies to be made regarding syndromes from conditions such as polymicrogyria. Research, imaging, and analysis has shown that distribution of polymicrogyria does not always appear to be random, which revealed different types polymicrogyria. A summary of clinical manifestations of each syndrome can be found below, in the section labelled "Clinical presentation".
The main patterns of polymicrogyria are: perisylvian (61%), generalised (13%), frontal (5%), and parasagittal parieto-occipital (3%) and 11% is associated with gray matter heterotopia (grey matter is located in the white matter instead of usual location in the cerebral cortex).
Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria (BFP)
BFP appears to be a symmetrical polymicrogyria that extends anteriorly from the frontal poles to the posterior precentral gyrus, and inferiorly to the frontal operculum. Patients who had polymicrogyria distribution similar to this also experienced similar symptoms including delayed motor and language developments, spastic hemiparesis or quadriparesis, and forms of mild intellectual disability.
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP)
BFPP was one of the first discovered forms of polymicrogyria to have a gene identified linking to the syndromes caused. This gene is called GPR56. Symmetrical distribution is also evident in this form, but more distinctly, patients with BFPP were found to have atrophy of the cerebellum and brain stem, as well as bilateral white matter abnormalities. BFPP is characterized by esotropia, global development delay, pyramidal signs, cerebral signs, and seizures. Esotropia is also known as dysconjugate gaze, and is a common feature of severe static encephalopathy. This differentiates BFPP from the other bilateral polymicrogyria syndromes.
Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP)
BPP is similar to the other types of polymicrogyria in that it is usually symmetrical, but BPP can vary among patients. BPP is characterized by its location; the cerebral cortex deep in the sylvian fissures is thickened and abnormally infolded, as well as the sylvian fissures extending more posteriorly up to the parietal lobes and more vertically oriented. BPP has been classified into a grading system consisting of four different grades that describe the variations in severity:
The grades move from most severe (Grade 1) to least severe (Grade 4). Although BFPP was the first form of polymicrogyria to be discovered, BPP was the first form to be described and is also the most common form of polymicrogyria. The clinical characterizations of BPP "include pseudobulbar palsy with diplegia of the facial, pharyngeal and masticory muscles (facio-pharyngo-glosso-masticatory paresis), pyramidal signs, and seizures." These can result in drooling, feeding issues, restricted tongue movement, and dysarthria. Disorders in language development have also been associated with BPP, but the extent of language disorder depends on the severity of cortical damage. Patients who have BPP can also have pyramidal signs that vary in severity, and can be either unilateral or bilateral.
The sodium channel SCN3A has been implicated in BPP.
Bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria (BPOP)
BPOP is located in the parasagittal and mesial regions of the parieto-occipital cortex. This form has been associated with IQ scores that range from average intelligence to mild intellectual disability, seizures, and cognitive slowing. The age of seizure onset has been found to occur anywhere from 20 months to 15 years, and in most cases the seizures were intractable (meaning hard to control).
Bilateral generalised polymicrogyria (BGP)
BGP is most severe in the perisylvian regions, but occurs in a generalised distribution. Associated factors include a reduced volume of white matter and ventriculomegaly. BGP tends to show excessively folded and fused gyri of an abnormally thin cerebral cortex, and an absence of the normal six-layered structure. The abnormally thin cortex is a key factor that distinguishes this form of polymicrogyria from the others, which are characterized by an abnormally thick cortex. Most of the patients have cognitive and motor delay, spastic hemi- or quadriparesis, and seizures in varying degrees. The seizures also vary at age of onset, type, and severity. There have been pseudobulbar signs reported with BGP, which are also seen in patients with BPP. This association leads to the belief that there is overlap between patients with BGP and patients with grade 1 BPP.
Unilateral polymicrogyria
The region in which unilateral polymicrogyria occurs has been generalized into different cortical areas. Features associated with this form of polymicrogyria are similar to the other forms and include spastic hemiparesis, intellectual disability in variable degrees, and seizures. The features depend on the exact area and extent to which polymicrogyria has affected the cortex. Patients who have unilateral polymicrogyria have been reported to also have electrical status epilepticus during sleep (EPES), and all had seizures.
Signs and symptoms
The diagnosis of PMG is merely descriptive and is not a disease in itself, nor does it describe the underlying cause of the brain malformation.
