diff --git "a/annotation_data/unhcr_extractions/doc_122/raw/doc_122_direct_judged.jsonl" "b/annotation_data/unhcr_extractions/doc_122/raw/doc_122_direct_judged.jsonl" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/annotation_data/unhcr_extractions/doc_122/raw/doc_122_direct_judged.jsonl" @@ -0,0 +1,569 @@ +[ + { + "input_text": "September 2018\n\n\n**UNHCR POSITION ON RETURNS TO LIBYA (Update II)**\n\n\n_Political and Security Developments .............................................................................................................................. 2_\n\n_Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law ............................................................................... 5_\n\n\n_Situation of Third-Country Nationals (Including Asylum-Seekers, Refugees and Migrants) ....................................... 10_\n\n_Internal and External Displacement ............................................................................................................................. 16_\n\n\n_Humanitarian Situation ................................................................................................................................................ 17_\n\n_Access to Territory and International Protection ......................................................................................................... 20_\n\n\n_UNHCR Position on Returns ........................................................................................................................................ 20_\n\n_International Protection Needs of Third-Country Nationals Departing from/through Libya ...................................... 21_\n\n\n_Designation of Libya as Safe Third Country ................................................................................................................ 21_\n\n_Designation of Libya as a Place of Safety for the Purpose of Disembarkation following Rescue at Sea ..................... 22_\n\n\n_Updating and Review ................................................................................................................................................... 22_\n\n\n1. This document provides an update of and replaces the UNHCR Position on Returns to Libya (Update I)\n\npublished in October 2015. [1] It is based on information available up to 3 September 2018, unless\notherwise stated.\n\n\n2. The current situation in Libya is characterized by political and military fragmentation, hostilities\n\nbetween competing military factions, the proliferation of armed groups and a general climate of\nlawlessness, as well as a deteriorating human rights situation. [2] Since 2014, armed conflict between rival\narmed groups has resulted in large numbers of civilian casualties, [3] displaced hundreds of thousands of\npeople, [4] disrupted people\u2019s access to basic services and livelihoods, and destroyed vital infrastructure. [5]\nIn 2017, armed conflict and political instability reportedly had a direct impact on the lives of around 25\n\n\n1 UNHCR, _UNHCR Position on Returns to Libya (Update I)_ [, October 2015, http://www.refworld.org/docid/561cd8804.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/561cd8804.html)\n2 Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), _Civil War in Libya_, updated 29 August 2018, [https://on.cfr.org/2xoLOG7; Small Arms Survey,](https://on.cfr.org/2xoLOG7) _Capital_\n_of Militias_ \uf02d _Tripoli\u2019s Armed Groups Capture the Libyan State_, June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ; Office of the United Nations High](https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ)\nCommissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), _Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra\u2019ad Al Hussein at the End of_\n_Visit to Libya_ [, 12 October 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6414484.html. The Global Peace Index 2018 ranked Libya as the 7](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6414484.html) [th]\nmost dangerous country in the world; _Global Peace Index 2018: Measuring Peace in a Complex World_, June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2sK6cR3,](https://bit.ly/2sK6cR3)\np. 9.\n3 Between 1 January and 31 July 2018, the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) documented the killing and injuring of 127\nand 308 civilians, respectively. In 2017, UNSMIL documented 160 civilian deaths and 177 injuries. Given limitations on access to and\ninformation flow from conflict-affected areas, the actual casualty figures are likely to be significantly higher. Leading causes of civilian\ncasualties reportedly include explosive remnants of war, gunfire, airstrikes, shelling and improvised explosive devices; see UNSMIL,\n_Human Rights Report on Civilian Casualties_ [, available at: https://bit.ly/2n7tgXu. According to the Armed Conflict Location and Event](https://bit.ly/2n7tgXu)\nData Project (ACLED), 1,654 people were killed in 2017. The highest numbers of casualties were recorded in the provinces of Benghazi,\nSirte and Tripoli; Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation (ACCORD), _Libya, Year 2017: Update_\n_on Incidents According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)_ [, 18 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2ttcMvB.](https://bit.ly/2ttcMvB)\n4 See below \u201c _Internal and External Displacement_ \u201d.\n5 See below \u201c _Humanitarian Situation\u201d_ .\n\n1\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 0 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "per cent of the population. [6] Insecurity and the lack of governance have enabled illicit activities such as\ncorruption [7] as well as people smuggling and human trafficking to thrive, further fuelling instability in\nthe country. [8]\n\n\n_**Political and Security Developments**_\n3. Since the overthrow of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and his government in October 2011, successive\n\ntransitional governance arrangements have failed to end the political impasse and resulting internal\nconflict. [9] The UN-backed Libyan Political Agreement (LPA), [10] signed on 17 December 2015, failed to\nunify the rival political and military authorities under a single administration. As a result, Libya\ncurrently has two ruling powers, one based in the capital Tripoli and one based in the eastern cities of\nTobruk and Al-Bayda. [11] In Tripoli, the Presidency Council, which was formed under the terms of the\nLPA, is led by Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj, who carries out the functions of head of state and\nSupreme Commander of the Libyan Army. The Presidency Council presides over the Government of\nNational Accord (GNA), the internationally recognized Government of Libya. [12] The High Council of\nState, a consultative body established under the LPA, also operates from Tripoli and its elected head is\nKhaled Mishri. [13] The second power centre is made up of the House of Representatives (HoR) based in\nTobruk, which, under the LPA, would become the legitimate legislative authority; however, the HoR\nhas to date not recognized the LPA and instead endorsed the rival \u201cInterim Government\u201d of Abdullah\nAl-Thinni based in the eastern city of Al-Bayda. [14] The Tobruk and Al-Bayda-based authorities are\nreportedly aligned with and dominated by General Khalifa Haftar, who leads the Libyan National Army\n(LNA), a coalition of former army units and tribal or regional-based armed groups that controls a large\nsection of central and eastern Libya. [15] The former Islamist-dominated Government of National\nSalvation, which was formed in 2014 and led by Khalifa Al-Ghwell, reportedly no longer controls any\nrelevant institutions after Ghwell\u2019s forces were expelled from Tripoli in early 2017. [16] The two rival\ngovernments are reported to compete over political legitimacy, control of territory, resources and\ninfrastructure (e.g. oil facilities, ports). [17]\n\n\n6 Around 1.62 million people; United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), _2018 Humanitarian Needs_\n_Overview - Libya_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) (hereafter: OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html), pp. 4, 5, 7.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n7 According to Transparency International\u2019s 2017 Corruption Perceptions Index, Libya ranks 171 [st] of 180 countries globally; Transparency\nInternational, _Corruption Perceptions Index 2017_ [, 21 February 2018, https://bit.ly/2wsdg7H. See also, The Independent,](https://bit.ly/2wsdg7H) _Libya Sinks into_\n_Poverty as the Oil Money Disappears into Foreign Bank Accounts_ [, 17 July 2018, https://ind.pn/2MBlzrU; UNSMIL,](https://ind.pn/2MBlzrU) _Remarks of SRSG_\n_Ghassan Salam\u00e9 to the United Nations Security Council on the Situation in Libya_ [, 21 May 2018, https://bit.ly/2IEdvR8.](https://bit.ly/2IEdvR8)\n8 \u201c _Migrant smuggling and trafficking in persons is integrated with other smuggling activities, such as smuggling of arms, drugs and gold._\n(\u2026) _Smuggling occurs virtually uncontested because of the lack of reliable security forces_ \u201d; United Nations Security Council, _Letter Dated_\n_1 June 2017 from the Panel of Experts on Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) Addressed to the President of the Security_\n_Council_ [, 1 June 2017, S/2017/466, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html) (hereafter: UN Security Council, _Letter Dated 1 June_\n_2017 from the Panel of Experts on Libya_, June 2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html), para. 255. See also, Reuters,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html) _Africa's_\n_Trafficking Gangs Flourish as Nations Fail to Work Together_ [, 31 July 2018, https://tmsnrt.rs/2LE1IHT; Jamestown Foundation,](https://tmsnrt.rs/2LE1IHT) _Libya\u2019s_\n_Rogue Militias Keep the Country from Tackling Human Trafficking_, Terrorism Monitor Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 26 February 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu](https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu) and below \u201c _Situation of Third-Country Nationals (Including Asylum-Seekers, Refugees and Migrants)_ \u201d.\n9 CFR, _Rushing Libya\u2019s Elections Will Lead to Disaster_ [, 28 June 2018, https://on.cfr.org/2IZaUkh.](https://on.cfr.org/2IZaUkh)\n10 _Libyan Political Agreement_ [, 17 December 2015, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641eae4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641eae4.html)\n11 European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), _A Quick Guide to Libya\u2019s Main Players_, January 2018, [https://bit.ly/1sBE01s; BBC,](https://bit.ly/1sBE01s) _Libya_\n_Country Profile_, 29 May 2018, [https://bbc.in/2uhEEDD; Bertelsmann Foundation,](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13754897) _BTI 2018 | Libya Country Report_, 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2lV1yNa.](https://bit.ly/2lV1yNa)\n12 ECFR, _A Quick Guide to Libya\u2019s Main Players_ [, January 2018, https://bit.ly/1sBE01s.](https://bit.ly/1sBE01s)\n13 Ibid.\n14 The \u201cInterim Government\u201d was, until late 2015, the internationally recognized government of Libya; ECFR, _A Quick Guide to Libya\u2019s_\n_Main Players_ [, January 2018, https://bit.ly/1sBE01s; International Crisis Group (ICG),](https://bit.ly/1sBE01s) _Libya\u2019s Unhealthy Focus on Personalities_, 8 May\n[2018, https://bit.ly/2sX6o0d.](https://bit.ly/2sX6o0d)\n15 Atlantic Council, _Can Libya Survive Without Haftar?_, 16 April 2018, [https://bit.ly/2KA030P; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace](https://bit.ly/2KA030P)\n(CEIP), _Libya after ISIS_ [, 22 February 2017, http://ceip.org/2JPeC4j. In eastern Libya, Haftar has reportedly replaced elected officials with](http://ceip.org/2JPeC4j)\nmilitary figures; ECFR, _A Quick Guide to Libya\u2019s Main Players_ [, January 2018, https://bit.ly/1sBE01s; Aspen Institute Italia,](https://bit.ly/1sBE01s) _The Haftar_\n_Factor in Libya's Puzzle_ [, 26 June 2017, https://bit.ly/2KA2oc7.](https://bit.ly/2KA2oc7)\n16 OHCHR, _Abuse Behind Bars: Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n(hereafter: OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html), p. 9; ECFR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n_A Quick Guide to Libya\u2019s Main Players_ [, January 2018, https://bit.ly/1sBE01s.](https://bit.ly/1sBE01s)\n17 Libya Observer, _Libya\u2019s Oil Crescent Region Is Bracing for New Armed Conflict_, 29 August 2018, [http://lyo.ly/9gp; UN Security Council,](http://lyo.ly/9gp)\n_Security Council Press Statement on Libya_ [, 19 July 2018, SC/13429, https://bit.ly/2LYYP3O; Agence France-Presse,](https://bit.ly/2LYYP3O) _'Major Offensive'_\n_Launched in Libya's Oil Crescent_, 17 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vARTQ6; UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2vARTQ6) _Libya Protection Sector Strategy 2018-2019_, 1\n[December 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641f854.html, p. 1; Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641f854.html) _Conflict_\n_Barometer 2017_ [, 28 February 2018, https://bit.ly/2KFBHYi, p. 187.](https://bit.ly/2KFBHYi)\n\n2\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "Corruption Perceptions Index", + "confidence": 0.914085865020752, + "start": 511, + "end": 514 + }, + "dataset_tag": "named", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": { + "text": "Transparency International", + "confidence": 0.9936182498931885, + "start": 506, + "end": 508 + }, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Libya_", + "confidence": 0.9906542897224426, + "start": 469, + "end": 470 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2017", + "confidence": 0.9934710264205933, + "start": 510, + "end": 511 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": null, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 1 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "4. In September 2017, a UN-sponsored \u201cAction Plan for Libya\u201d was launched, which aims at\n\nreinvigorating the political process by amending and implementing the LPA, convening an inclusive\nnational conference, passing a constitution by popular referendum, and holding elections based on a\nnew electoral law. [18] On 29 May 2018 in Paris, four key Libyan political figures reportedly reached a\ntentative agreement to issue new election laws by September 2018 and hold presidential and legislative\nelections on a \u201c _constitutional basis_ \u201d in December 2018. [19] However, concerns have been raised that\nLibya currently lacks conditions conducive to a free and fair vote and that elections may risk further\npolitical fragmentation and conflict. [20]\n\n\n5. The Presidency Council reportedly struggles to assert full control over territory and institutions in\n\naccordance with the LPA, [21] and has been beset by internal divisions. [22] In this continued political\nvacuum, a myriad of armed groups, divided across ideological, regional, ethnic and tribal lines and with\ntheir own changing interests and loyalties, [23] are reported to remain the most powerful actors on the\nground. [24] Conflict dynamics are often shaped by regional and local interests with local conflicts partly\noverlapping with divisions at the national level. [25] GNA-aligned armed groups reportedly control Tripoli,\nMisrata and other towns in western Libya, and most of the western coastal region. [26] Many of these\ngroups