{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"0","chunk":"Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journalhomepage : www.elsevier.com\/locate\/scitotenv. The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems \u2013 The","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"1","chunk":"environmental credentials Ximena Schmidt Rivera a,\u204e , Billy Rodgers b, Temitayo Odanye b, Francisca Jalil-Vega c,d,e, Jack Farmer b a Equitable Development and Resilience Research Group (EDR), Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel Universi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"2","chunk":"ty London, UB8 3PH Uxbridge, UK b LettUs Grow Ltd., Bristol, UK c Electrical Energy Management Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, BS8 1UB Bristol, UK d Center for Energy Transition (CENTRA), Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, Santiago, Chile e Institut","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"3","chunk":"o Sistemas Complejos de Ingenier\u00eda (ISCI), Santiago, Chile H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T (cid:129) Energy title is critical to reduce most of the environmental impacts of aeroponics. (cid:129) Aeroponic container farm system generates 1.52 kg CO2eq.\/kg peashoot using 20","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"4","chunk":"21 UK grid. (cid:129) Solar & wind power lowers GHG emissions of aeroponic container farms by up to 80 %. (cid:129) Renewable-powered aeroponic show lower GHG than salads imported from most of Europe. (cid:129) Aeroponic container farms show competitive performance against conventional metho","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"5","chunk":"ds. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Editor: Jacopo Bacenetti Keywords: Vertical farming Controlled environment agriculture Life cycle assessment (LCA) Climate change Food security Food supply chains Sustainable food production and consumption are key to face the current climate and envir","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"6","chunk":"onmental crisis, hence innovation to produce food with lower impacts are taking more attention. Controlled environment agriculture, also known as vertical farming, is seen as one innovative approach to reduce impacts of producing food while also improving food security. Aeroponic is one of such in","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"7","chunk":"novations, which environmental impacts have not been well understood yet. Therefore, this study assesses the environmental impacts of aeroponic farm container system in the UK, including a full set of 19 indicators. The results show that energy requirements drive all the impacts, with climate change","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"8","chunk":" estimated at 1.52 kg CO2eq. per 1 kg of microgreens (pea shoots) using 2021 UK grid. Renewable powered systems improve almost all the impacts, with climate change reduced by up to 80 %, making this system competitive with conventional agricultural systems. This study proves that aeroponic farm co","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"9","chunk":"ntainer could offer lower impact food than equivalent imported to the UK, and that also could improve food security in terms of availability, stability, and access to food. Affordability issues need to be assessed in future work. 1. Introduction Food production and consumption are affecting both t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"10","chunk":"he population and the planet's health (Foley et al., 2011). Over a third of the global green\u204e Corresponding author. E-mail address: ximena.schmidt@brunel.ac.uk (X. Schmidt Rivera). house gas (GHG) emissions are emitted by the food system (Tubiello et al., 2021) while malnutrition is one of the ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"11","chunk":"main titles of mortality in the world (WHO, 2021). The increasing threat of climate change will likely carry-on affecting agriculture and farming, hence endangering food security. Furthermore, rising sea level and frequent \ufb02ooding will adversely impact communities, especially those already livi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"12","chunk":"ng in precarious conditions (Oppenheimer et al., 2019). Additionally, malnutrition due to lack of access http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420 Received 1 August 2022; Received in revised form 14 November 2022; Accepted 18 November 2022 Available online 23 November 2022 0048-9697\/\u00a9 2022 ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"13","chunk":"The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/). \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 and availability of affordable and culturally relevant nutritious food could l","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"14","chunk":"ead to higher consumption of cheap low quality processed food (Silva et al., 2021; Yin et al., 2020), putting pressure on the health system with non-communicable diseases requiring expensive and regular health treatments (Willett et al., 2019). Sustainable food production and consumption are bein","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"15","chunk":"g actively considered as adaptation and mitigation strategies for reducing and managing climate change, and for reducing pressure on the environment and society's infrastructure (e.g., health system, food system, etc.) (Clark et al., 2019). The challenges across these sectors are vast, including h","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"16","chunk":"igh migration from rural to urban areas, lack of workers for carrying farming and agriculture activities, provision of affordable and nutritious food in urban areas for growing population, and more recently the lack of fast response to shock and disruptions in international food supply chains due ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"17","chunk":"to COVID-19 and economic and political instability in the region, increasing the amount of people experiencing food insecurity and creating anxiety across the whole population (e.g., stock piling) (Hobbs, 2020). Therefore, the role of local food production remains key, with an increasing interest o","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"18","chunk":"n the use and exploration of vertical farming methods to support resilience, availability, accessibility, and stability of fresh and nutritious food in urban areas. The rise in vertical farming projects is noticeable when analysing the market trends; since 2020 the global vertical farming market","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"19","chunk":" has grown \u223c55 %, from USD 5.5billion to USD 8.5 billion in 2022, expected to reach USD \u223c20 billion in 2026 (STATISTA, 2020a). In relation to the market distribution, by market value, there is nearly an equal distribution within North America (USD 1375 million), Europe (USD 1353 million) and Asia-Pa","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"20","chunk":"ci\ufb01c (USD 1254 million), with the rest of the world sharing the remaining USD 665.5 million (STATISTA, 2020b). Vertical farming growing methods include hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics; hydroponics is the most well-known method with a market value of USD 1.33 billion in 2020 (STATISTA, 2020c","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"21","chunk":"). It is followed by aquaponics and aeroponics, which share the rest of the market, estimated at USD 1.91 billion (STATISTA, 2020c). Aeroponics and hydroponics are the technologies that are expected a larger growth between 2020 and 2027, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of \u223c21 % and \u223c20 %, ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"22","chunk":"respectively (STATISTA, 2020d). The bene\ufb01ts of vertical farming or controlled environment agriculture to the resilience of our fresh produce supply are vast; the literature describes many advantages associated to these food production methods (Stiles and Wootton-Beard, 2017), from reducing land req","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"23","chunk":"uirements to produce equivalent crops (Touliatos et al., 2016) avoiding losses of nutrients, to reducing waste and water use, and to better control pests and diseases, and reduce or avoid the dependency of imports and the impacts associated with it (Stiles and Wootton-Beard, 2017). It is therefore","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"24","chunk":" imperative to understand these claims and estimate the potential environmental impacts of the mainstream use of vertical farming, particularly due to the current policy environment. For example, in the UK, the environmental impact performance of food grown in vertical farming could potentially cont","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"25","chunk":"ribute to the Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener (BEIS, 2021), while at the same time will help to support decision-making, especially in terms of procurement and local policies, that align with the National Food Strategy (DEFRA, 2022; Dimbleby, 2021) and the efforts toward accounting and repor","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"26","chunk":"ting scope 3 GHG emissions in the food and drink sector (WRAP, 2022). In relation to environmental impact assessment, most of the studies refer to hydroponics as the main and sometimes only technique for growing food indoors (Al-Chalabi, 2015; Fischetti, 2008). Hence, it is not surprising that when ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"27","chunk":"investigating the environmental implications of vertical farming, most of the studies consist of assessment of hydroponic systems. For example, Al-Chalabi (2015) aimed to determine the \u201cfeasibility and plausibility\u201d of hydroponics for food production in the UK. The author estimated and compared th","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"28","chunk":"e carbon footprint of the food produced, in this case lettuce, by the hydroponic system with the conventional open-\ufb01eld option, and assessed the energy required and the feasibility of using renewable powered systems. The analysis was done by design and optimization models based on literature, whil","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"29","chunk":"e the carbon footprint was done using pilot data and from direct interviews with hydroponic system owners. Similarly, Molin and Martin (2018) and Martin and Molin (2019) assessed the performance of hydroponic systems in Sweden following life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology using a cradle-to-ga","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"30","chunk":"te approach; the authors assessed the energy consumption and carbon footprint (Molin and Martin, 2018) in addition to other four environmental indicators i.e., Acidi\ufb01cation, Eutrophication, Human Toxicity and Abiotic Retitle Depletion of fossil fuels. This study builds the inventories using data ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"31","chunk":"from a hydroponic company and compares its results with conventional food production methods. In the same region, De Geyter (2018) carried out a comparison between three systems for the vegetable (lettuce) market in Norway, namely vertical farming using hydroponic nutrient \ufb01lm technique, greenhouses","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"32","chunk":" and food import from Mediterranean countries applying cradle to gate scope. The authors assessed six impacts including Global Warming Potential (GWP), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Marine Eutrophication (ME), Particulate Matter (PM), Terrestrial Acidi\ufb01cation (TA) and retitle depletion water. In ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"33","chunk":"North America, Wildeman (2020) compared the environmental impacts of a \ufb01ctional vertical farming system (hydroponic Stacked Horizontal System) with conventional methods of producing lettuce in the US. The studies report different outcomes when comparing with conventional food grown systems. For","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"34","chunk":" example, Al-Chalabi (2015) showed a variation of between 5 and 2 times larger carbon footprint than the conventional growing system for lettuce grown by a hydroponic system. The main reason of such large variation relies on the energy requirements, mainly electricity. Although solar powered syste","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"35","chunk":"ms were integrated, the amount of energy generated does not provide full independency for the UK energy mix, which although has increased the renewable generation, still relies on fossil fuels, especially by the time of this study. Molin and Martin (2018) \ufb01rst determined the yield of different produ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"36","chunk":"ction systems, concluding that vertical farming has the highest (3.7), followed by greenhouse (2.7) and then open \ufb01eld (0.2) for herbs production. When assessing energy consumption, the vertical farming requires three times more energy than greenhouses, but when only heating is compared, the vertica","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"37","chunk":"l farming requires \u223c25 % less heat (Molin and Martin, 2018). Although the carbon footprint was not explicitly compared, the authors declared that the values are higher than those for conventional methods. However, in their latest publication, Martin and Molin (2019) suggested that their results are ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"38","chunk":"competitive with those of urban farming and other hydroponic systems. Similarly, De Geyter, 2018 concluded that for most of the impact categories the vertical farming system has lower impacts than the greenhouses and even importing lettuces from Mediterranean countries; however, impacts related to w","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"39","chunk":"ater, such as water depletion and freshwater eutrophication, the greenhouse system performs the best. Opposite results are found by Wildeman (2020) who reported that vertical farming shows the largest impacts, with values over 10 times worst. Wildeman (2020) assumed that the different scopes and the","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"40","chunk":" inclusion of infrastructure in their study are the main reason for such large difference. As far as the authors are aware, there are not studies assessing the environmental impacts of the production of food using any kind of aeroponic system. Hence, this study aims to \ufb01ll this gap by estimating ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"41","chunk":"for the \ufb01rst time the environmental impacts of an aeroponic container farm food production system in the UK. This research also seeks to determine the potential contribution of this urban food production method to reduce the climatic impacts of food production and distribution in urban areas and pro","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"42","chunk":" inclusion of infrastructure in their study are the main reason for such large difference. As far as the authors are aware, there are not studies assessing the environmental impacts of the production of food using any kind of aeroponic system. Hence, this study aims to \ufb01ll this gap by estimating ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"43","chunk":"essment (LCA) methodology has been chosen to carry out the environmental assessment of this study, following the framework de\ufb01ned by the ISO 14040\/44 guidelines (ISO, 2006a, 2006b), applying an attributional approach. This methodology has been widely used to assess 2 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Sci","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"44","chunk":"ence of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 Fig. 1. Angled view of the layout within the shipping container. a). the growing area, b). the water system comprising a reservoir, \ufb01lter, and nutrient dosing system (water chiller). the environmental impacts of a system, product, or service (Schmidt","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"45","chunk":" Rivera et al., 2021). The following sections describe in detail the 4-steps of the LCA methodology, starting with the de\ufb01nition of the goal and scope in Section 2.1, followed by the life cycle inventory Section 2.2 and the impact assessment Section 2.2.3. The last step \u2013 interpretation of result","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"46","chunk":"s \u2013 has a full section dedicated to it (Section 3). 2.1. Goal and scope The goal of this study is to estimate the environmental impacts of aeroponic container farm food production systems in the UK, as an urban food production method, and to compare them with conventional food production systems","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"47","chunk":" (e.g., open \ufb01elds and greenhouses) and other vertical farming options (e.g., hydroponic). A further goal is to estimate the potential contribution of aeroponic container farm to reduce the climatic impacts of food production and distribution in urban areas of the UK. The functional unit (FU) con","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"48","chunk":"sists of \u2018the production of 1 kg of pea shoots at farm gate\u2019; this FU allows comparison between studies assessing different food production and distribution methods. The scope of the study is from cradle to farm gate, including the extraction and processing of the infrastructure materials, growing","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"49","chunk":" inputs and energy, and the waste management of all inputs at their end of the life. To determine the contribution to reduce the impacts of food production and distribution in urban areas, different transportation methods and distances will be analysed for imported salads and herbs in the UK. A full","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"50","chunk":"description of the system and the inventory is presented in Section 2.1.1. 2.1.1. Description of the system The hydroponic container farm system can be divided up into a growing space and a water system. The growing area consists of twelve modular stacks each made up of four aeroponic grow beds a","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"51","chunk":"nd LED lights arranged vertically. The beds are connected to the water system via piping. The total growing area of these twelve modules is equivalent to 48 m2. A HVAC system maintains the temperature and relative humidity of the growing area and air is distributed across the surface of the plants","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"52","chunk":" with additional fans. In the water system, the water is stored in a reservoir and circulated throughout the system with pumps. The nutrient composition of the water is monitored by an automated dosing system. The water is also pumped through particulate and UV \ufb01lters. The whole system is controll","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"53","chunk":"ed and automated by a farm computer (see Figs. 1 and 2). For the purpose of the study, the system has been divided in \ufb01ve life cycle stages namely pea shoot production, facilities, hardware, energy demand and waste management, as described in Fig. 3. These stages are used in the design and operatio","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"54","chunk":"n of the system, and therefore to facilitate the integration of the outcomes of this study in the day-to-day activities, they have been used as life cycle stages too. The inventory provides a description of each stage and data used. 2.2. Inventory Data was collected in-situ and supported using eco","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"55","chunk":"nomic models and manuals, laboratory analysis and speci\ufb01c measurements. For developing inventories, a process \ufb02ow diagram was produced detailing the method of growing pea shoots within an aeroponic container farm. Each life cycle Fig. 2. Lateral view of the layout within the shipping container. a).","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"56","chunk":" the growing area, b). the water system comprising a reservoir, \ufb01lter, and nutrient dosing system (water chiller). 3 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 Waste management Recycling Incineration Landfilling Pea shoot production Soaking Sowing Growin","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"57","chunk":"g Harvesting Facilities Container Floor drains HVAC Germination space Prep. Space Growth Chamber Composting Hardware Lights Reservoir Internal Water system Racking Growing beds External water network Energy demand P e a S h o o t Fig. 3. Life cycle stages of the aeroponic c","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"58","chunk":"ontainer system. stage was broken down into their main infrastructure and activities (Fig. 3), which then help identifying all components and processes; from this a database was then populated listing all materials and utilities required throughout the process. Manufacturers and distributors ma","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"59","chunk":"nuals and website were used to identify and quantify materials of each component, as well as operational aspects of the infrastructure (e.g., energy consumptions of pumps, etc.). Details of the inventory of each stage are presented below. (mats) and soaking and sowing the seeds; then the growing ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"60","chunk":"phase includes the nutrient requirements and water, and \ufb01nally harvesting. This stage also includes emissions to water from the disposition of exhausted water after the recirculation cycles. Ecoinvent 3.6 database (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) has been used for background information and in-situ measur","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"61","chunk":"ements were used for emissions. Table 1 details the inputs accounted for in this stage. 2.2.1. Pea shoot production 2.2.2. Facilities and hardware stages The pea shoot production stage consists of all the steps and inputs required to produce the pea shoots (salads); starting with preparing medium","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"62","chunk":" Table 1 Inventory of the pea shot production stage, values per functional unit. Sub-system Components Quantities [kg or kWh] Transport Cargo [tkm] The facilities and hardware stages refer to the surrounding infrastructure and auxiliary equipment that enable the functioning of the aeroponic c","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"63","chunk":"ontainer farm. The hardware stage includes the lighting system, water network and the infrastructure to support the growing system such as racking and grow bed container, which include metal structures, plastic containers, pumps, and pipes, etc. The facilities refer to the infrastructure itself su","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"64","chunk":"ch as the container, the growth chamber, HVAC system and working spaces Soaking Sowing Growing Emissions to water Lorry Lorry Lorry Lorry Lorry Lorry Lorry Lorry 1.9E\u221201 5.20E\u221205 1.59E\u221204 1.92E\u221204 3.22E\u221205 1.73 3.04E\u221203 3.17E\u221205 6.20E\u221202 Pea seed Polyethylene Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styren","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"65","chunk":"e copolymer, ABS Polypropylene Polyvinylchloride Water Polypropylene Recycled polypropylene Mat Recycled Wool Rich Fibresa \u2013 5.54E\u221201 Water \u2013 Phosphoric acid, fertiliser grade 7.67E\u221204 \u2013 5.37E\u221204 Ammonium nitrate \u2013 1.84E\u221204 Monoammonium phosphate \u2013 1.03E\u221203 Potassium hydroxide \u2013 8.28E\u221204 Potassium","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"66","chunk":"nitrate \u2013 5.72 Tap water \u22122.12E\u221201 \u2013 Wastewater treatment \u2013 7.65E\u221207 Ammonium \u2013 1.30E\u221206 Bicarbonate \u2013 3.40E\u221208 Boron \u2013 3.14E\u221205 Calcium \u2013 5.95E\u221206 Chloride \u2013 1.05E\u221208 Copper \u2013 1.66E\u221207 Iron \u2013 7.65E\u221206 Magnesium \u2013 5.10E\u221208 Manganese \u2013 4.43E\u221209 Molybdenum \u2013 7.12E\u221205 Nitrate \u2013 2.00E\u221205 Phosphorus \u2013 1","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"67","chunk":".17E\u221205 Potassium \u2013 1.70E\u221207 Silicon \u2013 5.31E\u221206 Sodium 1.08E\u221205 \u2013 Sulphide \u2013 5.10E\u221208 Zinc, ion 1.98E\u221202 5.20E\u221206 1.75E\u221204 2.02E\u221204 2.25E\u221205 3.04E\u221203 3.17E\u221205 6.20E\u221203 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 a LCIA data was provided from manufacturer, only carbon footprint was account","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"68","chunk":"ed for. Table 2 Inventory of hardware and facilities stages by functional unit. System Sub-system Parts\/components Quantities [kg kWh] Transport Cargo [tkm] LED lights Aluminium A4 steel Steel ABS Copper Steel PP PVC Steel ABS PVC Stainless Aluminium MDPE Steel Steel PIR 5.84E\u221204 Shippin","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"69","chunk":"g 2.13E\u221204 Lorry 9.05E\u221206 Shipping 1.03E\u221203 Lorry 6.82E\u221204 Lorry 4.43E\u221204 Shipping 1.81E\u221205 Shipping 1.14E\u221203 Lorry 3.27E\u221204 Shipping 1.20E\u221202 2.13E\u221205 1.86E\u221204 1.76E\u221203 4.29E\u221204 9.08E\u221203 3.71E\u221204 1.25E\u221203 2.29E\u221204 3.22E\u221206 Shipping 3.32E\u221204 Shipping 8.77E\u221205 Lorry 6.60E\u221205 6.81E\u221203 6.14E\u221205 5.9","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"70","chunk":"9E\u221205 Shipping 6.09E\u221205 Lorry 1.59E\u221203 Lorry 2.77E\u221204 Lorry 4.49E\u221203 L0rry 2.13E\u221203 Lorry Steel Steel PVC Galvanised steel Aluminium Steel Copper Titanium steel Aluminium 4.67E\u221205 Lorry 9.22E\u221207 Lorry 2.59E\u221206 Lorry 9.81E\u221205 Lorry 3.69E\u221206 Lorry 8.01E\u221204 Lorry 2.77E\u221206 Lorry 1.94E\u221205 Lorry 2.49E\u22120","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"71","chunk":"4 Lorry 1.23E\u221203 6.70E\u221205 1.59E\u221204 4.15E\u221204 9.21E\u221202 2.13E\u221204 4.67E\u221206 9.22E\u221208 2.59E\u221207 1.26E\u221204 6.27E\u221206 1.23E\u221203 4.15E\u221206 2.91E\u221205 6.98E\u221204 Hardware Lights Racking Grow bed Internal water network External water network Reservoirs Container Growth chamber In \ufb02oor drains HVAC system Prep","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"72","chunk":" space Germination space Facilities 4 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 to carry out different activities, such as germination. This stage mainly accounts for metal structures and auxiliary materials. The inventory was built using information from exi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"73","chunk":"sting farms, while the background information for all inputs was titled from Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019). Table 2 details the inventory of these stages. 2.2.3. Energy demand The energy demand refers to the energy requirements to operate the system. As seen in Table 3, this includes","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"74","chunk":" the energy required by the bed controllers, environment, facilities, fertigation, irrigation, lighting, operations, and soaking equipment. The UK electricity mix was titled from Ecoinvent 3.6 database (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019). A thorough discussion of decarbonization pathways as well as the im","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"75","chunk":"plication of Green Tariffs are presented in Section 3.2.1. 2.2.4. Waste management The waste management stage includes the common practices of end-oflife retitle management of the UK, incineration, and land\ufb01lling (DEFRA, 2021), which complements the recycling practices for the different materia","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"76","chunk":"ls (e.g., metals and plastics). In this study, land\ufb01lling of metals, and incineration and land\ufb01lling of plastics are assumed for the shares not recycled. The mats, with the leftover salad roots and seeds, are the only composting waste in the system. The wastewater treatment is also included. Backgro","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"77","chunk":"und information was titled from Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019). Table 4 shows the details of recycling rates of each material considered in this study. 2.2.5. Assumptions The critical assumption in vertical farming production methods is that there are no emissions coming from the nutrie","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"78","chunk":"nts used. All the reviewed studies state that vertical farming systems do not emit emissions. In this study, we have also assumed that there are no direct emissions to air from the oxidation of the nitrogen-based nutrients, due to lack of studies to model this and retitles to measure this otherwi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"79","chunk":"se. However, emissions to water were possible to measure, hence they are accounted for based on water sampling of the system; details of the emissions are displayed in Table 1. 2.2.6. Scenarios Scenario analysis will aid understanding of potential improvements in both the aeroponic container farm ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"80","chunk":"system and broader food system; these scenarios were informed by hotspot analysis and by the company (e.g., to test suppliers). The scenarios include different energy titles, solar and wind energy, and plant-based growing mats, which includes cotton, jute and kenaf. Table 5 summarises the scenarios","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"81","chunk":" considered, and data used. 2.3. Life cycle impacts assessment This study uses GaBi ThinkStep software (Thinkstep, 2019) to model the system while the environmental impacts are estimated using ReCiPe impact assessment method (Huijbregts et al., 2017). This method has been selected because it is wi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"82","chunk":"dely used across LCA practitioners and published studies, which enables direct comparison for validation, and due to provides a Table 3 Energy demand of the aeroponic container farm. Activity Bed controllers Environment Facilities Fertigation Irrigation Lighting Operations Soaking Total kWh\/f.u.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"83","chunk":"0.63 1.06 0.12 0.04 1.25 1.69 0.11 0.001 4.9 Share 13 % 22 % 2 % 1 % 26 % 34 % 2 % 0.01 % 100 % 5 Table 4 Waste management practices per materials. Materials Steel Aluminium Copper Plastics Concrete Recycling rate Reference 96 % 95 % 70 % 32 % 91 % Steelcontruction.info (2022) ALFED (202","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"84","chunk":"0) Copper Alliance (2019) BPF (2020) MPA (2020) comprehensive set of indicators. Primary energy demand (PED) has been also included to complement the study (Thinkstep, 2019). A full set of impacts are considered and assessed by groups, namely \u2018common impacts\u2019, \u2018toxicity related impacts\u2019 and \u2018reso","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"85","chunk":"urce related impacts\u2019. Common impacts include Climate change (CC), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Marine Eutrophication (ME), Photochemical Ozone Formation, Ecosystems (POFe) and Human Health (POFh), Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (OD), Terrestrial Acidi\ufb01cation (TA). The toxicity related impac","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"86","chunk":"ts include Freshwater ecotoxicity (FEC), Human toxicity related to cancer (HTc) and non-cancer (HTnc), Marine ecotoxicity (MEC), Terrestrial ecotoxicity (TEC). Finally, the retitle related impacts are Primary energy demand (PED), Fossil depletion (FD), Land use (LU), Metal depletion (MD), and F","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"87","chunk":"reshwater Consumption (FWC). 3. Interpretation of results The results section \ufb01rst presents overall environmental impacts including the whole life cycle stages in Section 3.1, to then assess the contribution by stage in Section 3.2. The assessment of different scenarios will be shown in Section ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"88","chunk":"3.3 and the validation of the results in Section 3.4. Finally, the contribution of aeroponic container systems to improving sustainability of local food systems is assessed in Section 3.5. 3.1. Environmental impacts The environmental impacts of producing 1 kg of pea shoot using aeroponics containe","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"89","chunk":"r system will be discussed \ufb01rst for the common impacts in Section 3.1.1 including climate change, to then assess the toxicity related impacts in Section 3.1.2 and \ufb01nally the retitle related impacts in Section 3.1.3. 3.1.1. Common impacts Fig. 4 shows the environmental impacts of aeroponic contain","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"90","chunk":"er farm production system. Climate change (CC) is estimated at 2.29 kg CO2eq. per 1 kg of pea shoot (fu). The energy requirements of the system to operate, in this case supplied by the electricity from the UK grid, are the main contributor to CC (82 %). TA is calculated at 6.74 g SO2eq.\/fu with th","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"91","chunk":"e energy demand being the main contributor too (67 %). Similarly, the energy Table 5 Scenario description. Scenarios Data title Solar energya Wind energy Cotton GB: electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted GB: electricity production, p","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"92","chunk":"hotovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, single-Si, panel, mounted GB: electricity production, wind, <1 MW turbine, onshore GLO: market for textile, cotton Jute Kenaf Manufacturing of mats made of recycled and virgin Jute GLO: market for textile, kenaf a Equal share of technology has been co","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"93","chunk":"nsidered. Reference Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Information provided by manufacturers Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"94","chunk":"nsidered. Reference Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Information provided by manufacturers Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 161","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"95","chunk":"nsidered. Reference Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Information provided by manufacturers Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 162","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"96","chunk":"nsidered. Reference Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Information provided by manufacturers Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 163","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"97","chunk":"nsidered. Reference Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Information provided by manufacturers Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 164","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"98","chunk":"nsidered. Reference Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) Information provided by manufacturers Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019) \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 165","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"99","chunk":" \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 demand is the main contributor (>60 %) for most of the impacts, namely PMF, estimated at 2.55 g PM2.5 eq.\/fu, and POFe and POFh calculated at 4.72 and 4.66 g NOx eq.\/fu, respectively. FE is 0.868 g P eq.\/fu, with energy ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"100","chunk":"demand contributing by 49 % and the pea shoot production adding 31 %. these results align with previous studies performed by Al-Chalabi (2015), Molin and Martin (2018) and Wildeman (2020), where they concluded that the energy demand is the main contributor to impacts like CC, TA, and others. A diff","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"101","chunk":"erent trend is seen in ME (1.97 g N eq.\/fu) and OD (2.92 mg CFC11 eq.\/fu); the pea shoot production stage is the main contributor adding 97 % and 63 % of the impacts, respectively. This is mainly associated to the nutrients used in the growing stage (see Table 1). For OD, the energy demand is also","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"102","chunk":" an important contributor adding a third of the impacts (33 %). Overall, the facilities and hardware stages contribute on average 3 % and 10 %, respectively. Only for FPM and FE, the facilities show a larger contribution, adding 18 % and 16 % to the impacts, respectively. Recycling practices in the ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"103","chunk":"waste management stage aid reducing the impacts by on average 4 % by avoiding the burdens of producing new materials; this is particularly important for PFM, FE and TA where the waste management stage saves around \u223c7 % of the original impacts. 