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Multilingual Distributed Representations without Word Alignment
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6173
[ "Karl Moritz Hermann", "Phil Blunsom" ]
null
null
Distributed representations of meaning are a natural way to encode covariance relationships between words and phrases in NLP. By overcoming data sparsity problems, as well as providing information about semantic relatedness which is not available in discrete representations, distributed representations have proven us...
[]
null
1
1312.6173
iclr_archive
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Zero-Shot Learning by Convex Combination of Semantic Embeddings
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5650
[ "Mohammad Norouzi", "Tomas Mikolov", "Samy Bengio", "Yoram Singer", "Jonathon Shlens", "Andrea Frome", "Greg S. Corrado", "Jeffrey Dean" ]
null
null
Several recent publications have proposed methods for mapping images into continuous semantic embedding spaces. In some cases the embedding space is trained jointly with the image transformation. In other cases the semantic embedding space is established by an independent natural language processing task, and then th...
[]
null
2
1312.5650
iclr_archive
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Exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of learning in deep linear neural networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6120
[ "Andrew M. Saxe", "James L. McClelland", "Surya Ganguli" ]
null
null
Despite the widespread practical success of deep learning methods, our theoretical understanding of the dynamics of learning in deep neural networks remains quite sparse. We attempt to bridge the gap between the theory and practice of deep learning by systematically analyzing learning dynamics for the restricted case...
[]
null
3
1312.6120
iclr_archive
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Revisiting Natural Gradient for Deep Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3584
[ "Razvan Pascanu", "Yoshua Bengio" ]
null
null
We evaluate natural gradient, an algorithm originally proposed in Amari (1997), for learning deep models. The contributions of this paper are as follows. We show the connection between natural gradient and three other recently proposed methods for training deep models: Hessian-Free (Martens, 2010), Krylov Subspace De...
[]
null
4
1301.3584
iclr_archive
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Unit Tests for Stochastic Optimization
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6055
[]
null
null
Optimization by stochastic gradient descent is an important component of many large-scale machine learning algorithms. A wide variety of such optimization algorithms have been devised; however, it is unclear whether these algorithms are robust and widely applicable across many different optimization landscapes. In th...
[]
null
5
1312.6055
iclr_archive
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The return of AdaBoost.MH: multi-class Hamming trees
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6086
[ "Balázs Kégl" ]
null
null
Within the framework of AdaBoost.MH, we propose to train vector-valued decision trees to optimize the multi-class edge without reducing the multi-class problem to $K$ binary one-against-all classifications. The key element of the method is a vector-valued decision stump, factorized into an input-independent vector of...
[]
null
6
1312.6086
iclr_archive
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Neuronal Synchrony in Complex-Valued Deep Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6115
[ "David P. Reichert", "Thomas Serre" ]
null
null
Deep learning has recently led to great successes in tasks such as image recognition (e.g Krizhevsky et al., 2012). However, deep networks are still outmatched by the power and versatility of the brain, perhaps in part due to the richer neuronal computations available to cortical circuits. The challenge is to identif...
[]
null
7
1312.6115
iclr_archive
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Bounding the Test Log-Likelihood of Generative Models
https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.6184
[ "Yoshua Bengio", "Li Yao", "KyungHyun Cho" ]
null
null
Several interesting generative learning algorithms involve a complex probability distribution over many random variables, involving intractable normalization constants or latent variable normalization. Some of them may even not have an analytic expression for the unnormalized probability function and no tractable app...
[]
null
8
1311.6184
iclr_archive
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A Generative Product-of-Filters Model of Audio
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5857
[ "Dawen Liang", "Mathew D. Hoffman", "Gautham Mysore" ]
null
null
We propose the product-of-filters (PoF) model, a generative model that decomposes audio spectra as sparse linear combinations of "filters" in the log-spectral domain. PoF makes similar assumptions to those used in the classic homomorphic filtering approach to signal processing, but replaces hand-designed decompositio...
[]
null
9
1312.5857
iclr_archive
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How to Construct Deep Recurrent Neural Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6026
[ "Razvan Pascanu", "Caglar Gulcehre", "Kyunghyun Cho", "Yoshua Bengio" ]
null
null
In this paper, we explore different ways to extend a recurrent neural network (RNN) to a \textit{deep} RNN. We start by arguing that the concept of depth in an RNN is not as clear as it is in feedforward neural networks. By carefully analyzing and understanding the architecture of an RNN, however, we find three point...
[]
null
10
1312.6026
iclr_archive
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Zero-Shot Learning and Clustering for Semantic Utterance Classification
https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.0509
[ "Yann N. Dauphin", "Gokhan Tur", "Dilek Hakkani-Tur", "Larry Heck" ]
null
null
We propose a novel zero-shot learning method for semantic utterance classification (SUC). It learns a classifier $f: X \to Y$ for problems where none of the semantic categories $Y$ are present in the training set. The framework uncovers the link between categories and utterances using a semantic space. We show that t...