reportedly receive central State funds and assume law enforcement functions such as arrests and\ndetention; however, there is reportedly no effective government command and oversight. [27] Groups\n\n\n18 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 5;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\nCFR, _Rushing Libya\u2019s Elections Will Lead to Disaster_, 28 June 2018, [https://on.cfr.org/2IZaUkh; UN Security Council,](https://on.cfr.org/2IZaUkh) _Report of the_\n_Secretary-General_ _on_ _the_ _United_ _Nations_ _Support_ _Mission_ _in_ _Libya_, S/2018/140, 12 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html (hereafter: UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html) _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations_\n_Support Mission in Libya_ [, 12 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html), paras 2, 3, 6; UNSMIL,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html) _Step by Step, UN_\n_Action Plan for Successful Transition Takes Hold in Libya_ [, 11 January 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6424904.html; Washington](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6424904.html)\nInstitute, _The UN Action Plan for Libya: Prospects and Challenges_ [, 17 October 2017, https://washin.st/2OSkgSJ; UN Security Council,](https://washin.st/2OSkgSJ)\n_Security Council Presidential Statement Endorses New Action Plan to Resume Inclusive, Libyan-Owned Political Process under United_\n_Nations Auspices_ [, 10 October 2017, SC/13020, https://bit.ly/2vuR642.](https://bit.ly/2vuR642)\n19 National Authorities, _Joint Statement by Fayez al-Sarraj, Aguila Saleh, Khalid Meshri, Khalifa Haftar, Paris_, 29 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6420514.html. See also, Libya Herald,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6420514.html) _HoR Fails again to Vote on Referendum Law. Saleh Threatens to_\n_Bypass HoR and Organize Elections for a Temporary President_, 28 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2op5pDs; UN,](https://bit.ly/2op5pDs) _Secretary-General Welcomes_\n_Political Declaration on Libya as \u2018Significant\u2019 Step Forward in Country\u2019s Transition_, 29 May 2018, SG/SM/19058,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64222f4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64222f4.html)\n20 \u201c _No free and fair elections can be held in a country that lacks election laws and a constitution. In addition to missing those critical_\n_documents, elections are made more difficult by the fact that the country is heavily divided_ \u201d; The Atlantic Council, _How the West and the_\n_UN Failed Libya_, 3 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2KDM3Ij. See also, Lawfare,](https://bit.ly/2KDM3Ij) _Libya's House of Cards: Elections Without Institutions_, 19 August\n2018, [https://bit.ly/2LKJSOY; Stratfor Worldview,](https://bit.ly/2LKJSOY) _Why Libyan Elections Probably Won't Happen this Year_, 4 June 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2K3ZvoI; ECFR,](https://bit.ly/2K3ZvoI) _Libya Elections 2018: The Missing Ingredient_ [, 1 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2Hx7vrS; Human Rights Watch](https://bit.ly/2Hx7vrS)\n(HRW), _Libya: No Free Elections in Current Climate_, 21 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6422ba4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6422ba4.html)\n21 By May 2017, the Presidency Council reportedly consolidated its control over the capital Tripoli, with support from powerful Tripoli-based\narmed groups, including the Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade (TRB), the Central Security/Abu Salim armed group (CS/AS) and the Special\nDeterrence Force (SDF); OHCHR, _Arbitrary_ _and_ _Unlawful_ _Detention_ _in_ _Libya_, April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 9. See also, Small Arms Survey,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html) _Capital of Militias_ \uf02d _Tripoli\u2019s Armed Groups Capture_\n_the Libyan State_ [, June 2018, https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ, p. 16. On the reported lack of authority over government structures (including the](https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ)\nCentral Bank), see Washington Institute, _The UN Action Plan for Libya: Prospects and Challenges_, PolicyWatch 2873, 17 October 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2zqkCfP.](https://bit.ly/2zqkCfP)\n22 Reuters, _Unveiling New Libya Plan, U.N. Sees Opportunity for Peace_ [, 20 September 2017, https://reut.rs/2pzKCgt; UN Security Council,](https://reut.rs/2pzKCgt)\n_Letter Dated 1 June 2017 from the Panel of Experts on Libya_ [, June 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html, paras 23, 25.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html)\n23 European Institute of the Mediterranean (IEMed), _Libya: Stuck in Political Transition_ [, 21 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2KT2bpA; Geneva](https://bit.ly/2KT2bpA)\nAcademy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, _Libya: A Short Guide to the Conflict_ [, 4 July 2017, https://bit.ly/2u1eSCj,](https://bit.ly/2u1eSCj)\np. 2. In 2014, estimates put the number of armed groups in Libya as high as 1,700. In 2016, it was estimated that around 30 militias operated\nin Tripoli with shifting territories and loyalties; Clingendael Institute, _CrisesAlert 3_ \uf02d _Entering the Lion\u2019s Den: Local Militias and_\n_Governance in Libya_ [, October 2017, https://bit.ly/2N0etcb, pp. 4, 10, 15.](https://bit.ly/2N0etcb)\n24 OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, para. 4. On armed](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\ngroups\u2019 control over state institutions and resources in the capital Tripoli, see Small Arms Survey, _Capital of Militias_ \uf02d _Tripoli\u2019s Armed_\n_Groups Capture the Libyan State_ [, June 2018, https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ.](https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ)\n25 \u201c _In Libya there are very few truly national actors. The vast majority are local players, some of whom are relevant at the national level_\n_while representing the interests of their region, or in most cases, their city_ \u201d; ECFR, _A Quick Guide to Libya\u2019s Main Players_, January 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/1sBE01s. See also, Clingendael Institute,](https://bit.ly/1sBE01s) _CrisesAlert 3_ \uf02d _Entering the Lion\u2019s Den: Local Militias and Governance in Libya_,\n[October 2017, https://bit.ly/2N0etcb, pp. 3, 4; Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights,](https://bit.ly/2N0etcb) _Libya: A Short_\n_Guide to the Conflict_ [, 4 July 2017, https://bit.ly/2u1eSCj, p. 2.](https://bit.ly/2u1eSCj)\n26 See Libya control maps: Political Geography Now, _Libyan Civil War Map & Timeline - July 2018_ [, 20 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2N4y7Y4;](https://bit.ly/2N4y7Y4)\nPetroleum Economist, _Map: Libya's Conflict_, 19 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2on66gF. For a map depicting armed groups\u2019 territorial control in](https://bit.ly/2on66gF)\nTripoli, see Small Arms Survey, _Capital of Militias_ \uf02d _Tripoli\u2019s Armed Groups Capture the Libyan State_, June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ,](https://bit.ly/2m0lWfQ)\np. 10.\n27 \u201c _Hundreds of armed groups continue to operate throughout Libya, many nominally affiliated with the Ministries of Defence, Interior and_\n_Justice. They receive salaries from central State funds, but are not under the command and control of the State. They exercise effective_\n\n3\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "Small Arms Survey", + "confidence": 0.9907490611076355, + "start": 833, + "end": 836 + }, + "dataset_tag": "named", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": null, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Libya", + "confidence": 0.9613997340202332, + "start": 891, + "end": 892 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2017", + "confidence": 0.8429547548294067, + "start": 759, + "end": 760 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": null, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + }, + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "Small Arms Survey", + "confidence": 0.9798548817634583, + "start": 1129, + "end": 1132 + }, + "dataset_tag": "named", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": { + "text": "Clingendael Institute", + "confidence": 0.591189444065094, + "start": 1055, + "end": 1057 + }, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Tripoli", + "confidence": 0.761086642742157, + "start": 1126, + "end": 1127 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2017", + "confidence": 0.7430451512336731, + "start": 1077, + "end": 1078 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": null, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 2 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "affiliated with the LNA reportedly control large parts of eastern Libya as well as parts of the southern\nregion. [28]\n\n\n6. The Islamic State of Iraq and Al-Sham (ISIS) reportedly no longer controls any territory after it was\n\nousted from the city of Sirte in December 2016 by joint US forces and forces loyal to the GNA. [29]\nHowever, it reportedly still maintains a presence around Sirte as well as in other areas of Libya and\ncontinues to carry out attacks against civilian and military targets. [30] Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb\n(AQIM) reportedly maintains a presence around the southern town of Ubari, where it exploits the lack\nof governance for logistics, recruitment and training, as well as smuggling activities. [31]\n\n7. The overall security situation reportedly remains poor and volatile. [32] The situation is characterized by\n\npersistent lawlessness, [33] intermittent but increasing fighting between rival armed groups (including\nbetween GNA-aligned forces, forces under the control of General Haftar, local militias, tribes, as well\nas affiliates of ISIS and AQIM), and widespread kidnappings for criminal and political reasons. [34] The\nSouth continues to see intermittent intercommunal conflict primarily between tribal and ethnic groups,\nsome of which are aligned with either the GNA or the LNA, including over control of smuggling routes\n\n\n_control in localized areas, including over detention centres where thousands of people are detained. Action to remove law enforcement_\n_powers from armed groups, as foreseen in the Libyan Political Agreement, and demobilization, disarmament and reintegration have not_\n_yet begun_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, para. 10.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n\u201c _Libya is afflicted by a culture of entitlement and predation by Libya\u2019s armed groups, many of whom claim affiliation with the_\n_internationally recognized Government of National Accord. Acting as quasi-police, the funds diverted to these armed groups go well beyond_\n_salaries to members, including letters of credit from the Central Bank. Their extortion of the Central Bank adds to the income these groups_\n_already derive from illicit activities like fuel smuggling and human trafficking_ \u201d; CEIP, _Libya Fractured: The Struggle for Unity_, 18 April\n[2018, http://ceip.org/2GnvCsG. See also, UNSMIL,](http://ceip.org/2GnvCsG) _UNSMIL Statement on Militias Attacking Libyan Sovereign Institutions_, 19 August\n[2018, https://bit.ly/2C2OQqG.](https://bit.ly/2C2OQqG)\n28 See sources included above in footnote 26.\n29 CFR, _Civil War in Libya_ [, updated 30 August 2018, https://on.cfr.org/2xoLOG7.](https://on.cfr.org/2xoLOG7)\n30 \u201c _Though the Islamic State was pushed out of its Libyan stronghold in Sirte in December 2016, it has resurfaced in a big way in 2018. It_\n_made its first terrorist attack in Tripoli since 2015 when it assaulted the election commission's headquarters on May 2_ [2018] _. It has also_\n_conducted a string of bombings at checkpoints in the Oil Crescent region_ \u201d; Stratfor Worldview, _Why Libyan Elections Probably Won't_\n_Happen this Year_ [, 4 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2K3ZvoI. See also, The New Arab,](https://bit.ly/2K3ZvoI) _IS Claims Responsibility for Deadly Libya Checkpoint_\n_Attack_, 25 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2LGBP5w; UN Security Council,](https://bit.ly/2LGBP5w) _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, paras 16-17; Middle East Eye,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Islamic State in Libya: Fighters Are Regrouping in the_\n_Lawless Desert_ [, 2 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2vyMOrC; Reuters,](https://bit.ly/2vyMOrC) _At least Five Killed in Clashes near Libyan Oilfield_ \uf02d _Local Official_, 3\n[February 2018, https://reut.rs/2NGWAR1.](https://reut.rs/2NGWAR1)\n31 The Libya Observer, _U.S. Airstrike Kills Al-Qaeda Militant in Libya_ [, 17 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2MAgg8s; CEIP,](https://bit.ly/2MAgg8s) _Libya Fractured: The_\n_Struggle for Unity_ [, 18 April 2018, http://ceip.org/2MkldlF; CNN,](http://ceip.org/2MkldlF) _US Conducts First Airstrike Against al Qaeda in Libya_, 28 March 2018,\n[https://cnn.it/2GXC77u.](https://cnn.it/2GXC77u)\n32 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, paras 4,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n10-17. See also, ACCORD, _Libya, Year 2017: Update on Incidents According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project_\n_(ACLED)_, 18 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2ttcMvB. For an overview of the security situation in the different parts of the country, see successive](https://bit.ly/2ttcMvB)\n[reports by the UN Secretary-General, available at: https://bit.ly/2AyUDDG.](https://bit.ly/2AyUDDG)\n33 BBC, _Libya Rivals Agree \u2018Historic\u2019 Election Plan_ [, 29 May 2018, https://bbc.in/2LSlbjE; UN Security Council,](https://bbc.in/2LSlbjE) _Report of the Secretary-_\n_General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 12 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 38.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html)\n34 In late August 2018, the Greater Tripoli area saw an escalation in fighting in densely populated residential areas between rival GNAaffiliated armed groups; Deutsche Welle, _Libya Imposes State of Emergency in Tripoli_, 2 September 2018, [https://p.dw.com/p/34BxU;](https://p.dw.com/p/34BxU)\nHRW, _Libya: Civilians Killed in Tripoli Clashes_, 1 September 2018, [https://bit.ly/2wCOfGg; Al Jazeera,](https://bit.ly/2wCOfGg) _Clashes Shatter Illusion of_\n_Security in Libyan Capital_ [, 30 August 2018, http://aje.io/wxh8m; UNSMIL,](http://aje.io/wxh8m) _UNSMIL Statement on Ongoing Tripoli Violence_, 29 August\n2018, [https://bit.ly/2LDPeeP. In June 2018, following a prolonged siege, the LNA reportedly drove out the Derna Protection Force (formerly](https://bit.ly/2LDPeeP)\nDerna Mujahedeen Shura Council) from the eastern city of Derna. The LNA\u2019s use of heavy artillery and airstrikes in densely populated\ncivilian areas reportedly resulted in extensive civilian casualties and retaliatory attacks have reportedly occurred on both sides; UN Security\nCouncil, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, paras 12, 28, 63;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\nReuters, _Haftar's Forces Say They Have Captured Libyan City of Derna_, 28 June 2018, [https://reut.rs/2ySdW9Z; UNSMIL,](https://reut.rs/2ySdW9Z) _UNSMIL_\n_Statement on the Situation in Derna_, 1 June 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64257e4.html; HRW,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64257e4.html) _Libya: Battle for City Endangers_\n_Civilians_, 14 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55bf314.html. On kidnappings for criminal and political reasons, see below](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55bf314.html)\n\u201c _Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law_ \u201d.