Polymicrogyria may be just one piece of a syndrome of developmental abnormalities, because children born with it may have a wide spectrum of other problems, including global developmental disabilities, mild to severe intellectual disabilities, motor dysfunctions including speech and swallowing problems, respiratory problems, seizures. Though it is difficult to make a predictable prognosis for children with the diagnosis of PMG, there are some generalized clinical findings according to the areas of the brain that are affected.
Bilateral frontal polymicrogyria (BFP) – Cognitive and motor delay, spastic quadriparesis, epilepsy
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP) – Severe cognitive and motor delay, seizures, dysconjugate gaze, cerebellar dysfunction
Bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP) – Pseudobulbar signs, cognitive impairment, epilepsy, some with arthrogryposis or lower motor neuron disease
Bilateral parasagittal parieto-occipital polymicrogyria (BPPP) – Partial seizures, some with intellectual developmental disorder
Bilateral generalized polymicrogyria (BGP) – Cognitive and motor delay of variable severity, seizures
Rates of symptoms in PMG include 78% for epilepsy, 70% for global developmental delay, 51% for spasticity, 50% for microcephaly, 45% for dysmorphic features (e.g., abnormal facies or hand, feet, or digital anomalies), and 5% for macrocephaly. In the BPP subtype of PMG, up to 75% may have mild to moderate intellectual disability.
Cause
The cause of polymicrogyria is unclear. It is generally agreed that PMG occurs during late neuronal migration (when majority of the neurons arrived at cerebral cortex after their starting points around the ventricular system of the brain) or early cortical organization of fetal development. Evidence for both genetic and non-genetic causes exists.
Chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in PMG such as 22q11.2 deletion (characterised by bilateral perisylvian PMG, heart defects, facial dysmorphism, microcephaly) and 1p36 deletion (bilateral perisylvian PMG, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features and microcephaly). Apart from that, mutations in more than 30 genes have been associated with PMG. Common genes assocciated with PMG are TUBA1A and PIK3R2. Association with the gene WDR62 (diffuse or asymmetric PMG) and SCN3A has also been identified, as well as other ion channels such as KCN, CACNA, GRIN, and GABAR. Other genes implicated are: GPR56 (Bilateral frontoparietal PMG), TUBB2B (anterior predominant PMG), NDE1 (Diffuse PMG), AKT3 (Bilateral perisylvian PMG), and PIK3CA (Bilateral perisylvian PMG).
Non-genetic causes include defects in placental oxygenation and in association with congenital infections, particularly cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and varicella zoster virus.
Pathology
Polymicrogyria is a disorder of neuronal migration, resulting in structurally abnormal cerebral hemispheres. The Greek roots of the name describe its salient feature: many [poly] small [micro] gyri (convolutions in the surface of the brain). It is also characterized by shallow sulci, a slightly thicker cortex, neuronal heterotopia and enlarged ventricles. When many of these small folds are packed tightly together, PMG may resemble pachygyria (a few "thick folds" - a mild form of lissencephaly).
The pathogenesis of polymicrogyria is still being researched for understanding though it is historically heterogeneous-4. It results from both genetic and destructive events. While polymicrogyria is associated with genetic mutations, none of these are the sole cause of this abnormality. The cortical development of mammals requires specific cell functions that all involve microtubules, whether it is because of mitosis, specifically cell division, cell migration or neurite growth. Some mutations that affect the role of microtubules and are studied as possible contributors, but not causes, to polymicrogyria include TUBA1A and TUBB2B. TUBB2B mutations are known to contribute to polymicrogyria either with or without congenital fibrosis or the external ocular muscles, as well as bilateral perisylvian.
The gene GPR56 is a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family and is directly related to causing Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, (BFPP)-6. Other genes in the G protein-coupled receptor family have effects with this condition as well such as the outer brain development, but not enough is known to carry out all the research properly so the main focus is starting with the specific GR56 gene within this category. This malformation of the brain is a result of numerous small gyri taking over the surface of the brain that should otherwise be normally convoluted. This gene is currently under studies to help identify and contribute to the knowledge about this condition. It is studied to provide information on the causes along with insight into the mechanisms of normal cortical development and the regional patterning of the cerebral cortex using magnetic resonance imagine, MRI. Specifically found to polymicrogyria due to mutation of this gene are myelination defects. GPR56 is observed to be important for myelinations due to a mutation in this gene results in reduced white matter volume and signal changes as shown in MRI's. While the cellular roles of GPR56 in myelination remains unclear, this information will be used to further other studies done with this gene.