[]
null
11
1401.0509
iclr_archive
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An empirical analysis of dropout in piecewise linear networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6197
[ "David Warde-Farley", "Ian J. Goodfellow", "Aaron Courville", "Yoshua Bengio" ]
null
null
The recently introduced dropout training criterion for neural networks has been the subject of much attention due to its simplicity and remarkable effectiveness as a regularizer, as well as its interpretation as a training procedure for an exponentially large ensemble of networks that share parameters. In this work w...
[]
null
12
1312.6197
iclr_archive
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An Empirical Investigation of Catastrophic Forgeting in Gradient-Based Neural Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6211
[ "Ian J. Goodfellow", "Mehdi Mirza", "Da Xiao", "Aaron Courville", "Yoshua Bengio" ]
null
null
Catastrophic forgetting is a problem faced by many machine learning models and algorithms. When trained on one task, then trained on a second task, many machine learning models "forget" how to perform the first task. This is widely believed to be a serious problem for neural networks. Here, we investigate the extent ...
[]
null
13
1312.6211
iclr_archive
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On Fast Dropout and its Applicability to Recurrent Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.0701
[ "Justin Bayer", "Christian Osendorfer", "Daniela Korhammer", "Nutan Chen", "Sebastian Urban", "Patrick van der Smagt" ]
null
null
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are rich models for the processing of sequential data. Recent work on advancing the state of the art has been focused on the optimization or modelling of RNNs, mostly motivated by adressing the problems of the vanishing and exploding gradients. The control of overfitting has seen cons...
[]
null
14
1311.0701
iclr_archive
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Network In Network
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.4400
[ "Min Lin", "Qiang Chen", "Shuicheng Yan" ]
null
null
We propose a novel deep network structure called "Network In Network" (NIN) to enhance model discriminability for local patches within the receptive field. The conventional convolutional layer uses linear filters followed by a nonlinear activation function to scan the input. Instead, we build micro neural networks wi...
[]
null
15
1312.4400
iclr_archive
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Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114
[ "Diederik P. Kingma", "Max Welling" ]
null
null
How can we perform efficient inference and learning in directed probabilistic models, in the presence of continuous latent variables with intractable posterior distributions, and large datasets? We introduce a stochastic variational inference and learning algorithm that scales to large datasets and, under some mild d...
[]
null
16
1312.6114
iclr_archive
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Group-sparse Embeddings in Collective Matrix Factorization
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5921
[ "Arto Klami", "Guillaume Bouchard", "Abhishek Tripathi" ]
null
null
CMF is a technique for simultaneously learning low-rank representations based on a collection of matrices with shared entities. A typical example is the joint modeling of user-item, item-property, and user-feature matrices in a recommender system. The key idea in CMF is that the embeddings are shared across the matri...
[]
null
17
1312.5921
iclr_archive
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Learning Human Pose Estimation Features with Convolutional Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.7302
[ "Ajrun Jain", "Jonathan Tompson", "Mykhaylo Andriluka", "Graham W. Taylor", "Christoph Bregler" ]
null
null
This paper introduces a new architecture for human pose estimation using a multi- layer convolutional network architecture and a modified learning technique that learns low-level features and higher-level weak spatial models. Unconstrained human pose estimation is one of the hardest problems in computer vision, and o...
[]
null
18
1312.7302
iclr_archive
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EXMOVES: Classifier-based Features for Scalable Action Recognition
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5785
[ "Du Tran", "Lorenzo Torresani" ]
null
null
This paper introduces EXMOVES, learned exemplar-based features for efficient recognition of actions in videos. The entries in our descriptor are produced by evaluating a set of movement classifiers over spatial-temporal volumes of the input sequence. Each movement classifier is a simple exemplar-SVM trained on low-le...
[]
null
19
1312.5785
iclr_archive
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On the number of inference regions of deep feed forward networks with piece-wise linear activations
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6098
[ "Razvan Pascanu", "Guido Montufar", "Yoshua Bengio" ]
null
null
This paper explores the complexity of deep feedforward networks with linear pre-synaptic couplings and rectified linear activations. This is a contribution to the growing body of work contrasting the representational power of deep and shallow network architectures. In particular, we offer a framework for comparing de...
[]
null
20
1312.6098
iclr_archive
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Intriguing properties of neural networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6199
[ "Christian Szegedy", "Wojciech Zaremba", "Ilya Sutskever", "Joan Bruna", "Dumitru Erhan", "Ian Goodfellow", "Rob Fergus" ]
null
null
Deep neural networks are highly expressive models that have recently achieved state of the art performance on speech and visual recognition tasks. While their expressiveness is the reason they succeed, it also causes them to learn uninterpretable solutions that could have counter-intuitive properties. In this paper w...