\n\n4\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 3 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "and resources. [35] The reported presence of foreign mercenaries, [36] transnational jihadist groups [37] and\ncriminal networks further destabilizes the situation. [38]\n\n\n_**Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law**_\n8. Violations and abuses of international human rights and humanitarian law continue to be perpetrated by\n\nall parties to the conflict with impunity for even the most serious of crimes. [39] The most common\nviolations and abuses reportedly include: arbitrary detention, abductions, enforced disappearances,\ntorture and other forms of ill-treatment, rape and other forms of sexual violence against both women\nand men, [40] unlawful killings, including summary executions, forced displacement, as well as both\ntargeted and indiscriminate attacks against civilians and civilian objects, including medical facilities,\nschools, mosques, etc. [41] Men, women and children are reportedly at risk of being targeted for arbitrary\narrest and kidnapping by armed groups and security forces affiliated with rival governments \u201c _for_\n_financial or political gain, on the basis of their tribal origin or family identity, or for their perceived_\n_political affiliations and opinions_ \u201d _._ [42] According to reports, those singled out for attacks include: fighters\nand civilians opposing or perceived to be opposing a party to the conflict; [43] former Gaddafi loyalists; [44]\n\n\n35 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n14; CEIP, _Libya\u2019s Foreign Militias_ [, 10 April 2018, http://ceip.org/2JMYC2I.](http://ceip.org/2JMYC2I)\n36 Foreign mercenaries from Sudan (Darfur) and Chad are reportedly fighting alongside various Libyan factions; CEIP, _Libya\u2019s Foreign_\n_Militias_ [, 10 April 2018, http://ceip.org/2JMYC2I; UN Security Council,](http://ceip.org/2JMYC2I) _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support_\n_Mission in Libya_ [, 12 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 23; UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html) _Letter Dated 1 June_\n_2017 from the Panel of Experts on_ [Libya, 1 June 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html, para. 83 and Annex 23.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html)\n37 See above para. 6.\n38 Jamestown Foundation, _Salafists, Mercenaries and Body Snatchers: The War for Libya\u2019s South_, 6 April 2018, [https://bit.ly/2Ko1eB6;](https://bit.ly/2Ko1eB6)\nJamestown Foundation, _Libya\u2019s Rogue Militias Keep the Country From Tackling Human Trafficking_, Terrorism Monitor Volume: 16 Issue:\n[4, 26 February 2018, https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu.](https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu)\n39 \u201c _Despite regular announcements of investigations into allegations of war crimes and other violations by the Presidency Council and the_\n_Libyan National Army, no member of an armed group was brought to justice for committing crimes under international law, to the best of_\n_the_ _Mission\u2019s_ _knowledge_ \u201d; UN Security Council, _United_ _Nations_ _Support_ _Mission_ _in_ _Libya_, 7 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, para. 54. See also, OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html) _Oral Update of the United Nations High Commissioner for_\n_Human_ _Rights_ _on_ _Libya_ _Pursuant_ _to_ _Human_ _Rights_ _Council_ _Resolution_ _34/38_, 20 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html (hereafter: OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html) _Oral Update of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human_\n_Rights on Libya_ [, 20 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html).](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html)\n40 According to reports, male rape is systematically used against perceived political opponents, e.g. men from Tawergha accused of having\nsupported the former Gaddafi government; The Guardian, _Revealed: Male Rape Used Systematically in Libya as Instrument of_ _War_, 3\nNovember 2017, [https://bit.ly/2h0n3d0; Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor (Euro-Med Monitor),](https://bit.ly/2h0n3d0) _Libya: Testimonies of Rape and_\n_Brutal Torture Are Horrific_ [, 3 November 2017, https://bit.ly/2y6gGvD.](https://bit.ly/2y6gGvD)\n41 Amnesty International, _The_ _Disappeared_ _in_ _the_ _MENA_ \uf02d _Neither_ _Dead_ _Nor_ _Alive_, 30 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87fb8c4.html;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87fb8c4.html) OHCHR, _Libya:_ _Health-Care_ _under_ _Attack_, 22 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559c944.html; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559c944.html) _Oral Update of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on_\n_Libya_ [, 20 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html; Amnesty International,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html) _Human Rights Council Should Establish_\n_an_ _International_ _Investigative_ _Mechanism_ _into_ _Human_ _Rights_ _Violations_ _in_ _Libya_, 20 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html; HRW,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html) _Libya: Deadly Mosque Attack a Violation of Laws of War_, 25 January 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb0e4a.html; Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA),](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb0e4a.html) _Education under Attack_\n_2018_ [, January 2018, https://bit.ly/2tF4GQO, pp. 162, 164-165.](https://bit.ly/2tF4GQO)\n42 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n29. \u201c _Armed groups and militias abducted and unlawfully detained hundreds of people because of their opinions, origin, perceived political_\n_affiliations or perceived wealth. Those abducted included political activists, lawyers, human rights activists and other civilians. Militias_\n_carried out abductions with the aim of extracting ransoms from families, to negotiate an exchange of detainees, or to silence criticism._\n_Since 2014, militias have abducted and unlawfully detained hundreds of people based on opinions, origin, perceived political affiliations_\n_or perceived wealth_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Human Rights Council Should Establish an International Investigative Mechanism into_\n_Human Rights Violations in Libya_, 20 February 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html, pp. 2-3. See also, OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html) _Arbitrary_\n_and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, para. 35.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n43 \u201c _Armed groups across Libya regularly seize and hold suspected opponents or critics_ (\u2026)\u201d; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in_\n_Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 16. For example, \u201c(\u2026)](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html) _in eastern Libya, the LNA and its allies_\n_regularly seize fighters, their supporters, family members of rival armed groups, and individuals deemed to be critical or insufficiently_\n_supportive of the LNA_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\np. 19. See also, UN Security Council, _United_ _Nations_ _Support_ _Mission_ _in_ _Libya_, 24 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 30; Reuters,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Benghazi's Displaced: A Litmus Test for Libya_, 17 May 2018,\n[https://reut.rs/2wQCdwg.](https://reut.rs/2wQCdwg)\n44 Including inhabitants of the town of Tawergha, who are reportedly perceived as having supported the former Gaddafi government and\nhaving been involved in human rights abuses in 2011; see below para. 13. See also, Al-Monitor, _Gadhafi Supporters Arrested During Peace_\n_Talks in Tripoli_ [, 25 May 2018, https://bit.ly/2LnIiWV.](https://bit.ly/2LnIiWV)\n\n5\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 4 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "government officials and politicians; [45] members of the judiciary and law enforcement; [46] members of\ncertain minority religious, ethnic or tribal groups; [47] persons perceived to be violating \u201cpublic morals\u201d; [48]\nmedia professionals; [49] human rights defenders and civil society activists; [50] medical professionals; [51] and\nhumanitarian workers. [52]\n\n\n9. There are consistent reports of the widespread use of prolonged arbitrary and unlawful detention and\n\nendemic human rights abuses in prisons and detention facilities nominally under the control of state\ninstitutions but partially or fully under the control of armed groups, [53] as well as in facilities run by armed\n\n\n45 Libya Herald, _Updated: Tripoli Municipality Head Kidnapped by Unknown Militias_ [, 29 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2n57gN0; UN Security](https://bit.ly/2n57gN0)\nCouncil, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 7 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, paras 12, 36; UN Security](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html)\nCouncil, _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, paras 16, 18.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html)\n46 \u201c _Prosecutors, judges, Judicial Police officers and other employees of the justice sector have frequently been subjected to attacks in the_\n_form of court bombings, assassinations, other physical assaults, abductions and threats directed against them and/or their relatives_ \u201d;\nOHCHR, _Report on the Trial of 37 Former Members of the Qadhafi Regime (Case 630/2012)_, 21 February 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b642ab44.html. See also, Freedom House,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b642ab44.html) _Freedom in the World 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 28 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html; UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html) _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 7 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, paras 36, 52; Amnesty International,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html) _Human Rights Council Should Establish an_\n_International_ _Investigative_ _Mechanism_ _into_ _Human_ _Rights_ _Violations_ _in_ _Libya_, 20 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html, p. 2. See also below para. 14.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html)\n47 \u201c _Individuals from certain geographic or tribal origins or perceived to have certain political affiliations are also vulnerable to arbitrary_\n_arrest and detention. For instance, in western Libya, internally displaced persons (IDPs) from eastern Libya are often rounded up following_\n_\u2018terrorist\u2019 incidents\u2019_ .\u201d And further: \u201c _Detention based on actual or perceived religious belief also appears to be on the rise in eastern Libya,_\n_perpetrated_ _by_ _Salafi_ _armed_ _groups_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Arbitrary_ _and_ _Unlawful_ _Detention_ _in_ _Libya_, April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, pp. 17, 19. Sufis are considered by some Muslims as \u201cheretics\u201d because of their less literal](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\ninterpretations of the faith of Islam; Carnegie Middle East Center, _The Sufi-Salafi Rift_ [, 23 January 2018, http://ceip.org/2ITvYgB; HRW,](http://ceip.org/2ITvYgB)\n_Libya: New Wave of Attacks Against Sufi Sites_, 7 December 2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2907e44.html. See also, Freedom](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2907e44.html)\nHouse, _Freedom in the World 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_ [, 28 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html; UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html) _United_\n_Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 7 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, para. 35; Middle East Eye,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html) _Anger after_\n_Amazigh Activist Abducted in Libya by Forces Loyal to Khalifa Haftar_ [, 5 January 2018, https://bit.ly/2ONplfe; HRW,](https://bit.ly/2ONplfe) _Libya: Incitement_\n_Against Religious Minority_ [, 20 July 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5970a7de4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5970a7de4.html)\n48 \u201c _Arrests on grounds of violating \u2018public morals\u2019 were documented in both western and eastern Libya_ \u201d; UN Security Council, _Report of the_\n_Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html)\npara. 41. See also, BBC News, _Libya: Armed Group Shuts Down Comic Book Convention_, 4 November 2017, [https://bbc.in/2zv5ihX; IFEX,](https://bbc.in/2zv5ihX)\n_Libyan Writers,_ _Editors Fear for Their Lives over Newly Published Literary Collection_, 4 September 2017, [https://bit.ly/2ACQJtb.](https://bit.ly/2ACQJtb)\n49 Media workers are reportedly at risk of physical attacks, abductions, arbitrary detention, torture, intimidation and threats, particularly if\nseen critical to one of the conflict parties. For example, \u201c[T] _he LNA and allied armed groups also target and apprehend media workers,_\n_activists and others perceived as critical of, or not sufficiently loyal to the LNA._ \u201d And further: \u201c _In the eastern city of Derna, the DMSC_\n\n[Derna Mujahedeen Shura Council] _has also shown little tolerance for dissent, detaining perceived critics and holding them in unofficial_\n_facilities outside the framework of the law_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 19. See also, UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html) _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August\n[2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, paras 41, 42; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ),](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Journalist Abducted in Libya_\n_Found Bound and Shot Dead_ [, 1 August 2018, https://cpj.org/x/73ba; Freedom House,](https://cpj.org/x/73ba) _Freedom in the World 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 28 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html) HRW, _Libya:_ _Armed_ _Group_ _Detains_ _Media_ _Figures_, 7 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b39f31aa.html; Reporters Sans Fronti\u00e8res](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b39f31aa.html) _, Seven Years after Its Revolution, Libya Is Losing Its Journalists_,\n[16 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c4b64.