Another gene that has been associated with this condition is GRIN1 and GRIN2B.
Diagnosis
The effects of PMG can be either focal or widespread. Although both can have physiological effects on the patient, it is hard to determine PMG as the direct cause because it can be associated with other brain malformations. Most commonly, PMG is associated with Aicardi and Warburg micro syndromes. These syndromes both have frontoparieto polymicrogyria as their anomalies. To ensure proper diagnosis, doctors thus can examine a patient through neuroimaging or neuropathological techniques.
Neuroimaging techniques
Pathologically, PMG is defined as "an abnormally thick cortex formed by the piling upon each other of many small gyri with a fused surface." To view these microscopic characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used. First physicians must distinguish between polymicrogyria and pachygyria. Pachygria leads to the development of broad and flat regions in the cortical area, whereas the effect of PMG is the formation of multiple small gyri. Underneath a computerized tomography (CT scan) scan, these both appear similar in that the cerebral cortex appears thickened. However, MRI with a T1 weighted inversion recovery will illustrate the gray-white junction that is characterized by patients with PMG. An MRI is also usually preferred over the CT scan because it has sub-millimeter resolution. The resolution displays the multiple folds within the cortical area, which is continuous with the neuropathology of an infected patient.
Neuropathological techniques
Gross examination exposes a pattern of many small gyri clumped together, which causes an irregularity in the brain surface. The cerebral cortex, which in normal patients is six cell layers thick, is also thinned. As mentioned prior, the MRI of an affected patient shows what appears to be a thickening of the cerebral cortex because of the tiny folds that aggregate causing a more dense appearance. However, gross analysis shows that an affected patient can have as few as one to all six of these layers missing.
Treatment
The PMG malformation cannot be reversed, but the symptoms can be treated. The removal of affected areas through hemispherectomy has been used in some cases to reduce the amount a seizure activity. Few patients are candidates for surgery. The global developmental delay that affects 94% can also be mitigated in some patients with occupational, physical, and speech therapies. The important aspect to realize is PMG affects each patient differently and treatment options and mitigation techniques will vary. Many services are available to help, most children's hospitals can direct caregivers guidance where to get the information they need to seek assistance.
Epidemiology
The incidences of PMG and its different forms are unknown. However, the frequency of cortical dysplasia in general has been estimated to be 1 in 2,500 newborns. PMG is one of the best-known and most common malformations of cortical development, accounting for 20% of all cases. In the largest series of PMG cases, the bilateral perisylvian pattern was the most common topological pattern (52% of cases) followed by the unilateral perisylvian pattern (9% of cases).
History
Limited information was known about cerebral disorders until the development of modern technologies. Brain imaging and genetic sequencing greatly increased the information known about polymicrogyria within the past decade. Understanding about development, classification and localization of the disorder have greatly improved. For instance, localization of specific cortex regions affected by the disease was determined. This allowed for clinical symptoms of patients to be linked with localized cortex areas affected. A gene that was identified to be a contributor to bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria was GPR56.
See also
Augmentative and alternative communication
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (genetic lesion)
Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project
References
Congenital disorders of nervous system
Tubulinopathies |
Jerrelle Benimon (born August 1, 1991) is an American former professional basketball player. In college, he was the 2012–13 Colonial Athletic Association Player of the Year as a redshirt junior after leading the Towson Tigers to the greatest single-season turnaround in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I history; the Tigers finished with a 1–31 record in 2011–12 before completing an 18–13 season the following year. Benimon also tied for the second-highest rebounding average (11.2) in Division I behind only Siena's O. D. Anosike's 11.4 per game average. Benimon repeated as the player of the year as a senior in 2013–14 and, coincidentally, finished second in the national rebounding average for a second consecutive season (11.2).
High school career
Benimon attended Fauquier High School in Warrenton, Virginia. In his junior season in 2007–08 he averaged 19.5 points, 12.5 rebounds, 3.4 blocks and 3.5 assists per game. Then, as a senior, he averaged 21 points, 17 rebounds, 7 assists and 4 blocks per game en route to his second consecutive Cedar Run District Player of the Year award. On February 17, 2009, Benimon recorded a quadruple-double against Osbourn High School with 13 points, 17 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 blocks.