[]
null
21
1312.6199
iclr_archive
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Fast Training of Convolutional Networks through FFTs
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5851
[ "Michael Mathieu", "Mikael Henaff", "Yann LeCun" ]
null
null
Convolutional networks are one of the most widely employed architectures in computer vision and machine learning. In order to leverage their ability to learn complex functions, large amounts of data are required for training. Training a large convolutional network to produce state-of-the-art results can take weeks, e...
[]
null
22
1312.5851
iclr_archive
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Deep and Wide Multiscale Recursive Networks for Robust Image Labeling
https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.0354
[ "Gary B. Huang", "Viren Jain" ]
null
null
Feedforward multilayer networks trained by supervised learning have recently demonstrated state of the art performance on image labeling problems such as boundary prediction and scene parsing. As even very low error rates can limit practical usage of such systems, methods that perform closer to human accuracy remain ...
[]
null
23
1310.0354
iclr_archive
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Some Improvements on Deep Convolutional Neural Network Based Image Classification
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5402
[ "Andrew G. Howard" ]
null
null
We investigate multiple techniques to improve upon the current state of the art deep convolutional neural network based image classification pipeline. The techiques include adding more image transformations to training data, adding more transformations to generate additional predictions at test time and using complem...
[]
null
24
1312.5402
iclr_archive
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Deep Convolutional Ranking for Multilabel Image Annotation
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.4894
[ "Yunchao Gong", "Yangqing Jia", "Thomas Leung", "Alexander Toshev", "Sergey Ioffe" ]
null
null
Multilabel image annotation is one of the most important challenges in computer vision with many real-world applications. While existing work usually use conventional visual features for multilabel annotation, features based on Deep Neural Networks have shown potential to significantly boost performance. In this work...
[]
null
25
1312.4894
iclr_archive
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Learning to encode motion using spatio-temporal synchrony
https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3162
[ "Kishore Reddy Konda", "Roland Memisevic", "Vincent Michalski" ]
null
null
We consider the task of learning to extract motion from videos. To this end, we show that the detection of spatial transformations can be viewed as the detection of synchrony between the image sequence and a sequence of features undergoing the motion we wish to detect. We show that learning about synchrony is possibl...
[]
null
26
1306.3162
iclr_archive
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Multi-View Priors for Learning Detectors from Sparse Viewpoint Data
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6095
[ "Bojan Pepik", "Michael Stark", "Peter Gehler", "Bernt Schiele" ]
null
null
While the majority of today's object class models provide only 2D bounding boxes, far richer output hypotheses are desirable including viewpoint, fine-grained category, and 3D geometry estimate. However, models trained to provide richer output require larger amounts of training data, preferably well covering the rele...
[]
null
27
1312.6095
iclr_archive
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k-Sparse Autoencoders
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5663
[ "Alireza Makhzani", "Brendan Frey" ]
null
null
Recently, it has been observed that when representations are learnt in a way that encourages sparsity, improved performance is obtained on classification tasks. These methods involve combinations of activation functions, sampling steps and different kinds of penalties. To investigate the effectiveness of sparsity by ...
[]
null
28
1312.5663
iclr_archive
[ 0.012596195563673973, -0.03742688149213791, 0.0035575402434915304, 0.0422346331179142, 0.03648745268583298, 0.050974875688552856, 0.034396763890981674, -0.03335769101977348, -0.0411866158246994, -0.03175370395183563, 0.0018346074502915144, -0.010639956220984459, -0.049215637147426605, 0.02...
OverFeat: Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection using Convolutional Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6229
[ "Pierre Sermanet", "Rob Fergus", "Yann LeCun", "Xiang Zhang", "David Eigen", "Michael Mathieu" ]
null
null
We present an integrated framework for using Convolutional Networks for classification, localization and detection. We show how a multiscale and sliding window approach can be efficiently implemented within a ConvNet. We also introduce a novel deep learning approach to localization by learning to predict object bound...
[]
null
29
1312.6229
iclr_archive
[ 0.022380713373422623, -0.03727075830101967, 0.014128649607300758, 0.027774879708886147, 0.032474126666784286, 0.00981159508228302, 0.00493432953953743, 0.035271044820547104, -0.010722574777901173, -0.04402013123035431, -0.013300098478794098, -0.010191853158175945, -0.07991141080856323, -0....