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c4b64.html)\n50 \u201c _Militias with varying political, tribal, and geographic affiliations have attacked civil society activists with impunity. Many NGO workers_\n_have fled abroad or ceased their activism in the wake of grave threats to themselves or their families_ \u201d; Freedom House, _Freedom in the_\n_World 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 28 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html. See also, UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html) _United Nations_\n_Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, paras 41, 43; Libya Prospect,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Enforced_\n_Disappearance of Qashout and Yaacoubi Is Continued_, 14 May 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vEW65r; OHCHR,](https://bit.ly/2vEW65r) _Statement by UN High_\n_Commissioner_ _for_ _Human_ _Rights_ _Zeid_ _Ra\u2019ad_ _Al_ _Hussein_ _at_ _the_ _End_ _of_ _Visit_ _to_ _Libya_, 12 October 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6414484.html; The New Arab,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6414484.html) _Attacks, Threats and Harassment: How Activists Are Being Silenced in_\n_Libya_, 28 July 2017, [https://bit.ly/2JhWE6l;](https://bit.ly/2JhWE6l) HRW, _Libya:_ _Activists_ _Being_ _Silenced_, 27 July 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5979ea694.html. On women\u2019s rights defenders, see below para. 10.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5979ea694.html)\n51 \u201c _Armed groups, including those formally integrated into Ministries, have subjected health care providers to physical and verbal assaults,_\n_threats, intimidation, and unlawful deprivation of liberty, contributing to the exodus of health care professionals_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Libya: Health-_\n_Care under Attack_, 22 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559c944.html, p. 1. See also, UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559c944.html) _Report of the_\n_Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html)\npara. 40; World Health Organization (WHO), _Rising Health Worker Abductions in Libya Threaten Fragile Health System_, 21 December\n2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b642d024.html; UN Secretary-General,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b642d024.html) _Children and Armed Conflict: Report of the Secretary-_\n_General_, 24 August 2017, A/72/361\u2013S/2017/821, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html) (hereafter: UN Secretary-General,\n_Children and Armed Conflict_ [, 24 August 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html), para. 107.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html)\n52 Alkarama, _Libya: Human Rights and Humanitarian Activist Abducted by Forces Affiliated with UN-Backed Government_, 19 July 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2JDZHpe; The Libya Observer,](https://bit.ly/2JDZHpe) _IOM Personnel Abducted in Southern Libya_, 13 January 2018, [https://bit.ly/2EJuwa8; Reuters,](https://bit.ly/2EJuwa8)\n_Gunmen Fire on U.N. Convoy West of Libyan Capital_, 28 June 2017, [https://reut.rs/2ubY39I; UN Security Council,](https://reut.rs/2ubY39I) _Report of the Secretary-_\n_General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 12 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 21.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html)\n53 These reportedly include: Prisons under the Judicial Police of the Ministry of Justice; facilities under the Ministry of Interior; prisons under\nthe Ministry of Defence; and facilities run by intelligence agencies affiliated to State institutions, such as the General Intelligence Service\n\n6\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 5 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "groups with no formal connection to state institutions or with affiliation to the unrecognized \u201cInterim\nGovernment\u201d and affiliated institutions in eastern Libya. [54] The vast majority of detainees in official\nfacilities are reportedly held in pre-trial detention. [55] According to reports, detainees are routinely held\n_incommunicado_, are frequently not informed of the charges against them, have not appeared before\ncourts and lack legal representation. [56] Torture and other forms of ill-treatment are reported to be\n\u201c _systematic_ \u201d, particularly at the outset of detention and during interrogations, and has resulted in\ndeaths. [57] There are also credible reports of summary executions of captured or detained persons at the\nhands of armed groups. [58] Detention conditions are reported to be inhumane both in official and nonofficial detention centres. [59] The LPA recognizes the urgent need to address the situation of thousands\nof \u201cconflict-related\u201d detainees held without legal basis; [60] however, little progress has reportedly been\nmade in this respect. [61] The UN and human rights observers have also expressed concern over the\ncontinued imposition of the death penalty. [62]\n\n\n10. **Women** **and girls** reportedly continue to be subjected to severe discrimination in law and practice, as\n\nwell as to various forms of violence and ill-treatment at the hands of both state and non-state actors,\nincluding in particular gender-based violence. There is a reported lack of state protection for women in\nthese situations. [63] Armed groups reportedly subject women to widespread harassment and intimidation,\nunlawful killings, enforced disappearances, and sexual abuse, targeting in particular women accused of\nnot complying with strict interpretations of religious and societal gender norms, [64] women\u2019s rights\n\n\n(GIS) under the oversight of the Presidency Council; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 11.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n54 \u201c _Some 6,400 individuals were held in 26 official prisons under the Ministry of Justice, an estimated 75 to 80 per cent of them in pretrial_\n_detention. Thousands of others were held in facilities nominally under the control of the Ministry of the Interior or the Ministry of Defence,_\n_as well as facilities directly run by armed groups_ \u201d; UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 31. See also, OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html) p. 11; HRW, _World_ _Report_ _2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 18 January 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html)\n55 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 7 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, para. 38;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html)\nHRW, _World Report 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_ [, 18 January 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html. See also, OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html) _Arbitrary and_\n_Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 9.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n56 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n32; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, pp. 4, 21.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n57 OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, pp. 5, 28-30, 32-33.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n58 \u201c _There are serious risks for those forcibly disappeared by armed groups. The bodies of hundreds of individuals taken by armed groups_\n_have been uncovered in streets, hospitals, and rubbish dumps, many with bound limbs, marks of torture and gunshot wounds._\n_OHCHR/UNSMIL found that armed groups across the country have summarily executed or otherwise unlawfully killed individuals deprived_\n_of their liberty_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 5.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\nSee also p. 32 of the same report and UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 34.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n59 OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, pp. 4, 30-31; UN](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\nSecurity Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 7 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, paras 38, 40.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html)\n60 The LPA requires armed groups to release persons held without legal basis or hand them over to the judicial authorities within 30 days and\nrequires judicial authorities to bring detainees before courts or release them within another 60 days, and to provide effective protection and\nsafeguards against abuse; _Libyan Political Agreement_, 17 December 2015, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641eae4.html, Article 26;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641eae4.html)\nOHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 9.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n61 OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 9; Amnesty](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\nInternational, _Amnesty International Report 2017/18_ \uf02d _Libya_ [, 22 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9938c64.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9938c64.html)\n62 On 15 August 2018, 45 alleged supporters of the former Gaddafi government were sentenced to death in a mass trial relating to the killing\nof protesters during the 2011 uprising. The trial was described as falling short of international fair trial standards. No death sentences have\nreportedly been implemented since 2010; HRW, _Libya: 45 Sentenced to Death for 2011 Killings_, 22 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87f9a94.html; UNSMIL,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87f9a94.html) _UNSMIL Statement on 45 Death Penalties Issued by Tripoli Court of Appeal_,\n[16 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2wxpDOV.](https://bit.ly/2wxpDOV)\n63 \u201c _The prevalence of GBV is underreported as a result of weak reporting structures, cultural attributes and practices that link to shame,_\n_stigma, and fear of retaliation, a general lack of trust among service providers, and the lack of a multi-sectorial GBV referral system and_\n_coordination mechanism._ (\u2026) _Furthermore, the notion of domestic violence is regarded as a private matter, which explains family and_\n_community_ _non-intervention_ _and_ _a_ _culture_ _of_ _impunity_ \u201d; OCHA, _Libya_ _HNO_ _2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 10. See also, Freedom House,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Freedom in the World 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 28 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html; OCHA,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html) _Middle East, North Africa: Protection of Women and Children Snapshot (January_\n\n_- December 2017)_, 28 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html) (hereafter: OCHA, _Protection of Women and Children_\n_Snapshot_, 28 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html); OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html) _Situation of Human Rights in Libya, and the_\n_Effectiveness of Technical Assistance and Capacity-Building Measures Received by the Government of Libya_, 21 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html (hereafter: OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html) _Situation of Human Rights in Libya_, 21 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html), paras 33, 36.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html)\n64 US Department of State, _2016_ _Report_ _on_ _International_ _Religious_ _Freedom_ \uf02d _Libya_, 15 August 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/59b7d885a.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/59b7d885a.html)\n\n7\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 6 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "defenders [65] and women active in public life. [66] Women are reportedly also at risk of being detained on\naccount of family affiliations, for reason of \u201cmoral crimes\u201d, or for the purpose of prisoner exchanges;\nthey are regularly held in facilities without female guards and have reportedly been subjected to torture\nand other forms of ill-treatment, including sexual violence. [67] Women\u2019s freedom of movement is\nreportedly restricted as a result of the security situation, and, in some instances, only permitted with a\nmale guardian. [68]\n\n11. **Children** are reportedly disproportionally affected by the ongoing conflict and violence in Libya. [69]\n\nThey are reportedly at risk of sexual and gender-based violence; [70] domestic violence; [71] recruitment by\narmed groups; [72] abduction, unlawful detention, as well as torture and other forms of ill-treatment,\nincluding on account of their own or their family members\u2019 alleged or actual association with other\nparties to the conflict; [73] and killing as a result of the indiscriminate use of weapons in residential areas,\nin crossfire and from explosive remnants of war. [74] Access to education has reportedly been impaired by\n\n\n65 \u201c _Libyan women activists, bloggers and journalists are increasingly being silenced as they face gender-based violence in the form of physical_\n_assault, abductions and sexual violence, as well as smear campaigns, gender-related slurs and attempts at intimidation_ \u201d; Amnesty\nInternational, _Libya:_ _Silenced_ _Voices:_ _Libyan_ _Women_ _Human_ _Rights_ _Defenders_ _under_ _Attack_, 17 July 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abc764.html. See also, UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abc764.html) _Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related_\n_Sexual Violence_ [, 23 March 2018, S/2018/250, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, paras 48-49; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html) _Situation of Human_\n_Rights in Libya_ [, 21 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html, para. 33.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html)\n66 \u201c _In the face of intimidation and targeting, high-profile women activists continued to be forced to retreat from public and political_\n_engagement_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Amnesty_ _International_ _Report_ _2017/18_ _\u2013_ _Libya_, 22 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9938c64.html. See also, Libya Herald,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9938c64.html) _Assault on Female Blogger and Activist Maryam Tayeb in Tripoli_,\n[27 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2LTM6QN; UN Security Council,](https://bit.ly/2LTM6QN) _Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence_, 23\n[March 2018, S/2018/250, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, para. 49.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html)\n67 For example, women and girls accused of engaging in sexual relations outside of marriage, which is criminalized in Libya, have reportedly\nbeen subjected to invasive \u201cvirginity tests\u201d pursuant to judicial orders; UN Security Council, _Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-_\n_Related Sexual Violence_, 23 March 2018, S/2018/250, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, para. 49. See also, UN Security](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html)\nCouncil, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 39; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n_Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, pp. 3, 5, 35-37; OCHA,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n_Protection of Women and Children Snapshot_, 28 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html; UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html)\n_Report_ _of_ _the_ _Secretary-General_ _on_ _Conflict-Related_ _Sexual_ _Violence_, 23 March 2018, S/2018/250,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, paras 19, 47, 48; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html) _Oral Update of the United Nations High Commissioner for_\n_Human Rights on Libya_ [, 20 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html) _Situation of Human Rights in Libya_,\n[21 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html, para. 34.