College career
Benimon spent his first two collegiate seasons playing for the Hoyas of Georgetown University. He saw limited action in both seasons and scored a total of 84 points in 61 game appearances. He decided to transfer after his sophomore year in 2010–11, one in which he only averaged 10.2 minutes per game. Benimon said he "probably got 100 phone calls" from schools who were trying to recruit him as a transfer player, but he ultimately decided on Towson because "...the assistant that recruited me from Towson. He treated me like a big deal. He’d send me an e-mail 1,000 times a day. He’d call me all the time."
Having to sit out the 2011–12 season due to NCAA by-laws, Benimon flew under the radar heading in the Colonial Athletic Association's 2012–13 season. He was not even selected to an All-CAA team during the conference's preseason media day. Benimon burst onto the national scene during his junior year after averaging 17.1 points, 11.2 rebounds, 2.5 assists and 1.9 blocks per game. He was named the CAA Player of the Week four times, its player of the year at the end of the regular season, and guided its 17.5-game turnaround from 2011–12 (the biggest turnaround in Division I history) by leading Towson in points, rebounds, assists and blocks. In an early season loss against Temple, Benimon scored 30 points and grabbed 18 rebounds; in an improbable road win against Oregon State, he recorded 20 points and 21 rebounds. Benimon was a top 10 finalist for the Lou Henson Award, given to the nation's best mid-major men's basketball player.
Benimon's senior season in 2013–14 saw him lead the Tigers to a second-place finish in the CAA behind Delaware, finishing the year with a 13–3 conference record (25–11 overall). The 25 wins is a program record for their Division I era. Towson, seeded second in the 2014 CAA tournament, was upset in the semifinals by third-seeded William & Mary, ending their chance at an automatic NCAA tournament bid. The Tigers accepted an invitation to play in the 2014 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament, however, and won their first two games before falling in the quarterfinals against Murray State. For the year, Benimon averaged 18.7 points, 11.2 rebounds (second best in the nation behind UC Santa Barbara's Alan Williams), 3.6 assists, and 1.2 blocks per game. Benimon's 404 total rebounds set a new school single-season record; it also ranks second all-time in CAA men's basketball history. For the second straight season, Benimon was voted to the CAA's All-Defensive Team as well as being named the CAA Player of the Year.
Professional career
2014–15 season
After going undrafted in the 2014 NBA draft, Benimon joined the Miami Heat for Orlando Summer League and the Denver Nuggets for the Las Vegas Summer League. On September 30, 2014, he signed with the Nuggets, but was later waived by the team on October 22 before the start of the 2014–15 NBA season. On November 18, he was acquired by the Idaho Stampede of the NBA Development League. On February 4, he was named to the Futures All-Star team for the 2015 NBA D-League All-Star Game.
On March 6, 2015, Benimon signed a 10-day contract with the Utah Jazz. Following the expiration of his contract on March 16, he was not offered a second 10-day contract by the Jazz, parting ways with the team after appearing in just two games and returned to the Stampede that same day. On April 22, he was named to the 2015 All-NBA D-League first team and the All-Rookie first team.
2015–16 season
In July 2015, Benimon joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2015 NBA Summer League. On September 17, he signed with the Foshan Dralions.
2016–17 season
Benimon joined the Brooklyn Nets for the 2016 NBA Summer League. On September 10, he signed with Qingdao DoubleStar of the Chinese Basketball Association. On March 2, 2017, Delaware 87ers acquired rights to Benimon.
2017–18 season
On October 29, 2017, Benimon signed with German club ratiopharm Ulm.
2018–19 season
On August 15, 2018, Benimon signed with the New Zealand Breakers for the 2018–19 NBL season. He was released by the Breakers on September 3 due to personal issues.
On January 10, 2019, Benimon signed with Bnei Herzliya of the Israeli Premier League for the rest of the season.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Utah
| 2 || 0 || 1.5 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 1.5 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Career
| style="text-align:left;"|
| 2 || 0 || 1.5 || .000 || .000 || .000 || 1.5 || .0 || .0 || .0 || .0
References
External links
Towson bio
Sports-Reference.com Profile
1991 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in Germany
American expatriate basketball people in Israel
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Virginia
Bnei Hertzeliya basketball players
Fauquier High School alumni
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players
Guangzhou Loong Lions players
Idaho Stampede players
People from Warrenton, Virginia
Sportspeople from Fauquier County, Virginia
Power forwards (basketball)
Ratiopharm Ulm players
Qingdao Eagles players
Towson Tigers men's basketball players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
Utah Jazz players |
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