3.1.2. Toxicity related impacts Fig. 4 exhibits the to","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"104","chunk":"xicity related impacts. FEC and MEC are estimated at 208 and 257 g 1,4 DB eq.\/fu with the energy demand being the largest contributor (70 %). IR, estimated at 1.11 kg Co-60 eq.\/fu, also shows a similar trend in terms of main contributor, with the energy demand being almost the only driver (97 %). En","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"105","chunk":"ergy demand is the largest contributor due to the emissions associated to the life cycle of the production and operation of the energy technologies, especially those fossil fuel based (e.g., coal, natural gas), which represented \u223c50 % of the 2017 UK energy grid (BEIS, 2022). Similarly, HTc, calculat","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"106","chunk":"ed at 103 g 1,4 DB eq.\/fu, is mainly driven by the energy requirements (and title), which represents 52 % of the impacts, but pea shoot production and hardware stages add 20 % and 11 %, respectively. TEC (7.53 kg 1,4 DB eq.\/fu) and HTcn (2.67 kg 1,4 DB eq.\/fu) show similar patterns in terms of stag","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"107","chunk":"e contribution, however with different shares from the previous impacts. For them, the energy demand corresponds on average to \u223c52 % for both impacts, while the pea shoot production stage adds \u223c14 % and the facilities stage contributes \u223c24 %. Across all the impact categories, the hardware stage con","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"108","chunk":"tributes on average 17 %, with the largest contribution found in HTnc (25 %). Correspondingly, the facilities stage adds on average 8 % while the pea shoot production is responsible for 10 % on average. Waste management options, speci\ufb01cally the recycling of materials, contribute reducing the imp","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"109","chunk":"acts by avoiding the burden of producing virgin materials, also called credits. These credits decrease the absolute impacts by between 13 % in the case of HTc and 20 % in the case of TEC. IR is the only impact not affected by the credits. 3.1.3. Retitle related impacts Fig. 4 also displays the im","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"110","chunk":"pacts associated with retitles such as energies (PED, FD), metals (MD), water (FWC) and land (LU). PED and FD are estimated at 66.8 MJ\/fu and 1.25 kg oil eq.\/fu, and as expected, the energy demand leads these impacts (86&90 %, respectively). These results are explained by the large contribution f","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"111","chunk":"rom fossil fuel-based technologies into the UK energy mix in 2017 (\u223c50 % of the generation is from coal and natural gas) (BEIS, 2022). This is explored further in Section 3.2.1 and in the scenario analysis (Section 3.3). MD, calculated at 9.76 g Cu eq.\/fu, shows a shared contribution from all the st","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"112","chunk":"ages, being the facilities the larger contributor with 35 %, followed by the energy demand (26 %), and then the pea shoot production (19 %) and hardware (21 %) stages. This is mainly because of the metals used in the infrastructure and components of the system. For the last retitles, LU and WFC, ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"113","chunk":"the impacts are estimated at 0.79 annual crop eq. y\/fu and \u22120.16 m3 with only two stages contributing pea shoot production and energy demand. In the case of the former, the use of water for soaking, sowing, and growing is the main and obvious reason of such contribution (see Table 1), while in th","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"114","chunk":"e case of the energy demand, it is due to the water use within the life cycle of the energy generation technologies. The net negative water consumption is due to the treatment of wastewater, which enable the recovery of water for other uses. For these impacts, the credits from the waste management s","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"115","chunk":"tage, namely recycling of the different materials avoiding the burden of extracting and processing virgin materials, mainly affects MD, reducing the impacts by 25 % from its absolute values. 3.2. Life cycle stage contribution As seen in Section 3.1, the contribution of the life cycle stages varies","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"116","chunk":" depending on the impacts. This section assesses the contribution of key life cycle stages of the aeroponic container farm system. It is important to note that although the energy requirements of the system are by far the main contributor for almost all the impacts, it is essential from an operation","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"117","chunk":"and design perspective to also understand how the components and activities of each stage contribute to the impacts of the overall system. 3.2.1. Energy demand Table 3 shows the breakdown of the activities associated with the energy demand. A third of the energy demand (34 %) is associated with","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"118","chunk":" the lighting system, which is key to produce pea shoot (or any other food product), as this system generates the photons of light needed for plant photosynthesis, hence powering the plants growth cycle, and directly affecting yield. Nearly half of the energy demand is related to the irrigation syst","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"119","chunk":"em and the environment, another important aspect of this technology. Bed controllers are responsible for 13 % of the energy demand. Finally, the facilities, fertigation, the operation, and the soaking activities add together 5 % of the energy demand. The impacts of the energy demand stage are solel","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"120","chunk":"y driven by the electricity mix of the UK, which even though has increased its share of renewables to 29 % (BEIS, 2018), it still consists of a large fossil fuel basis (e.g., 6.7 % coal, 40 % natural gas). For this study, we have used the UK 2017 energy mix from Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"121","chunk":", 2019), as it provides information to assess a large set of indicators. However, in the last four years, the UK grid have increased the use of renewable technologies, hence decreasing, in particular, the greenhouse gas emissions associated to energy generation. Table 6 displays the changes in CC ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"122","chunk":"using the latest UK energy carbon intensity factors. As can been seen, using the 2021 estimates of the UK electricity mix improves CC by 33 %, with the production of 1 kg of pea shoot estimated at 1.36 kg CO2eq. Table 6 also shows the potential reduction associated to the future decarbonization of","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"123","chunk":" the UK energy grid based on Government's commitments; the decarbonization plans for the next 15-years offer great opportunities to reduce the impacts of aeroponic food production systems, with reduction of up to 77 % by 2034, equivalent to 0.64 kg CO2 eq. per 1 kg of pea shoot produced. Table 6 An","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"124","chunk":"alysis of the in\ufb02uence of different UK energy mixes. Year Carbon intensity [kg CO2eq.\/kWh] CC of aeroponic production [kg CO2eq.\/fu] Improvement 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 Green Tariffa 0.384 0.307 0.277 0.253 0.231 0.111 0.098 0.100 0.085 0.064 0.051 0 2.28 1.89 1","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"125","chunk":".75 1.63 1.52 0.93 0.87 0.88 0.80 0.70 0.64 0.39 This study 17 % 23 % 28 % 33 % 59 % 62 % 61 % 65 % 69 % 72 % 83 % a For the calculations, 0 kg CO2 eq.\/kWh of energy acknowledging that this value might be under Scope 1 for reporting GHG emissions while the system accounts for scope 3. 7 \fX. Schm","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"126","chunk":"idt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 It is important to note that the aeroponic container system of this study uses green electricity tariffs. Although green tariffs have been seen as a good solution for businesses to reduce their environmental impacts associated t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"127","chunk":"o energy consumption, there is a large debate of how green these tariffs actually are, and how to report them. The main issue is related to the Renewable Energy Guarantee of Origin (REGO) certi\ufb01cates, which 1.91 3.88 2.92 1.91 7.79 7.66 1.85 1.14 1.39 2.33 4.74 1.86 1.85 1.22 5.46 4.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"128","chunk":"57 5.71 2.42 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% -1.73 Sowing Growing Harvesting Soaking a) Pea shoots production stage 5.18 1.77 2.9 2.68 1.69 1.63 2.87 2.45 8.77 2.26 2.13 1.48 1.14 1.46 8.27 1.66 1.48 4.51 3.49 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"129","chunk":"% 30% 20% 10% 0% Container Floor Drains Germination space Growth Chamber HVAC Prep Space b) Facilities stage Fig. 5. Contribution of activities and components to the environmental impacts of each life cycle stage the aeroponic container system. 8 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"130","chunk":"he Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 1.84 4.96 1.52 1.28 5.09 5.01 9.67 9.70 5.02 1.26 7.99 1.68 6.10 2.03 3.17 6.74 3.88 2.70 1.89 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% External Water Network Lights Growing Bed Internal Water System Racking Reservoirs c)","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"131","chunk":" Hardware stage Fig. 5 (continued). are allocated to every Mega-Watt hour (MWh) of electricity generated by renewable titles. The electricity generated and REGOs are traded separately across energy providers, hence companies could purchase REGOs together with the energy acquired or separately (","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"132","chunk":"GHG Insight n.d., Centre for Sustainable Energy, n.d., Green Electricity Markets, n.d.). This means that energy suppliers could buy energy from the grid (with shares of renewables and fossil fuel titles) and offset the emission with REGOs (representing units of electricity) to then claim the provis","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"133","chunk":"ion of \u201c100% renewable energy\u201d. In addition to being able to claim green electricity, companies could even save money, as REGOs are usually cheaper than electricity, while green tariffs are usually premium products for customers. On the contrary, those companies that are genuinely providing green ta","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"134","chunk":"riffs usually work with Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) \u2013 a mechanism that keeps REGOs together with the energy purchased (CCS, 2020). If so, energy suppliers using PPAs could encounter higher costs by investment in supplydemand forecasting processes and by working with small, usually independen","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"135","chunk":"t, energy generators such as community-owned projects (CCS, 2020; Centre for Sustainable Energy, n.d.). A large debate has arisen from the misleading nature of the green tariff, with a recent report concluding that nearly 30 % of the UK energy green tariff suppliers could be labelled as \u201cgreenwashin","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"136","chunk":"g\u201d (Scottish Power, 2021). There are efforts to support consumers with their decision making from private sector; for example, de\ufb01ning a Green Accreditations (Uswitch, 2021) or Green Tariffs Levels (Ecotricity, 2021). However, these mechanisms are not standardised, leaving the consumers and small ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"137","chunk":"and medium businesses to do their own research. The complexities of green tariffs highlight how more clear policies and real investments are required to get to net zero. With investment in the decarbonization of energies being the basis; it is clear that market-based mechanisms enable businesses wit","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"138","chunk":"h the opportunities for \u201cgreenwashing\u201d, which leads to confusing consumers who are detrimental players to face the climate crisis (The Guardian, 2022). As expected, issues around green tariffs make the reporting of the greenhouse gas emissions very complicated, no matter the scope that is used \u2013 ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"139","chunk":"scope 1, 2, 3, with opposite perspectives between governmental bodies (e.g., GGC and DEFRA) (CCS, 2020). For the reasons mentioned above the complexities of tracking down what the real titles of electricity generation are used by green tariff providers, to then de\ufb01ne the whole life cycle (GHG repo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"140","chunk":"rting scope 3) and assess the emissions will be another project altogether; hence this study does not fully assess the green tariff using scope 3 or a full life cycle assessment. Instead, the use of electricity generated by solar and wind power systems is discussed in Section 3.3. However, it is imp","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"141","chunk":"ortant to have an overview of what an ideal green tariff could offer to the aeroponic container system. As seen in Table 6, calculations show that if the carbon intensity of the electricity use is 0 kg CO2eq.\/kWh, the impacts of producing 1 kg of pea shoots by aeroponic container system will be \u223c5","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"142","chunk":" times lower than the current impact, reducing it to 0.39 kg CO2eq.\/fu (see Table 6). 3.2.2. Pea shoot production Fig. 5a shows the contribution of the pea shoots production stage, which is mainly driven by two activities \u2013 soaking the seeds and the growing phase, which on average represent 99.8 %","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"143","chunk":" of this stage. The growing phase is the largest contributor adding on average 55 % of the impacts. The main reason for such large contribution is the emissions to water and the associated with the wastewater treatment; this is particularly important for impacts such as FE, ME, HTc&nc, IR and MD, wh","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"144","chunk":"ere this activity represents over 70 % of the impacts. However, the wastewater treatment also provides bene\ufb01ts recovering water for further use, hence the negative values associated with FWC. Overall, the growing activities contribute between 45 and 62 % to the majority of the impact categories ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"145","chunk":"(10 out 19 categories). The production of seeds is the main contributor to the impacts of soaking, being the main contributor to categories such as LU (99 %), PED (75 %), and OD (77 %). Overall, this stage adds between 38 and 55 % to most of the impacts (9 out of 19) including CC, while for nearly","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"146","chunk":" a third (6 out of 19) the contribution is lower than 38 %. 3.2.3. Facilities Fig. 5b displays the impacts associated to the facilities stage, showing a breakdown of the contribution by component. As described in the inventory, this stage mainly accounts for infrastructure, hence the materials ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"147","chunk":"9 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 used and the extraction and processing of them that constitute the facilities. On average, the preparation space, and the HVAC, each account for around a third of the impacts of the facilities stage. In the case of the","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"148","chunk":" prep space, the impact contribution varies from up to 47 % in the case of TEC to around 15 % in the case of FEC. The prep space contributes by between 27 % and 39 % for most of the impacts (8 out 19), while to the rest it adds between 15 and 26 % (5 out 19 impacts, including CC), and between 40 and","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"149","chunk":" 47 % for six out 19 impacts. HVAC contributes by between 16 and 24 % in over half of the impacts (9 out 19), including CC; while in nearly a third of the impacts, HVAC adds between 25 %\u201334 %. Finally, HVAC contributes between 35 and 43 % in 4 out 19 impacts. The steel required for both the prep spa","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"150","chunk":"ce and the HVAC is the main responsible for the contribution of this stages. The growing chamber and the container add on average 21 % and 16 %. For nearly half of the impacts (9 out 19), the growth chamber contributes between 7 and 19 % while in other eight impacts, including CC, it adds between 20","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"151","chunk":" and 26 %. The largest contribution (up to 50 %) is seen at ME and OD. The container itself adds on average 16 % to the impacts of the facilities, with a contribution of between 13 and 19 % for 12 out of 19 impacts, including CC. The \ufb02oor drains and the germination space together contribute on ave","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"152","chunk":"rage 3 %. 3.2.4. Hardware Fig. 5c exhibits the contribution of the hardware stage, which is mainly led by the lighting system. The contribution of LED lighting is estimated at 74 % on average across all the impacts, varying from 32 % for TEC and 95 % for IR. The lighting system contributes by \u223c80 ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"153","chunk":"% in 10 impacts including CC, where it adds 88 %. For four impacts (FPM, FE, TA & HTc), the LED lighting contributes by between 79 % and 60 %, while adds between 59 % and 40 % for the other four categories, namely FEC, HTnc, MEC and MD. The growing bed components also show an important contributio","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"154","chunk":"n to this stage, adding on average 16 % of the impacts. The largest contribution is seen in TEC, where this system is responsible for half of the impacts (52 %). Similarly, growing beds are responsible for around \u223c40 % of the impacts in the case of FEC, HTnc and MEC, while adds around \u223c20 % in the c","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"155","chunk":"ase of FE, TA, and MD. In the rest of the impacts, the growing bed components contributes <10 %, with the only exception of FPM (14 %). The reservoirs contribute by on average 7 % across all the impacts of this stage, with the exceptions of HTcn and MD, where it is responsible for around 20 %, and f","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"156","chunk":"or TEC where it adds 12 %. The other three components \u2013 external water network, internal water system and racking \u2013 contribute by <1 % across all the impact categories. 3.3. Scenario analysis \u2013 energy titles and mat materials The results of the scenario analysis are shown in Fig. 6a for the energ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"157","chunk":"y options and Fig. 6b for the mat options. Description of the scenarios and the assumptions are detailed in Section 2.2.6 and summarised in Table 5. 3.3.1. Energy scenarios As expected, in the case of the energy generation, the use of renewable titles\u2013 solar and wind energy to power the system ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"158","chunk":"provide large improvements across most of the environmental impact categories (14 out 19). For example, CC improves by 68 % and 80 % when replacing the use of the UK grid electricity with solar and wind energy, respectively. Using wind power improves other four categories, namely FEC (65 %), HTnc (5","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"159","chunk":"7 %), TEC (46 %) and MD (8 %). The avoidance of emissions associated to the life cycle of fossil-based electricity generation technologies (they represent \u223c50 %), especially the direct emissions from operation, are the reasons of the large improvement across most of the impacts. On the contrary, oth","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"160","chunk":"er \ufb01ve impacts increase when using solar energy, which are FEC (31 %), HTnc (25 %), TEC (148 %), MD (63 %) and FWC (276 %). In the case of wind energy, the only impact that increased is FWC (183 %). The use of anaerobic digestion to generate electricity has been also assessed, however little improve","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"161","chunk":"ments were offered as only four impacts improve, namely CC (39 %), TEC (94 %), PED (90 %) and FD (58 %). The need of precious metals in the solar power technologies (e.g., panels) increase impacts associated to retitles and toxicities, as the extraction and manufacturing of those require the use","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"162","chunk":" of energy and water, while at the same time emit emissions that has the potential to affect human health, water, and soil. 3.3.2. Mat scenarios In the case of alternative plant base mats, the scenarios do not offer signi\ufb01cant opportunities for improvements; only one out 19 impacts improved when","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"163","chunk":" using the cotton mat (MEC) and kenaf (e.g., MEC and HTnc); all the rest of the impacts increased. For example, in the case of CC, using kenaf and cotton increases the impacts by 8 % and 29 %, respectively. For jute, the scenario increases the impact by between 2 and 8 %. The main reason of this is ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"164","chunk":"the production of raw materials (e.g., cotton, kenaf) and manufacturing of mats, which in this case is assumed (as proxy) as the production of textiles. In the case of the base scenario, the current system uses recycled wool, but only information for CC was obtained from manufacturers. For jute,","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"165","chunk":" virgin and recycled, information from manufacturers was used, but again only accounted for CC. 3.4. Validation As seen in the introduction (Section 1), as far as the authors are aware, there are no studies assessing the environmental impacts of any kind of aeroponic production systems nor about m","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"166","chunk":"icrogreens such as pea shoots. Therefore, to validate the results, studies about vertical farming found in the literature are used, which mainly use leafy greens such as lettuce and herbs. Additionally, other production methods such as greenhouse and open \ufb01eld are included, in addition to the averag","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"167","chunk":"e impacts of lettuce in the UK. To account for the variation of the crops, dry basis is used, as has been done by previous studies (Wildeman, 2020). There are not many studies assessing a full set of environmental impacts; therefore, only a selection of impacts is available for comparison and are ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"168","chunk":"presented in Fig. 7 for CC and in the Supplementary information in Table S1 for the rest of the impacts. Additionally, the results are validated and compared by nutrient content against different production methods, looking at energy content (calories) and proteins. See details in Fig. S1 in the App","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"169","chunk":"endix A. When comparing with hydroponic systems, the CC of the base scenario is nearly a third of the mean across the hydroponic studies (0.64 kg CO2eq.\/ kg product (DM)), ranging from nearly four times higher CC than Martin and Molin (2019) to nearly \ufb01ve times lower CC than Al-Chalabi (2015). Usin","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"170","chunk":"g solar energy in the aeroponic system improves the impacts; the system shows almost the lowest CC (up to 12 times lower), except against Martin and Molin (2019), where the solar-powered aeroponic system still shows 54 % higher impacts. When comparing with greenhouse production systems, all the ae","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"171","chunk":"roponic container system scenarios exhibit lower CC than the mean across the studies (0.62 kg CO2eq.\/kg food (DM)). In general, the results of this study are within the range of those found in literature across all the productions systems (Bartzas et al., 2015; Fiteinis and Chatzisymeon, 2016; Fran","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"172","chunk":"kowska et al., 2019; Plawecki et al., 2014; Romero-G\u00e1mez et al., 2014). In terms of CC, the base scenario of aeroponic container system ranks 11th across the 17 studies, while when using the 2021 UK energy grid, the CC is in the 10th position. However, when using solar energy, the aeroponic containe","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"173","chunk":"r system shows some of the lowest impacts, sitting in the 8th position after almost all the studies assessing the open-\ufb01eld systems. Finally, when comparing the CC of aeroponic production systems with the average impacts of UK lettuce, which includes 59 % imports, the results show lower CC than ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"174","chunk":"the UK average, with impacts varying by between 1 %, in the case of the baseline scenario, to 2.62 times lower impacts in the case of solar powered aeroponic container system. 3.5. Contribution to local food systems: food imports v\/s local aeroponic container production As presented in the intro","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"175","chunk":"duction, there are several claims about the contribution of vertical farming to reduce impacts to the environment while providing opportunities to increase local food security. This section looks 10 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 This study Solar ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"176","chunk":"COMMON IMPACTS TOXICITY. IMPACTS RESOURCE. IMPACTS ENVIRONMENT.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"177","chunk":"COMMON IMPACTS TOXICITY. IMPACTS RESOURCE. IMPACTS ENVIRONMENT.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"178","chunk":"COMMON IMPACTS TOXICITY. IMPACTS RESOURCE. IMPACTS ENVIRONMENT.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"179","chunk":"s This study Jute recycled Jute virgin Cotton Kenaf 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 C C X 1 0 ^ 0 [ K G C O 2 E Q . ] F P M X 1 0^ 3 [ K G P M 2 . 5 E Q. ] F E X 1 0 ^ 3 [ K G P E Q. ] M E X 1 0 ^ 3 [ K G N E Q. ] P O F E X 1 0 ^ 3 [ K G N O X E Q. ] P O F H X 1 0 ^ 3 [ K G N","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"180","chunk":"O X E Q. ] O D X 1 0 ^ 6 [ K G C F C 1 1 E Q. ] T A X 1 0 ^ 2 [ K G S O 2 E Q. ] F E C X 1 0 ^ 1 [ K G 1 , 4 D B E Q. ] H T C X 1 0^ 1 [ K G 1 , 4 D B E Q. ] H T N C X 1 0 ^ 0 [ K G 1 , 4 D B E Q. ] M E C X 1 0 ^ 1 [ K G 1 , 4 D B E Q. ] T E C X 1 0 ^ 1 [ K G 1 , 4 D B E Q . ] I ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"181","chunk":"COMMON IMPACTS TOXICITY. IMPACTS RESOURCE. IMPACTS ENVIRONMENT.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"182","chunk":"ONMENTAL IMPACTS b) Scenario analysis of mat options Fig. 6. Comparison of the environmental impacts of the scenario analysis. to provide evidence to some of these claims by assessing the impacts to climate change (CC) of food imports versus aeroponic. Aeroponic container farming systems are mai","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"183","chunk":"nly used to produce herbs and microgreens. In the UK, these food products are grown locally in greenhouses, but when imported, they mainly come from Spain, Kenya, Jordan, and Mexico (CBI, 2020). Due to the fragile nature and short life span of these products, they are mostly transported by air fr","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"184","chunk":"eight (see Table 7), but some could be also imported through refrigerated lorries. To understand the environmental bene\ufb01ts, it is important to put the previous results (see Section 3.1) in context, in terms of implications of importing foods and the overall impacts of producing and distributing th","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"185","chunk":"em to the UK. Hence, this section \ufb01rst compares the impacts of the aeroponic container system 11 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 K U , h s e r F % 9 5 r o p m i d e t Frankowska et al. (2019) 27.4 Foteinis & Chatzisymeon (2016) 0.6 Romero-G","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"186","chunk":"amez, Audsley & Suarez-Reyes (2014) Bartzas, Zaharaki & Komnitsas (2015) 4.1 3.4 Plawecki et al. (2014) 14.3 Al-Chalabi (2015) 49.4 Al-Chalabi (2015) 6.2 Romero-Gamez, Audsley & Suarez-Reyes (2014) 0.4 Bartzas, Zaharaki & Komnitsas (2015) 3.4 De Geyter (2018) De Geyter (2018) Al-Chal","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"187","chunk":"abi (2015) Al-Chalabi (2015) 58.7 33.6 Martin & Molin (2019) 6.8 Wildeman (2020) Solar powered 10.6 Grid 2021 18.2 Base scenario 27.1 120.0 120.6 98.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 CLIMATE CHANGE [KG CO2EQ.\/KG OF DRY PRODUCT] l d e \ufb01 n e p O e s u o h n e e r G c i n o p o r","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"188","chunk":"d y H c i n o p o r e A Fig. 7. Validation of climate change (CC) impact of pea shoot produced by aeroponic container system in comparison with hydroponic system, greenhouse, and open \ufb01eld. Results presented per kg of dry mater (DM). See appendix Table A1 for a larger set of indicators. against t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"189","chunk":"he impacts from transporting herbs and microgreens to the UK using different transport modes. Table 7 summarises the assumptions made for the analysis. As seen in Fig. 8a, if only the impacts of transporting herbs and microgreens is assessed, the results show that aeroponic container production s","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"190","chunk":"ystem has lower CC than the impacts of transporting food from Kenya by road, using either refrigerant (R134a & RCO2), and by air freight, and by air freight from Mexico, which represents between 15 %\u201324 % (Kenya) and 70 % (Mexico) lower impacts. On the other hand, the transportation of food from clo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"191","chunk":"ser places, such as Spain and Jordan, still shows lower impacts than the production of microgreens from the aeroponic container system when using the baseline (2017), while the 2021 grid scenario shows nearly the same impacts than the impacts of transport by air from Jordan (1.52 vs 1.57). However, ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"192","chunk":"when comparing with solarand wind-powered aeroponic container systems the results vary. For example, the solar-powered aeroponic system exhibits lower impacts than transporting food from Mexico, Kenya and Jordan, however still higher impacts than the transport from Spain. Wind-powered aeroponic sy","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"193","chunk":"stem shows the lowest impacts. Hence, regardless the impacts of the herbs and microgreens production Table 7 Distance of imported herbs in the UK by country and mode of transport. Mode of transport Carbon intensity [kg CO2eq.\/tkm]a Spain [km] Kenya [km] Jordan [km] Mexico [km] Lorryb [Refrig","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"194","chunk":"erated CO2] [Refrigerated R134a] Air freightc 0.263 0.28 0.436 2500 10,000 5000 \u2013 1600 6500 3600 8900 a Carbon intensity is titled from Ecoinvent 3.6 (Moreno Ruiz et al., 2019). b Road routes were calculated using Google maps https:\/\/maps.google.co.uk\/. c Flight routes were estimated usi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"195","chunk":"ng https:\/\/\ufb02ight-distance.com\/. 12 methods, for long distance travel the aeroponic container system is a viable and preferred option, in particular when powered by wind, showing lower impacts than any mean of transport assessed; therefore, it does contribute to reduce impacts of the food system. ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"196","chunk":"Fig. 8b compares the production and transportation of imported food (salads) from Spain and Jordan (best scenarios) versus the impact of producing food (salads) by aeroponic container system; for comparison two representative food production methods are used: high (3.67 kg CO2eq.\/ kg product) and","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"197","chunk":"low (0.27 kg CO2eq.\/kg product) lettuce production systems, based on global data. The aeroponic container system provides a competitive performance when the food production method is high, regardless the location and transportation type. When comparing with the low impact lettuce, aeroponic cont","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"198","chunk":"ainer system is not as competitive, especially when using the UK grid electricity; it only shows lower CC than the lettuce from Jordan when using the 2021 UK grid scenario, but still higher impacts than low lettuce from Spain, regardless the mode of transport. However, the solarand wind-powered ae","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"199","chunk":"roponic container systems show the lowest impacts; the solar-powered system exhibits \u223c10 % lower CC than importing lettuce from Spain by any transport type, while in the case of wind-powered aeroponic container system, the impacts are nearly half (0.45 vs 0.97) of those from imported food from Spain","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"200","chunk":". It is then important to determine parameters to aid decision making toward when aeroponic container systems will have a preferable advantage. Fig. 9 helps to determine the breaking point when aeroponic container system will offer a competitive advantage from imported food. It is clear that aero","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"201","chunk":"ponic container system will be better than any imported food with similar or greater carbon intensity than the aeroponic container system itself, estimated at 2.29 kg CO2 eq.\/kg of pea shoot. So, when using the lowest food impact value, \u201clow lettuce\u201d, for the three modes of transport options (air fr","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"202","chunk":"eight, lorry with refrigerants R134a and RCO2), the aeroponic container system will be equal or better with the following distance: 2863 km in the case of air freight, 4458 km in the case of using lorry with R134a as refrigerant and 4747 km for lorries with CO2 as refrigerant. The solar-powered ae","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"203","chunk":"roponic container system nearly halves the \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 3.88 2.83 2.80 2.63 1.57 1.40 1.32 ] D O O F G K \/ . Q E 2 O C G K [ E G N A H C E T A M L C I 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.70 0.70 0.66 Spain","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"204","chunk":"Air freight Lettuce low Kenya Jordan Lorry R134a This study 2021 grid Lorry RCO2 This study Solar This study This study Wind Mexico Lettuce high a) Comparison of impacts of aeroponic production method against the impacts of transportation from di\ufb00erent importing locations ] d o o f g k \/","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"205","chunk":"Spain Jordan Air freight low lettuce Lorry R134a high lettuce This study Solar Lorry R134a low lettuce Lorry RCO2 high lettuce This study Wind Lorry RCO2 lo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"206","chunk":"w lettuce This study Air freight high lettuce This study 2021 grid b) Comparison of impacts of aeroponic production method against the impacts of production and transportation from imports Fig. 8. Comparison of climate change impact between aeroponic container system and the transportation and p","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"207","chunk":"roduction of food in example locations; two different refrigerant systems are used for comparison in the case of lorries. distances as seen in Table 8, while for the wind-powered aeroponic container system the distances get constraint to almost national level only (<658 km). To contextualise the","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"208","chunk":" \ufb01ndings, the following maps (Fig. 10a\u2013c) exhibit the critical distances \u2013 using London as a starting point \u2013 for which aeroponic container system powered by 2021 UK power grid, solar power, and wind power, are better than importing food, respectively. The \ufb01gures show the service areas of R134a and ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"209","chunk":"RCO2 refrigerated lorries travelling along roads, and a buffer area for air freight. For example, Fig. 10a shows importing food from the whole of Europe, some places in the middle east, and Northern Africa (speci\ufb01cally Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya), has less impacts than using 2021 UK grid","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"210","chunk":"-powered aeroponic containers. This is valid for road (both refrigerated lorry types) and air freight. On the other hand, Fig. 10b shows that it is better to use solar-powered aeroponic containers than to import foods (in this case salads) from North Africa, and some places in East Europe and the ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"211","chunk":"Balkans, for all transport modes. Finally, Fig. 10c shows that if wind-powered aeroponic containers are used, producing in this way is better than importing food from almost any part in Europe, except for the North of France, Belgium, Netherlands, and a small part of West Germany (for all transport ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"212","chunk":"modes). These \ufb01ndings provide key examples when understanding the opportunities of urban farming methods, especially for delicate and short-lived crops such as salads and herbs, which are the target crop for such container farms. The authors however anticipate that the methodology evidenced for","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"213","chunk":" vertical farm LCA in this paper will be replicable to bigger vertical farms, which are currently growing larger crops ranging from strawberries, to tomatoes, to tree seedlings and mushrooms. More needs to be done to quantify the impacts of this nascent industry within all the above crops, especia","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"214","chunk":"lly as vertical farming is expanding so rapidly. Good environmental practice must be established early to ensure the sector provides net positive contributions to the climate crisis and regional food security, rather than a net negative. 