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html)\n68 \u201c _In February_ [2017] _the military in eastern Libya issued Decree No. 6 of 2017, restricting Libyan women under the age of 60 from travelling_\n_abroad without a legal male guardian. Following a public outcry and calls from civil society for its removal, Decree No. 6 was replaced_\n_on 23 February with Decree No. 7, which stipulated that no Libyan male or female between the ages of 18 and 45 could travel abroad_\n_without prior \u2018security approval\u2019. The Decree failed to specify the procedure required to obtain such approval or the criteria that would_\n_be used to grant or deny it_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Amnesty International Report 2017/18_ \uf02d _Libya_, 22 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9938c64.html. See also, OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9938c64.html) _Situation of Human Rights in Libya_, 21 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html, para. 33.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html)\n69 UNHCR, _Libya Protection Sector Strategy 2018-2019_ [, 1 December 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641f854.html, p. 6; Rom\u00e9o](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641f854.html)\nDallaire Child Soldiers Initiative, _Libya Country Report: Children & Security_ [, 31 January 2017, https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p, p. 4.](https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p)\n70 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), _Libya: Humanitarian Situation Report 2017_ [, 22 January 2018, https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7, p. 3;](https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7)\nRom\u00e9o Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative, _Libya Country Report: Children & Security_ [, 31 January 2017, https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p, p. 17.](https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p)\n71 A study by the National Center for Disease Control on Violence against Children in 2017 among middle school students in Libya, showed\na high prevalence of violence against children at home and in school with 92 per cent of male and 88 per cent female students having\nexperienced at least some form of violence; UNICEF, _Libya: Humanitarian Situation Report 2017_, 22 January 2018,\n[https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7, p. 3.](https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7)\n72 UN Security Council, _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 51; US Department of State,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html) _2018 Trafficking in Persons Report_ \uf02d _Libya_, 28 June\n2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b3e0af04.html; UN Secretary-General,](https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282694.htm) _Children and Armed Conflict_, 24 August 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html, para. 105; Rom\u00e9o Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html) _Libya Country Report: Children &_\n_Security_ [, 31 January 2017, https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p, p. 16.](https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p)\n73 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 7 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, para. 35;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html)\nOHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_, April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, pp. 3, 16, 19; UN](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\nSecurity Council, _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 51; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html) _Situation of Human Rights in Libya_, 21 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html, paras 38-39.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html)\n74 OHCHR, _Situation of Human Rights in Libya_ [, 21 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html, para. 37; UN Security](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html)\nCouncil, _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 51; UN Secretary-General,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html) _Children and Armed Conflict_, 24 August 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html, para. 106.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a95820e4.html)\n\n8\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 7 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "conflict and instability, [75] and schools have been the target for attacks. [76] Many children are reportedly in\nneed of mental health support given the conflict\u2019s devastating impact. [77]\n\n\n12. **Persons of Diverse Sexual Orientation and/or Gender Identities** are reportedly subjected to state and\n\nsocietal discrimination. [78] Moreover, same-sex relations are proscribed under the Penal Code of 1953 (as\namended by Law 70 of 1976). [79] Reports suggest that other provisions that criminalize \u201cacts of\nindecency\u201d and the distribution of \u201carticles of an indecent nature\u201d may also be used to prosecute persons\nof diverse sexual orientations and/or gender identities. [80] Persons of diverse sexual orientations and/or\ngender identities reportedly face physical violence, harassment, threats, arbitrary arrest and death at the\nhands of non-state actors operating with impunity. [81]\n\n13. **Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)** are reportedly targeted for forced eviction, [82] arbitrary detention,\n\nabduction, and torture by different armed groups on account of their perceived affiliation with rival\narmed groups. [83] Many IDPs are reportedly barred from returning to their areas of origin due to their\nperceived support of \u201cterrorism\u201d or the former Gaddafi government. [84] IDP women and girls are\nparticularly vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violence, which is said to be \u201c _widely underreported_ \u201d\n\n\n75 See below para. 32.\n76 See above para. 8.\n77 Middle East Eye, _Libya's Children Scarred and Haunted by War: 'It\u2019s all They Know'_ [, 4 September 2017, https://bit.ly/2O8schw; Rom\u00e9o](https://bit.ly/2O8schw)\nDallaire Child Soldiers Initiative, _Libya Country Report: Children & Security_ [, 31 January 2017, https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p, p. 19.](https://bit.ly/2OE9Q9p)\n78 Freedom House, _Freedom in the World 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 28 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html; Quzah Libya,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ab9957.html) _Taking_\n_Baby Steps in Defending LGBTI Rights in a Highly Homophobic Nation_ [, 30 August 2016, https://bit.ly/2O8ykX1; Australian Government](https://bit.ly/2O8ykX1)\nDepartment of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), _Country Information Report \u2013 Libya_ [, 4 April 2016, https://bit.ly/2HL4SD0, paras 3.86,](https://bit.ly/2HL4SD0)\n3.88; Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, _Libya: Situation of Sexual Minorities, Including Legislation; Treatment by_\n_Society_ _and_ _Authorities;_ _State_ _Protection_ _and_ _Available_ _Services_ _(2011_ _-_ _July_ _2014)_, 17 July\n[2014, LBY104913.E, http://www.refworld.org/docid/54ca12544.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/54ca12544.html)\n79 \u201c _The penal code prohibits all sexual acts outside marriage, including same-sex relations, and punishes them with up to five years in prison\u201d;_\nHRW, _World Report 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 18 January 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html. See also, International Lesbian, Gay,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html)\nBisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), _State Sponsored Homophobia. A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws:_\n_Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition_ [, May 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/59e615f64.html, pp. 37, 92.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/59e615f64.html)\n80 HRW, _Audacity_ _in_ _Adversity:_ _LGBT_ _Activism_ _in_ _the_ _Middle_ _East_ _and_ _North_ _Africa_, 16 April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b34f0827.html, p. 69; ILGA,](https://bit.ly/2JIX7zp) _State Sponsored Homophobia. A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws:_\n_Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition_, May 2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/59e615f64.html, pp. 41, 92, 176-177.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/59e615f64.html)\n81 HRW, _Audacity_ _in_ _Adversity:_ _LGBT_ _Activism_ _in_ _the_ _Middle_ _East_ _and_ _North_ _Africa_, 16 April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b34f0827.html, pp. 13, 16-17, 19; ICG,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b34f0827.html) _How the Islamic State Rose, Fell and Could Rise again in the_\n_Maghreb_ [, 24 July 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5975eef84.html, p. 14.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5975eef84.html)\n82 In mid-August 2018, following days of raids, threats and arbitrary arrests, 1,900 IDPs from Tawergha were forcibly evicted by a local\nmilitia from Triq Al Matar settlement in Tripoli where they had been living since 2011. The majority of households were displaced to other\nareas in Tripoli. Some families from Tawergha living in other settlements in Tripoli fled in anticipation of being attacked; UNHCR, _Militias_\n_Evict and Disperse 1,900 Displaced People in Libya_, 14 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2MOVsJS; OHCHR,](https://bit.ly/2MOVsJS) _Press Briefing Notes on Cambodia_\n_Elections, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Libya Attacks_ [, 17 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2Mm9syD; UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2Mm9syD) _Flash Update on the Forced_\n_Eviction and Mass Arrest in Tarik Al-Matar Internally Displaced Settlement_, 10 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2wpqT7K; Amnesty](https://bit.ly/2wpqT7K)\nInternational, _Libya: Tawergha IDP Camp Attacked by Militia in Danger of Further Attack and Demolition_, 10 August 2018.\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87edb54.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87edb54.html)\n83 UNHCR, _Internally Displaced Persons from Benghazi_ [, March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abebf4.html, p. 1. For example, in](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abebf4.html)\nwestern Libya, IDPs from the east reportedly face discrimination and have been subjected to arbitrary arrest following \u201cterrorist\u201d incidents:\n\u201c _Many internally displaced persons from Benghazi have been targeted on suspicion of supporting terrorist groups, and many of those_\n_displaced whom the Special Rapporteur spoke with reported that male family members had been detained since 2014_ (\u2026)\u201d; UN General\nAssembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons on Her Visit to Libya_, 10 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html (hereafter: UN General Assembly,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights_\n_of IDPs_, 10 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html), para. 43. See also paras 38 and 39 of the same report and OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n_Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 17.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html)\n84 IDPs particularly affected reportedly include those from Tawergha, Benghazi, Mashashya, Sirte, Warshafana, Tripoli and Kikkla; UNHCR,\n_Libya: Protection_ \uf02d _Situation Overview, January-February 2018_ [, 29 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb,](https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb) p. 2. For example, the return of\naround 40,000 displaced members of the Tawergha community continues to be blocked by armed groups from Misrata, reportedly on\naccount of the community being accused of having supported Ghaddafi\u2019s forces in 2011; UN Security Council, _United Nations Support_\n_Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 47; UN General Assembly,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Report of the Special_\n_Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, paras 51-56; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _Libya:_\n_Residents of Tawergha \u2018Dying in Desert\u2019 in Attempt to Return Home after Seven Years_, 20 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abfa34.html; HRW,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abfa34.html) _Libya: Residents Barred from Returning Home_, 16 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb1fca.html. Armed groups affiliated with the LNA are reportedly blocking the return of thousands of](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb1fca.html)\nIDP families to Benghazi on the basis that they \u201c _support terrorism_ \u201d; HRW, _Libya: Displaced Benghazi Families Prevented from Return_, 1\n[February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb100a.html. See also below para. 25.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb100a.html)\n\n9\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 8 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "and reported to occur with impunity. [85] Judges and lawyers reportedly face pressure not to take on cases\ninvolving abuses committed against IDPs. [86]\n\n14. The administration of justice is reported to be \u201c _dysfunctional in most of the country_ \u201d. [87] The judiciary\n\nreportedly delay deciding cases with political or security related aspects. [88] Prosecutors, judges and other\njudicial staff are reportedly targeted for threats and attacks. [89]\n\n\n_**Situation of Third-Country Nationals (Including Asylum-Seekers, Refugees and Migrants)**_\n15. Libya is not party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees or its Protocol. [90] It has\n\nratified the 1969 Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (OAU\nConvention) [91] and is also party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (\u201cBanjul\nCharter\u201d). [92] While the right to asylum is provided for in Article 10 of Libya\u2019s 2011 interim\nConstitutional Declaration, [93] there is no asylum legislation or any established asylum procedures. [94] As\na result, all non-Libyans regardless of their status fall under national immigration laws, including\nasylum-seekers and refugees. Applicable Libyan laws criminalize all irregular entry, stay, or exit, for\nexample without the appropriate documentation or through unofficial border posts, without\ndistinguishing between asylum-seekers/refugees, migrants, or victims of trafficking. Violations are\npenalized with an undefined prison sentence with \u201chard labour\u201d or a fine of approximately 1,000 Libyan\nDinars (USD 723) and eventually deportation once the sentence is completed. [95 ] Third-country nationals\nwho have been deported from Libya are not permitted to return without a decision from the Director of\nthe General Directorate of Passports and Nationality. [96]\n\n\n85 \u201c _According to several reports submitted to the Special Rapporteur, violence against internally displaced women and girls ranges from_\n_psychological and verbal abuse to kidnapping, rape and other forms of sexual assault. Due to stigma, fear of retaliation, weak reporting_\n_structures, lack of specialized staff and a lack of trust in the formal judicial system, these cases of sexual and gender-based violence are_\n_widely underreported in Libya_ \u201d; UN General Assembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs_, 10 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, para. 47.