Multi-digit Number Recognition from Street View Imagery using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6082
[ "Ian J. Goodfellow", "Yaroslav Bulatov", "Julian Ibarz", "Sacha Arnoud", "Vinay Shet" ]
null
null
Recognizing arbitrary multi-character text in unconstrained natural photographs is a hard problem. In this paper, we address an equally hard sub-problem in this domain viz. recognizing arbitrary multi-digit numbers from Street View imagery. Traditional approaches to solve this problem typically separate out the local...
[]
null
30
1312.6082
iclr_archive
[ 0.0030139607843011618, -0.02436142973601818, 0.020039701834321022, 0.05803317949175835, 0.011937422677874565, 0.04306871071457863, 0.024566305801272392, 0.04032190516591072, -0.012347093783318996, -0.044662948697805405, -0.020766090601682663, 0.013370760716497898, -0.0886525884270668, -0.0...
Sequentially Generated Instance-Dependent Image Representations for Classification
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6594
[ "Ludovic Denoyer", "Matthieu Cord", "Patrick Gallinari", "Nicolas Thome", "Gabriel Dulac-Arnold" ]
null
null
In this paper, we investigate a new framework for image classification that adaptively generates spatial representations. Our strategy is based on a sequential process that learns to explore the different regions of any image in order to infer its category. In particular, the choice of regions is specific to each ima...
[]
null
31
1312.6594
iclr_archive
[ 0.019776536151766777, 0.008171012625098228, -0.01173613965511322, 0.05620404705405235, 0.048756618052721024, 0.049505673348903656, -0.0030235499143600464, 0.0000805769523140043, -0.05740134045481682, -0.0326300784945488, -0.04530961811542511, -0.00966894906014204, -0.06250478327274323, 0.0...
Learned versus Hand-Designed Feature Representations for 3d Agglomeration
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6159
[ "John A. Bogovic", "Gary B. Huang", "Viren Jain" ]
null
null
For image recognition and labeling tasks, recent results suggest that machine learning methods that rely on manually specified feature representations may be outperformed by methods that automatically derive feature representations based on the data. Yet for problems that involve analysis of 3d objects, such as mesh ...
[]
null
32
1312.6159
iclr_archive
[ -0.0018228302942588925, 0.007658288814127445, -0.005836880765855312, 0.004010969307273626, 0.03584088012576103, 0.03722967952489853, 0.00351541955024004, -0.009942254051566124, -0.03773567080497742, -0.05831677466630936, -0.02589370310306549, -0.014049387536942959, -0.06975946575403214, 0....
Spectral Networks and Locally Connected Networks on Graphs
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6203
[ "Joan Bruna", "Wojciech Zaremba", "Arthur Szlam", "Yann LeCun" ]
null
null
Convolutional Neural Networks are extremely efficient architectures in image and audio recognition tasks, thanks to their ability to exploit the local translational invariance of signal classes over their domain. In this paper we consider possible generalizations of CNNs to signals defined on more general domains wit...
[]
null
33
1312.6203
iclr_archive
[ -0.0006477616261690855, -0.022800564765930176, 0.018682299181818962, 0.05119110271334648, 0.020177094265818596, 0.02447647415101528, 0.038164690136909485, 0.012600375339388847, -0.014642750844359398, -0.06660092622041702, 0.012816190719604492, -0.0005596503033302724, -0.07846560329198837, ...
Sparse similarity-preserving hashing
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5479
[ "Alex M. Bronstein", "Pablo Sprechmann", "Michael M. Bronstein", "Jonathan Masci", "Guillermo Sapiro" ]
null
null
In recent years, a lot of attention has been devoted to efficient nearest neighbor search by means of similarity-preserving hashing. One of the plights of existing hashing techniques is the intrinsic trade-off between performance and computational complexity: while longer hash codes allow for lower false positive rat...
[]
null
34
1312.5479
iclr_archive
[ -0.01743048056960106, -0.03201700374484062, -0.003935891669243574, 0.05760074779391289, 0.05057163164019585, 0.02539471909403801, 0.005494226701557636, -0.006747093982994556, -0.04221954941749573, -0.04906972870230675, -0.0007190327160060406, -0.023024044930934906, -0.059563010931015015, 0...
Learning Transformations for Classification Forests
https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.5604
[ "Qiang Qiu", "Guillermo Sapiro" ]
null
null
This work introduces a transformation-based learner model for classification forests. The weak learner at each split node plays a crucial role in a classification tree. We propose to optimize the splitting objective by learning a linear transformation on subspaces using nuclear norm as the optimization criteria. The ...
[]
null
35
1312.5604
iclr_archive
[ -0.007970123551785946, -0.03405546396970749, -0.0012412575306370854, 0.011190669611096382, 0.046517811715602875, 0.03130756691098213, 0.03588123619556427, -0.04435154050588608, -0.02577810175716877, 0.009624677710235119, -0.018416455015540123, -0.004043400753289461, -0.06683732569217682, 0...