4. Conclusions This research has evaluated for the \ufb01rst ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"215","chunk":"time the environmental impacts of an aeroponic container farm system through the assessment of 19 environmental impact categories. Among other categories, for example, it was estimated that the production of 1 kg of pea shoot accounts for 1.52 kg CO2eq. when using electricity from the 2021 UK ener","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"216","chunk":"gy grid. The analysis also shows that the energy required by the system, and the title of this energy, are the main contributors to almost all the impact categories assessed. Therefore, the selection of the energy title is critical to improve the environmental performance of food grown in aerop","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"217","chunk":"onics. On this note, the study proves that the decarbonization of the UK energy grid 13 \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Air freight This study This study solar Refrigerated lorry R134a This study 2021 UK grid Refrigerated lorry RCO2 This study wind 10 ] d o o f f o g k \/ . q e 2 O C g k [ e g n a ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"218","chunk":"h C e t a m i l C 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 y = 0.0004x + 0.273 y = 0.0003x + 0.273 y = 0.0003x + 0.273 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Distance [km] 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 methodology within the academic literature. Such qu","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"219","chunk":"anti\ufb01cation is key if this young industry is to ful\ufb01l its stated promise to reduce the environmental impact of fresh produce, rather than increase it. This research provides evidence for policymakers and decision makers to understand the bene\ufb01ts and trade-offs of aeroponics when compared with impo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"220","chunk":"rted foods, showcasing examples of when the aeroponic production system delivers foods with competitive (and sometimes better) environmental performance than similar imported products. The methodology can also be reapplied within different countries to evaluate the value of utilising an aeroponic ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"221","chunk":"production system for supplying fresh produce, representing a valuable tool for evaluating the impact of vertical farming projects before they are built. Additionally, this study provides information for aeroponic farming experts to look for improvement opportunities such as energy saving measures","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"222","chunk":" to reduce the impacts and costs of the systems. Another important aspect, and one of the limitations of this study, is the affordability issue of aeroponic grown foods, in particular in times of highenergy costs and potential energy shortages and blackouts. Future work will need to explore the e","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"223","chunk":"conomic and social sustainability aspects, to offer a more comprehensive assessment of this system. Finally, this study considers a monocropping system, only growing pea shoot, as at the time of the assessment this was the most studied crop. Future work will include a multi-grown approach including ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"224","chunk":"a diverse portfolio of crops grown in vertical farms of different scales. Fig. 9. Perspective of climate change of production of pea shoot by aeroponic container system against imported lettuce by different mode of transport. CRediT authorship contribution statement provides large opportunities t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"225","chunk":"o reduce the impacts of the food grown by aeroponics (up 72 % reductions), and that the use of 100 % renewable titles such as solarand wind-power renders the system competitive with all the similar products imported in the UK, most of the hydroponic grown salads found in literature, and some of t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"226","chunk":"he greenhouse and open \ufb01eld salads grown elsewhere. Furthermore, this research reveals that although the use of a \u2018Green Tariff\u2019, equivalent to zero GHG emission, would clearly reduce the impacts to climate change (by 83 %); there are currently several uncertainties about how to account for the gre","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"227","chunk":"en tariff's emissions and the reliability of these mechanisms. Direct access to renewable power is therefore suggested as a priority for users of such production systems. In relation to food security, the study demonstrates that aeroponic systems in urban areas have potential to contribute to local","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"228","chunk":" food security, by offering stability and resiliency of supply, availability, and all-year accessibility to nutritious and fresh foods which could reduce or avoid the dependency on imports, and that offers a competitive environmental performance. However, it is important to note that vertical fa","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"229","chunk":"rming is used for growing speci\ufb01c types of crops, mainly herbs and salads, with an average high of 40 cm (Kozai et al., 2016). Other crops that are being currently explored include berries, peppers and tomatoes, and \ufb02owers. Hence, vertical farming, in this case aeroponic, does not intend to repl","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"230","chunk":"ace conventional agriculture, but supplement the food systems with high-value crops (Kozai et al., 2016). This study supplies a valuable methodology for impact assessment of vertical farms (large and small), as the industry lacks an established Table 8 Critical distance to de\ufb01ne the bene\ufb01ts provi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"231","chunk":"ded by aeroponic container system using low lettuce values as reference and three transport modes. Distance [km] Air freight 4629 2894 397 1394 Refrigerated lorry R134a Refrigerated lorry RCO2 7208 4506 618 2171 7673 4798 658 2312 This study 2017 UK grid This study 2021 UK grid This study Wi","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"232","chunk":"nd This study solar 14 XSR: Funding acquisition; Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Software, WritingOriginal draft preparation, Review & Editing \ufb01nal draft, Project administration. BR: Conceptualization; Data collection, Visualization; review & editing, manuscript. TO: Data co","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"233","chunk":"llection; FJV: Visualization, Software, review & editing, manuscript. JF: Conceptualization; Data curator, Funding acquisition; Visualization; review & editing, manuscript. Funding This project was funded by UKRI Innovate UK through the program KTN SPARK Award \u201cEnvironmental Assessment of Aeropo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"234","chunk":"nic food production \u2013 bene\ufb01ts and drawback\u201d. Data availability All the inventories and data use are displayed in the main document. Declaration of competing interest XSR reports \ufb01nancial support was provided by Innovate UK. JF, BR, TO report a relationship with LettUs Grow Ltd. that includes: ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"235","chunk":"board membership, employment, and equity or stocks. FJV does not have any con\ufb02ict of interest. Acknowledgement XSR was supported through Brunel University London internal Research England GCRF QR Fund. FJV was supported by EPSRC through Supergen Energy Networks Hub EP\/S00078X\/2, and from ANID th","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"236","chunk":"rough grants FONDECYT N.11220388, ANID PIA\/PUENTE AFB220003, ANID\/ Millennium Scienti\ufb01c Initiative of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge, and Innovation\/ICN2021_023 (MIGA), and ANID\/FONDAP\/ 15110019 SERC-Chile. Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data to this article can be fo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"237","chunk":"und online at https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420. \fX. Schmidt Rivera et al. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"238","chunk":"rming is used for growing speci\ufb01c types of crops, mainly herbs and salads, with an average high of 40 cm (Kozai et al., 2016). Other crops that are being currently explored include berries, peppers and tomatoes, and \ufb02owers. Hence, vertical farming, in this case aeroponic, does not intend to repl","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"239","chunk":"era et al. References Al-Chalabi, M., 2015. Vertical farming: skyscraper sustainability? Sustain. Cities Soc. 18 (1), 74\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2015.06.003. ALFED, 2020. UK Aluminium Industry Fact Sheet 5 Aluminium Recycling. [Online] Available from:. https:\/\/www.alfed.org.uk\/\ufb01les","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
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{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"241","chunk":"line] Available from:. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/ attachment_data\/\ufb01le\/736148\/DUKES_2018.pdf. (Accessed 18 October 2022). BEIS, 2021. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener. [Online] Available from:. https:\/\/www. gov.uk\/government\/publications\/net-zer","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
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{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"256","chunk":"ent Requirements and Guidelines. International Standard Organization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. Kozai, T., Niu, G., Takagaki, M., 2016. Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Ef\ufb01cient Quality Food Production. Elsevier, London. Green Electricity Marketplace, n.d.Green Electricity","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"257","chunk":" Marketplace (n.d.). About Green tariffs. Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https:\/\/www.greenelectricity.org\/about-greentariffs\/. [Accessed 1 February 2022]. Martin, M., Molin, E., 2019. Environmental assessment of an urban vertical hydroponic farming system in Sweden. Sustainability 11 (15), 41","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"258","chunk":"24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ su11154124. Science of the Total Environment 860 (2023) 160420 Molin, E., Martin, M., 2018. Reviewing the energy and environmental performance of vertical farming systems in urban in cooperation with Node Farm. https:\/\/www.ivl.se\/ download\/18.2aa2697816097278807e72d\/15","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"259","chunk":"22310465773\/C298.pdf. Moreno Ruiz, E., Valsasina, L., FitzGerald, D., Brunner, F., Symeonidis, A., Bourgault, G., Wernet, G., 2019. Documentation of Changes Implemented in the Ecoinvent Database v3.6. 2019. https:\/\/forum.ecoinvent.org\/\ufb01les\/change_report_v3_6_20190912.pdf. MPA, 2020. End of life rec","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"260","chunk":"ycling. [Online] Available from: https:\/\/www.concretecentre.com\/ Performance-Sustainability-(1)\/Material-Ef\ufb01eciency\/End-of-life-recycling.aspx. (Accessed 2 January 2022). Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B.C., Hinkel, J., van de Wal, R., Magnan, A.K., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., DeConto","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"261","chunk":", R.M., Ghosh, T., Hay, J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B., Sebesvari, Z., 2019. Sea level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts and communities. [Online] Available from:In: P\u00f6rtner, H.-O., Roberts, D.C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"262","chunk":"., Alegr\u00eda, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., Weyer, N.M. (Eds.), IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Plawecki, R., Pirog, R., Montri, A., Hamm, M., 2014. Comparative carbon footprint assessment of winter lettuce production in two climatic zones fo","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"263","chunk":"r Midwestern market. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 29 (4), 310\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1742170513000161. Romero-G\u00e1mez, M., Audsley, E., Su\u00e1rez-Rey, E.M., 2014. Life cycle assessment of cultivating lettuce and escarole in Spain. J. Clean. Prod. 73, 193\u2013203. Schmidt Rivera, X.C., Balcombe, P., Nie","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"264","chunk":"ro, M., 2021. Life Cycle Assessment as a Metric for Circular Economy. Chapter 3 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/9781788016209-00054. Scottish Power, 2021. Come Clean on Green greenwashing of electricity tariffs in the UK market. (n.d.). [Online] Available from: https:\/\/www.scottishpower.com\/user\ufb01les\/\ufb01","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"265","chunk":"le\/ SP_Come_Clean_on_Green.pdf. (Accessed 2 January 2022). Silva, J.T.da, Garzillo, J.M.F., Rauber, F., Kluczkovski, A., Rivera, X.S., Cruz, G.L.da, Frankowska, A., Martins, C.A., Louzada, M.L.da C., Monteiro, C.A., Reynolds, C., Bridle, S., Levy, R.B., 2021. Greenhouse gas emissions, water footpri","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"266","chunk":"nt, and ecological footprint of food purchases according to their degree of processing in Brazilian metropolitan areas: a time-series study from 1987 to 2018. [Online] Available from:Lancet Planet. Health 5 (11), e775\u2013e785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00254-0. STATISTA, 2020. Projected ve","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"267","chunk":"rtical farming market worldwide in 2019 and 2025. https:\/\/ www-statista-com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk\/statistics\/487666\/projection-vertical-farmingmarket-worldwide\/. (Accessed 17 October 2022). STATISTA, 2020. Market value of vertical farming worldwide in 2020, by region. https:\/\/ www-statista-com.ezp","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"268","chunk":"roxy.brunel.ac.uk\/statistics\/752410\/projection-vertical-farmingmarket-worldwide\/. (Accessed 17 October 2022). STATISTA, 2020. Revenue of vertical farming worldwide in 2020, by technology. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www-statista-com.ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk\/statistics\/801463\/projectionvertical","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"269","chunk":"-farming-market-worldwide\/#statisticContainer. (Accessed 17 October 2022). STATISTA, 2020. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of vertical farming worldwide between 2020 and 2027, by technology. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www-statista-com. ezproxy.brunel.ac.uk\/statistics\/1181856\/global-vertical","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"270","chunk":"-farming-annual-growth-rate-byapplication\/. (Accessed 17 October 2022). Steelconstruction.info, 2022. Recycling and reuse. [online] Available at: https:\/\/www. steelconstruction.info\/Recycling_and_reuse. (Accessed 2 August 2022). Stiles, W., Wootton-Beard, P., 2017. Vertical Farming: a new futur","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"271","chunk":"e for food production? https:\/\/businesswales.gov.wales\/farmingconnect\/sites\/farmingconnect\/\ufb01les\/technical_ article_-_vertical_farming_\ufb01nal.pdf The Guardian, 2022. Carbon offsetting is not warding off environmental collapse \u2013 it's accelerating it by George Monbiot. (2022, January 26) https:\/\/www.t","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"272","chunk":"heguardian.com\/ commentisfree\/2022\/jan\/26\/carbon-offsetting-environmental-collapse-carbon-landgrab. Thinkstep, 2019. Thinkstep GaBi Software and Database. Thinkstep, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany. https:\/\/www.thinkstep.com\/software\/gabi-lca. Touliatos, D., Dodd, I.C., McAinsh, M., 2016. Vert","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"273","chunk":"ical farming increases lettuce yield per unit area compared to conventional horizontal hydroponics. Food Energy Secur. 5 (3), 184\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fes3.83. Tubiello, F.N., Rosenzweig, C., Conchedda, G., Karl, K., G\u00fctschow, J., Xueyao, P., Obli-Laryea, G., Wanner, N., Qiu, S.Y., Barros, ","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"274","chunk":"J.D., Flammini, A., Mencos-Contreras, E., Souza, L., Quadrelli, R., Hei\u00f0arsd\u00f3ttir, H.H., Benoit, P., Hayek, M., Sandalow, D., 2021. Greenhouse gas emissions from food systems: building the evidence base. Environ. Res. Lett. 16 (6), 065007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac018e. Uswitch, 2021. Us","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"275","chunk":"witch Green Accreditation. [Online] Available from:. https:\/\/www.uswitch. com\/gas-electricity\/green-energy\/green-accreditation\/. (Accessed 2 January 2022). Wildeman, R., 2020. Vertical farming: a future perspective or a mere conceptual idea? https:\/\/essay.utwente.nl\/83529\/1\/Wildeman%2C%20R.%20_open","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"276","chunk":"baar.pdf Willett, W., Rockstr\u00f6m, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S., Garnett, T., Tilman, D., DeClerck, F., Wood, A., Jonell, M., Clark, M., Gordon, L.J., Fanzo, J., Hawkes, C., Zurayk, R., Rivera, J.A., De Vries, W., Majele Sibanda, L., Afshin, A., 2019. Food in the Anthropocen","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"277","chunk":"e: the EAT\u2013Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393 (10170), 447\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(18) 31788-4. World Health Organization, 2021. Malnutrition. Who.int. June 9World Health Organization: WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/m","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"278","chunk":"alnutrition. WRAP, 2022. Scope 3 GHG Measurement and Reporting Protocols for Food and Drink. [Online] Available from:. https:\/\/wrap.org.uk\/retitles\/guide\/scope-3-ghg-measurementand-reporting-protocols-food-and-drink. (Accessed 17 October 2022). Yin, J., Yang, D., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Cai, T.","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160420","chunk_id":"279","chunk":", Hao, Y., Cui, S., Chen, Y., 2020. Diet shift: considering environment, health, and food culture. Sci. Total Environ. 719, 137484. https:\/\/ doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137484. 16","title":"The role of aeroponic container farms in sustainable food systems","authors":"Ximena Schmidt Rivera, Billy Rodgers, Temitayo Odanye, Francisca Jalil-Vega, Jack Farmer"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"0","chunk":"See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339643183 Overview of the aeroponic agriculture -An emerging technology for global food security Article\u00a0\u00a0in\u00a0\u00a0International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering \u00b7 January 202","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"1","chunk":"0 DOI: 10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156 CITATIONS 36 7 authors, including: Imran Ali Lakhiar 34 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0709 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE Farman Ali Chandio Jiangsu University 68 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0962 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE READS 9,821 Tabinda Naz Syed Nanjing Agricultural University 11","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"2","chunk":" PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0460 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE Mazhar Hussain Tunio Sindh Agriculture University 27 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0195 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Special Issue \"Strategizing Agricultural Management for Climate Cha","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"3","chunk":"nge Adaptation and Mitigation\" MDPI Agronomy (IF=3.417) View project Design and Optimization of High and Low Pressurizing Agricultural Instruments View project All content following this page was uploaded by Imran Ali Lakhiar on 03 March 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"4","chunk":"file. \fJanuary, 2020 Int J Agric & Biol Eng Open Access at https:\/\/www.ijabe.org Vol. 13 No. 1 1 Overview of the aeroponic agriculture \u2013 An emerging technology for global food secu","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"5","chunk":"rity Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao*, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi (School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China) Abstract: Traditionally, crops are cultivated in soil-ba","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"6","chunk":"sed open field systems. Seasonality, environmental degradation, urbanization, and food security issues have replaced open-field systems with modern plant production systems. Soilless culture is one of the modern plant production systems, which involves much higher use of av","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"7","chunk":"ailable retitles. The presented study provides information about currently accessible soilless systems and discussed the aeroponic system. Compared to other soilless systems, aeroponic reduce water usage through continuous water circulation. However, the aeroponic is not entirely implem","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"8","chunk":"ented among local farmers, and very few farmers have adopted the system due to the lack of research and technical information available in the literature. Therefore, this study was planned to provide information about the development and maintenance tasks required for pra","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"9","chunk":"cticing the aeroponic system. This study could provide knowledge to the researchers, farmers, and those people interested in practicing the aeroponic system. Keywords: aeroponic, food security, hydroponic, soilless culture, substrate culture DOI: 10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156 Cita","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"10","chunk":"tion: Lakhiar I A, Gao J M, Syed T N, Chandio F A, Tunio M H, Ahmad F, et al. Overview of the aeroponic agriculture \u2013 An emerging technology for global food security. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(1): 1\u201310. 1 Introduction\uf020 In the future, the world population will deal with ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"11","chunk":"several difficulties, problems, and issues that can have adverse impacts on the overall future food production (FFP) and food security[1-3]. Studies reported that the challenges, problems, and issues are forecasted due to the continuous effects of unexpected climate ch","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"12","chunk":"anges, increasing geographic extent of drylands, population growth, increasing urbanization, rising costs of agribusiness, soil depletion and degradation, water shortages, water pollution, overexploitation of groundwater, and reduced production practices[4-7]. A study","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"13","chunk":" by Lam et al.[8] informed that the rapid increase in urbanization, industrialization, and modernization could have profound effects on FFP and food safety issues. Besides, peoples\u2019 living style is rapidly changing from a lower standard to a higher standard, and they have star","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"14","chunk":"ted to move from small towns to big cities. This rapid rise in urbanization and infrastructures can create several problems for the agriculture sector because peoples have started to convert their arable lands into commercial and residential areas. Xiao et al.[9] con","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"15","chunk":"cluded that if we take China as an example, the rise of urbanization and infrastructure development in China is increased very fast compared to other countries of the world. However, the share of the urban population is increased Received date: 2019-05-20 Accepted date: 2019","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"16","chunk":"-12-05 Biographies: Imran Ali Lakhiar, PhD candidate, research interests: fog tilling, Email: 5103160321@stmail.ujs.edu.cn; Tabinda Naz Syed, PhD candidate, research interests: aeropoics, Email: 5102160315@stmail.ujs.edu.cn; Farman Ali Chandio, Associate Professor, research int","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"17","chunk":"erests: agricultural machinery, Email: farman@ujs.edu.cn; Mazhar Hussain Tunio, PhD candidate, Lecturer, irrigation engineering, Email: mazharhussaintunio@ research sau.edu.pk; Fiaz Ahmad, Post-doctorate, research interests: agricultural michinery, Email:fiazahmad@bzu.edu.pk;","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"18","chunk":" Kashif Ali Solangi, PhD candidate, research interests: soil salinity control, Email: 5103180312@stmail.ujs.edu.cn. *Corresponding author: Jianmin Gao, Professor, research interests: Soil and fog tilling, No.301 Xuefu road, Zhenjiang city, Jiangsu Province, China. Tel","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"19","chunk":": +86-13655282069, Email: gaojianminujs@163.com. interests: that Moreover, from 21.1% to 58.5% over the period 1982\u20132017[10-13]. Lakhiar et al.[2] reported the global climate change urbanization, industrialization, and modernization becomes a critical influencing factor for FFP","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"20","chunk":" and the impact cannot be ignored[14,15]. Shamshiri et al.[16,17] stated that FFP could exemplify by adopting modern farming techniques such as the implementation of the greenhouse plant cultivation (GPC) and agricultural robotics technologies (ART) in traditional ag","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"21","chunk":"riculture. These modern techniques involve much higher use of advanced technology and automation for land-use optimization. By adopting these techniques, modern farms can expect to produce more yields with higher quality at in a sustainable way[18]. lower expenses ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"22","chunk":" the greenhouse defined as a covered structure that provides plants with optimally controlled microclimate growth conditions. It reduces production costs and increases crop yields[19,20]. Another study of Shamshiri and Ismail[21] informed that over the last decades, the incr","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"23","chunk":"easing population had changed the food production scenario. This study further reported in 91 developing countries, the most of the available land area is not in use for crop production, which is 2.4 times higher than the area in use for performing the agriculture activities[22].","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"24","chunk":" Since the available land could not increase, so the GPC has been employed as a solution to make more effective use of available space in hands. A study by Chang et al.[23] revealed that GPC is one of the world\u2019s most significant agricultural productions system du","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"25","chunk":"e to its high economic benefits. At present, it had been in rapid development in both developed and developing countries of the world for the cultivation of fruits and vegetable plants[24-27]. Moreover, the adoption of GPC could provide a flexible solution for high qual","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"26","chunk":"ity and sustainable year-round plant production, particularly in regions with adverse climate conditions or limited land and retitles with increased productivity. It is among the most intensive agricultural systems, requiring high inputs from growers generally greater ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"27","chunk":"than growing in the open field. In GPC, air temperature, relative humidity, light level, and CO2 concentration are considered necessary parameters to achieve \f2 January, 2020 In","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"28","chunk":"t J Agric & Biol Eng Open Access at https:\/\/www.ijabe.org Vol. 13 No. 1 in addressing some of high yield at low expense and to keep the greenhouse environment competitive[28,29]. However, several researchers have presented ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"29","chunk":" new innovative studies, tools, approaches, and techniques in GPC that have been successful these concerns[30-37]. In addition, soilless culture is a promising and innovative technique widely applied in GPC due to its multiple advantages[38,39]. Soilless culture ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"30","chunk":" is the realization of all types of agricultural production in solid or liquid culture. In many countries of the world, the technique is being significantly used to cultivate several types of fruits and vegetable crops, and about a total of 31 000 hm2 of soilless sys","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"31","chunk":"tems are reported in the literature[40]. Aeroponic cultivation is one of the types of soilless culture, which is significantly practiced in different countries of the world[2]. is not entirely implemented among local farmers, and very few farmers have adopted the technique ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"32","chunk":"due to the lack of research and technical information available However, much information about the system is still scientifically unclear, and several aspects of the system have yet to be investigated and improved to get significantly higher plant production[41, 42","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"33","chunk":"]. the aeroponic system Currently, literature. the in Therefore, this study was planned to provide information about the development and maintenance tasks required for practicing the aeroponic system. However, the rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describe","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"34","chunk":"s the soilless culture and its types. Sections 3 and 4 represent the status of the existing aeroponic products and systems, development of the aeroponic systems, main parts of the aeroponic system and additional required material and manufacturing of the different aeroponic sys","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"35","chunk":"tems. Sections 5, 6, 7, and 8, 9 describe the evaluation of proposed aeroponic system, technical challenges, routine and preventative maintenance of the aeroponic system, advantages of the aeroponic system, future prospectus. Finally, Section 10 represents the conclu","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"36","chunk":"sion of the study. 2 Soilless culture Soilless culture is the technique of plant cultivation without the use of soil by providing water and solid particle as a rooting medium[43]. It is primarily associated with the method of substrate culture and water culture (Figure 1","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"37","chunk":"). The soilless culture can be practiced in two conditions: 1) open environment agriculture, and 2) that controlled environment agriculture. compared to soil-based cultivation, soilless production is more cost-effective, higher yields, and quicker harvests from smaller a","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"38","chunk":"reas of land[44-46]. Studies suggested Note: CD: Continuous drip; FD: Flood and drain; DWR: Deep water raft culture; NFT: Nutrient film technique; HP: High-pressure; LP: low-pressure; UF: Ultrasonic fogger. Figure 1 Flow chart of plant cultivation techniques for changes","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"39","chunk":" Furthermore, it facilitates many socio-economic benefits, including it can deal with the increasing global food challenges, environmental the mitigating, management, malnutrition, and efficient utilization of the available natural retitles[47]. The technique can p","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"40","chunk":"rovide sustained, sufficient, fresh, clean, and hygienic vegetable supply throughout the year without any interval by using minimum inputs and facilitates multiple plant harvesting with maximum output[1]. The concept of the soilless culture seeks to offer an in","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"41","chunk":"novative solution to ensure the environmental and economic sustainability of food supplies with high nutritional quality. It is a highly recommended plant cultivation technique for all countries having less arable land, rapid environmental changes, and increasing food challenge","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"42","chunk":"s with the indigenous population[48]. 2.1 Substrate culture The substrate culture defined as the cultivation of crops in a solid, inner, or non-inert medium instead of soil or water culture. At present, several researchers are using different types of substrate cu","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"43","chunk":"ltures for their research studies[49]. Moreover, the substrate material can be constructed from both inorganic and organic components. The organic substrates include sawdust, coco peat, peat moss, woodchips, fleece, marc, bark and inorganic substrate includes pe","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"44","chunk":"rlite, vermiculite, zeolite, gravel, rockwool, sand, glass wool, pumice, sepiolite, expanded clay, volcanic tuff, and synthetically produced substrates such as hydrogel, foam mates (polyurethane), and an oasis (plastic foam)[51-53]. However, the most commonly used mater","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"45","chunk":"ial varies, both locally and globally. Research studies reported that peat, coir, wood, and composted materials are the most dominant substrate materials in soilless cultivation, which are commonly used around the world[54-57]. the physical, chemical, and biological ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"46","chunk":"properties. Barrett[49] reported that before selecting the substrate material, it must be ensured that the selected substrate material would perform well in two key areas: 1) The selected material must possess Because these properties are necessary to provide suitable","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"47","chunk":" growth conditions for plant roots in the challenging environment, 2) The selected material must meet the functional requirements of the production system in which it is being utilized. An effective substrate material must have a physical structure that creat","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"48","chunk":"es an appropriate balance of air and water for healthy root development. This balance must be maintained over an entire crop production cycle, which can last from several weeks to more than a year[58]. 