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n86 Ibid., para. 40.\n87 HRW, _Libya: Displaced Benghazi Families Prevented from Return_ [, 1 February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb100a.html. See](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb100a.html)\nalso, HRW, _World Report 2018_ \uf02d _Libya_, 18 January 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html; Amnesty International,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a61ee53a.html) _Human_\n_Rights Council Should Establish an International Investigative Mechanism into Human Rights Violations in Libya_, 20 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html, pp. 1, 2.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c0fb4.html)\n88 OHCHR, _Arbitrary and Unlawful Detention in Libya_ [, April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html, p. 10. \u201c](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5590154.html) _The weakness_\n_of judicial institutions and the general climate of lawlessness and insecurity hampered victims\u2019 ability to seek protection, justice and_\n_redress_ \u201d; UN Security Council, _Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 12 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html, para. 38.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c678f4.html)\n89 See above para. 8.\n90 UN General Assembly, _Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees_, 28 July 1951, United Nations, Treaty Series, Vol. 189,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html, p. 137;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3be01b964.html) _Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees_, 31 January 1967, UN Treaty Series,\n[Vol. 606, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3ae4.html, p. 267.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3ae4.html)\n91 Although Libya is a party to the OAU Convention, it has not enacted domestic legislation to implement the convention; Organization of\nAfrican Unity (OAU), _Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (\u201cOAU Convention\u201d)_, 10 September\n[1969, 1001 UN Treaty Series 45, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36018.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36018.html)\n92 See Art. 12(3) with regards to the right to seek and enjoy asylum in accordance with member states\u2019 laws and international conventions;\nOAU, _African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (\u201cBanjul Charter\u201d)_, 27 June 1981, CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982),\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3630.html. In 2004, Libya also ratified core international protocols relating to human trafficking and](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3630.html)\nsmuggling of migrants, including: UN General Assembly _, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially_\n_Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime_, 15 November 2000,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/4720706c0.html; UN General Assembly,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/4720706c0.html) _Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and_\n_Air,_ _Supplementing_ _the_ _United_ _Nations_ _Convention_ _Against_ _Transnational_ _Organized_ _Crime_, 15 November 2000,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/479dee062.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/479dee062.html)\n93 Article 10 of the 2011 Constitutional Declaration stipulates: \u201c _The State shall guarantee the right of asylum in accordance with an Act of_\n_Parliament. The extradition of political refugees shall be prohibited_ \u201d; _Constitutional Declaration_ [Libya], 3 August 2011,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b645f5d4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b645f5d4.html)\n94 Amnesty International, _Libya's Dark Web of Collusion: Abuses Against Europe-bound Refugees and Migrants_, 11 December 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html (hereafter: Amnesty International,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html) _Abuses Against Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants_,\n[11 December 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html), p. 7.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\n95 Provisions for the detention of non-citizens for immigration-related violations are contained in two laws: Law No. 6 (1987) Regulating\n[Entry, Residence and Exit of Foreign Nationals to/from Libya as amended by Law No. 2 (2004), available at: https://bit.ly/2M3D96V](https://bit.ly/2M3D96V) and\n[https://bit.ly/2nnd98C; and Law No. 19 of 2010 on Combating Irregular Migration, available at:](https://bit.ly/2nnd98C) [https://bit.ly/2KBzIiI. See also, Global](https://bit.ly/2KBzIiI)\nDetention Project (GDP), _Country Report Immigration Detention in Libya: \u201cA Human Rights Crisis\u201d_, August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8802614.html, pp. 12-13, 30.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8802614.html)\n96 Article 18 of Law No. 6 (1987) Regulating Entry, Residence and Exit of Foreign Nationals to/from Libya as amended by Law No. 2 (2004).\n\n10\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "reports", + "confidence": 0.8074731230735779, + "start": 345, + "end": 346 + }, + "dataset_tag": "vague", + "description": { + "text": "violence against internally displaced women and girls", + "confidence": 0.6975271105766296, + "start": 352, + "end": 359 + }, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": { + "text": "Special Rapporteur", + "confidence": 0.9596523642539978, + "start": 349, + "end": 351 + }, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Libya", + "confidence": 0.95451420545578, + "start": 316, + "end": 317 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2018", + "confidence": 0.5972535014152527, + "start": 435, + "end": 436 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": { + "text": "internally displaced women and girls", + "confidence": 0.8002357482910156, + "start": 354, + "end": 359 + }, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 9 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "16. As of 31 August 2018, UNHCR in Libya had registered 55,008 asylum-seekers and refugees. [97] In\n\naddition to asylum-seekers and refugees registered with UNHCR, there are third-country nationals or\nstateless persons with international protection needs who have not been registered with UNHCR. [98]\nFurthermore, as of June 2018, over 679,000 migrants from over 40 nationalities were recorded to be\nliving in Libya, although the actual number is estimated to be up to one million. [99] A January 2015 entry\nban for Syrians, Palestinians, Bangladeshis and Sudanese, which was expanded in September 2015 to\nalso include Yemenis, Iranians and Pakistanis, reportedly remains in place in areas under control of the\nTobruk/Al-Bayda-based authorities, although no information as to the actual implementation is\navailable. [100]\n\n\n17. Asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants transiting through or remaining in Libya are reportedly\n\nparticularly vulnerable in the context of the volatile security situation and deteriorating socio-economic\nconditions. [101] The majority of asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants do not have access to residence\npermits, putting them at acute risk of arrest and detention for irregular stay. [102] As a result of their\nirregular status and lack of legal documents, [103] as well as widespread discriminatory practices\n(particularly, but not exclusively, against persons from sub-Saharan countries), [104] they are reportedly\noften excluded from social security mechanisms and denied access to basic services, including\nemergency health care, resulting in poor living conditions. [105] Many are therefore compelled to resort to\nnegative coping strategies. [106] According to a December 2017 study, no significant differences were\n\n\n97 Of these, 43 per cent are Syrian, followed by Sudanese (18 per cent), Palestinians (13 per cent) and Eritreans (12 per cent). Others, including\nfrom Iraq, Somalia and Ethiopia, account for 13.5 per cent; UNHCR, _Libya: Registration_ \uf02d _Fact Sheet August 2018_, 1 September 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2NKVpiL;](https://bit.ly/2NKVpiL) UNHCR, _Operational_ _Portal_ _\u2013_ _Refugee_ _Situations:_ _Libya_, last updated 31 August 2018,\n[https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/lby. Between January and August 2018, UNHCR registered 10,499 individuals, mostly Sudanese,](https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/lby)\nEritreans, Syrians and Somalis; UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash Update Libya (23 - 31 August 2018)_ [, 31 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2LRVhfR.](https://bit.ly/2LRVhfR)\n98 In practice, the Libyan authorities only recognize that individuals of nine designated nationalities may have a claim for international\nprotection. Accordingly, UNHCR can register as persons of concern only individuals from these nine countries, namely Ethiopia, Eritrea,\nIraq, Palestine, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Syria and Yemen. UNHCR continues to advocate for the registration of all persons seeking\ninternational protection, regardless of nationality; UNHCR information, August 2018.\n99 The top five countries of origin identified are Niger, Egypt, Chad, Sudan and Ghana, which together account for up to 65 per cent of Libya\u2019s\nmigrant population. Women represent approximately 10 per cent and children eight per cent. 26,000 children were reported to be\nunaccompanied; International Organization for Migration (IOM), _Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM)_ \uf02d _Libya\u2019s Migrant Report_ \uf02d _Round_\n_20_ ( _May - June 2018)_ [, 31 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2OFaao6, pp. 2, 14. See also, Refugees International,](https://bit.ly/2OFaao6) _\u201cDeath Would Have Been Better\u201d:_\n_Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and Migrants in Libya_, 15 April 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html (hereafter:](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html)\nRefugees International, _Europe_ _Continues_ _to_ _Fail_ _Refugees_ _and_ _Migrants_ _in_ _Libya_, 15 April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html), pp. 6, 14.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html)\n100 Information available to UNHCR based on media and government communications, August 2018. See also, Reuters, _Libya's Official_\n_Government Bans Yemenis, Iranians, Pakistanis from Entry_ [, 1 September 2015, http://reut.rs/1EwwRnl.](http://reut.rs/1EwwRnl)\n101 \u201c _The deterioration of socio-economic conditions in the country affected respondents from all region of origin, including respondents from_\n_the MENA region, who are generally assumed to enjoy better living conditions than refugees and migrants from other regions. As much as_\n_refugees and migrants from East and West Africa, respondents from the MENA region reported being employed in daily jobs, characterised_\n_by unstable income and precarious working conditions_ \u201d; REACH/Start Network, _Refugees Mixed Migration Routes and Migrants\u2019 Access_\n_to Resources, Healthcare and Housing Dynamics in Libya: Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms,_ December 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K) (hereafter: REACH, _Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms_ [, December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K), p. 25.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n102 \u201c _Migrants with irregular status are technically in Libya illegally, and can be arbitrarily detained and deported at any time. This makes_\n_seeking services risky, leaves them no legal recourse for crimes perpetrated against them, and ultimately makes them a prime target for_\n_exploitation and abuse_ \u201d; International Rescue Committee (IRC), _Pushing the Boundaries: Insights into the EU\u2019s Response to Mixed_\n_Migration on the Central Mediterranean Route_, 11 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1) (hereafter: IRC, _Pushing the Boundaries_, 11 July 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1), p. 24. See also above para. 15.](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1)\n103 \u201c _In order to live, work, and have access to basic services, migrants must have necessary documentation. Whilst the majority of migrants_\n_and refugees enter Libya irregularly, some migrants enter Libya in possession of appropriate travel documents, but they are unable to_\n_renew these documents when they expire_ \u201d; OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 8.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n104 \u201c _As the country\u2019s security situation has deteriorated, xenophobic sentiments and abuse against migrants have increased, especially_\n_targeting those from Sub-Saharan Africa. Those without legal papers are particularly vulnerable to exploitation_ \u201d; IRC, _Pushing the_\n_Boundaries_, 11 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1, p. 12. See also, REACH,](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1) _Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms_, December 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 1, 2, 16, 17, 21, 22-23, 26.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n105 OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, pp. 13, 14, 32, 43, 44. \u201c(\u2026)](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _many refugees and_\n_migrants encounter discrimination and exploitation by the local population. There are instances of people being denied treatment in_\n_hospitals and private clinics or being forced to wait longer than other patients because of their background and appearance. Yet irregular_\n_migrants cannot denounce to the authorities these abuses nor access key services (including formal employment, health care and education)_\n_for fear of being arrested_ \u201d; Mixed Migration Centre, _Fraught with Risk_ \uf02d _Protection Concerns of People on the Move Across West Africa_\n_and Libya_, 11 May 2018, [https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz (hereafter: Mixed Migration Centre,](https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz) _Fraught with Risk_, 11 May 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz), p. 16. See also below \u201c](https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz) _Humanitarian Situation_ \u201d.