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   {
     "input_text": "**The World Bank**\nSocio-economic Inclusion of Refugees & Host Communities in Rwanda\nProject Phase II (P509677)\n\n\n**I.** **STRATEGIC CONTEXT**\n\n\n**A. Project Strategic Context**\n\n\n1. **The long-term presence of refugees in Rwanda since the 1990s has created both development challenges**\n**and opportunities.** Rwanda currently hosts 115,068 refugees, most of whom originate from the Democratic Republic\nof the Congo (DRC) (61 percent) and Burundi (38 percent). [1] Close to 90 percent of the refugees live in one of the five\ncamps in the country, with the remainder in urban locations, mostly Kigali. Further inflows are likely, given ongoing\ninstability in the region. Declining humanitarian aid and the protracted nature of forced displacement has\nnecessitated a shift from the traditional short-term, humanitarian emergency refugee response model to a more\nsustainable development approach. The Government of Rwanda (GoR) has embraced this approach, combining\nprogressive laws and policies with long-term development programming. As a result of the GoR’s strategy – together\nwith support from humanitarian and development partners – research shows that the impact of refugees in Rwanda\non basic services, the environment and livelihood can be mitigated. Indeed, the refugee presence is generally\nassociated with improved local economic conditions and access to services, without creating major social tensions. [2]\n\n\n2. **The government’s strategic goal for refugee management is to promote self-reliance, however, major gaps**\n**remain in achieving this aim.** Data from the 2022 national census (which included a refugee module for the first\ntime) and from the first round of a World Bank-led survey on refugee self-reliance showed that refugees generally\nenjoy good access to basic services such as education, health and water, but remain well short of self-reliance with\nrespect to employment and income. [3] High poverty rates, lack of economic opportunity and limited access to finance\nin the refugee-hosting districts (RHDs) constrain employment and income-generating prospects for refugees and\nhost communities alike. Building on the success of the ongoing Phase I of the World Bank-financed Socio-economic\nInclusion of Refugees and Host Communities in Rwanda Project (P164130) (known in Kinyarwanda as “Jya Mbere”\nor “move forward”), Phase II will support self-reliance for refugees and hosts through investments that will: (a)\naddress the strain placed by the refugee presence on basic services and the environment in RHDs; (b) support the\nintegration of refugees into national service delivery systems to lower costs and promote social cohesion; and (c)\nmaximize the opportunity offered by the refugee presence to strengthen service delivery and economic opportunity\nfor all. [4] Jya Mbere II will support the ongoing transition of the refugee response model in Rwanda to one that is\nsustainable, affordable, government-led and inclusive of both Rwandese and the refugees they host.\n\n**B. Sectoral and Institutional Context**\n\n\n3. **The GoR has progressive laws and policies on forced displacement.** The World Bank, in consultation with the\nUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), has confirmed that Rwanda’s refugee protection\nframework is adequate for the purposes of access to the Window for Host Communities and Refugees (WHR). [5]\nRwanda is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). The 2014 _Law_\n_Relating to Refugees_ complies with international law and entrenches the right to work and freedom of movement.\nAt the policy level, Rwanda’s _Strategic Plan for Refugee Inclusion 2019-2024_ made commitments to: (a) provide all\n\n\n[1 Data is from April 30, 2025. There are also 14,936 asylum-seekers in Rwanda: see https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/rwa](https://data.unhcr.org/en/country/rwa)\n[2 Loschmann, C., Bilgili, O. & Siegel, M. (2019) “Considering the benefits of hosting refugees: evidence of refugee camps influencing local labour](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40176-018-0138-2)\n[market activity and economic welfare in Rwanda,” IZA Journal of Development & Migration, pp. 1-23.](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40176-018-0138-2)\n3 The self-reliance survey is part of the “Enhancing Self-Reliance and Preparedness for Forced Displacement in the Great Lakes Region” activity\n[(P500793) and draws on the global Refugee Self-Reliance Initiative index (www.refugeeselfreliance.org).](http://www.refugeeselfreliance.org/)\n4 Phase I of Jya Mbere was approved on April 30, 2019, and will close on October 30, 2026. Of the total Phase I budget of US$84.41 million,\nUS$68 million is from the IDA 18 Sub-window for Refugees & Host Communities and the IDA 19 Window for Host Communities & Refugees\n(WHR) and US$4.41 million was provided in co-financing by the Danish International Development Agency (Danida).\n5 To meet WHR eligibility requirements, the Government submitted a Strategy Note on supporting refugees, which was discussed and agreed\nwith the World Bank.\n\n\nPage 1\n\n\n",
     "datasets": [
-      {
-        "dataset_name": {
-          "text": "refugee response model",
-          "confidence": 0.666193962097168,
-          "start": 168,
-          "end": 171,
-          "judge_verdict": false,
-          "judge_reasoning": "\"refugee response model\" refers to a programmatic/policy approach to managing refugee assistance, not a collection of data or a data source. The passage uses it descriptively (policy/response model), not as a cited dataset or report providing statistics. No footnote or formal citation is present to reclassify it as a named study or dataset. Under the validation rules, policies/projects and program models are invalid as datasets.",
-          "judge_confidence": 0.9,
-          "judge_tag": "non-dataset",
-          "judge_data_type": "null",
-          "judge_refers_to": null,
-          "judge_agrees": true,
-          "human_validated": true,
-          "human_verdict": false,
-          "human_notes": "Wrongly",
-          "annotator": "rafmacalaba",
-          "validated_at": "2026-02-23T14:05:08.064Z"
-        },
-        "dataset_tag": "non-dataset",
-        "description": null,
-        "data_type": null,
-        "acronym": null,
-        "author": {
-          "text": "The World Bank",
-          "confidence": 0.5863701701164246,
-          "start": 2,
-          "end": 5
-        },
-        "producer": null,
-        "geography": {
-          "text": "Rwanda",
-          "confidence": 0.8970696926116943,
-          "start": 15,
-          "end": 16
-        },
-        "publication_year": null,
-        "reference_year": {
-          "text": "1990s",
-          "confidence": 0.8199481964111328,
-          "start": 56,
-          "end": 57
-        },
-        "reference_population": {
-          "text": "Refugees",
-          "confidence": 0.9496378898620605,
-          "start": 10,
-          "end": 11
-        },
-        "is_used": "False",
-        "usage_context": "background"
-      },
       {
         "dataset_name": {
           "text": "national service delivery systems",