2.2 Water culture The roots of substrate material. Water culture ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"49","chunk":"is another type of soilless system. In water culture, the plant grows in a water-rich nutrient solution instead of the the plants are hanged\/submerged in the nutrient solution. While the upper portion, such as shoots and fruits are placed above the supporting trays.","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"50","chunk":" The water culture is further categorized into three main types such as hydroponics, aquaponics and aeroponic cultivation systems[1,59]. 2.2.1 Hydroponic cultivation Hydroponic is a method of growing crops without the use of soil, where the roots of the pla","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"51","chunk":"nts are submerged in the nutrient solution[60]. Recently, the use of the technique in agriculture is significantly increased, as it provides several advantages over traditional soil-based cultivation[61]. the primary advantages of this method is to allow the mo","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"52","chunk":"re efficient use of available retitles and provides an opportunity to better control climate and pest factors[62-64]. Hydroponic production increases in higher crop quality and productivity, which One of results \fJanuary, 2020 Lakhiar I A, et ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"53","chunk":"al. Overview of the aeroponic agriculture \u2013 An emerging technology for global food security Vol. 13 No.1 3 competitiveness and economic incomes. Furthermore, it requires low-maintenance as well, insofar as weeding, tilling, kneeling, and dirt removal are non-issu","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"54","chunk":"es and provides a less labor-intensive way to manage more extensive areas of production[65,66]. Studies reported that there are many types of hydroponic systems, but the most common types are NFT, DWR (Figure 2), and FD. Also, it can be classified by the container type (window","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"55","chunk":" boxes, troughs, rails, buckets, bags, slabs, and beds)[67-69]. Figure 2 Hydroponic system 2.2.2 Aquaponic cultivation The aquaponic system is an advanced food production technique of modern farming that combines the production of aquatic organisms with plant prod","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"56","chunk":"uction. It is an innovative method that potentially contributes to both populations\u2019 demand for animal products and sustainable consumption patterns[70]. It offers more than 50% of the nutrients for optimal plant growth through recycling of the nutrient-rich wastewater fr","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"57","chunk":"om feeding the aquatic organisms into the system. Thus, it reduces the use of fertilizers of mineral origin and the environmental impact of both fish and plant production[71-76]. the aquaculture wastewater to fertilize the plants can avoid the discharge of the","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"58","chunk":"already phosphorusand nitrogen-enriched water nitrogen-loaded surfaceand groundwater[77]. Schr\u00f6ter and Mergenthaler[78] reported that several research studies suggested that expansion of the aquaponic sector will probably provide a solution to the declining global","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"59","chunk":" capture fisheries and the future food production. Figure 3 shows the aquaponic system. Besides, into Figure 3 Aquaponics system 2.2.3 Vertical farming Vertical farming is the practice of growing fruits, vegetables, and non-edible plants in vertically-stacked laye","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"60","chunk":"rs or multi-story buildings containing an environment conducive. These \u201cfarms\u201d make use of enclosed structures like warehouses and shipping containers to provide a controlled environment for growing the crops in the hydroponic system, aeroponic system, and aquaponics s","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"61","chunk":"ystem. Shamshiri et al.[16] reported that the concept of vertical farming was not new, and the studies suggested that the technique was unknown for a long time. In recent years, with the rapid advancement in technology and increasing land issues, researchers moved towar","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"62","chunk":"ds vertical farming as an alternative food production system. Vertical farming offers several benefits, including independence from arable land, year-round growing capacities, less water consumption, and improved crop predictability. It can also to promote conventional farmin","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"63","chunk":"g[79-81]. 2.2.4 Aeroponic cultivation agricultural sustainable compared practices The aeroponic system is one of the techniques of the soilless culture, where the plant grows in the air with the assistance of artificial support instead of soil or substrate ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"64","chunk":" culture. The term aeroponic was taken from the Greek, and Latina terms Aero and Ponic, which means air and labor. It is an air-water plant growing technique in which plant lower portions such as roots are hanged inside the growth chamber under complete darkness. Wh","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"65","chunk":"ereas the upper portions of the plant, such as leaves, fruits, and the crown portions are extending outside the growth chamber[82-85]. The technique is economical in the use of fertilizers and saves water nutrient solution compared to other soilless systems[86-92]. ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"66","chunk":" Several studies had been practiced the technique for the cultivation of horticultural ornamental, the root of herbs and root based medicinal plants. These studies reported that in an aeroponic system, plant roots quickly nourish under the available nutrients and co","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"67","chunk":"ntrolled conditions. The controlled conditions include uniform nutrients concentration, EC (Electrical conductivity) and pH, temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, spraying time, spraying interval, and 100% oxygen availability in the growth chamber[93-100]. ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"68","chunk":" Furthermore, the detailed information about the aeroponic system is published in the previous studies of Lakhiar et al.[1,2] 3 Status of the existing aeroponic products and systems At present, the aeroponic system is practiced for commercial, experimental, and ki","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"69","chunk":"tchen gardening. O\u2019Hare airport in Chicago is one of the most recent examples; it has recently introduced a highly innovative sustainable food and beverage supply chain on-site aeroponic system[101]. People are growing plants in the aeroponic system on their","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"70","chunk":" balconies, terrace, and rooms due to its competed structure[102]. In addition, throughout the literature review, it was found that several online websites were engaged with the aeroponic business at local and international levels, and they were offering several t","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"71","chunk":"ypes, sizes, and shapes of the aeroponic systems. We found that the available structures were expensive, and they were providing services for limited countries of the world. Guizhen[103], Gao[104], and NASA[105] reported that the aeroponic system has mainly four types of struc","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"72","chunk":"tures, including seedbed type, vertical barrel type, prototype, and pyramid type. These types are commonly practiced around the globe for growing the various types of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal based plants. These structures are the basic structures of the aero","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"73","chunk":"ponic system and simple to build by using wood, aluminum, and plastic material. 4 Development of the aeroponic systems Throughout this review, it was found that no scientifically recommended and convenient aeroponic system developed for plant growth. Several researcher","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"74","chunk":"s, scientists, and local farmers developed aeroponic systems according to their requirements and available space. A study by Juncal et al.[106] informed that aeroponic had been in use for decades, besides up to now, no adequate structural arrangements are created","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"75","chunk":" and recommended for designing the aeroponic system. In addition, the aeroponic \f4 January, 2020 Int J Agric & Biol Eng Open Access at https:\/\/www.ijabe.org Vol. 13 N","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"76","chunk":"o. 1 systems are mainly comprised of the three main portions, including 1) growth chamber, 2) plant supporting portion, and 3) nutrient supply system. For the present study, we selected two types of aeroponic structures (seedbed type and pyramid type), and a total ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"77","chunk":" of eight different aeroponic systems were developed. Among them, seven systems were the seedbed type, and one system was the pyramid type. Aeroponic systems were developed by using two types of atomization nozzles (mechanical atomizer and ultrasonic foggers)","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"78","chunk":". The mechanical nozzles were included three The air-assisted atomizers and one centrifugal atomizer. ultrasonic nozzles were included three atomization ultrasonic frequencies high-frequency medium-frequency and low-frequency. Furthermore, the aeroponic systems were ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"79","chunk":"built with mechanical atomizers and one low-frequency ultrasonic atomizer developed in three main portions, including a growth chamber, nutrient reservoir, and stand to fix the growth box. The aeroponic system with high-frequency and medium-frequency ultrasonic aeroponic atomi","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"80","chunk":"zers was developed in two main portions, including the growth chamber and a stand Additionally, the aeroponic system developed with wood is considered as more durable and cheaper, but the system developed with wooden frames is easily susceptible to rapid water damages","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"81","chunk":". Therefore, aluminum frame and plastic material were used to develop different aeroponic systems. 4.1 Main parts and required material of the aeroponic system In an aeroponic system, the growth chamber and a nutrient reservoir are the same types of containers that are used ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"82","chunk":"to hold the plant roots, aeroponic atomization nozzles, and store the nutrient solution. Therefore, the growth chamber and nutrient reservoir can be considered as one of the important parts of the aeroponic system. Moreover, the growth chamber is designed to ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"83","chunk":" openly hold the plant roots in the air under complete darkness and to provide suitable growth conditions for the plants such as humidity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient spray. Also, the aeroponic atomization nozzles are assembled in the growth chamber w","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"84","chunk":"here atomizers atomize the direct nutrient spray on the the growth chamber. to fix plant roots. The growth chamber and nutrient solution reservoir can be made from wood, plastic, and aluminum materials. However, wooden frames must be lined with plastic","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"85","chunk":" sheeting for avoiding the water leakages from both reservoirs. Another important consideration is the color of the reservoirs, the dark color is recommended, but any significantly opaque plastic can be used to develop both reservoirs. It should be avoided to use the","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"86","chunk":" translucent plastic as it allows light to enter the reservoirs, and encourage the growth of algae. Also, it should be ensured to protect both reservoirs to prevent light penetration and to reduce the amount of dirt and debris. In an aeroponic system, plant root","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"87","chunk":"s receive direct nutrient mist supply ejecting from the different types of the atomization nozzles (air-assisted, centrifugal and ultrasonic high-, mediumand low-frequency)[108-110]. Until now, several research studies developed the different types and sizes of the aer","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"88","chunk":"oponic systems. However, no single study had intensely focused and briefly discussed the selection of the suitable aeroponic atomization nozzles[111-116]. Moreover, this study was first to develop the aeroponic system using electrostatic spray technology in the","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"89","chunk":"aeroponic system. Samuel et al.[117] reported that electrostatic spray technology is the process of spraying an electrostatically charged mist into the surfaces and selected objects. The electrostatic spray uses a specialized solution combined with air and atomized","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"90","chunk":" by an electrode inside the sprayer. The air-assisted electrostatic sprayers can produce the droplets smaller than those produced by conventional or hydraulic sprayers[118,119]. In addition, the selected atomizers were such as Hartmann air-assisted atomization nozzle w","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"91","chunk":"ith resonance tube; air-assisted atomization nozzle with and without electrostatic spray; centrifugal atomization nozzle; 1.7 MHz high-frequency ultrasonic fogger atomization nozzle with three ultrasonic transducers, 1.7 MHz high-frequency ultrasonic fogger atomization nozzle","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"92","chunk":" with one ultrasonic transducers, 107 kHz medium-frequency ultrasonic fogger atomization nozzle, and 28 kHz low-frequency ultrasonic fogger atomization nozzle. The additional required material is shown in Figure 4. A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"93","chunk":" A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 Figure 4 Components and material required for developing the aeroponic system Moreover, the additional required material for developing the aeroponic systems were A1 = aluminum frame 745 mm \u00d7 550 m \u00d7 800 mm","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"94","chunk":" and 745 mm \u00d7 450 mm \u00d7 800 mm, A2 = stainless steel growth box 800 mm \u00d7 300 mm \u00d7 800 mm with total height 1100 mm, A3 = plant supporting tray 800 mm \u00d7 300 mm \u00d7 800 mm, A4 = plastic box 740 mm \u00d7 540 mm \u00d7 400 mm, A5 = polystyrene foam box 740 mm \u00d7 440 mm \u00d7 300 mm, A6 ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"95","chunk":"#ERROR!","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"96","chunk":"13 No.1 5 lights cup to hold the plant 45 mm \u00d7 30 mm \u00d7 45 mm, A8 = cotton round hole 25 mm \u00d7 25 mm \u00d7 25 mm, A9 = plastic tank for nutrient solution 50 L and 25 L, A10 = LED (Model: WT-ZWD-3R2B1W-600MM-9W, 900 lm, Xiamen Plants Agricultural Photoelectricity T","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"97","chunk":"echnology Co., Ltd. P.R China), A11 = 12 V axial fan, A12 = 12 V high voltage electrostatic generator, A13 and A14 = demographic pumps, model name (Model PLD1204 and 1206, 12 V, 0.45 MPa and 1 MPa, Shijiazhuang City Prandy Electromechanical Equipment Co., Ltd.) ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"98","chunk":", A15 = air compressor (Model 750-30<2530>, Zhejiang Shengyuan Air Compressor Manufacturing Co., Ltd.), A16 = demographic pump pressure regulator, A17 = demographic pump pressure meter, A18 = water flow meter, A19 = air flow meter, A20 = air pressure meter, A21 = flexible polyethylene wa","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"99","chunk":"ter supply line 6 mm \u00d7 8 mm, 8 mm \u00d7 10 mm and 12 mm \u00d7 14 mm, A22 = plastic filter with stainless steel net, A23 = pneumatic three-way connector 6 mm \u00d7 6 mm \u00d7 6 mm, A24 = pneumatic reducer air pipe joint 8 mm \u00d7 12 mm. 4.2 Manufacturing of the different aer","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"100","chunk":"oponic systems The aeroponic systems developed with Hartmann air-assisted atomization nozzle with resonance tube, air-assisted atomization nozzle with and without electrostatic spray were mainly composed of a growth chamber, a plant supporting tray, an atomization nozzle, a nutr","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"101","chunk":"ient delivery line, a nutrient drain line, and a nutrient reservoir. Firstly, the dimensions of the aeroponic systems were finalized, which were based on the experiment requirement and available space. The system can be any size and shape. However, the fur","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"102","chunk":"ther procedure is given in the below sections. 4.2.1 Aeroponic system developed with air-assisted atomizers The aeroponic systems with air-assisted atomizers were developed by using one atomization nozzle. The selected nozzle was placed into the center of the growth chambers.","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"103","chunk":" However, the selected dimensions of the aeroponic growth chambers, stand frames, and the nutrient reservoirs were 740 mm \u00d7 540 mm \u00d7 400 mm (A4), 745 mm \u00d7 550 mm \u00d7 800 mm (A1), 50 L capacity (A9), respectively. In addition, firstly, the drill machine was used to make th","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"104","chunk":"e holes for the atomization nozzle, and the water recycles line in the growth chamber (A4). After that, the one atomization nozzle and one pneumatic male thread joint connector were located in the center of the growth box (A4). Further, the two pneumatic male thread joint connectors (8","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"105","chunk":" mm \u00d7 10 mm) were assembled within the atomization nozzle water inlet valve and the air inlet valve. In order to avoid the water and air leakages from the air and water inlet valves, the thread joint connectors were wrapped with a couple of layers of ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"106","chunk":"Teflon tape before assembly. The nozzle water inlet and air inlet valves connected with the pneumatic copper male thread joint connectors (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm) were further linked with the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) to receive the water and air supply. The water","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"107","chunk":" supply line was further linked with the nutrient storage tank (A9) through the water supply system. However, the water supply system consisted of the pressure pump (A13), fluid pressure measuring pump (A17), and liquid flow meter (A17). Briefly, the pressure pump s","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"108","chunk":"uction side and water delivery portion were connected with a flexible polyethylene water line (A21 (12 mm \u00d7 14 mm)). The suction line was further connected with the filter (A22) and dipped in the nutrient reservoir (A9), whereas the water delivery portion of the","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"109","chunk":" pressure pump (A13) was connected with the pneumatic reducer air pipe joint (A24). Further, the pneumatic joint (A24) was connected with a flexible polyethylene water supply line (A21 (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm)). In next step, the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (8 mm","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"110","chunk":" \u00d7 10 mm)) coming from the pressure pump was connected with the fluid pressure measuring pump (A17), and liquid flow meter (A18) through the pneumatic copper male thread joint connector (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm). Furthermore, the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (8 mm \u00d7 10 ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"111","chunk":" mm)) coming from the fluid pressure measuring pump (A17) was attached with the nozzle through the pneumatic copper internal thread straight connector (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm). Moreover, the air supply system consisted of the air compressor (A15), air pressure meter ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"112","chunk":" (A20), and airflow meter (A19). The air compressor connected with the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) was further connected with the air pressure meter (A20) and airflow meter (A19) through the pneumatic copper male thread joint connectors (8 mm \u00d7 ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"113","chunk":" 10 mm). After that, the air supply line coming from airflow meter (A19) was further connected with the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) and finally attached with the nozzle air inlet valve through pneumatic copper male thread joint connector ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"114","chunk":" (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm). Besides, for nutrient solution recycling from the growth chamber (A4), the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (8 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) was coupled in the pneumatic male thread joint connector and fixed in the center of the aeroponic growth chamber. After that, ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"115","chunk":"the nutrient solution recycling line was placed in the nutrient reservoir (A9). In the next step, the PVC pipe (25 mm) was fastened with the aluminum frame (A1) to provide support to the LED lights (A10). Therefore, the PVC elbow and tee (25 mm) were used to make the f","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"116","chunk":"rame of the PVC pipes (25 mm). Moreover, the PVC pipes were tightly fastened with a plastic strip. Three LED lights (A10) were placed on the developed PVC frame. The LED lights were further tightly fastened with PVC pipes with the plastic strips. The final step was to prepare the ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"117","chunk":"artificial plant supporting layer for holding the plants in the aeroponic growth chamber. Therefore, Styrofoam (A6 (760 mm \u00d7 560 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) sheet was chosen as an artificial plant supporting layer for the aeroponic growth chamber. Further, the drill machine ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"118","chunk":"connected with the steel hole (25 mm diameter) maker was used to make the holes in the Styrofoam (A6 (760 mm \u00d7 560 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) sheet. During making holes in the Styrofoam (A6) sheet, the drill machine must be held tightly in the selected place. After making the holes","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"119","chunk":" in the Styrofoam sheet, the second step was to place the plant holders in the Styrofoam sheet. Therefore, the plastic cups (A7 (45 mm \u00d7 30 mm \u00d7 45 mm)) and cotton round holes (A8 (25 mm \u00d7 25 mm \u00d7 25 mm)) were selected as a plant holder material. ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"120","chunk":" Finally, the power supply line of the pressure pump, air compressor, and LED lights were attached in the extension to supply the power while the timer was used to control the spraying time and spraying interval of the atomization nozzle. Furthermore, the same material, me","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"121","chunk":"thodology and strategy were used to develop the three aeroponic systems with the air-assisted atomizers. The mean difference between the three aeroponic systems was the type of the aeroponic atomization nozzle, whereas the air-assisted atomization nozzle with electrosta","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"122","chunk":"tic spraying technology was additionally attached to the electrostatic generator (A12) and voltage distributor. 4.2.2 Aeroponic system developed with centrifugal atomization nozzle The aeroponic system with centrifugal atomization nozzle was developed by using five atomizati","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"123","chunk":"on nozzles. Four nozzles were located in the middle and one nozzle was located at the center of the growth chamber (A4). In the developing process, firstly, the drill machine was used to make the holes in the growth chamber (A4) for fixing the atomization","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"124","chunk":" nozzles and the drain line. \f6 January, 2020 Int J Agric & Biol Eng Open Access at https:\/\/www.ijabe.org Vol. 13 No. 1 internal Besides, the copper internal thread str","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"125","chunk":"aight connectors integrated with the centrifugal atomization nozzle (D) were tightly fixed in the growth chamber with a screw nut. Also, the pneumatic copper male thread joint connector was fixed into the nutrient drain line. Further, the pneumatic copper internal t","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"126","chunk":"hread straight connectors thread straight were assembled with each copper connectors to receive the nutrient supply. However, to prevent the water leakages, all the threads were wrapped with a couple of layers of Teflon tape before assembly. After that, the flexib","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"127","chunk":"le polyethylene water supply line (A21 (6 mm \u00d7 8 mm)) was connected with each atomization nozzle through a pneumatic three-way connector (A23). Besides, the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (6 mm \u00d7 8 mm)) was connected to the pneumatic copper male thread joint connector ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"128","chunk":"for recycling the nutrient solution. In the second step, the growth chamber (A4) assembled with the nutrient solution supply system and nutrient recycling line was placed above the aluminum frame (A1 (745 \u00d7 550 \u00d7 800)). In addition, the water supply system c","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"129","chunk":"onsisted of the diaphragm pressure pump (A14), liquid pressure measuring pump (A18), and liquid flow meter (A17). Briefly, the diaphragm pressure pump (A14) water suction and water delivery portions were connected with a flexible polyethylene water line (A21 (12 mm \u00d7 14 mm)","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"130","chunk":"), respectively. After that, the diaphragm pressure pump (A14) water delivery section line (A21 (12 mm \u00d7 14 mm)) was further combined with flexible polyethylene water line (A21 (6 mm \u00d7 8 mm)) through the pneumatic reducer air pipe joint (A24 (6 mm \u00d7 12mm)). ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"131","chunk":" Then, the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (6 mm \u00d7 8 mm)) coming from the pressure pump was connected with the fluid pressure measuring pump (A17), and liquid flow meter (A18) through the pneumatic copper male thread joint connector (6 mm \u00d7 10 mm). ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"132","chunk":" Furthermore, the flexible polyethylene line (A21 (6 mm \u00d7 8 mm)) coming from the fluid pressure measuring pump (A17) was attached with the centrifugal atomizer through the pneumatic copper internal thread straight connector. The water suction line of the diaphragm pres","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"133","chunk":"sure pump (A14) was further connected with the filter (A22) and then dipped in the nutrient reservoir (A9). In the last step, the flexible polyethylene line (A9 (6 mm \u00d7 8 mm)) was connected with the aeroponic growth chamber (A4) through the pneumatic copper male","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"134","chunk":" thread joint connector and disposed of in the nutrient reservoir (A9) for nutrient recycling. Additionally, LED light (A10) stand and artificial plant supporting layer were developed by following the same methodology as reported for the aeroponic system developed wi","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"135","chunk":"th air-assisted atomizers. 4.2.3 Aeroponic system developed with ultrasonic atomization nozzle fogger The aeroponic systems developed with E and F ultrasonic foggers were the same in the size and shape, but the difference was the nozzle type and number of the nozzl","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"136","chunk":"e. While four E, six F, eight G, and four H ultrasonic foggers were located in each aeroponic system. The aeroponic systems developed with E and F were mainly composed of a growth chamber, plant supporting tray, and aluminum frame. The aeroponic systems developed wit","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"137","chunk":"h G and H were mainly composed of a growth chamber, plant supporting the aeroponic systems with ultrasonic fogger Furthermore, atomization nozzles were developed by following a similar methodology, as reported for air-assisted and centrifugal aeroponic atomization nozzl","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"138","chunk":"es. However, the aeroponic systems developed with E and F ultrasonic foggers were easy to develop compared to the air-assisted, centrifugal atomizer, and other ultrasonic foggers. frame, and nutrient tray, aluminum reservoir. In this system, the polystyrene foam (A5) was use","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"139","chunk":"d to develop the aeroponic growth chamber. At the same, the growth chamber was used as a nutrient solution reservoir. Briefly, the drill machine was used to make the hole in the polystyrene foam (A5) for crossing the power lines of the ultrasonic foggers. After that, ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"140","chunk":"we placed the E and F ultrasonic foggers in aeroponic growth chambers, respectively, and placed the growth chambers on the aluminum frames (A1). Additionally, the plant supporting trays (A6 (745 mm \u00d7 445 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) and LED frames were developed by follo","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"141","chunk":"wing a similar procedure as reported for air-assisted atomization nozzle and centrifugal atomization nozzle. Finally, the axial fans (A11) were placed into the plant supporting trays (A6 (745 mm \u00d7 445 mm \u00d7 10 mm)) for spreading the nutrient fog in the growth chambers (A5). The a","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"142","chunk":"eroponic system developed with medium-frequency ultrasonic nozzle (G) was mainly composed of a growth chamber, nutrient supply line, nutrient recycles line, nutrient reservoir, and an axial fan. Briefly, the growth chamber (A2) combined with a plant supporting tray (A","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"143","chunk":"3) and pneumatic copper male thread joint connector for nutrient recycling was manufactured from the local market. Firstly, the PVC pipe (A38 (75 mm)) was connected with the growth chamber (A2) by using PVC tee (75 mm). Further, the PVC pipe (75 mm) was fixed in the wooden sheet. ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"144","chunk":" After that, the PVC pipe (75 mm) attached to the wooden sheet was located above the nutrient reservoir (A9). Besides, an axial fan (A11) with a PVC pipe (75 mm) was set on the wooden sheet. At the same time, the flexible polyethylene line (8 mm \u00d7 10 ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"145","chunk":" mm) was fixed with the growth chamber by using the pneumatic copper male thread joint connector for recycling the used nutrient solution. In the second step, the medium-frequency ultrasonic nozzles (G) were placed within the nutrient reservoir (A9). Moreover","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"146","chunk":", the working developed with principle system medium-frequency atomizer was: firstly, the foggers were subjected to work in the nutrient reservoir and create a fog. The axial fan was used for spreading the small nutrient fog into the air like a cloud and transfer the fog into th","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"147","chunk":"e growth chamber through the PVC pipe. Finally, the aeroponic system developed with low-frequency ultrasonic atomization nozzle (H) was mainly composed growth chamber, nutrient reservoir, plant supporting tray, and axial fan. Briefly, the system was developed by using ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"148","chunk":"four atomization nozzles (H). The atomization nozzles were located in the middle of the growth chamber (A4). The distance between each nozzle was 240 mm \u00d7 180 mm apart from each other. The total height of the proposed aeroponic system was 1000 mm above the ground le","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"149","chunk":"vel. Moreover, we followed a similar procedure discussed in the above sections to make the holes in the growth chamber (A4). Besides, the LED light frame, plant supporting tray, and axial fans were developed by the same procedure as reported for the othe","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"150","chunk":"r aeroponic systems. In the first step, we developed the growth chamber, plant supporting tray, and LED light stand and fixed the low-frequency ultrasonic nozzles (H) in the growth chamber (A4) by using the sealed plastic glue gun. After that, we connecte","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"151","chunk":"d the water supply system line and water recycles line with the atomization nozzles and growth chamber, respectively. The water supply and water recycle lines were developed as reported for the centrifugal atomization nozzles. In addition, the low-frequency ultrasonic","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"152","chunk":" nozzle (H) working principle was different as compared to the high-frequency ultrasonic and medium-frequency ultrasonic nozzles. low-frequency ultrasonic nozzles were receiving the nutrient solution through the pressure pump (A14). aeroponic The the of \fJanuary, 2020 ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"153","chunk":" Lakhiar I A, et al. Overview of the aeroponic agriculture \u2013 An emerging technology for global food security Vol. 13 No.1 7 5 Evaluation of the proposed aeroponics system In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed aeroponics system, the ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"154","chunk":"systems were used to grow the lettuce and tomato plant in the greenhouse environment and under control conditions. It was observed that the plants successfully grew in the designed system. In addition, based on the obtained result, it could be concluded that the prop","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"155","chunk":"osed design revealed a good sturdiness and relevance for plant cultivation in the future. The proposed design has a perspective for a sustainable future. The system is easy to design and has competed for structure. Thus, peoples could grow the plant in ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"156","chunk":" the system on their balconies, terrace, and rooms. 6 Technical challenges The development of aeroponic system can be considered as a highly multidisciplinary approach drawing from environmental, mechanical, and civil engineering design concepts and plant-related biolog","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"157","chunk":"y, biochemistry, and biotechnology. Sometimes, specific measurements, schematic view, and control technologies also required abundant knowledge of subjects related to the field of computer science for automatic control systems. This high level of complexity nece","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"158","chunk":"ssarily demands in-depth knowledge and expertise of all involved fields. Furthermore, the electricity connection should be independent of the aeroponic system. Besides, in case of an emergency, additional power titles such as a stand-by generator or battery should al","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"159","chunk":"ways be ready with the system. For those places where power failures are frequent, that areas must need a good generator with an automatic startup system. Considering, the initial costs for components and installation, the aeroponic systems with air-assisted and cen","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"160","chunk":"trifugal atomization nozzle are more expensive than ultrasonic fogger (high-frequency atomization nozzle). In addition, over time, if components are well maintained and used for many years, these higher initial costs can be recovered by reducing the labor costs, minimum","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"161","chunk":" inputs of fertilizers and pesticides with significantly higher plant yields. 