\n106 REACH, _Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms_ [, December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 2, 15, 22, 23-24, 26.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n\n11\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "affected respondents", + "confidence": 0.6145039200782776, + "start": 750, + "end": 752 + }, + "dataset_tag": "vague", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": { + "text": "REACH/Start Network", + "confidence": 0.5181036591529846, + "start": 816, + "end": 820 + }, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "MENA region", + "confidence": 0.8090324401855469, + "start": 762, + "end": 764 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2017", + "confidence": 0.9039974212646484, + "start": 847, + "end": 848 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": { + "text": "refugees and migrants", + "confidence": 0.7387452721595764, + "start": 775, + "end": 778 + }, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 10 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "found in terms of access to resources and services between refugees and migrants who were long-term\nresidents compared to those who had arrived in the country more recently. [107]\n\n\n18. Asylum-seekers and refugees with a valid UNHCR certificate are in principle granted access to free\n\neducation and medical assistance in public schools and hospitals; however, in practice this is not always\nthe case. Syrians, Palestinians and Iraqis normally have access, while those from sub-Saharan countries\nwould need the intervention by UNHCR and its partner International Medical Corps (IMC) on a caseby-case basis to access services. [108] Since 2017, UNHCR has observed a remarkable increase in the\nnumber of refugees and asylum-seekers who are wholly dependent on UNHCR\u2019s direct financial and\nmedical assistance. [109]\n\n\n19. Following interception or rescue of individuals at sea, the Libyan Coast Guard (LCG) hands the persons\n\nover to the authorities of the Directorate to Combat Illegal Migration (DCIM), [110 ] which transfers them\ndirectly to government-run detention centres where they are held for indefinite periods. [111 ] Presently,\nthere is no possibility of release, except in the context of repatriation, evacuation or resettlement to third\ncountries. [112] At the time of writing, UNHCR estimates that over 8,000 persons, including more than\n4,500 persons of the nine nationalities that UNHCR is able to register in Libya, [113] are held in detention\ncentres run by the DCIM after having been rescued or intercepted at sea, or after having been arrested\non land during house raids or identity checks including near land borders. [114] There are no available\nfigures for those held by various armed factions or criminal networks in unofficial detention centres,\nincluding in warehouses and farms. [115] In all facilities, detention conditions reportedly fail to meet\ninternational standards [116 ] and have been described as \u201c _appalling_ \u201d, [117] \u201c _nightmarish_ \u201d, [118] \u201c _cruel, inhuman_\n_and degrading_ .\u201d [119 ] Both male and female asylum-seekers, refugees, and migrants, including children,\nare reportedly systematically subjected to or are at very high risk of torture and other forms of ill\n\n107 Ibid., p. 2.\n108 UNHCR information, August 2018. See also below \u201c _Humanitarian Situation_ \u201d.\n109 UNHCR information, August 2018.\n110 The DCIM was established as a division of the GNA\u2019s Ministry of Interior in 2012 to tackle irregular migration flows into the country. It\nis responsible for arresting anyone who has entered the country irregularly, organizing the deportation of irregular migrants and managing\nthe detention centres.\n111 \u201c _Since there is no registration system in place for those disembarked and subsequently detained, it is impossible to know with any degree_\n_of accuracy how many people are being held in official detention at any given time, the length of their detention and, ultimately, their fate_ \u201d;\nIRC, _Pushing the Boundaries_ [, 11 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1, p. 15.](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1)\n112 UNHCR, _Desperate Journeys January 2017 - March 2018_ [, April 2018, https://bit.ly/2EEqIX9, p. 9. See also below para. 23.](https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/63039)\n113 See above footnote 98.\n114 UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash Update Libya (17 - 24 August 2018)_ [, 24 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9.](https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9)\n115 \u201c _Armed groups or criminal gangs operating without affiliation to the DCIM or any other state institution have over the past three years_\n_increasingly detained refugees and migrants as a means of generating cash by extorting ransom payments_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Abuses_\n_Against Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants_, 11 December 2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, p. 27. See also, HRW,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\n_EU/Italy/Libya: Disputes Over Rescues Put Lives at Risk_ [, 25 July 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b646a9f4.html; IRC,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b646a9f4.html) _Pushing the_\n_Boundaries_ [, 11 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1, p. 13.](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1)\n116 Reports describe conditions of extreme overcrowding, poor lighting and ventilation, as well as lack of access to medical care, psychosocial\nsupport and adequate nutrition. (Then) UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra\u2019ad Al Hussein, said that \u201c[T]he _detention system_\n_for migrants in Libya is broken beyond repair._ \u201d He further described the conditions as encountered by UN monitors visiting four DCIM\ndetention facilities in Tripoli: \u201c _Monitors were shocked by what they witnessed: thousands of emaciated and traumatized men, women and_\n_children piled on top of each other, locked up in hangars with no access to the most basic necessities, and stripped of their human dignity_ \u201d;\nOHCHR, _UN Human Rights Chief: Suffering of Migrants in Libya Outrage to Conscience of Humanity_, 14 November 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6461354.html. See also, M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (MSF),](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6461354.html) _Stop Arbitrary Detention of Refugees and_\n_Migrants Disembarked in Libya_ [, 24 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr; UN Security Council,](https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr) _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 7\nMay 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, para. 44; Refugees International,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html) _Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and_\n_Migrants in Libya_ [, 15 April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html)\n117 OHCHR, _Oral Update of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on Libya_, 20 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55b92c4.html)\n118 MSF, _An Open Letter from MSF International President Dr Joanne Liu to European Government Leaders_, 6 September 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2KSy55e.](https://bit.ly/2KSy55e)\n119 Amnesty International, _Abuses_ _Against_ _Europe-Bound_ _Refugees_ _and_ _Migrants_, 11 December 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, pp. 9, 53.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\n\n12\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "registration system", + "confidence": 0.9878383874893188, + "start": 498, + "end": 500 + }, + "dataset_tag": "vague", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": null, + "producer": null, + "geography": null, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2018", + "confidence": 0.9044060707092285, + "start": 555, + "end": 556 + }, + "reference_year": { + "text": "2012", + "confidence": 0.7283371090888977, + "start": 457, + "end": 458 + }, + "reference_population": { + "text": "irregular migrants", + "confidence": 0.8680664896965027, + "start": 484, + "end": 486 + }, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 11 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "treatment, including rape and other forms of sexual violence, [120] forced labour as well as extortion, [121]\nboth in official and unofficial detention facilities. [122] Racial and religious discrimination in detention is\nalso reported. [123] Those detained have no possibility to challenge the legality of their detention or\ntreatment. [124] Third-country nationals in detention are also impacted by the general security situation in\nthe country as demonstrated during the late August 2018 escalation in fighting between rival armed\ngroups in Tripoli. [125]\n\n\n20. Insecurity and the absence of a central state authority with effective control has allowed Libya to become\n\na main country of transit and departure for refugees and migrants seeking to reach Europe in their flight\nfrom persecution, conflict and violence or hardship, often in unseaworthy, overcrowded boats. [126]\nSmuggling networks operating across East and West Africa reportedly bring the refugees and migrants\nby road via Libya\u2019s southern border in the Fezzan region, which borders Niger, Chad and Algeria. From\nthere, they make their way to the country\u2019s north-west from where they attempt to move onwards to\nEuropean destinations, mainly to or via Italy. [127]\n\n\n21. _En route_ and during their stay in Libya, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, including children, are\n\nreportedly at risk of being subjected to widespread and systematic human rights violations and abuses\nat the hands of smugglers, traffickers, armed groups, militias, criminal gangs and state officials acting\nwith impunity. These violations and abuses reportedly include unlawful deprivation of liberty and\narbitrary detention; torture and other forms of ill-treatment, including rape and other forms of sexual\n\n\n120 \u201c _Migrant women and girls were raped and otherwise sexually abused during their journeys through Libya, in both official and unofficial_\n_migrant detention centres. Survivors described being taken away from cells shared with others by armed men, including guards of the_\n_Department for Combating Illegal Migration, and being raped repeatedly by multiple perpetrators. Those who tried to resist were beaten,_\n_threatened at gunpoint, and denied food and water_ \u201d; OHCHR, _Situation of Human Rights in Libya_, 21 February 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html, para. 35. See also, UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c64fd4.html) _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24\nAugust 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 39; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html) _Returned Migrants Are Being Robbed, Raped and_\n_Murdered in Libya_ [, 8 September 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5598dd4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5598dd4.html)\n121 \u201c _In a lawless country, refugees and migrants have become a resource to be exploited \u2013 a commodity around which an entire industry has_\n_grown, as the shocking footage of a migrants_ [sic] _being sold, aired in November 2017 highlighted_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Abuses Against_\n_Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants_, 11 December 2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, p. 6. See also, Jamestown](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\nFoundation, _Libya\u2019s Rogue Militias Keep the Country from Tackling Human Trafficking_, Terrorism Monitor Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 26\n[February 2018, https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu; Euro-Med Monitor,](https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu) _Libya: Dozens of Refugees Kidnapped by Armed Gangs_, 22 February 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2CfpC7t; OHCHR,](https://bit.ly/2CfpC7t) _Libya Must End \u201cOutrageous\u201d Auctions of Enslaved People, UN Experts Insist_, 30 November 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5593324.html; CNN,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5593324.html) _People for Sale,_ [15 November 2017, https://cnn.it/2FX902f.](https://cnn.it/2FX902f)\n122 Amnesty International, _Abuses_ _Against_ _Europe-Bound_ _Refugees_ _and_ _Migrants_, 11 December 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, p. 22. \u201c](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html) _In recent weeks, UNHCR has witnessed a critical worsening in conditions in_\n_detention centres, due to the increasing overcrowding and lack of basic living standards. As a consequence, riots and hunger strikes by_\n_refugees inside detention centres are taking place, demanding a resolution to their bleak living conditions_ \u201d; UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash_\n_Update Libya (17 - 24 August 2018)_ [, 24 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9.](https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9)\n123 Refugees International, _Europe_ _Continues_ _to_ _Fail_ _Refugees_ _and_ _Migrants_ _in_ _Libya_, 15 April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html, p. 10.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html)\n124 MSF, _Stop Arbitrary Detention of Refugees and Migrants Disembarked in Libya_, 24 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr; Refugees](https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr)\nInternational, _Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and Migrants in Libya_ [, 15 April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html)\np. 14; Amnesty International, _Abuses_ _Against_ _Europe-Bound_ _Refugees_ _and_ _Migrants_, 11 December 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, p. 24.