7 Routine and preventative maintenance of the aeroponic system In order to consider the aeroponic system, an efficient, trouble-free operation, low-cost, high production of plants for the","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"162","chunk":" long term, a routine, and regularly scheduled maintenance program must be carried out according to the requirements. Furthermore, it must be ensured that the aeroponic system is functional and protected from extreme weather conditions. Because of aeroponic cultivation is suscep","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"163","chunk":"tible to the extreme or low climatic condition of the growth chamber. However, some of the key routine and preventative maintenance points are given below: 1) check that the power title is okay; 2) check that the nutrient reservoir tank is full; 3) change the nut","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"164","chunk":"rient solution on time; 4) check that the air pressure pumps are working properly; 5) check the leakages such as nutrient delivery and drain line; 6) check that atomization nozzles are working under satisfactory conditions such as clogging of the nozzles; 7) check that","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"165","chunk":"the chemical properties of the nutrient solution are in desired range; 8) check the environmental parameters are under the suitable range. 8 Advantages of the proposed aeroponic systems The aeroponic systems proposed in this study are easy to redevelop. Even the local","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"166","chunk":" growers and untrained person can redevelop the proposed aeroponic systems. quickly The aeroponic systems were developed by purchasing the material from local markets. However, the system was developed in three main portions included a growth chamber, nutrient reservoir ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"167","chunk":" and the frame for growth chamber. The proposed systems had a compact structure, which makes the systems more efficient, easier to operate, and maintain. Moreover, it is suitable for big cities having less arable space and increasing rapid urbanization. 9 Future prospectuses","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"168","chunk":" In a short time, aeroponic was adopted in many situations, from indoor laboratory experimental analysis to greenhouse cultivation. Several research studies developed aeroponic systems and used for the laboratory-scale plant cultivation. Few studies involved aeropo","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"169","chunk":"nic systems that are representative of commercial or home operations. Until now, the system is not popular among the local growers, but the concept is dominated in the literature for laboratory-scale plant cultivation. The aeroponic has not yet been adopted on a broader scale and is ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"170","chunk":"still mostly unknown in several countries of the world because still many information about the system is hidden, such as the maintenance tasks and development of the aeroponic system. Therefore, the attempts would be made to provide brief information about the develop","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"171","chunk":"ment, maintenance task, and benefits of the aeroponic system among farmers and the local community. 10 Conclusions This study concluded that the adoption of modern farming techniques in traditional agriculture could be an alternative solution to deal with the increasing food se","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"172","chunk":"curity. The modern techniques involve much higher use of advanced technology and automation for land-use optimization. The aeroponic system is one of the revolutionary and more sustainable methods of the soilless system as it lowers the requirement of water and saves consid","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"173","chunk":"erable space and soil. This study can provide important information about the aeroponic system to the researchers, farmers, and the local community interested in the aeroponic system but they think that aeroponic system design and maintenance is a very complicated ta","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"174","chunk":"sk. They can develop the aeroponic system by purchasing the material from the local market anywhere in the world. Acknowledgements This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Program (No. 51975255), Jiangsu Agriculture Sci","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"175","chunk":"ence and Technology Innovation Funds\uff08JASTIF\uff09 (CX (18)3048), Major Projects of Jiangsu University Natural Science Fund (No. 17KJA416001) and the \u201cProject Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (No. 37(2014)). [References] [1] L","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"176","chunk":"akhiar I A, Gao J, Syed T N, Chandio F A, Buttar N A. Modern plant cultivation technologies in agriculture under controlled environment: A review on aeroponics. J. Plant Inter., 2018; 13: 338\u2013358. [2] Lakhiar I A, Jianmin G, Syed T N, Chandio F A, Buttar N A, Qureshi W A. Monit","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"177","chunk":"oring and control systems in agriculture using intelligent sensor techniques: A Review of the aeroponic system. J. of Sensors, 2018; Article ID 8672769. doi: 10.1155\/2018\/8672769. Iizumi T, Rahmankutty N. How do weather and climate influence cropping area and intensity? ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"178","chunk":" G. Food Sec., 2015; 4: 46\u201350. Fedoroff N. Food in a future of 10 billion. Agri & Food Sec., 2015; 4: 1. [3] [4] \f8 January, 2020 Int J Agric & Biol Eng Open Access at https:\/\/www.ijabe.org ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"221","chunk":"20Office%20Documents\/Hydroponics%20Manual\/Hydroponics%2 0Manual.pdf. Accessed on [2018-05-23]. 2010. [64] Hedenblad E, Olsson M. Urban growth analysis of crop consumption and development of a conceptual design to increase consumer adoption of vertical greenhouses. Master\u2019s The","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"222","chunk":"sis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2017. http:\/\/www.tekniskdesign.se\/ download\/ Hedenblad_Olsson.pdf. Accessed on [2018-05-23]. [65] Pullano G. Indoor vertical grower touts concept\u2019s benefits. VGN vegetable grower news, 15 August 2013. http:\/\/ve","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"223","chunk":"getablegrowersnews.com\/ index. php\/magazine\/article\/indoor-vertical-growertouts-concepts-benefits. Accessed on [2018-05-23]. [66] Green Spirit Farms. Sustainable Vertical Farming. Available online: on Accessed http:\/\/www.greenspiritfarms.com\/inthe-news. [2017-07-15]. [67] Rig","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"224","chunk":"gio G M, Jones S L, Gibson K E. Risk of human pathogen internalization in leafy vegetables during lab-scale hydroponic cultivation. Horticulture, 2019; 5: 25. [68] Resh H M. Hydroponic food production: a definitive guidebook for the advanced home gardener and the co","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"225","chunk":"mmercial hydroponic grower, 7th ed.; CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2012; ISBN 9781439878675. [69] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops: principles for mediterranean climat","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"226","chunk":"e areas; FAO: Rome, Italy, 2013. [70] Palm H W, Knaus U, Appelbaum S, Goddek S, Strauch S M, Vermeulen T, et al. Towards commercial aquaponics: A review of systems, designs, scales and nomenclature. Aquac. Int., 2018; 39: 510. [71] Delaide B, Goddek S, Gott J, Soyeurt H, Haissam ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"227","chunk":"J M, Lalman J, et al. in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Sucrine) growth performance complemented aquaponic solution outperforms hydroponics. Water, 2016; 8: 467. [72] Rakocy J E. Aquaponics-integrating fish and plant culture. In Aquaculture Production Systems, T","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"228","chunk":"idwell J H, Ed., John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2012; pp.343\u2013386. [73] Rakocy J E, Masser M P, Losordo T M. Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: Aquaponics integrating fish and plant culture. SRAC Publ. South Reg. Aquac. Cent., 2006; 16: 454. [74] Delaide ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"229","chunk":" B, Delhaye G, Dermience M, Gott J, Soyeurt H, Jijakli M H. Plant and fish production performance, nutrient mass balances, energy and water use of the PAFF Box, a small-scale aquaponic system. Aquac. Eng., 2017; 78: 130\u2013139. [75] Buzby K M, Lin LS. Scaling aquapo","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"230","chunk":"nic systems: Balancing plant uptake with fish output. Aquac. Eng., 2014; 63: 39\u201344. [76] Turcios A E, Papenbrock J. Sustainable treatment of aquaculture effluents-what can we learn from the past for the future?. Sus., 2014; 6: 836\u2013856. [77] Schmautz Z, Loeu F, Liebisc","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"231","chunk":"h F, Graber A, Mathis A, Bulc T G, et al. Tomato productivity and quality in aquaponics: Comparison of three hydroponic methods. Water, 2016; 8: 533. June 20, 2017. https:\/\/www.evolving-science.com\/ Environment. environment\/vertical-farms-cities-are-future-urban-farm","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"232","chunk":"ing-00288. Accessed on [2018-05-23]. [82] Clawson J M, Hoehn A, Stodieck L S, Todd P. NASA review of for spaceflight plant growth, society of http:\/\/aeroponicsdiy.com\/ aeroponics, Aeroponics automotive engineers, nasa-review-of-aeroponics\/. Accessed on [2018-05-23].","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"233","chunk":" 2000, Inc, [83] Nichols M A, Christie C B. Continuous production of greenhouse crops using aeroponics. Proc. IS on Trop. Subtrop. Greenhouses. Eds. S. Chen and T.T. Lin. Acta Hort., 2002; 578: 289\u2013291. [84] Martin-Laurent F, Lee S K, Tham F Y, He J, Diem H G, Durand P. ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"234","chunk":" A new approach to enhance growth and nodulation of Acacia mangium through aeroponic culture. Biol Fertile Soil, 1997; 25: 7\u201312. [85] Martin-Laurent F, Tham F Y, Lee S K, He J, Diem H G. Field assessment of aeroponically grown and nodulated acacia mangium. Aust","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"236","chunk":"ion of potato minitubers. Potato Res., 2001; 44: 127\u2013135. [88] Farran I, Mingolo-Castel A M. Potato minituber production using aeroponics: Effect of plant density and harvesting intervals. Amer J of Potato Res, 2006; 83: 47\u201353. [89] NASA Spinoff. Progressive plant ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"237","chunk":"growing has business blooming. In: Environmental and Agricultural Retitles. New York: NASA Spinoff, 2006; pp.64\u201377. [90] Stoner R J, Clawson J M. A high performance, gravity insensitive, enclosed aeroponic system for food production in space. Principal Investigato","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"238","chunk":"r, NASA SBIR NAS10-98030, 1998. [91] Peterson L A, Krueger A R. An intermittent aeroponics system. Crop Sci., 1998; 28: 712\u2013713. [92] Buer C S, Correll M J, Smith T C, Towler M J, Weathers P J, Nadler M, et al. Development of a nontoxic acoustic window nutrient-mist bioreactor ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"239","chunk":" and relevant growth data. in vitro cell. Dev Biol-Plant, 1996; 32: 299\u2013304. [93] Clayton M F, Lamberton J A. A study of root exudates by the fog-box technique. Aust J Biol Sci, 1964; 17: 855\u2013866. [94] Park H S, Chiang M H. Effects of form and concentration of nit","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"240","chunk":"rogen in aeroponic solution on growth, chlorophyll, nitrogen contents and enzyme activities in Cucumissativus L. Plant J of the Kore Soci for Horti Sci., 1997; 38: 642\u2013646. [95] Burgess T, McComb J, Hardy G, Colquhoum I. Influence of low oxygen infected with in aeroponics c","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"241","chunk":"hambers on eucalypt roots levels phytophthora cinnamomi. Plant Dis., 1998; 82: 368\u2013373. [96] Garrido I, Espinosa F, Paredes M A, Alvarez-Tinaut M C. Effect of some electron donors and acceptors on redox capacity and simultaneous net H+\/K + fluxes by aeropon","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"242","chunk":"ic sunflower seedling roots: evidence for a CN--resistant redox chain accessible to nonpermeative redox compounds. Protoplasma, 1998; 205: 141\u2013155. [97] Garrido I, Espinosa F, Paredes M A, Alvarez-Tinaut M C. Net simultaneous hydrogen and potassium ion flux kinetics in","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"243","chunk":" sterile aeroponics sunflower seedlings roots: effects of potassium ion supply, valinomycin, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. J. plant Nutr., 1998; 21(1): 115\u2013137. [98] Mirza M, Younus M, Hoyano Y, Currie R. Greenhouse production of Echinacea and other medicinal plants. ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"244","chunk":" Paper presented at Opportunities and Profits II: Special Crops into the 21st Century, Edmonton, AB, Canada, 1998. [99] Mohammad A, Khan A G, Kuek C. Improved aeroponic culture of inocula of arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 2000; 9: 337\u2013339. [100] Stoner ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"246","chunk":" January, 2020 Int J Agric & Biol Eng Open Access at https:\/\/www.ijabe.org Vol. 13 No. 1 international tourism development, E-118 Harvard University Extension School, 2011. [","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"247","chunk":"102] Anitha P, Periasamy P S. Energy efficient greenhouse monitoring in the aeroponics system using Zigbee networks. Asian J. of Res. in Soc. Sci. and Hum., 2016; 6(6): 2243\u20132250. [103] Guizhen H. Multi-physical field simulation and structure optimization design of ultrasonic a","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"251","chunk":"on: effect of liquid phase properties. Ultrasonics, 2006; 44(2): 146\u2013158. [112] Buckseth T, Sharma A K, Pande K K, Singh B P, Muthuraj R. Methods of pre-basic seed potato production with special reference to aeroponica review. Sci Horti., 2016; 204: 79\u201387. [113] Lakhiar I ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"253","chunk":"the production of quality potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) seed in developing countries. African J. of Biotechn., 2012; 11(17): 3993\u20133999 [115] Christie C B, Nichols M A. Aeroponics \u2013 A production system and research tool. South Pacific Soilless Culture Conference. Acta","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"255","chunk":", 2019; 62(6): 1475\u20131487. [117] Appah S, Wang P, Ou M X, Gong C, Jia W D. Review of electrostatic system parameters, charged droplets characteristics, and substrate impact behavior from pesticides spraying. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(2): 1\u20139. [110] Zhai C Y, Zhao C J, Wang ","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
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{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"257","chunk":"nd development during the 20th century. J. of Electr., 2001; 52: 25\u201342. [111] Gao J, Zhang J, Lu D. Design and atomization experiments of an ultrasonic atomizer with a levitation mechanism. Appl. Eng. in Agric., 2016; 32(4): 353\u2013360. [119] Law S E. Embe","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":"10.25165\/j.ijabe.20201301.5156","chunk_id":"258","chunk":"dded-Electrode electrostatic-induction spray charging ASABE, 1978; 21: nozzle: Theoretical and engineering design. 1096\u20131104.","title":"Overview of the aeroponic agriculture: An emerging technology for global food security","authors":"Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"0","chunk":"Relevancy and Engagement agclassroom.org\/ Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming (Grades 6-8) Grade Level 6 8 Purpose Students will use the Engineering Design Process\u00a0to develop and construct an aeroponic garden\u00a0to grow a food crop. Students will develop and apply an understanding of plan","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"1","chunk":"t anatomy and physiology related to plant growth and\u00a0ultimately discuss the\u00a0possibilities and limitations\u00a0of using vertical farming to produce our food.\u00a0Grades 6-8 Estimated Time 2-3 class periods for preparation and construction followed by 3-4 weeks of observation Materials Needed Engage: Far","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"2","chunk":"m of the Future (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-_tvJtUHnmU)\u00a0video Activity 1: What do Plants Need? Aeroponic Farming PowerPoint (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/04\/09\/Aeroponic_Farming_PowerPoint.pptx)\u00a0slides Activity\u00a02:\u00a0Vertical Garden Engineering Design Challenge Aeroponic Far","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"3","chunk":"ming PowerPoint (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/04\/09\/Aeroponic_Farming_PowerPoint.pptx) Aeroponic\u00a0Garden Design Challenge\u00a0handout (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/03\/07\/Aeroponic_Garden_Design_Challenge_Student_Handout.pdf), 1 per student -ORDesign notebooks (compos","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"4","chunk":"ition books), 1 per student Per group of 3-4 students: 5 gallon bucket, with lid 5-7 seedling plants (ideally plants that are edible or produce edible fruit) 150-300 gph submersible water pump 360\u00b0 shrub sprinkler heads (\u00bd\", threaded) 6\" x \u00bd\" threaded sprinkler risers 5-7 net pots and foam collars (","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"5","chunk":"2\" or 3\") Hydroponic nutrient solution This can be purchased (we tested General Hydroponics FloraGro) or you can\u00a0mix your own (https:\/\/www.maximumyield.com\/how-tomake-the-perfect-hydroponic-nutrient-solution\/2\/3239)) Grow lights or greenhouse Assorted tools Drill hole saw (2\" or 3\" to match ne","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"6","chunk":"t pot size) Drill Electrical timer that can be programmed in 30 minute increments Extension cords and\/or power strip to plug in the pump in each bucket Optional Activity: Programming Activity 6 ft extension cord Wall adapter power supply* Arduino and breadboard holder* Small breadboard (https:\/\/ww","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"7","chunk":"w.amazon.com\/microtivity-IB400-400-point-Experiment-Breadboard\/dp\/B0084A7PI8\/ref=sr_1_9? ie=UTF8&qid=1513123082&sr=8-9&keywords=breadboard)* Screwdriver* Craft knife Wire stripper\/cutter\/crimping tool A to MiniB USB cable (https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/UGREEN-Controller-Players-Digital-Receiver\/dp\/B00P0GI6","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"8","chunk":"8M\/ref=sr_1_1_sspa? ie=UTF8&qid=1513120568&sr=8-1-spons&keywords=auto+mini+b&psc=1)* Solid State Relay (https:\/\/www.mouser.com\/ProductDetail\/Omron-Automation-and-Safety\/G3NA-210B-UTU-DC5-24\/? qs=fQQAKcphggoLO9Tqh7PZsw%3D%3D)* Electrical tape or shrink tube Sparkfun RedBoard Microcontroller (https:\/\/","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"9","chunk":"www.sparkfun.com\/products\/13975)*\u00a0(or any Arduino Uno device is equivalent) Hook-up wire* (black and red, 22 AWG) 6 Copper wire ends* Jumper wires PC or laptop (Windows, Mac OS, Linux) Aeroponic Garden Programming Activity\u00a0instructions (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/03\/07\/Programmin","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"10","chunk":"g_Activity.pdf) \u00a0*These items are included in the\u00a0Arduino Controlled Relay kit (https:\/\/agclassroomstore.com\/arduino-controlled-relay\/), which is available for purchase from agclassroomstore.com. Vocabulary aeroponics: a technique for growing plants without soil or sunlight in which the roots of ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"11","chunk":"the plant are suspended in the air and misted periodically with nutrient-rich water and light is provided by specialized grow lights aquaponics: a system of aquaculture in which the waste produced by farmed fish or other aquatic animals supplies nutrients for plants grown hydroponically, which in t","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"12","chunk":"urn purify the water carbon dioxide: a gas consisting of one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms; the byproduct of cellular respiration in animal cells and combustion of organic materials; essential to the process of photosynthesis in plant cells hydroponics: the method of cultivating plants us","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"13","chunk":"ing a mineral nutrient solution in a water solvent without the use of soil photosynthesis: the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into sugars and oxygen in order to store energy; the opposite of cell respiration stomata: small openings in the leaves and stems o","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"14","chunk":"f plants which can open and close to exchange oxygen and water vapor for carbon dioxide transpiration: the process by which plants release water vapor back into the atmosphere through their stomata water cycle: the series of conditions through which water naturally passes from water vapor in the a","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"15","chunk":"ir to being deposited (as by rain or snow) on earth\u2019s surface and finally back into the air through evaporation and transpiration Did You Know? Agriculture accounts for approximately 70% of freshwater use worldwide, and 80% in the United States.1 Under optimum conditions, it takes a minimum of 100","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"16","chunk":"gallons of fresh water to grow enough grain to produce one loaf of bread.2\u00a0 A diet consisting of 25% animal products more than doubles the amount of land required to feed a single human being.2 Background Agricultural Connections Factors in Plant Growth There are six major factors that contribute","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"17","chunk":" to plant growth\u2014carbon dioxide, light, nutrients, temperature, and water.\u00a0 Photosynthesis is the process by which plants store energy by converting carbon dioxide, water, and light energy into carbohydrates (sugars), oxygen, and water. This process requires carbon dioxide, water, and light energy, ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"18","chunk":"particularly blue and red light. In addition, plants need nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sulfur, along with seven other trace elements (iron, boron, chlorine, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum) as reagents for other processes or cellular structure. Tempe","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"19","chunk":"rature is also important, because different species have different tolerances when it comes to the environmental temperature in which they grow. Aeroponics Aeroponics is the technique of growing plants in the air with no soil or other growth medium (a.k.a., \"geoponics\"). This is done by suspending ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"20","chunk":"the roots of the plant in a closed or semi-closed container, and misting them periodically with nutrient-rich water. Aeroponics is similar to hydroponics, without the need to artificially oxygenate the roots, since the roots are suspended in oxygen-rich air instead of water. Aeroponics has found pop","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"21","chunk":"ularity in the form of home gardening as well as in some major commercial farming operations, due to it's very low water use and the ability to grow crops year-round in a tightly controlled, often automated environment that some say leads to greater yields. In addition, aeroponics makes use of verti","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"22","chunk":"cal as well as horizontal space. It is easy to stack grow beds on top of one another, thus maximizing the crop yield while minimizing the environmental footprint.\u00a0 Aeroponic Farming\/Gardening at Home Aeroponics can easily be done at home\u00a0and even on a small space such as a countertop. When pursued\u00a0","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"23","chunk":"as a hobby, not a livelihood, the term \"farming\" is changed to\u00a0\"gardening.\" Desktop and home garden units are sold commercially or can be constructed from readily available materials. Commercial Aeroponics Aeroponic farming has seen mixed results in the commercial arena. Though several large-scale ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"24","chunk":"aquaponic farms have been started, many have fallen on hard times and closed their doors, in part due to relatively high operating costs compared to traditional farming methods. However, some small-scale operations have seen success, especially in areas where there is a demand for fresh, local, high","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"25","chunk":"-value produce in urban areas where land is very limited. Interestingly, the legalization of cannabis in several states may lead to a boom in aeroponic farming, as many of these states require cannabis plants to be grown indoors under tightly controlled conditions. Successful Aeroponic Gardening Su","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"26","chunk":"ccessful aeroponic gardening depends on a number of factors. In addition to meeting the general needs of the plants (correct lighting, nutrient levels, etc.), it is important that the drop sizes of the mist be of the optimum size for root absorption. Although some success will be had with traditiona","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"27","chunk":"l sprinklers, a serious aquaponic operation should use misters that produce drop sizes of approximately 50 microns. Optimizing the drop sizes may not be cost effective for the purposes of this classroom design challenge, but the systems produced by the students should still work reasonably well. Get","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"28","chunk":"ting the timing right for the mist cycle is also crucial\u2014water too often and the roots suffocate from too much water, too little and they will dry out. A general rule of thumb is approximately 3-5 seconds every 5 minutes; however, with a much larger drop size, it may be desirable to significantly in","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"29","chunk":"crease the wait time between mistings to prevent roots from becoming waterlogged and drying out. It may be beneficial to experiment with misting intervals and duration to obtain the optimum cycle. Temperature is also critical. The temperature of the root zone should be cooler than the leaf zone, as","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"30","chunk":" this optimizes nutrient uptake and photosynthesis.\u00a0 Root zone temperatures should be between 17\u00b0 and 22\u00b0C (62\u00b0 71\u00b0F).\u00a0 Engage 1. Ask students where their food comes from.\u00a0(farms)\u00a0Follow up by asking them to describe what they think a farm looks like. If needed, provide prompts to lead students ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"31","chunk":"to think about the need for open space, availability of water, adequate climate for plant growth, etc. Most likely, students will begin describing a traditional farm with acres of open space. 2. Ask students if this type of farm land is abundantly available or if it is limited.\u00a0(limited and growing","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"32","chunk":" more limited as population increases) 3. Explain to students that you are going to give them a list of criteria for a \"Farm of the Future.\" Instruct them to think about each\u00a0criteria\u00a0as you read it and raise their hand IF they think it\u00a0can be done. The farm can be located in any climate and still","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"33","chunk":" produce food year-round. The farm can be located in a large, urban city with very little open space. No soil is used for plant growth. The farm will use 95% less water than a traditional farm. 4. Show the video\u00a0Farm of the Future (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-_tvJtUHnmU) on the projector or vi","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"34","chunk":"ew screen.\u00a0 5. After the video, ask reflection questions such as: Do you think farms of the future will shift to this design? Do you think it will be feasible to grow\u00a0ALL types of plants for food in this way? (fruits, vegetables, and grains) What kind of benefits and drawbacks to this type of farmi","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"35","chunk":"ng could there be? Three Dimensional Learning Proficiency: (https:\/\/www.nextgenscience.org\/three-dimensions) Science and Engineering Practices Asking Questions and Defining Problems: (https:\/\/ngss.nsta.org\/Practices.aspx?id=1&exampleid=319)\u00a0Define a design problem that can be solved through the de","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"36","chunk":"velopment of an object, tool, process or system and includes multiple criteria and constraints, including scientific knowledge that may limit possible solutions. Explore and Explain Activity 1: What do Plants Need? 1. Open the attached\u00a0Aeroponic Farming\u00a0PowerPoint presentation on the screen or pr","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"37","chunk":"ojector. Use the presentation to guide a discussion on the needs of plants, addressing common misconceptions about what plants\u00a0really\u00a0need to survive and grow. 2. Take 2 minutes and\u00a0ask students\u00a0to use their prior knowledge to\u00a0list\u00a0everything plants really need to survive and grow.\u00a0(Slide 3) 3. Be","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"38","chunk":"fore moving to the next slide, ask several students to share at least one item they wrote down. 4. Explain that most people probably\u00a0wrote things like water, soil, air, sunlight, and heat, but there's more to the story.\u00a0(Slide 4) 5. Explain that air, water, and heat are definitely things that plants","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"39","chunk":" need. Carbon dioxide is obtained from the air, water is taken up by plant roots, and all plants need to be in a temperature that they have adapted to. Ask students about sunlight and soil\u2014do plants really need these?\u00a0(Slide 5) 6. Explain that plants do not actually need sunlight or soil to thrive.","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"40","chunk":" However, plants do need light and nutrients. These can be provided in ways other than traditional soil and sunlight.\u00a0(Slide 6) 7. Describe how plants can be grown without soil in a variety of ways, including hydroponics, aquaponics, and aeroponics. Explain a little about what each of these terms ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"41","chunk":"mean. Explain that special lights called \"grow lights\" emit certain colors of light that can be used to provide the optimum light for growing plants indoors.\u00a0(Slide 7) 8. Review the five things that plants need for healthy growth\u2014air, water, heat, nutrients, and light. Explain how each of these ess","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"42","chunk":"ential components for plant life can be provided. (Slide 8) Three Dimensional Learning Proficiency Disciplinary Core Ideas: Engineering Design: (https:\/\/ngss.nsta.org\/DisciplinaryCoreIdeas.aspx?id=40&detailid=120)\u00a0The more precisely a design task\u2019s criteria and constraints can be defined, the mo","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"43","chunk":"re likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. Activity 2:\u00a0Aeroponic Garden Design Challenge 1. Once your students\u00a0have completed Ac","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"44","chunk":"tivity 1\u00a0and\u00a0can identify all the factors impacting plant growth, project the Aeroponic Farming PowerPoint (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/04\/09\/Aeroponic_Farming_PowerPoint.pptx) beginning with slide 9. Introduce the design challenge by explaining the problem (slide 10) and a possib","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"45","chunk":"le solution (slide 11). Explain your students' role (slide 12) and the\u00a0steps they will take for\u00a0their assignment (slide 13). 2. Students will\u00a0proceed by using the\u00a0Engineering Design Process (https:\/\/www.sciencebuddies.org\/science-fair-projects\/engineering-designprocess\/engineering-design-process","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"46","chunk":"-steps#theengineeringdesignprocess)\u00a0to guide their steps in designing their aeroponic garden. Choose one of the following options to guide students through the process. Option 1 is more simple, outlining each step of the process and allowing students to make all of their notes in their handout. Opti","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"47","chunk":"on 2 requires students to create a design notebook and use it throughout the entire process. This option requires more thought and organization, but allows students more creative liberty. Choose the option that fits your class best. Option 1: Give each student one copy of the Aeroponic\u00a0Garden Desig","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"48","chunk":"n Challenge handout.\u00a0Inform students that they will follow each step precisely and keep all their notes and observations in this handout. Option 2: Give each student a design notebook (or use existing notebooks) and explain your expectations using the Aeroponic Garden Design Notebook Rubric found in","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"49","chunk":"the Essential Documents section of the lesson. You may also provide a good\u00a0example (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YJqG15o-aqs) of a design notebook for students to model. 3. Now that students understand their goal (to create an aeroponic garden) and that they will be keeping all of their notes o","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"50","chunk":"n their handout (option 1) or in the design notebook (option 2), teach the Engineering Design Process in greater depth. 4. Discuss the career of an\u00a0engineer (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Engineer) as well as the process of engineering (https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Engineering). Discuss how scie","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"51","chunk":"nce and engineering are connected. Referring to the aeroponic garden students will soon be designing, ask, \"Could an engineer successfully design an aeroponic garden if he\/she did not understand the science of plant growth?\" (No, knowledge of both plant science and technology\/engineering are require","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"52","chunk":"d for success.) 5. Show the\u00a0Engineering Design Process (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b0ISWaNoz-c#action=share) video. 6. Using the Aeroponic\u00a0Garden Design Challenge\u00a0handout (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/03\/07\/Aeroponic_Garden_Design_Challenge_Student_Handout.pdf), review the e","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"53","chunk":"ntire Engineering Design Process in the context of an aeroponic garden. Inform students they will be following each of these steps shortly. Encourage students to ask questions as you go. 7. Divide students into small groups. 3-4\u00a0students is\u00a0ideal, but larger groups may be necessary depending on bud","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"54","chunk":"get and availability of supplies. 8. Assign students to complete steps 1-4 of the design process. To save on materials and cutting mistakes on the buckets, require students to have their plans signed off\u00a0before\u00a0they begin construction. 9. Once students have their design plans signed off,\u00a0provide s","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"55","chunk":"tudents with the materials and allow them to begin building their prototype. Once students have completed step 5, they should have their bucket constructed, water should be flowing, plants will be in place, and they will have taken all of their beginning measurements and pictures. Remind students o","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"56","chunk":"f the importance of this step to accurately document the starting point of their aeroponic garden. This step is crucial to accurately evaluate the success of their design. The watering system in each bucket will need to be programmed and controlled so that the water is on for 30 minutes and off for","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"57","chunk":" 30 minutes. This can be accomplished using an electric timer with 30 minute increments. However, to expose students to computer programming, complete the Optional Programming Activity below (using the instructions (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/03\/07\/Programming_Activity.pdf) and P","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"58","chunk":"owerPoint (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/04\/16\/Aeroponic_Engineering_Programming_Activity.pptx)) to allow students to build and program their own timers. Review\u00a0Tips for Classroom Aeroponics (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/04\/08\/Tips_for_Classroom_Aeroponics.pdf)\u00a0for","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"59","chunk":" a list of tips and best practices for success in the classroom.\u00a0 10. Over the next 3 or more weeks, students should monitor their aeroponic gardens. They should add nutrient solution as needed and\u00a0record regular measurements and observations. 11. Once the time period has lapsed, have students co","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"60","chunk":"mplete steps 6 and 7 of the Engineering Design Process on their handout or in their notebook. 12. Discuss with students the results and what innovations may have led to the best results. Discuss how the various solutions (including the best solutions) might be improved to result in more plant gro","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"61","chunk":"wth. 13. Once optimal conditions have been discussed, return to the original introduction to the problem and ask your students, \"Would it be feasible to grow large quantities of food using aeroponics to conserve land and water?\" 14. Have students turn in their completed handout or their Design No","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"62","chunk":"tebook for grading. Three Dimensional Learning Proficiency: (https:\/\/www.nextgenscience.org\/three-dimensions) Crosscutting Concepts Connections to Engineering, Technology and Applications of Science: (https:\/\/ngss.nsta.org\/ETSforCC.aspx? id=1&detailid=16)\u00a0All human activity draws on natural resour","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"63","chunk":"ces and has both short and long-term consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. Optional Programming Activity (50-60 minutes) This activity will enable students to program the watering cycle in the aeroponic system they designed in Activity 2. ","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"64","chunk":"This activity is a great candidate for the \"Hour of Code\" or other initiatives to expose students to computer programming. 1. Give each\u00a0team one copy of\u00a0the Aeroponic Garden Programming Activity\u00a0instructions (or make it available electronically). Explain to students that this activity will help th","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"65","chunk":"em learn how to program a microcontroller to manage the watering cycle of their vertical garden. 2. Pass out the\u00a0supplies listed in the Materials section of the lesson plan and pictured below. Be advised that students do not actually need the water pump to complete the coding assignment. They shoul","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"66","chunk":"d complete the programming and then they can test it with the actual pump later during the design challenge.\u00a0 3. Allow students time to work on the activity, and provide help where needed. If you need additional retitles to troubleshoot, check out these retitles: https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/referenc","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"67","chunk":"e\/en\/ (https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/reference\/en\/) https:\/\/forum.arduino.cc\/ (https:\/\/forum.arduino.cc\/) https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/en\/Tutorial\/Foundations (https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/en\/Tutorial\/Foundations) 4. Some students who have been exposed to coding may finish much earlier than the time allotted. Have th","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"68","chunk":"ese students assist their peers. 5. At the end of this activity, students should have produced a program that will enable them to control the water pump in their own vertical garden and set the spray timing and duration. Elaborate Watch the CBS \"Real Food\" segment on aeroponics, How Aerofarms' Ve","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"69","chunk":"rtical Farms Grow Produce (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch? v=ME_rprRlmMM).\u00a0 After the lesson, have students think critically about what they have learned about aeroponic farming as they watch the TEDx video\u00a0Turning Water Into Food (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qEbdv3bFKww). Have students answer t","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"70","chunk":"he questions on the\u00a0Turning Water into Food Video Guide (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2018\/01\/04\/Activity_1_-_Turning_Water_into_Food_Video_Guide.pdf) as they watch the video. After the video, engage in an informal discussion about the following topics: Highlight the need for water-con","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"71","chunk":"scious agricultural practices and personal habits. Discuss what they now know about aeroponic farming technology and ask if this method of farming might be relevant to the concerns brought up in the video. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of aeroponic farming techniques.\u00a0 Evaluate Consider","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"72","chunk":" using the Aeroponic Garden Design Notebook Rubric (https:\/\/cdn.agclassroom.org\/media\/uploads\/2019\/04\/09\/Aeroponic_Design_Challenge_Rubric.pdf)\u00a0as an optional Assessment Retitle. After conducting these activities, review and summarize the following key concepts: Plants need air, water, light, and","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"73","chunk":"heat to grow. Nutrients can be provided in soil or in the water. Light can be provided by the sun or grow lights. Aeroponics is the practice of growing plants suspended in the air and providing nutrients by misting the roots with a nutrient-rich solution. Aeroponics uses significantly less water th","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"74","chunk":"an traditional land-based farming methods. It can also conserve space by utilizing vertical space. To conserve water and land, aeroponics can prove to be beneficial for the production of some food crops. titles Ag Facts: 1. http:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/water\/ (http:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/water\/","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"75","chunk":") 2. Bugbee, B. (2013, November 19).\u00a0Turning water into food.\u00a0Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qEbdv3bFKww (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qEbdv3bFKww) Background titles: http:\/\/aeroponicsdiy.com\/aeroponics-misting-frequency-for-root-growth\/ (http:\/\/aeroponicsdiy.com\/aeroponics-mi","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"76","chunk":"sting-frequency-for-root-growth\/) http:\/\/www.aeroponics.com\/siteindex2010-12.htm (http:\/\/www.aeroponics.com\/siteindex2010-12.htm) https:\/\/gardenpool.org\/online-classes\/how-to-make-a-simple-aeroponics-system The following link provides an example of a \"5-gallon bucket Aeroponics system\" that is the b","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"77","chunk":"asis of the design challenge for this unit.\u00a0https:\/\/gardenpool.org\/online-classes\/how-to-make-a-simple-5-gallon-bucket-aeroponics-system Garden Pool (n.d.) How to make a simple 5 gallon bucket aeroponics system. Retrieved from https:\/\/gardenpool.org\/online-classes\/how-tomake-a-simple-5-gallon-buck","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"78","chunk":"et-aeroponics-system (https:\/\/gardenpool.org\/online-classes\/how-to-make-a-simple-5-gallon-bucket-aeroponicssystem) Khokhar, T. (2017, March 22). Chart: Globally, 70% of fresh water is used for agriculture [Weblog comment]. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/opendata\/chart-globally-70-fresh","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"79","chunk":"water-used-agriculture (https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/opendata\/chart-globally-70freshwater-used-agriculture) Massie, L. (n.d.) Aeroponics misting frequency for root growth [Weblog comment]. Retrieved from\u00a0http:\/\/aeroponicsdiy.com\/aeroponics-mistingfrequency-for-root-growth\/ (http:\/\/aeroponicsdiy.c","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"80","chunk":"om\/aeroponics-misting-frequency-for-root-growth\/) Recommended Companion Retitles Aeroponic Garden Kit (https:\/\/agclassroom.org\/matrix\/retitle\/997\/) Arduino Controlled Relay (https:\/\/agclassroom.org\/matrix\/retitle\/948\/) SOW Seeds of Wonder (https:\/\/agclassroom.org\/matrix\/retitle\/1201\/) This High","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"81","chunk":"-Tech Farm Grows Kale in a Factory (https:\/\/agclassroom.org\/matrix\/retitle\/971\/) Vertical Farming video (https:\/\/agclassroom.org\/matrix\/retitle\/835\/) Vertical Farming video and activities (https:\/\/agclassroom.org\/matrix\/retitle\/859\/) Author Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner Organization National C","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":null,"chunk_id":"82","chunk":"enter for Agricultural Literacy Powered by the National Agricultural Literacy Curriculum Matrix (agclassroom.org)","title":"Aeroponic Engineering and Vertical Farming","authors":"Joe Furse and Andrea Gardner"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"0","chunk":"See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/342804239 Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology Article \u00b7 July 2019 CITATIONS 6 2 authors: READS 23,196 Reena Kumari Ramesh Kumar Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"1","chunk":"of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni-173230 \u2026 Adithya Institute of Technology 26 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a047 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE 54 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0485 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Studies on residual heterosis and combi","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"2","chunk":"ning ability in cucumber View project Despatch tools used in Decision support system View project All content following this page was uploaded by Reena Kumari on 09 July 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. \fIndian Farmer 6(4): 286-292; April-2019","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"3","chunk":" Kumari and Kumar Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar Senior Research Fellow, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP), 173230 2Prin","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"4","chunk":"cipal Scientist, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP), 173230 *Corresponding Author: reena.sarma92@gmail.com Abstract Aeroponics is a promising soilless farming method for solving future food crisis and is relatively a new wa","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"5","chunk":"y of growing plants that is getting increasingly popular with many people because of the speed, cost and novelty. Aeroponic farming is a form of hydroponic technique and a type of vertical farming. The word aeroponic is derived from the Latin word \u2018aero\u2019 (air) and \u2018pon","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"6","chunk":"ic\u2019 means labour (work). This farming system empowered the producer to precisely control root zone nutrients, water regimes, and environmental conditions and have complete access to the roots throughout the life of the crop. This aeroponic farming is superior i","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"7","chunk":"n terms of excellent aeration, water use efficiency, less time and space requirement, seasonal independence, disease free plant propagation, and large scale plant production etc. than the conventional methods of propagation. Aeroponic techniques have proven to be ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"8","chunk":"commercially successful for propagation, seed germination, seed potato production, tomato production, leaf crops, and micro-greens. Vegetable crops like potato, yams, tomato, lettuce and some of the leafy vegetables are being commercially cultivated in aeroponic system. ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"9","chunk":"Aeroponics appeared to be a highly feasible method for the production of both aerial parts and roots. NEED OF AEROPONICS The current world population of 7.2 billion is projected to increase by almost one billion people within the next twelve years, reaching 8.1 billion in 2025 and 9.6 billion ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"10","chunk":"in 2050. With the increasing population growth the demand for the more food and more land to grow food is ever increasing. As the world population continues to grow, the rising demand for agricultural production is significant. Prime agricultural land can be scarce and expensive. Ae","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"11","chunk":"roponics is a technological leap forward from traditional hydroponics. Aeroponics-farming are also needed due to the many drawbacks of the traditional field farming system. Some of the drawbacks of the traditional farming system are 15 hours to harvest the crops, long time to harvest hence being ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"12","chunk":"sold for more expensive prices to earn back the time. Another factor is soil used in traditional system, decomposition of organic materials takes up long time. There is a high risk of getting soil disease. Pesticides are used, which is harmful for health. Whereas, in a developi","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"13","chunk":"  2000,  Inc,  [83] Nichols M A, Christie C B.  Continuous production of greenhouse crops using aeroponics.  Proc. IS on Trop.  Subtrop. Greenhouses. Eds. S. Chen and T.T. Lin. Acta Hort., 2002; 578: 289\u2013291.  [84] Martin-Laurent F, Lee S K, Tham F Y, He J, Diem H G, Durand P. ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"14","chunk":" research began in the 1920\u2019s and progressed steadily as a soilless growing method. In the early 1940s, the technology was largely used as a research tool rather than an economically feasible method of crop production. W. Carter in 1942 was the first researc","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"15","chunk":"hed air culture growing and described a method of using water vapor at the plants roots to deliver nutrients to facilitate examination of roots. In 1944, L.J. Klotz was the first to discover vapor misted citrus plants in a facilitated research of his studies of diseases of citrus and avocado roo","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"16","chunk":"ts. In 1952, G.F. Trowel grew apple trees in a spray culture. The first commercial aeroponics setup was the Genesis Rooting System, commonly called the Genesis Machine, by GTi in 1983. The device was controlled by a microchip and simply connected to an electrical outlet and ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"17","chunk":"a water faucet. During the 1990s, NASA carried out a series of tests in space and on earth growing biomass with no soil and very little water and this method proved to be very productive. NASA research has shown that aeroponically grown plants have an 80 per cent increase in dry weight bioma","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"18","chunk":"ss (essential minerals) compared to hydroponically grown plants. Aeroponic techniques have been given special attention from NASA since a mist is easier to handle than a liquid in a zero-gravity environment. INTRODUCTION Aeroponics is an alternative for people with limited spac","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"19","chunk":"es to grow plants. An aeroponic system is defined as an enclosed air and water\/nutrient ecosystem that fosters rapid plant growth with little water and direct sun and without soil or media. It is an effective and efficient way of growing plants for it requires little water (requi","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"20","chunk":"res 95 per cent less water than traditional farming methods) and needs minimal space than even the most efficient system hydroponic system. Plant grown in these aeroponic system also been shown to uptake more minerals and vitamin, making the plants healthier and potentially m","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"21","chunk":"ore nutritious. The suspended aeroponic plants receive 100 per cent of the available oxygen and carbon dioxide to the roots zone, stems, and leaves, thus accelerating biomass growth and reducing rooting times. The higher biomass yield of aerial parts from the aeroponic treatment ind","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"22","chunk":"icated that this production technique should not be limited to root crops, but should be considered for other types of crops as well. Furthermore, using aeroponics, planting densities can be increased since plant-to-plant competition for nutrients and water is ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"23","chunk":"essentially eliminated. Any species of plants can be grown in a true aeroponic system because the micro-environment of an aeroponic can be finely controlled. Aeroponic systems for seed production have been established following increased demand for more efficient high","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"24","chunk":" quality seed production methods. Aeroponic biopharming is used to grow pharmaceutical medicine inside the plants. Using aeroponics for cloning improves root growth, survival rate, growth rate and maturation time. Studies have shown that, the mean tuber yield under aeroponics is ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"25","chunk":"better than when the 287 | P a g e \fIndian Farmer 6(4): 286-292; April-2019 Kumari and Kumar same material is left to produce tuber under conventional means. Some researcher reported that, the aeroponics syst","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"26","chunk":"em increased stomatal conductance of leaf, intercellular CO2 concentration, net photosynthetic rate and photochemical efficiency of leaf. TYPES OF AEROPONICS: a. Low-pressure Units: In most of the low-pressure aeroponic gardens, roots of the plant are suspended above a reser","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"27","chunk":"voir of nutrient solution or a channel which is inside and is connected to a reservoir. The nutrient solution is delivered by a low-pressure pump through jets or by ultrasonic transducers, which drips or drains the nutrients back into the reservoir. When plants grow","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"28","chunk":" to maturity, then the units suffer from dry sections of the root systems and thus adequate nutrient uptake is avoided. These types of units lack features to purify the nutrient solution, removal of debris and unwanted pathogens because of cost. These units are usually suitab","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"29","chunk":"le for bench top growing. And it is also used for the demonstration of principles of aeroponics. b. High-pressure Devices: In high-pressure aeroponic devices, mist is created by high-pressure pump(s). And it is generally used in the cultivation of high value crops. This method include","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"30","chunk":"s technologies for air and water purification, nutrient sterilization, low-mass polymers and pressurized nutrient delivery systems. c. Commercial System: The commercial system has high-pressure device hardware and biological systems. An enhancement for extended plant life and ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"31","chunk":"crop maturation is included in the biological systems matrix. Working: Aeroponic system is an endless process in a confined space and therefore it cuts down agricultural labour. Aeroponics are based on the possibility of cultivating vegetables whose roots are not inserted in a subst","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"32","chunk":"ratum (the case with hydroponics) or soil, but in containers filled with flowing plant nutrition. The basic principle of aeroponic growing is to grow plants suspended in a closed or semi-closed environment by spraying the plant\u2019s dangling roots and lower stem with an atomiz","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"33","chunk":"ed or sprayed, nutrient-rich water solution. The set up for aeroponic includes a proper monitoring and control system for water and nutrients distribution for utilizing the aeroponic cultivation at its best.A distribution system of pipes, spray nozzles, a pump and time","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"34","chunk":"r distributes the spray from a nutrient solution storage tank is required. It uses a small internal micro jet spray that sprays the roots with fine, high pressure mist containing nutrient rich solutionsfrom the nutrient reservoir as a fine mist in the rooting chamber.There is a programmable cycli","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"35","chunk":"c timer which is used to trigger the high-pressure aeroponic pump to go on. Nutrients are mixed in with water in a reservoir basin, this is than filtered and pumped into a pressurized holding tank that is intermittently misted on to the root system. Developed root hairs help ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"36","chunk":"in absorbing nutrients from the moisture. It is also easier to administer all sorts of nutrients to the plant, via the root system.Since the spray particles are small in size, there is negligible wastage of nutrient solution. And with an ample amount of oxygen s","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"37","chunk":"upply, root rot is completely avoided. 288 | P a g e \fIndian Farmer 6(4): 286-292; April-2019 Kumari and Kumar The misting is usually done every few minutes around the hanged roots. The system normally turned on","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"38","chunk":" for only a few seconds every 2-3 minutes. Because the roots are exposed to the air, the roots will dry out rapidly if the misting cycles are interrupted. A timer controls the nutrient pump much like other types of hydroponic systems, except the aeroponics system needs a short cycle timer that ru","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"39","chunk":"ns the pump for a few seconds every couple of minutes. However, the chamber must be lightless materials from everywhere, so that the roots are in darkness functionally good also to inhibit algal growth that impedes the growing plants and pollute the system. The droplet","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"40","chunk":"size of a nutrient mist is a crucial element in aeroponics. An oversized droplet may reduce the oxygen supply. An undersized droplet may stimulate root hair growth which prevents lateral root growth which influences the efficiency of an aeroponic system. The water droplets must be bi","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"41","chunk":"g enough to carry the nutrients to the roots in sufficient quantity, but small enough to not immediately precipitateout of the root mass. Unused solution drips downinto the baseof the unit is strained, filtered, and pumped back into the reservoir. Aeroponics system is that o","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"42","chunk":"f easy monitoring of nutrients and pH. In aeroponics there is the minimal contact between the support structure and plant, due to which the unconstrained growth of the plant is possible. DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AEROPONICS: 1. Nutrients used in aeroponics: Mainly N-NH4 (0.54 g\/L","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"43","chunk":"), N-NO3 (0.35 g\/L), P(0.40 g\/L), K (0.35 g\/L), Ca (0.17 g\/L), Mg(0.08 g\/L), Na(0.04 g\/L), Fe (0.09 g\/L), Zn (0.03 g\/L) and B(0.03g\/L) are commercially being used in most of the crops. 2. Water used in aeroponics: Water to be used in aeroponics should have a low EC, not exceeding one mS\/cm. W","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"44","chunk":"ater pH is also a useful indicator. Water titles with a pH of over eight are questionable for aeroponics. It is useful to have a water chemical analysis; even if EC and pH measures fall into acceptablelevels.The other problem we may have to face is water biologic","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"45","chunk":"al contamination. Water from deep wells isusually not contaminated. Water from superficial wells, especially near urban areas, is likely to be contaminated with coli form bacteria, including Pectobacterium. Water from suspicious titles shouldhave a microbiological ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"46","chunk":" analysis. Special filters can minimize this risk. If available, water should be filteredbefore going into the nutrient tank. Boiling is also another alternative if no other is available. 3. The plant material used in aeroponics: Optimum plant material should be","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"47","chunk":" used for aeroponics. In vitro plants are preferred because of sanitaryreasons. However, they need to be handled with proper care by experienced technicians. These plantsshould be the appropriate age and size and should go through a thorough acclimatization period","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"48","chunk":"before going into the greenhouse. Other plantmaterials, such as rooted cuttings and tuber sprouts, should be clean and disease free. The presence ofany kind of symptom should be sufficient reason to discard the whole batch of into the boxes. The plants. This should benoticeabl","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"49","chunk":"e when transplanting underground part of the tissue coming from thesand trays should be completely 289 | P a g e \fIndian Farmer 6(4): 286-292; April-2019 Kumari and Kumar clean and sand free. Before placing int","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"50","chunk":"o aeroponics, plants should be managed in a clean greenhouse environment. SOME OF THE KEY BENEFITS OF AEROPONICS: \uf0d8 Round the year cultivation: Since plants are grown in a controlled environment crops can be grown year-round without being dependent on the weather or atm","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"51","chunk":"osphere conditions outside. \uf0d8 Fast plant growth: Plants grow fast because their roots have access to a lot of oxygen. \uf0d8 Easy system maintenance: In aeroponics, all you need to maintain is the root chamber (the container housing the roots) which needs regula","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"52","chunk":"r disinfecting, and periodically, the reservoir and irrigation channels. \uf0d8 Less need for nutrients and water: Aeroponic plants need less nutrients and water on average, because the nutrient absorption rate is higher, and plants usually respond to aeroponic systems by growing even ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"53","chunk":"more roots. \uf0d8 Mobility: Plants, even whole nurseries, can be moved around without too much effort, as all that is required is moving the plants from one collar to another. \uf0d8 Requires little space and high yield: Aeroponic systems can be stacked up in layers to build v","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"54","chunk":"ertical farms that take up much less space than traditional farming methods. \uf0d8 Great educational value: Plants and root growth study in laboratories is easier for students and researchers. \uf0d8 Proper root growth: In this system, plant roots have proper space to grow well. So they don\u2019t stre","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"55","chunk":"tch or wilt. \uf0d8 No transplantation shock: Plants can be shifted to any growing media system without any transplantation shock after root development. \uf0d8 Easier fruit harvest: Fruits produced from the system are easier to harvest. \uf0d8 Disease free produce: Due to clean and sterile","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"56","chunk":" growing conditions, plant diseases and infections reduce up to agreat extent. \uf0d8 Production at moon stations: Using this technique, fruits can be grown at zero gravity i.e at moon stations. \uf0d8 Potentially healthier and nutritious plants can be grown at homes; indoors or at roof","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"57","chunk":" top. \uf0d8 Nurseries can propagate seeds and cuttings into healthy, harvestable plants in a fraction of time of traditional methods. \uf0d8 Aeroponics systems can reduce water usage by 98 per cent, fertilizer usage by 60 per cent, and pesticide usage by 100 per cent, all ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"58","chunk":"while maximizing crop yields. \uf0d8 Power loss for a small period does not cause any damage to plants. Key drawbacks of aeroponic technology Every system has its drawbacks, and aeroponics is no exception. 290 | P a g e \fIndian Farmer 6(4): 286-292; April-2019 ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"59","chunk":" Kumari and Kumar \uf0d8 Dependence on the system: A typical aeroponics system is made up of high pressure pumps, sprinklers and timers. If any of these break down, your plants can be damaged or killed easily. \uf0d8 Technical knowledge required: In","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"60","chunk":"itially some training is required for system maintenance. You need a certain level of competency in running an aeroponic system. Knowledge of nutrients amounts required by your plant is essential, because you don\u2019t have any soil to absorb excess\/wrong nutrients supplied. \uf0d8 San","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"61","chunk":"itary conditions of the root chamber: The root chamber must not be contaminated, or else diseases may strike the roots. So you need to disinfect the root chamber every so often. Hydrogen peroxide is often used as disinfectant. \uf0d8 High cost: Most aeroponic systems are not exac","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"62","chunk":"tly cheap. Aeroponic systems may cost many hundreds of dollars each. \uf0d8 Power loss: For a long time period power loss may cause irreversible damage. CONCLUSION Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70 per cent of the fresh water used by human goes to agricu","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"63","chunk":"lture. Out of that 45 per cent is wasted due to gaudy irrigation techniques. By using aeroponic systems, we can save 98 per cent of total water because of recirculatory system. Fresh, clean, healthy, efficient and rapid food production can be obtained from aeroponic system","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"64","chunk":"s throughout the year. This soilless culture can overcome all the constraints that are present in soil culture production. Enhanced disease-free yield leads India to be at top growers and exporters in near future. Aeroponic system has the potential to produce enhanced veget","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"65","chunk":"ative growth without use of any artificial hormones, pesticides or insecticide. Aeroponics is still a good way to learn how to master plant growth and learn about their needs, within a controlled environment. For urban dwellers that live in apartments, sometim","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"66","chunk":"es aeroponics is the only practical way to garden. And on arid lands, aeroponics circumvents this problem, and provides the best means of growing plants effective. FUTURE PROSPECTS Soilless cultures consider as a new developed technique for agriculture development but it","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"67","chunk":" is not simple technique. However, there is lack of technical background of the new technique among growers and horticulturists in many countries and well trained employs are needed. Moreover, most substrates are internationally markets, so they are expensive. Therefore, it is bette","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"68","chunk":"r to look locally about not expensive good substrates. The growers can adept the soilless systems according to their needs, the place of the system and according to their potential cash. The system in any case need to take strong care and observation for the parameters neede","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"69","chunk":"d for the good growth of the plants such as nutrient concentrations, light, oxygen around the plants root zone, water quality, pH, disinfection, temperature of the solution and more. Aeroponics helps conserve water, land and nutrients, so the aeroponics system is the way of the future, ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"70","chunk":"making cultivation of crops easier. 291 | P a g e \fIndian Farmer 6(4): 286-292; April-2019 Kumari and Kumar REFERENCES Ali Al-Shrouf. (2017). Hydroponics, aeroponic and aquaponic as compared with conventional ","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"71","chunk":" farming. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences 27(1): 247-255. Cooper A. (1976). Nutrient film technique for growing crops. Grower books. London. England. Jeff Birkby. (2016). Vertical farming. ATTRA Sustainable Agriculture. National C","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"72","chunk":"entre for Appropriate Technology. www.attra.ncat.org. KA El-Kazzaz and AA El-Kazzaz. (2017). Soilless agriculture a new and advanced method for agriculture development: an Introduction. Agri Res & Tech 3(2). DOI: 10.19080\/ARTOAJ.2017.03.555610 004. Kaur Gagandeep and Kumar Dil","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"73","chunk":"ip. (2014). Aeroponic technology: blessing or curse. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 3(7): 691-693. Lakhiar Imran Ali, Gao Jianmin, Syed Tabinda Naz, Chandio Farman Ali and Buttar Noman Ali. (2018). Modern plant cultivation technologies in agricu","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"74","chunk":"lture under controlled environment: a review on aeroponics. Journal of Plant Interactions 13(1): 338-352. DOI:10.1080\/17429145.2018.1472308. P Gopinath, P Irene Vethamoni and M Gomathi. (2017). Aeroponics soilless cultivation system for vegetable crops. Chem Sci Rev Lett 6(22): 838-","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"paper4","chunk_id":"75","chunk":"849. Richa Sbhnam, Kumari Arpita, Bedanga Bikash Saikia and Kumari Udita. (2018). AeroponicsA step towards sustainable farming. International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology 466-472. View publication stats 292 | P a g e","title":"Aeroponics: A Review on Modern Agriculture Technology","authors":"Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"0","chunk":"See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/263768225 Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics Chapter \u00b7 January 2014 DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-319-05582-4_7 CITATIONS 22 4 authors, i","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"1","chunk":"ncluding: Martin Pala CropTek s.r.o., Slovakia 5 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a037 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: ENCODE View project KnowWeb View project READS 6,928 Marian Mach Technical University of Kosice Technicka univer","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"2","chunk":"zita v Kosiciach 76 PUBLICATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0324 CITATIONS\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Martin Pala on 09 April 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. \fAeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotic","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"3","chunk":"s Martin PALA1, Ladislav MIZENKO1, Marian MACH1, Tyler REED2 1Department of Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice {martin.pala,ladislav.mizenko,marian.mach}@tuke.sk 2Independent Consultant, Maya Culpa, LLC, Galloway, Ohio tyler@mayaculpa.com Abstract. This ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"4","chunk":"paper describes a novel approach to aeroponic and hydroponic system monitoring, fault detection and automation. The first part of this paper is dedicated to brief literature preview about hydroponics and aeroponics, its common and distinctive features and the description of the needs for","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"5","chunk":" its automation. The second part of this paper deals with aeroponic greenhouse control scheme proposal. We consider a greenhouse covered by a sensor network, actuators and hydroponic or aeroponic platforms to be a robotic system in so called intelligent space. The aeroponic plat","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"6","chunk":"form design is described besides the conclusions and future work ideas in the last part of this paper. Keywords: Agriculture Robotics, Intelligent Space, Aeroponics, Hydroponics, Greenhouse 1 Introduction The current world population of 7.2 billion is projected to increase","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"7","chunk":" by almost one billion people within the next twelve years, reaching 8.1 billion in 2025 and 9.6 billion in 2050, according to a new United Nations report [1]. As the world population continues to grow, the rising demand for agricultural production is significant. More than half of global p","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"8","chunk":"opulation growth between now and 2050 is expected to occur in Africa. According to the UN\u2019s medium-variant projection, the population of Africa could more than double by mid-century, increasing from 1.1 billion today to 2.4 billion in 2050, and potentially reaching 4.2 billion by 210","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"9","chunk":"0. High population numbers are putting further strain on natural retitles, fuel supplies, employment, housing and food supplies. In addition, an increased demand for biofuels could further increase pressure on inputs, prices of agricultural produce, land, and water and end","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"10","chunk":"anger a global food security. The main motivation of this paper is to provide overview information about progressive techniques and methods for producing green food with consideration for environmental factors and energy efficiency. The main idea behind the aeroponi","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"11","chunk":"c greenhouse in intelligent space is full automation, scalability, anytime-anyplace access monitoring and fault diagnostics for home or enterprise farming. In the first part \fof this paper the hydroponics and aeroponics methods of growing plants are introduced and the ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"12","chunk":"connection between greenhouse as a robotic system and intelligent space is explained. The second part is dedicated to aeroponics control system architecture proposal and its main features. 2 Hydroponics, Aeroponics, and Current Trends in Controlled Environment Agriculture In orde","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"13","chunk":"r to understand hydroponics and aeroponics methods of growing plants, some of the basic terms and concepts need to be clarified. The concepts and terms provided in the following words appear in the well-known publications related to hydroponics or aeroponics [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7]. Horticulture","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"14","chunk":": Horticulture is the science, technology, and business involved in intensive plant cultivation for human use. It is practiced from the individual level in a garden up to the activities of a multinational corporation. Horticulture is very often described as both science and art [2, 3","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"15","chunk":"]. Hydroculture: Hydroculture is the growing of plants in soilless medium, or an aquatic based environment. All the plant nutrients are distributed via water. Hydroponics: Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a method of growing plants using mineral nutrient solutions,","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"16","chunk":" in water, without soil. Terrestrial plants may be grown with their roots in the mineral nutrient solution only (liquid hydroponic systems) or in an inert medium, such as perlite, mineral wool, gravel, expanded clay pebbles or coconut husk (aggregate hydroponic systems). Hydroponics ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"17","chunk":"is a subset of soilless culture, but many types of soilless culture do not use the mineral nutrient solutions required for hydroponics. Aeroponics: Aeroponics on the other hand is considered to be another form of hydroponic technique as water is used to transmit nutrients ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"18","chunk":" as well. Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium [4]. According to AgriHouse (product outcome of NASA research program), growers choosing to employ the aeroponics method can reduce water usage by 98 percent, fe","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"19","chunk":"rtilizer usage by 60 percent, and pesticide usage by 100 percent, all while maximizing their crop yields by 45 to 75 percent [4]. 2.1 Hydroponics vs. Aeroponics Hydroponics and aeroponics are both highly efficient methods of growing plants without them ever touching any soil. Both p","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"20","chunk":"erform very well indoors or outdoors, are easy to maintain and relatively easy to automate, so during the plant growing process less attention from humans is needed. In addition the following advantages are being considered for both aeroponics and hydroponics systems [4, 5, 6, 7, and 8]: \u2022 No ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"21","chunk":"soil is needed, no nutrition pollution \u2022 The water stays in the system, so can be reused \u2022 Lower nutrition requirements, nutrition control possibility \f\u2022 Stable and high yields, healthier plants as no pests are used \u2022 Energy efficient, easy harvesting Despite their many similaritie","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"22","chunk":"s (and the fact that aeroponics is actually a type of hydroponics), aeroponics and hydroponics techniques also have some important differences. The most distinctive characteristic is that aeroponics uses no growing medium at all, while hydroponics uses growing medium. ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"23","chunk":" Also the distribution of nutrients is different. Using hydroponics systems, plants may be suspended in the water full-time or the nutrients can be distributed by a continuous or even an intermittent flow. Aeroponic plants are never placed into water, even for a minute. Instead, aeroponic p","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"24","chunk":"lants receive nutrients from a nutrient-rich water solution that is sprayed onto their dangling roots and lower stem several times an hour. The main advantage of nutrient delivery using aeroponics systems is that the plants are kept in a relatively closed e","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"25","chunk":"nvironment, so diseases are not spread rapidly, while in traditional hydroponic methods plant diseases can be spread via nutrient distribution system from plant to plant. Another advantage of aeroponics is that suspended aeroponic plants receive 100% of the available oxygen and carbon diox","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"26","chunk":"ide to the roots zone, stems, and leaves, thus accelerating growth and reducing rooting times [stoner]. According to the NASA research aeroponics requires 65% less water than hydroponics approach and aeroponically grown plants requires \u00bc the nutrient input compared to hydropon","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"27","chunk":"ically grown plants [4, 9]. The main problem of both hydroponics and especially aeroponics is that without soil as some kind of water and nutrient buffer, any failure of the aeroponic or hydroponic system leads to rapid death of grown plant. For this reason, more sophisticated ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"28","chunk":"methods have to be used for fault detection, real-time monitoring, control and automation of such systems. Utilization of artificial intelligence in hydroponic and aeroponic systems may lead not only to early fault detection, thus avoiding damage to grown plants, but may al","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"29","chunk":"so help to fully automate all the processes required in aeroponics and hydroponics and adapt to current needs of grown plants in real-time without any or small interventions of human operators, help to lower costs and make the whole process more efficient and likely more profitable. In the follo","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"30","chunk":"wing section we provide a preview of some advanced methods and techniques currently applied in real life solutions or currently being developed or considered for real application. 2.2 Current Trends and Related Work As previously mentioned, hydroponic and aeroponic systems have subs","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"31","chunk":"tantial vulnerability which can increase the complexity of their successful unattended application in real production. Problems like the failure of water pumps, nutrient distribution and preparation, nozzle clogging and many others require special attention to avoid damage or rapi","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"32","chunk":"d death of growing plants. In this chapter we provide a basic preview of current trends and selected related work to hydroponics and aeroponics done so far. \fFor example, the optimization of long-term plant growth in hydroponics, a hierarchical intelligent control system consistin","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"33","chunk":"g of an expert system and a hybrid system based on genetic algorithms and neural networks was proposed in [10]. These two control systems were used appropriately, depending on the plant growth. Using this approach, the plant growth is controlled by the nutrient concentra","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"34","chunk":"tion of the solution. The expert system was used for determining the appropriate set-points of nutrient concentration through the whole of the growth stages, and the hybrid system for determining the optimal set-points of nutrient concentration which maximize total leaf lengt","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"35","chunk":"h (TLL) and stem diameter (SD) during the initial growth (seedling) stage. In the hybrid system, TLL\/SD as affected by nutrient concentration was first identified using neural networks and then the optimal value was determined through simulation of the identified model using genetic algorithms. T","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"36","chunk":"he set-points from the expert system were similar to those used by a skilled grower. Further details and experimental results can be found in [10]. Early disease detection is crucial especially when using hydroponic configuration as the disease may spread quickly via the nutrient distribu","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"37","chunk":"tion system. JAPIEST, an integral intelligent system for the diagnosis and control of tomatoes diseases and pests in hydroponic greenhouses was developed [11]. JAPIEST is focused on the prevention, diagnosis and control of diseases that affect tomatoes and is capable of ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"38","chunk":"early detection of candidate diseases and suitable control treatment proposals. Another recent work deals with fault detection using artificial intelligence methods. Neural-network systems capable of detecting of mechanical and biological faults in deep-trough hydroponics are b","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"39","chunk":"ased on utilization of two separate fault detection systems. The first fault detection system is based on detection of faulty operation using sensor information, as inputs for neural network (pH, EC, air temperature, nutrient solution temperature, humidity, light intensity). T","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"40","chunk":"he second fault detection system is focused on the detection of a category of biological faults (transpiration rate). The proposed neural-network model was able to detect mechanical problems using the first approach in most of the cases within 20 to 40 minutes, which may be sufficien","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"41","chunk":"t for both hydroponics and aeroponics configurations. In the case of the biological fault detection, neural network model generally detected faults within 2-3 hours, where the output was either 0 \u2013 normal, or 1 \u2013 faulty operation [12, 13]. All the previously described growth optimizat","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"42","chunk":"ion methods or disease and fault detection systems require input information which can be easily acquired by installing suitable sensors. The recent publication \u201cMonitoring of an Aeroponic Greenhouse with Sensor Network\u201d describes a possible design and implementation of a wirele","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"43","chunk":"ss sensor network for greenhouse environment monitoring [14]. The real-time information obtained from the sensor nodes may be utilized to optimize temperature, ventilation, artificial lighting and nutrient solution properties control. More recent work about the real time gre","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"44","chunk":"enhouse monitoring can be found in [15, 16 and 17] The following subchapter is dedicated to a robust system architecture that aims to utilize all the available methods to achieve rapid power optimization, plant growth, early fault detection and the highest possible automation level. ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"45","chunk":" \f2.3 HAPI The Hydroponic Automation Platform Initiative (HAPI) develops and distributes control modules for automated food production systems, including and especially hydroponic and aeroponic systems. Through the initiative, a steady line of monitoring and control opti","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"46","chunk":"ons are being evolved and optimized. Control options include control of lighting, water pumps, nutrient and pH dosing pumps, automated shades and louvers, heaters, air coolers, water chillers, humidifiers and dehumidifiers and security mechanisms. Support is also being developed ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"47","chunk":"for a wide array of sensors including temperature, humidity, moisture of growth mediums, water levels, light intensity and color, pH, electrical conductivity and weather-related information. Sensing can be performed in plant, section, zone and site-wide formats. Artifacts from t","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"48","chunk":"his aspect of the project include: hardware design, schematic drawings, firmware, management software, reporting functions, structural designs and process documentation. HAPI is not solely concerned with automation. The initiative includes several programs that together will serv","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"49","chunk":"e to achieve the primary goal of increasing high-yield hydroponic production of clean food in urban settings. A core value of the initiative is \u201cclean\u201d food. In this case, clean means as close to organic as possible and without genetic modifications. One challenge in this re","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"50","chunk":"gard is the diminishing supply of nongmo seeds. To this end, HAPI will initiate a worldwide network of \u201cclean seed\u201d production and distribution points. The primary goal of this program is to establish a global distribution web, by collaborating with similar programs with l","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"51","chunk":"ocal focus, so that local access to a worldwide supply of diverse clean seeds is provided to as many urban farmers as possible. By providing automation modules and structural designs, a clean seed network and a best practice application, HAPI will dramatically lower the barriers to high-yiel","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"52","chunk":"d, sustainable food production to individuals and communities across the planet. HAPI is an open title project with many collaborators. The research project of aeroponic greenhouse proposed in this paper will share a lot of features and is planned to be fully compatible with al","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"53","chunk":"l HAPI elements. 3 Intelligent Space Intelligent space (iSpace) is an area or room that monitors what is happening in it, can make decisions and react according to these decisions [18]. Monitoring is performed by using sensors distributed in intelligent space, which may include cameras, mi","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"54","chunk":"crophones, temperature and humidity sensors, ultrasonic and other range finding sensors. Actuators on the other hand provide information for inhabitants of iSpace using monitors or speakers, or can execute actions through robotic devices to manipulate with the real world objects. Since Has","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"55","chunk":"himoto Laboratory proposed Intelligent Space in 1996, research has started in many different fields from robotics and mobile robot positioning and navigation [19] to health care [20], intelligent vehicles, transportation spaces and traffic control [21], intelligent homes and","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"56","chunk":" rooms [22] or service robotics in large-scale dynamic environments [23]. Various research disciplines are involving into intelligent \fspace, while it incorporates wide scope of issues needed to be solved. Most of the research is done in following scope: smart cameras ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"57","chunk":"and devices, flexibility and scalability of system architecture and networking, signal processing and inferences, and real-time execution of actions. Typical high-level architecture of intelligent space consists of a communication layer connecting all devices, sensing, an acti","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"58","chunk":"ng layer for collecting data and providing feedback by performing actions to physical world, and a processing layer responsible for handling and storing data and making decisions. In an effort to achieve the intelligent exchange of information, it is necessary to build up pervasiv","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"59","chunk":"e communication infrastructure. Substantial research in this area has focused on various aspects of network communication. Recent studies focus on wireless networking with a goal of creating a communications layer for the fast and reliable transfer of information and knowledge. ISpace is cha","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"60","chunk":"racterized by specific properties. One important aspect is modularity. It is necessary to have the ability to add and remove components in real-time without system downtime. In order to use iSpace in a wide variety of environments, all of the component systems must be scalable. As mentioned, ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"61","chunk":" iSpace consists of devices like sensors, actuators and other components spatially distributed in the environment. All these devices are connected into the network, which creates a space for the emergence of difficulties to solve. Greenhouses provide ideal environments for the applica","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"62","chunk":"tion of intelligent space methods. Covering a greenhouse complex with networked sensors and actuators can have a strong impact on the entire automation process and fundamentally transforms the greenhouse to a \u201crobot ready\u201d environment. This opens paths to not only monitoring and fault d","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"63","chunk":"iagnostics, but also to robotic crop collection and many other robotic applications. 4 Aeroponics Control System Architecture Proposal We propose the control architecture for remote operation, monitoring, diagnostics and automation of the processes realized during the standard ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"64","chunk":"operation of aeroponic or hydroponic greenhouse configuration. Our research is specialized for aeroponic configuration, but is fully compatible with the approach adopted by the previously described HAPI project. The main reason of this compatibility is further cooperation and ac","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"65","chunk":"celeration of technology application. The following picture describes the main architecture of control and communication mechanisms between a remote human or virtual operator (e.g. expert system for autonomous plant growing) and an aeroponic or hydroponic greenhouse. \fFig. 1. The","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"66","chunk":"proposed architecture of control and communication mechanism between human\/virtual operator and aeroponic\/hydroponic system. The greenhouse is equipped with its own sensor network and actuator network for climate monitoring and adjustment and basically creates the","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"67","chunk":"intelligent space and robot-ready environment. Every module is connected to the main controller which provides the communication with \u201cAero Pots\u201d and remote modules (top of the picture). Main controller is capable of independent control or might be dependent","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"68","chunk":"on control signals from a remote human or virtual operator. A virtual operator consists of three important modules: Communication module, module for monitoring, fault diagnostics remote control and optimization and database module. Interaction with a human operator is provided using a huma","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"69","chunk":"n machine interface via web interface, client application or iOS\/Android application on a smartphone. During the first stage of the project optimization will be aimed to lower power consumption of aeroponic system preserving maximum possible growth of the plants using various methods of artific","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"70","chunk":"ial intelligence (e.g. genetic algorithms, adaptive fuzzy cognitive maps, etc\u2026). Aero Pot is working codename for a highly scalable aeroponic system designed in our department. The Aero Pot prototype is visualized on the following picture. \fFig. 2. CAD design of Aero Pot prototyp","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"71","chunk":"e, visualizing nozzle installation and process of nutrient distribution to the roots of plants. The finishing of nutrition distribution system is visible on the left side of the picture. Each Aero Pot has a nozzle installed on the both ends of a rod with an electric motor in the middle. The e","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"72","chunk":"lectric motor rotates the main rod in 180 degrees, which gives us a full circle if both of the nozzles work properly. If there is a failure on one nozzle, we can perform a workaround procedure and give a motor the instruction to perform full circle rotation. Above the nozzles, plant contain","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"73","chunk":"ers are situated as visualized on the right side of the picture. Aero Pot has this specific circular shape and nozzle installation because of the requirement of misting the roots of plants several times per hour. This design is very energy efficient, cheap, high scalable a","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"74","chunk":"nd easy to control. The future work will be focused on sensor installation and piping of the nutrient distribution system predesign so Aero Pot can work stand-alone or can be connected to other Aero Pots, thus sharing some sensors and actuators which will significantly lower the in","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"75","chunk":"itial costs per one grown plant. 4.1 Experiments and Simulations For the first experimental and simulation work we designed and created software based on genetic algorithm to optimize power consumption of hydroponic or aeroponic system. Using this software user is able to defi","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"76","chunk":"ne various properties and virtually configure hydroponic or aeroponic system. This software allows user to add and remove lights, pumps and define consumption of added devices. In addition user is later asked to specify details about system configuration. Both hydroponic and aeropon","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"77","chunk":"ic systems may be running in different modes. Different plants require different light and water conditions. All these conditions are specified by the user using intuitive graphical user interface. Genetic algorithm designed primarily for power consumption optimization the","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"78","chunk":"n optimizes and create a power schedule for 24 hour window for all the devices in hydroponic or aeroponic system. First experimental work was performed on simple hydroponic system created in our laboratory as Aero Pot creation is \fin progress. The following picture shows exampl","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"79","chunk":"e of power optimization framework GUI. Fig. 3. Detailed system configuration and growing plant conditions and requirements. Final fitness function of genetic algorithm at this stage of the project consists of 3 elements. These are partial fitness of lights plus partial","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"80","chunk":" fitness of water pumps and penalties defined by user. Both, light and water pumps configuration have to meet the conditions defined by user for every growing plant. Penalties are also defined by user. User can choose to optimize system for plant growth, eliminate peak consumptions or optimi","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"81","chunk":"ze power consumption for specific time of the day. The output of genetic algorithm is the power schedule of lights, light intensities and water pumps cycles during 24 hour time window. Initial experiments showed that plants are doing well while power consumption of the system is drop","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"82","chunk":"ped down. This is achieved with minimum human operator effort. 5 Conclusions This work is aimed to explore some possibilities for improvement of the hydroponic and aeroponic systems by utilization of methods of artificial intelligence. We showed that the demand for clean food becomes in","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"83","chunk":"creasingly alarming as the world population rises. In this paper we provided a brief literature preview, described the basics of aeroponics and hydroponics, their common and distinctive features. In addition some previous work done in this field of research and current trends has been presen","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"84","chunk":"ted. We provided a brief literature preview of intelligent space problem and presented the idea how it can be utilized in greenhouse environments. In the second part of this paper we proposed the control architecture for the aeroponic greenhouse system being devel\foped in our de","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"85","chunk":"partment, which is fully compatible with HAPI. Also the Aero Pot sketches and some of its features were uncovered in this paper. Future work will be focused on finishing the Aero Pot design, construction of an aeroponic greenhouse as proposed in chapter 4 and the commen","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"86","chunk":"cement of work on control algorithms. The first software project being considered at the moment is a power optimization system for both aeroponic and hydroponic configurations. The different devices in a production facility all have timing requirements and energ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"87","chunk":"y consumption levels, while the cost and availability of power can vary over time. The system will account for alternative energy approaches as well, where factors like weather, wind and sunlight can impact the availability of energy. First experiments showed promising re","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"88","chunk":"sults, but far more experiments need to be done and more and more properties of the hydroponic or aeroponic system need to be taken into account. Acknowledgments Article is the result of the Project implementation: University Science Park TECHNICOM for Innovation Applications S","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"89","chunk":"upported by Knowledge Technology, ITMS: 26220220182, supported by the Research & Development Operational Programme funded by the ERDF. 6 References [1] World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, UN Press Release, New York, 13th June 2013. [2] Pittinger D. R.: Introduction to Hor","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"90","chunk":"ticulture, Chapter 2 from California Master Gardener Handbook (Publication 3382), The Regents of the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Retitles, 2002. [3] Doyle O., Aldous D., Barrett-Mold H., Bijzet Z., Darnell R., Martin B., McEvilly G., and Steph","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"91","chunk":"enson R.: 2012 Defining Horticulture, Horticulturist and Horticultural Scientist, Ad Hoc Committee for Global Horticulture Advocacy. Editor: Dr Owen Doyle University College Dublin Ireland. Feb. 2012 [4] NASA Spinoff 2006, Innovative Partnership Program, Publications and Graphics Depart","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"92","chunk":"ment NASA Center for Aerospace Information (CASI), 2006 [5] Thiyagarajan G., Umadevi R., and Ramesh K.: Hydroponics, Science Tech Entrepreneur. January 2007. [6] Sholto D. J.: Advanced guide to hydroponics, No. new edition, Pelham Books, 1985. [7] Nir I.: Growing Plants in Aeropon","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"93","chunk":"ics Growth System, Acta Hort. (ISHS) 126:435448, 1982. [8] Amos J., et. al.: Final Report for the Robotic Construction of a Permanently Manned Mars Base, Mars Investment for a New Generation (M.I.N.G.), NASA 1989. [9] Ritter E., Angulo B., Riga P., Herran C., Relloso J. and San Jose","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"94","chunk":" M.: Comparison of hydroponic and aeroponic cultivation systems for the production of potato minitubers, Potato Research 44 (2001) 127-135, 2001. [10] Morimoto T., Hatou K., and Hashimoto Y.: Intelligent Control for a Plant Production System, Control Eng. Practice, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 773-784, 1","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"95","chunk":"996. [11] Lopez-Morales V., Lopez-Ortega O., Ramos-Fernandez J., Munoz L.B.: JAPIEST: An integral intelligent system for the diagnosis and control of tomatoes diseases and pests \fin hydroponic greenhouses, Expert Systems with Applications 35 (2008) 1506\u20131512, 2008. [12]","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"96","chunk":" Ferentinos K. P., Albright L. D., Selman B.: Neural network-based detection of mechanical, sensor and biological faults in deep-trough hydroponics, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 40 (2003) 65-85, 2003. [13] Ferentinos K. P., Albright L. D.: Fault Detection and Diagnosis in ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"97","chunk":"Deep-trough Hydroponics using Intelligent Computational Tools, Biosystems Engineering (2003) 84 (1), 13\u201330, DOI: 10.1016\/S1537-5110(02)00232-5, 2003. [14] Tik L. B., Khuan C. T., Palaniappan S.: Monitoring of an Aeroponic Greenhouse with a Sensor Network, IJCSNS International Journ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"98","chunk":"al of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9 No.3, March 2009. [15] Sahu K., Mazumdar, S. G.: Digitally Greenhouse Monitoring and Controlling of System based on Embedded System, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 1, January","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"99","chunk":" 2012 ISSN 2229-5518. [16] Song Y., Ma J., Zhang X., Feng Y.: Design of Wireless Sensor Network-Based Greenhouse Environment Monitoring and Automatic Control System, Journal of Networks, Vol 7, No 5 (2012), 838-844, May 2012, doi:10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844. [17] Ahonen T., V","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"100","chunk":"irrankoski R., Elmusrati M.: Greenhouse Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Network, Mechtronic and Embedded Systems and Applications, 2008. MESA 2008. IEEE\/ASME International Conference on , vol., no., pp.403,408, 12-15 Oct. 2008 doi: 10.1109\/MESA.2008.4735744 [18] Liu ","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
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{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"102","chunk":"n of Path Patterns for Mobile Robot Navigation, Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.57, no.4, pp.1401,1410, April 2010. [20] Tivatansakul S., Tanupaprungsun S., Areekijseree K., Achalakul T., Hirasawa K., Sawada S., Saitoh A., Ohkura M.: The intelligent space","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"103","chunk":" for the elderly \u2014 Implementation of fall detection algorithm, SICE Annual Conference (SICE), 2012 Proceedings of , vol., no., pp.1944,1949, 20-23 Aug. 2012. [21] Qu F., Wang F-Y., Yang L.: Intelligent transportation spaces: vehicles, traffic, communications, and beyond,\"Communicati","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"104","chunk":"ons Magazine, IEEE , vol.48, no.11, pp.136,142, November 2010. [22] Lu F., Tian G., Zhou F., Xue Y., Song B.: Building an Intelligent Home Space for Service Robot Based on Multi-Pattern Information Model and Wireless Sensor Networks, Intelligent Control and Automation, 3, 90","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.4304\/jnw.7.5.838-844","chunk_id":"105","chunk":"-97, 2012. [23] Lu S., Qi W.: Navigation and positioning research of service robot based on intelligent space, Automation and Logistics, 2009. ICAL '09, vol., no., pp.2015, 2017, 5-7 Aug. 2009 View publication stats","title":"Aeroponic Greenhouse as an Autonomous System Using Intelligent Space for Agriculture Robotics","authors":"Martin Pala, Ladislav Mizenko, Marian Mach, Tyler Reed"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"0","chunk":"Received:\t16\tSeptember\t2020\u2003 |\u2003 Revised:\t6\tFebruary\t2021\u2003 |\u2003 Accepted:\t16\tFebruary\t2021 DOI: 10.1002\/pld3.312 O R I G I N A L R E S E A R C H Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant water relations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress Endale Geta Tafesse1 \u2003| Moses Kw","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"1","chunk":"ame Aidoo1,2 \u2003| Naftali Lazarovitch1 \u2003| Shimon Rachmilevitch1 1French\tAssociates\tInstitute\tfor\tAgriculture\t and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, BenGurion University of the Negev, Midreshet BenGurion, Israel 2Department of Agro Enterprise Dev","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"2","chunk":"elopment, Ho Technical University, Ho, Ghana Correspondence Shimon\tRachmilevitch,\tFrench\tAssociates\t Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, BenGurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet BenGurion, Israel. E","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"3","chunk":"mail: rshimon@bgu.ac.il Funding information The authors thank Gabi Rubanenko for his generous donation towards the establishment of the system. This research was partially supported by the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Eugene Kandel Knowledge Centers) as part of the p","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"4","chunk":"rogram The Root of the Matter: The root zone knowledge center for leveraging modern agriculture. Abstract The study of transpiration, water, and nutrient uptake during abiotic stress in the root zone is hindered because of the hidden nature of the root zone. In this study, a modified aerop","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"5","chunk":"onic system was used to evaluate whole plant transpiration, nitrate and water uptake in the growth and development of tomato plants in response to salinity. Tomato seedlings were exposed to three levels of salinity (1.5, 4.5, and 9 dSm\u22121) and three levels of nitrate (1, 4, and ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"6","chunk":"8 mM NO3) in a separate experiments conducted concurrently. Whole plant transpiration, water and nitrate uptake were estimated. Our study revealed that ~30 to 35 days after treatment (DAT), water uptake rate per plant increased from a common initial rate of about 0.05 to 1.1, 0.6","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"7","chunk":", and 0.4 kg\/day at 1.5, 4.5, and 9 dSm\u22121 respectively. The NO3 uptake rates in tomatoes grown in 1 and 4 mM NO3 were 5.5 and 22% respectively, of the uptake of tomatoes grown in 8 mM NO3. The estimation of nitrate uptake and lower sensitivity to salinity stress in the aeroponic showed the effec","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"8","chunk":"tiveness and cost efficiency of the system in the cultivation of vegetables during abiotic stresses. The novelty of the system described is the continuous estimation of root and nutrient uptake by the whole plant at any given time. K E Y W O R D S abiotic stress, aeroponic, nutrient uptake, ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"9","chunk":"tomato, water relations 1\u2003| \u2003I NTRO D U C TI O N research tool in root physiology (Barak et al., 1996) and is recommended as a technique for steadystate control of nutrients, gas exAeroponics is a plant culture technique employed for the growth of changes, root temperature, an","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"10","chunk":"d moisture (Aidoo et al., 2017; Zobel plant where the roots are either continuously or periodically misted et al., 1976). with a nutrient solution; it may be regarded as a variant of hydroponThe use of aeroponic systems as a research tool has demonics where plant roots are const","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"11","chunk":"antly cultivated in a nutrient solution strated the absence or insignificance of an additional stress asso(Rubanenko & Hilitsky, 2011). Aeroponics has long been used as a ciated with stress of interest, for example hypoxia, under\/over Abbreviations: DAT, days afte","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"12","chunk":"r treatment; EC, electrical conductivity. Endale Geta Tafesse and Moses Kwame Aidoo contributed equally to the study. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"13","chunk":"work is properly cited. \u00a9 2021 The Authors. Plant Direct published by American Society of Plant Biologists and the Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Plant Direct. 2021;5:e00312.\t https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pld3.312 wileyonlinelibrary.com\/journal\/pld3 \t\u2003|\u2003\t1 of 8 \t\t \f2 of","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"14","chunk":" 8\u2003 |\u2003 \u2003\u2002 irrigation, and deposition of salt in the root zone which might be the estimation of the transpiration rate which allows water and nuassociated with application of salinity in the soil medium. The metrient uptake of the plant in response to salinity stress at ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"15","chunk":" the root chanical force that impaired the development and growth of roots zone. These parameters are difficult to estimate under other growth is also minimized (Peterson & Krueger, 1988). Another advantage of conditions such as hydroponics and soil. Using tomato plants, we aerop","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"16","chunk":"onic systems is their easytouse method of monitoring plant demonstrated that aeroponic systems can be utilized as a tool for nutrition, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC; Tafesse, 2014). This continuous measurement of plant water uptake during salinity and type of sys","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"17","chunk":"tem also supports continuous measuring of plant shoots different levels of plant nutrition in the root zone. Most importantly, and roots in both nondestructive and destructive methods for anawe also showed estimation of total plant transpiration during the lytical analysis in the","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"18","chunk":" laboratory (Aidoo et al., 2017). Aeroponic and growth period. hydroponic systems are both soilless plant cultures. In comparing soil and soilless systems, aeroponic systems allow the direct observation of plants without disturbances, so that necessary actions can 2\u2003| \u2003M ATE R I A ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"19","chunk":"L S A N D M E TH O DS be taken before any problem becomes irreversible. However, aeroponics has not been more extensively used be2.1\u2003|\u2003Description of aeroponic system cause of incomplete knowledge about the operational parameters, and the difficulty in maintaining the operating syste","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"20","chunk":"m (Weathers & Aeroponic systems are mostly, set up to control the injection of Zobel, 1992). The absence of substrate buffering the root zone in nutrient solution to the root zone for the growth of plants. These the system makes plant vulnerable to total collapse ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"21","chunk":"within a relasystems are mainly fixed with limited accessories for the delivtively short period under electrical power outages and\/or technical ering of nutrient solutions. In this study an aeroponic apparatus failure. In addition, the system requires constant se","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"22","chunk":"rvicing opera(Figure\t1)\tconsisting\tof\tcircular\taqua\tpots\t(Agro-\tinnovations\tLLC)\t tions,\twhich\tmay\tbe\tcostly.\tFor\tinstance,\tthe\tpumps\tand\tmisters\tremade from polyvinylchloride (PVC) with a diameter of 50 cm and a quire maintenance and may be prone to potential component failure depth of ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"23","chunk":"14 cm was used. Within each aeroponic aqua pot, misters (Aidoo et al., 2017). The failure or clogging of misters may restrict (Coolnet, Netafim) were installed to spray the desired fine mist dithe plant's access to water, causing it to lose turgidity and wilt, which rectly\tonto\tthe\troots\tof","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"24","chunk":"the\tplants\tin\tthe\troot\tzone.\tFour\taqua\tpots\t may be irreversible. were each fixed in the four large slots located on the top of the ion Transpiration rate is affected by the water vapor concentration tanks (chambers) built with ion sheets on both sides insulated with in the surrounding air","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"25","chunk":"and the leaf temperature, as well as the boundStyrofoam to prevent influence from environmental factors durary layer and stomatal resistances (Kubota, 2016). Plants transpire ing treatments. Builtin air conditioners, heaters, thermocouples most of the water they abso","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"26","chunk":"rb from the soil in exchange for CO2 they obtain from the atmosphere, affecting the process of photosynthe(Type E; not applicable to this study) and reservoir tanks to hold nutrient solution were installed in the chambers. The covers of sis. Understanding transpiration when plants a","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"27","chunk":"re exposed to salinity the aqua pots were enforced with a thick black Styrofoam layer to and inadequate plant nutrition will contribute to breeding of highly create darker environmental conditions for the roots and to preefficient plants in response to stress. vent algal growth and develop","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"28","chunk":"ment inside the aqua pots. Nutrient It was, therefore, hypothesized that a wellstructured aeroreservoirs from which the nutrient solution can be directly drawn ponic system design will enhance our understanding and facilitate to the plant roots were placed on a digi","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"29","chunk":"tal scale interfaced to a F I G U R E 1 \u2003A sketch showing the aeroponic system, its accessories and various parts setup in a greenhouse located at BenGurion University, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel TAFESSE ET Al.\fF I G U R E 2 \u2003Experimental design setup in the greenhouse used for salini","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"30","chunk":"ty (a; 1; 2; 3) and nitrate (b; 4; 5; 6) treatments. The design indicates the six aeroponic systems with four aqua pots each of the system and the number of plants per aqua pot (4) per aeroponic system (16) \u2003\u2002 \u2003| \u20033 of 8 computer via data loggers (CR1000, Campbell Scientific), and one addit","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"31","chunk":"ional reservoir, also located on a digital scale, served as the main title of the nutrient solution to the reservoirs located in the Three reservoirs (for the three salinity levels) with a capacity of 0.2 m3 and two additional reservoirs with a capacity of 1 m3 were used in this study. Th","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"32","chunk":"e three reservoirs with a capacity of 0.2 m3, aeroponic\t chambers.\t A\t booster\t pump\t (Flojet)\t were\t used\t to\t draw\t from which nutrient solution was directly drawn to the plants were the nutrient solution from the reservoir tank into the respective placed on digital scal","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"33","chunk":"es interfaced to a computer via data loggers aeroponic aqua pots. The height difference between the aqua pot (CR1000, Campbell scientific) so that continuous weight changes and the reservoir were used to return the solution to its respective reservoir after the roots were spra","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"34","chunk":"yed with the nutrient mist. In addition, EC meters (ES2, Decagon devices) were inserted into can be recorded and from which transpiration rate can be calculated. In the first experiment two big reservoirs with a capacity of 1 m3 were filled with the nutrient solution of 1.5 and 9","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"35","chunk":" dSm\u22121 (A1.5 and each of the solution reservoirs connected to data loggers monitorA9, respectively) from which the three reservoirs were filled on a ing the EC levels of the irrigation water. Builtin notification alerts daily basis. The reservoir used for A1.5 and A9 we","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"36","chunk":"re directly conwere activated in case there are mechanical faults in the operanected to their respective bigger reservoirs so that nutrient solution tions\tof\tthe\tsystem\t(Figure\t1). would draw into them based on a predetermined level of nutrient 2.2\u2003|\u2003Plant materials, salinit","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"37","chunk":"y, nitrate treatments, and experimental design Two different experiments concurrently conducted in a six improved aeroponic\tsystems\tthree\tfor\teach\texperiment\t(Figure\t1)\tsetup\tin\tthe\t (weight of the tanks) whereas the reservoir for A4.5 (solution with EC 4.5 dSm\u22121) was filled by mixing solution","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"38","chunk":"s from the two big tanks by weight ratio. A4.5 and A9 desired salinity levels were obtained by applying NaCl in a halfstrength Hoagland nutrient solution (Hoagland & Arnon, 1950), which already had an EC of 1.5 dS m\u22121 hence A1.5 treatment.\tFor\tA9,\t36\tmM\tof\tNaCl\twas\tapplied\tin\tthe\thalf-\tstr","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"39","chunk":"ength\t Hoagland nutrient solution, resulting in an EC of 9 dSm\u22121, whereas greenhouse at BenGurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer A4.5 was formulated by mixing the two solutions (A9 and A1.5) at Campus. A total of three different aeroponic systems were used for three salinity ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"40","chunk":"levels with electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.5, 4.5, and 9 dS m\u22121 (thereafter, A1.5, A4.5, and A9) and a total of additional three levels of NO3 (1, 4, and 8 mM) in a separate experiments. Each treatment was assigned to a separate aeroponic system with four aquap","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"41","chunk":"ots fixed on top of it. An aquapot takes 4 individual plants which sum up to 16 plants per treatment per aeroponic system. Six out of these 16 individual plants were measured as replicates in this study\t(Figure\t2). Seedlings of Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Mose were obtained from","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"42","chunk":"Zeraim Gedera Syngenta, Israel. After 30 days (end of July) of nursing the tomato seeds in a peat soil medium until they reached four fully produced leaves stage, the roots of the seedlings were gently washed and transferred to the aeroponic aqua pots, and after two weeks of acc","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"43","chunk":"limatization to the system, the plants were subjected to treatments. mass ratio of 1:1.88 of A9 and A1.5, respectively, which resulted in an EC of 4.5 dSm\u22121. The NaCl was added proportionally to have an equivalent effect on the EC of the nutrient solution so that the competition bet","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"44","chunk":"ween Na and K was minimized. The second experiment involved in the evaluation of nitrate levels were also conducted in the three separated aeroponic systems (as explained above) with three levels of NO3 (1, 4, and 8 mM) added to the halfstrength Hoagland nutrient solu","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"45","chunk":"tion tested on tomatoes grown under salinity with EC of about 4.5 dSm\u22121 grown in an aeroponic system. Each level of NO3 was replicated six times as explained above during salinity experiment. In the preparation of NO3 stock solution, 202 g of KNO3 salt were mixed in a liter of wate","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"46","chunk":"r resulting 2 M KNO3 and 2 M Ca(NO3)2.4H2O were also prepared by mixing 472 g of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O salt in a liter of water. In the application of the treatments, 1 mM NO3 was made by applying 0.25 ml, each from stock solutions of KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, per liter of water applied to the plants. 4","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"47","chunk":" mM NO3 was made by applying 1.0 ml, TAFESSE ET Al.\f4 of 8\u2003 |\u2003 \u2003\u2002 each from stock solutions of KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, per liter of water applied to the plants. mM NO3 was made by applying 2.0 ml, each from stock solutions of KNO3 and Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, per liter of water also applied to the plan","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"48","chunk":"ts The pH of the nutrient solutions was maintained between 6 were filled with fresh nutrient solution so that the amount of nitrate lost from the tanks due to plant uptake could be calculated. 2.5\u2003|\u2003Plant morphological characteristics and 6.5. In addition, EC meter sensors wer","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"49","chunk":"e inserted into each of Growth parameters such as shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh the solution reservoirs and connected to data loggers so that the and dry weight including yield and fruit dry weight were measured EC level of the water can be continuously monitored. The ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"50","chunk":"computer at the end of the experiment thus after 90 days. Both below and control spraying irrigate the plants for 1 min after every 6 min interabove ground fresh weights were immediately determined whereas val depending on the growth stage (size) of the plants and the amrespe","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"51","chunk":"ctive dry biomasses were determined after ovendrying at bient temperature. The ambient temperature recorded throughout 65\u00b0C for 72 hr. the period of the experiment was 27 and 16\u00b0C (day and night temperatures respectively). The aeroponic chambers were subjected to the temperature o","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"52","chunk":"f day light and other environmental factors in the 2.6\u2003|\u2003Data analysis greenhouse. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc Tukey's HSD test were performed using statistica (version 11 Stat soft Inc.) to evaluate dif2.3\u2003|\u2003Estimation of transpiration and water uptake ferences among the tr","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"53","chunk":"eatments for the measured plant parameters. The independent variables used as categorical predictors are salinity Three reservoirs each with a capacity of 200 L, from which nutrient levels within each growth systems and the dependent variables were solutions were directly irrigated to the pl","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"54","chunk":"ants, were placed on digithe measured plant parameters. tal balances interfaced to a computer via data loggers. Continuous mass change were recorded from which the transpiration rate was calculated based on the mass change of the nutrient solution on the 3\u2003| \u2003R E S U LT S A N D D I S CU S ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"55","chunk":"S I O N scale due to plant uptake in relation to change in time. This method is technically similar to weighing lysimeters, but as there was no drainThis paper described the effectiveness of using an aeroponic sysage in the closed aeroponic system and evaporation from the system ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"56","chunk":"tems regarding the measuring of whole plant transpiration rate, plant was negligible, the mass decrease of the reservoirs was thus mainly water, and nutrient uptake in response to salinity and different levels due to plant water uptake. The mass of the tanks was recorded every of nitrates. T","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"57","chunk":"he provision of more accessories to enhance aeroponic 15 min. 2.4\u2003|\u2003Estimation of nitrate uptake system operations in this study, confirmed its effectiveness for experimental\tpurposes\t(Figure\t1).\tThe\tuse\tof\taeroponic\tsystems\toffers\t access to whole plant roots, preventing the loss of a signi","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"58","chunk":"ficant portion of roots during washing from the soil. This system could also improve the roots taxa identification allowing speciesspecific quesThe plant nitrate uptake was estimated in the aeroponic system tions to be posed (Rewald et al., 2012). based on nutrient c","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"59","chunk":"oncentration depletion or uptake determined by To understand the rate of water loss, we measured the hourly calculating the differences between change in the volume of the nutranspiration rate of tomatoes, which varied throughout the day. trient on time points 1 and 2 mult","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"60","chunk":"iplied by the nitrate concentration These variations increased during the morning until the rate peaked in the irrigated water solution on time point 1 and 2, respectively around 12:00\u2013 15:00 hr of the day during the first two months (Barak et al., 1996; Cabrera et al., ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"61","chunk":"1995). (August\t and\t September)\t of\t the\t experiment\t (Figure\t 3a\u2013\td).\t In\t the\t Nutrient uptake rate = (V1 \u00d7 C1) \u2212 (V2 \u00d7 C2) last month of the experiment, the hourly transpiration peak was recorded\taround\t9:00\u2013\t12:00\thr\tof\tthe\tdays\tin\tOctober\t(Figure\t3e\u2013\ti).\t This might have been due to the ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"62","chunk":"end of summer pushing the transpiwhere V1 and V2 are the volumes of the nutrient solution at time points ration demand to reach its peak earlier in the day as the days short1 and 2, and C1 and C2 are the nutrient concentrations (mmol\/L) at time ened. The maximum hourly water uptake rates p","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"63","chunk":"er plant observed point 1 and 2. This gave an idea of the amount of nitrate taken up by during 28\u2013 72 DAT during the afternoon were about 0.16, 0.08, and the plant at any given time point. The nitrate concentration was then 0.03\tkg\tfor\tA1.5,\tA4.5,\tand\tA9,\trespectively\t(Figure\t3d\u2013\th).\tHowever","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"64","chunk":",\t examined by ultraviolet absorption using a spectrophotometer (Epoch, at the beginning (1\u2013 27 DAT) and the last (73\u2013 81) hourly water upBioTek) at 220 nm to obtain the nitrate reading and at 275 to correct take\trates\tper\tplant\trecorded\tlow\tvalues\t(Figure\t3a\u2013\tc,i).\tSuch\ta\tlarge\t the interf","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"65","chunk":"erence due to dissolved organic matter based on the method variation in the transpiration flux in a given day and during the entire suggested by Greenberg et al., (1992). The nitrate concentration meaplant growth period indicates the dynamic nature of the water upsurement was performed eac","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"66","chunk":"h day before and after the nutrient tanks take process and size of the plants, which is influenced by short and TAFESSE ET Al.\f\u2003\u2002 \u2003| \u20035 of 8 F I G U R E 3 \u2003Diurnal pattern of water uptake rates in tomatoes under the three salinity levels (A1.5, A4.5, and A9) in the aeroponic system at differ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"67","chunk":"ent stages of plant growth based on days after treatment. The values mentioned at each point are the average of nine measurements from consecutive days taken at similar times with six replicates longterm light and temperature and long term plant growth during the experimental period. The quick","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"68","chunk":" response of plants to such environmental changes have been highlighted by Munns (2002). In the average daily water uptake rate, 50 and 75% reductions were recorded in A4.5 and A9, respectively, compared to the control (A1.5) during peak transpiration periods (25\u2013 65 DAT). However","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"69","chunk":", during the first ~15 DAT, no differences were observed between the three salinity levels. In the first ~30\u2013 35 DAT, the water uptake rate per plant increased from a common initial rate of about 0.05\u2013 1.1, 0.6,\t and\t 0.4\t kg\/day\t in\t A1.5,\t A4.5,\t and\t A9,\t respectively\t (Figure\t 4)","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"70","chunk":".\t Such an increase in the plant water uptake rate over time was mainly due to the active plant growth in terms of number and size of leaves, total leaf area, plant height, and total biomass accumulation as reported in Bhantana and Lazarovitch (2010). The cumulative water uptak","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"71","chunk":"e rates in each of the salinity level treatments were obtained by summing the respective daily uptakes (Figure\t5).\tSimilar\tto\tthe\thourly\tand\tdaily\trates,\tthere\twas\tno\tsignificant difference between the salinity levels during the first 18 DAT, but at the end of the growth perio","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"72","chunk":"d, the cumulative transpiration F I G U R E 4 \u2003Water uptake rates per plant per day of tomatoes grown in an aeroponic system under the three salinity levels (A1.5, A4.5, and A9) over the entire growth period. Each point is the sum of 96 measurements recorded per day (recorded every 15 min)","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"73","chunk":" with six replicates. Variations in water uptake rate were first seen about 12 days after treatment (DAT) rate of A1.5 was found to be more than two and fivefold higher significant differences in the slope between the treatments. There than A4.5 and A9, respectively. Genera","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"74","chunk":"lly, at 25 DAT, the increase was a significant reduction in the hourly, daily and cumulative tranin the cumulative transpiration rate was approximately linear with spiration rates due to salinity, and this finding is in agreement with a TAFESSE ET Al.\f6 of 8\u2003 |\u2003 \u2003\u2002 F I G U R E","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"75","chunk":" 5 \u2003Cumulative water uptake rate per tomato plant grown in an aeroponic system under saline water (A1.5, A4.5, and A9) during the entire growth period. Values are averages of six replicates F I G U R E 7 \u2003NO 3 uptake of tomatoes grown under the three NO3 concentration (1 mM NO3, 4 mM NO3 an","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"76","chunk":"d 8 mM NO3). The measurement was carried out for approximately 30 days from 20\u2013 55 DAT. Values are averages of six replicates F I G U R E 6 \u2003Shoot\tdry\tweight\t(SDW),\tfruit\tdry\tweight\t(FDW)\t and root dry weight (RDW), of tomatoes grown in aeroponic under three levels of salinity. Each value is a","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"77","chunk":"n average of six measurements \u00b1 SE (six replication). Columns marked with similar letters compare across the treatments are not significantly different. (Post hoc Tukey test p < .05) F I G U R E 8 \u2003Relationship between NO 3 uptake and water uptake of tomatoes grown under different NO3 concent","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"78","chunk":"ration levels (1 mM NO3, 4 mM NO3, and 8 mM NO3) in an aeroponic system under saline conditions. Values are averages of six replicates number of previous studies conducted on tomatoes and other crops\u2019 Tafesse (2014). This shows that perhaps plants grown in the soil is responses to salinity ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"79","chunk":" (Maggio et al., 2007; Munns, 2002; Romerosensitive to salinity stress than aeroponics given the high deposiAranda et al., 2001). Salinity mostly causes osmotic imbalances and tion of Na in the root zone of the soil. This may be due to gradual reduced water uptake and t","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"80","chunk":"ranspiration, as well as reduced yields build up and accumulation of salts in the root zone regardless of the (BenGal et al., 2008). Increase influx and shoot accumulation of soleaching fractions in the soil. The reduced magnitude of biomass dium has been linked to its ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"81","chunk":" toxicity and this has been reported to in the aeroponic system might have been due to enhanced uptake reduced biomass and yield significantly (Kronzucker et al., 2013). and utilization of water and nutrients even at a moderately higher In measuring the plant biomass, significant ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"82","chunk":"differences level of salinity stress. The reduction of dry matter may be due to (p < .001) were observed among the three levels of salinity stress. A1.5 treated plants had a higher total biomass than A4.5 and A9 several adverse effects of salt stress such as specific ion toxicities","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"83","chunk":", nutrient deficiencies, retardation of water uptake and nutritional (Figure\t 6).\t The\t reduction\t of\t total\t dry\t biomass\t was\t due\t to\t the\t increase of salinity treatments from EC 1.5 to 4.5 dSm\u22121. However, imbalances in plants which affect enzymatic and physiological fun","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"84","chunk":"ctions reducing growth, dry matter accumulation and yield of crops the biomass reduction (36%) in aeroponics was better compared to (Grattan & Grieve, 1999; Koyro, 2006; Mittler, 2006; Munns, 2002; 55% reduction in the soil at similar salinity treatments reported by Sagi et al., 1998). T","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"85","chunk":"AFESSE ET Al.\fF I G U R E 9 \u2003Relationship between NO 3 uptake and water uptake of tomatoes as a function of concentration. The values presented here are the overall averages of NO3 and water uptake rates per plant per day during the entire growth period. Values are averages of six replicates","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"86","chunk":"| \u20037 of 8 The NO3 uptake in the tomatoes treated with different NO3 concentrations showed significant differences between the treatments. The NO3 uptake rates of tomatoes grown in 1 and 4 mM NO3 concentrations were only 5.5 and 22% of the uptake of tomatoes gro","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"87","chunk":"wn in 8 mM NO3\t(Figure\t7).\tAn\tincrease\tin\tthe\tNO3 concentration in the nutrient solution resulted in greater NO3\tuptake\t(Flowers\t&\t Yeo, 1986), and this agrees with the finding that an increased N level in the solution significantly increases the N uptake in tomato plants\u2019 shoot NO3 concentrati","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"88","chunk":"ons (Abdelgadir et al., 2005). The factor that limits a low uptake rate is the amount of nutrients available at the root surface, as reported by (Ingestad & Agren, 1988), in that the relative nutrient uptake rate is proportional to the relative plant growth rate. The nitrogen uptake rate is ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"89","chunk":"positively correlated with the plant water uptake rate, which is again affected by the plant growth rate (Figure\t 8).\t The\t regression\t line\t slopes\t for\t the\t three\t NO3 levels decreased with concentration. This indicates that the plant nitrate uptake rate is dependent on the nitrate con","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"90","chunk":"centration, and that a high concentration\tleads\tto\ta\thigher\trate\tof\tnitrate\tuptake\t(Figure\t9).\tIn\t the study conducted by Abdelgadir et al., (2005), a close relationship was observed between cumulative transpiration and NO3 concentration in tomatoes. Below and above dry biomass were m","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"91","chunk":"easured as shoot and root F I G U R E 1 0 \u2003Biomass of tomatoes grown at the three levels of NO3 concentration expressed as shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW). Columns marked with similar letters within each biomass parameter are not significantly different (Post hoc Tukey test","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"92","chunk":"p < .05). Error bars are standard errors (n = 6) dry weight, and fruit yield. Different levels of NO3 concentration 4\u2003| \u2003CO N C LU S I O N S significantly (p < .05) affected plant biomass, except root dry weight (Figure\t10).\tThe\thigher\tthe\tNO3\tconcentration,\tthe\thigher\tthe\tbioAeropo","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"93","chunk":"nic systems can be utilized for the fast, accurate and continumass obtained. The reduction of dry matter is as a result of reduced ous measurement of plant responses to various environmental stresses NO3 concentration from 8 to 4 mM (20%) and from 8 to 1 mM (64%). However, the difference ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"94","chunk":"between tomatoes supplied with 4 and 8 mM NO3\twas\tnot\tsignificant\t(Figure\t10).\tSeveral\tstudies\tshowed\t progressive increase of dry matter accumulation with increase of especially in the root zone. Our findings have proven that in aeroponic systems, the root zone can be totally con","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"95","chunk":"trolled during the experimental period. Irrigation can be adjusted at any time according to the demands of the plants, the treatments and the objectives of the study. Water and NO3 levels (Abdelgadir et al., 2005). However, further increase of nutrient uptake by plants can be contin","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"96","chunk":"uously and accurately measured NO3 beyond the critical level, results in reduction in growth and at any stage of the plant growth and the experiment. Tomatoes grown biomass accumulation (Gastal & Lemaire, 2002) as well as shoot to in the aeroponic system were less sensitive to sali","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"97","chunk":"nity. In aeroponics, root ratios (Bennett et al., 1989). The reason for the nonsignificant nitrate supply to the plants can be minimized without significant reducdifference in total biomass between tomatoes supplied with 4 and tion of the plant performances due to high nitrate uptake. The","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"98","chunk":"most 8 mM NO3 is that the plants might have reached the NO3 critical content for maximum growth rate. interesting aspect of our findings is the continuous estimation of exact amount of water transpired by plant at any given time. TAFESSE ET Al.\f8 of 8\u2003 |\u2003 \u2003\u2002 AC K N OW L E D G M","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"99","chunk":"E N T S The authors thank Yuval Shani for his skillful assistance with the operation and maintenance of the system, Liron Summerfield for all her great help. C O N FL I C T O F I N T E R E S T The authors declare that they have no competing interests. AU T H O R S \u2019 C O N T R I B ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"100","chunk":"U T I O N S EGT performed the experiment, analyzed data, and helped in writing the manuscript. MKA organized the data and helped in summarizing and writing the manuscript. NL designed the experiment. NL and SR supervised the discussion of the results. NL and SR were in charge of the researc","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"101","chunk":"h project. All authors read and approved the manuscript. O R C I D Endale Geta Tafesse https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-0756 Moses Kwame Aidoo https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-4771 Naftali Lazarovitch https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-5696 Shimon Rachmilevitch https:\/\/orcid.org\/0","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"102","chunk":"000-0003-3600-5949 R E F E R E N C E S Abdelgadir,\tE.\tM.,\tOka,\tM.,\t&\tFujiyama,\tH.\t(2005).\tCharacteristics\tof\tnitrate uptake by plants under salinity. Journal Plant Nutrition, 28, 33\u2013 46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/PLN20004 2156 Aidoo,\tM.\tK.,\tSherman,\tT.,\tLazarovitch,\tN.,\tFait,\tA.,\t&\tRachmilevi","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"103","chunk":"tch,\tS.\t (2017). A bell pepper cultivar tolerant to chilling enhanced nitrogen allocation and stress related metabolite accumulation in the roots in response to low root zone temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 161, 196\u2013 210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppl.12584 Barak, P., Smith, J. D., Kruger, A. ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"104","chunk":"R., & Pete, L. A. (1996). Measurement of shortterm nutrient uptake rates in cranberry by aeroponics. Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, 237\u2013 242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ j.13653040.1996.tb002 46.x BenGal, A., Ityel, E., Dudley, L., Cohen, S., Yermiyahu, U., Presnov, ","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"105","chunk":"E., Zigmond, L., & Shani, U. (2008). Effect of irrigation water salinity on transpiration and on leaching requirements: A case study for bell peppers. Agricultural Water Management, 95, 587\u2013 597. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.agwat.2007.12.008 Bennett, J. M., Mutti, L. S. M., Rao, P.","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}
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{"doi":"10.1002\/pld3.312","chunk_id":"121","chunk":"formation section. How to cite this article: Tafesse EG, Aidoo MK, Lazarovitch N, Rachmilevitch S. Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant water relations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress. Plant Direct. 2021;5:e00312. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1002\/pld3.312 TAFESSE ET Al.","title":"Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant waterrelations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress","authors":"Unknown Author"}