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\n125 In the end of August 2018, clashes between rival armed groups in Tripoli put hundreds of refugees and migrants held in government-run\ndetention centres in grave danger; UNHCR, _UNHCR Moves Detained Refugees Out of Harm\u2019s Way in Volatile Libyan Capital_, 30 August\n[2018, https://bit.ly/2MFp2pl; MSF,](https://bit.ly/2MFp2pl) _Conflict in Tripoli Puts Lives in Danger, Demonstrating that Libya Is not a Place of Safety_, 31 August\n2018, [https://bit.ly/2wA66NV; Irish Times,](https://bit.ly/2wA66NV) _Migrants in Libya Detention Centre Say Their Lives Are in Peril_, 28 August 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2Lzrb0r. See also above footnote 34.](https://bit.ly/2Lzrb0r)\n126 UNHCR, _Libya: Activities at Disembarkation_ \uf02d _Monthly Update, August 2018_, 2 September 2018, [https://bit.ly/2PZbkvB; Amnesty](https://bit.ly/2PZbkvB)\nInternational, _Abuses Against Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants_ [, 11 December 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\np. 15; UNHCR, _Refugee and Migrant Flows Through Libya on the Rise \u2013 Report_ [, 3 July 2017, https://bit.ly/2tMxb0D.](https://bit.ly/2tMxb0D)\n127 UNHCR/REACH, _Mixed Migration Routes and Dynamics in Libya: The Impact of EU Migration Measures on Mixed Migration in Libya,_\nApril 2018, [https://bit.ly/2NtVmaD, p. 2. \u201c](https://bit.ly/2NtVmaD) _According to one analyst, trafficking gangs with links to Libyan militias in the south can demand_\n_between 1,000 to 1,500 Libyan dinars ($800 to $1,100) to take migrants as far as Tripoli_ . _If migrants are unable to pay, they are handed_\n_over directly to rogue militias who place them in safe houses owned by armed gangs. There the migrants will usually try to call home,_\n_requesting money to pay for their release. If their families are unable to pay, the militias sell them to wealthy Libyans who need cheap labor_\n_on their farms or on construction sites. These African migrants in effect become independent laborers for Libyans who provide them little_\n_in the way of pay or maintenance for the work they do. Some may be passed as slaves among the different militias, while the more fortunate_\n_ones are sold to wealthy Libyans and become employees who can eventually earn enough money to pay to escape the country. Others will_\n_end up in the hands of government-aligned militias who then place them in detention centers awaiting deportation_ \u201d; Jamestown Monitor,\n_Libya\u2019s Rogue Militias Keep the Country from Tackling Human Trafficking_, 26 February 2018, [https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu. See also, ICG,](https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu) _How_\n_Libya\u2019s Fezzan Became Europe\u2019s New Border_ [, 31 July 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/59831c6b4.html, p. 21.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/59831c6b4.html)\n\n13\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 12 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "violence; abduction for ransom and other forms of extortion; forced labour; and unlawful killing. [128]\nPersons from sub-Saharan countries are reportedly particularly (but not exclusively) targeted. [129] Women\nand girls are reported to be particularly vulnerable to being subjected to rape, forced prostitution and\nother forms of sexual violence. [130]\n\n\n22. Since 2017, Italy and the EU provide assistance to the LCG to increase its capacity to carry out search\n\nand rescue operations and prevent irregular departures on the Central Mediterranean route. [131] As a result\nof increased LGC operations, the number of people crossing from Libya to Italy has reduced\nsignificantly, [132] while out of the total number of people who do still attempt the crossing, the proportion\nof persons intercepted or rescued at sea by the LCG has increased. [133] The increase in interceptions and\nrescue operations conducted by the LCG resulted in greater numbers of persons disembarked (and\ndetained) in Libya. [134] During rescues / interception operations at sea, the LCG have reportedly been\ninvolved in human rights violations against refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants, [135] including the\n\n\n128 UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n36; IOM/UNHCR, _Flash Update \u2013 Zwara Incident_, 16 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2KmAqAF; Mixed Migration Centre,](https://bit.ly/2KmAqAF) _Fraught with Risk_, 11\n[May 2018, https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz, pp. 6, 8, 13-14; Refugees International,](https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz) _Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and Migrants in Libya_, 15\n[April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html, p. 3; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html) _Libya Must End \u201cOutrageous\u201d Auctions of Enslaved People,_\n_UN Experts Insist_ [, 30 November 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5593324.html; IOM,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5593324.html) _IOM Learns of 'Slave Market' Conditions_\n_Endangering Migrants in North Africa_ [, 4 November 2017, https://bit.ly/2ov79wl.](https://bit.ly/2ov79wl)\n129 Mixed Migration Centre, _Fraught with Risk_ [, 11 May 2018, https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz, p. 11; Lawyers for Justice in Libya,](https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz) _Eliminate Racial_\n_Discrimination in Libya_ [, 21 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2MtFVPn.](https://bit.ly/2MtFVPn)\n130 \u201c _Patterns of sexual violence against migrants, refugees and asylum seekers, perpetrated not only by smugglers, traffickers and criminal_\n_networks, but also by police and guards associated with the Ministry of the Interior in some cases, have been documented. The Department_\n_of Combating Illegal Migration and the coastguard have also been implicated in violations_ \u201d; UN Security Council, _Report of the Secretary-_\n_General on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence_, 23 March 2018, S/2018/250, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, para. 47.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html)\n\u201c _Migrant women held in detention centres are at particular risk, as they are often held in cells guarded by male guards, who have full_\n_access to the cells. In addition, several reports indicate that guards \u2018organise\u2019 rapes in the cells, and are involved in sexual exploitation_\n_and trafficking, using detention centres as brothels for forced prostitution. Other cases involve selling detained women as \u2018sex slaves\u2019 and_\n_sexual violence, including rape, perpetrated by individual members of the Coastguard in the context of search and rescue_ \u201d; International\nCentre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD), _What Are the Protection Concerns for Migrants and Refugees in Libya?_, November\n[2017, https://bit.ly/2MwD0pv, pp. 5-6. See also, IRC,](https://bit.ly/2MwD0pv) _Pushing the Boundaries_ [, 11 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1, p. 13; UN Security](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1)\nCouncil, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 7 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, para. 46; Mixed](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html)\nMigration Centre, _Fraught with Risk_ [, 11 May 2018, https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz, p. 8. Sexual violence has reportedly also been used as a form](https://bit.ly/2uAmZYz)\nof torture against men in unofficial detention centres; UN Security Council, _Report of the Secretary-General on Conflict-Related Sexual_\n_Violence_ [, 23 March 2018, S/2018/250, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, para. 47; Oxfam,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html) _\u2018You Aren\u2019t Human Anymore\u2019_ \uf02d\n_Migrants Expose the Harrowing Situation in Libya and the Impact of European Policies_ [, 9 August 2017, https://bit.ly/2AWWzG0, pp. 1,](https://bit.ly/2AWWzG0)\n3.\n131 European Commission, _Central Mediterranean Route: Commission Proposes Action Plan to Support Italy, Reduce Pressure and Increase_\n_Solidarity_ [, 4 July 2017, https://bit.ly/2tnTE1T;](https://bit.ly/2tnTE1T) _Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Fields of Development, the Fight_\n_Against Illegal Immigration, Human Trafficking and Fuel Smuggling and on Reinforcing the Security of Borders Between the State of Libya_\n_and the Italian Republic_ [, 2 February 2017, https://bit.ly/2NrWI5G.](https://bit.ly/2NrWI5G)\n132 The Central Mediterranean Route saw its largest arrival numbers in 2016, with 181,436 migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers arriving to\nItaly by sea. 2017 saw the arrival of 119,369 persons, which marked a 34 per cent decrease from the previous year. Between 1 January and\n31 August 2018, 20,000 persons arrived in Italy by sea. For updated arrival figures, see:\n[https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5205.](https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5205)\n133 IRC, _Pushing the Boundaries_, 11 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1, p. 15; UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1) _Desperate Journeys January 2017 - March 2018_, April\n[2018, https://bit.ly/2EEqIX9, pp. 4, 9; Refugees International,](https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/63039) _Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and Migrants in Libya_, 15 April 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html, p. 8. See also, UN News,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html) _UNHCR Sounds Alarm as Mediterranean Sea Deaths Pass 1,500_\n_Mark_ [, 3 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2Oa0ctS.](https://bit.ly/2Oa0ctS)\n134 Between 1 January and 31 August 2018, the Libyan Coast Guard rescued/intercepted a total of 13,185 people in different locations along\nthe Libyan coast and transferred them to detention centres (an increase of 24.4 per cent compared to the same period in 2017). 552\nindividuals were rescued/intercepted in August 2018, 2,167 in July and 3,453 in June. .Among those disembarked between January and\nAugust 2018, UNHCR identified over 3,200 persons of nationalities that can register with UNHCR in Libya, including from Eritrea, Sudan,\nSomalia, Ethiopia, Palestine and Syria. UNHCR and its partners are present at disembarkation points along the Libyan coast and provide\nlife-saving assistance and undertake protection monitoring to identify persons of concern; UNHCR, _Libya: Activities at Disembarkation,_\n_Monthly Update_, August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2PZbkvB; UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2PZbkvB) _Activities at Disembarkation_, accessed 2 September 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2D6xmXm. As a result of increased interceptions at sea since June 2018, there has reportedly been a sharp increase in the](https://bit.ly/2D6xmXm)\nnumber of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants held in already overcrowded Libyan detention centres; UN Security Council, _United_\n_Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 36; Amnesty International,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\n_Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea_ \uf02d _Europe Fails Refugees and Migrants in the Central Mediterranean,_ 8 August 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6c22694.html, pp. 6, 18; MSF,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6c22694.html) _Stop Arbitrary Detention of Refugees and Migrants Disembarked in Libya_,\n[24 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr.](https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr)\n135 \u201c _LCG officials are also responsible for human rights violations and are known to operate in collusion with smuggling networks. LCG_\n_officials conducting interception operations have used threats and violence against refugees and migrants on board boats in distress that_\n_is the very people they are supposed to rescue, sometimes in order to rob them of their few possessions. They have also caused deaths and_\n_put lives at risk by operating with blatant disregard for basic security protocols and standards_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Abuses Against_\n_Europe-Bound Refugees and Migrants_, 11 December 2017, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, p. 8. In June 2018, Abd Al](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html)\nRahman Al-Milad, the head of the regional coastguard unit in Zawiya was added to the UN Security Council\u2019s sanctions list, as the unit \u201c _is_\n\n14\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 13 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "deliberate sinking of boats using firearms. [136] The LCG have also been accused of colluding with\nsmuggling networks. [137] In parallel, critical activities of non-governmental organization (NGO) rescue\nboats have been increasingly restricted. [138] These developments have led to a higher percentage of people\ndying at sea than before. [139] In the end of June 2018, the Libyan Search-and-Rescue Region (SRR) has\nbeen formalized, indicating that Libya has assumed primary responsibility for search and rescue\ncoordination in an area extending to around 100 miles from some of the primary departure sites. [140] The\ncapacity of the Libyan authorities to effectively and safely conduct and coordinate search and rescue\noperations over such a wide area is reportedly limited, including because of limited vessel and rescue\ncoordination capacity and the lack of reliable communication systems. [141]\n\n\n23. The international community has scaled up efforts to repatriate or evacuate people out of detention since\n\nthe end of 2017. However, these activities can only reach a limited number of the total refugee and\nmigrant population in Libya. [142] Since January 2017, over 30,000 individuals returned to their countries\nof origin through the Voluntary Humanitarian Returns (VHR) programme run by the International\nOrganization for Migration (IOM). [143] The voluntary nature of these returns has been questioned given\nthat the practice of detention often leaves no alternative. [144] However, the critical role of IOM\u2019s ability\nto support returns to their country of origin for stranded migrants is not in question. In November 2017,\nUNHCR initiated an Emergency Transit Mechanism (ETM) to evacuate the most vulnerable persons of\nconcern from Libya. [145] UNHCR and the Libyan Ministry of Interior are committed to opening a new\n\n\n_consistently linked with violence against migrants_ \u201d; UN News Service, _As Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Six Human Traffickers_\n_in Libya, UN Chief Calls for more Accountability_ [, 8 June 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64659e4.html. See also, UN Security](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64659e4.html)\nCouncil, _Report_ _of_ _the_ _Secretary-General_ _on_ _Conflict-Related_ _Sexual_ _Violence_, 23 March 2018, S/2018/250,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html, para. 47; HRW,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b29148d7.html) _Libya: Impunity Drives Violence_, 18 January 2018, [https://bit.ly/2ufgSbf;](https://bit.ly/2ufgSbf)\nOHCHR, _Returned_ _Migrants_ _Are_ _Being_ _Robbed,_ _Raped_ _and_ _Murdered_ _in_ _Libya_, 8 September 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5598dd4.html. See also above footnote 130.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b5598dd4.html)\n136 UN Security Council, _Letter_ _Dated_ _1_ _June_ _2017_ _from_ _the_ _Panel_ _of_ _Experts_ _on_ _Libya_, June 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html, paras 104-105.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b641bee4.html)\n137 \u201c _It consists primarily in the LCG allowing boats to depart in exchange for a fee_ \u201d; Amnesty International, _Abuses Against Europe-Bound_\n_Refugees and Migrants_ [, 11 December 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html, p. 8. See also, Jamestown Monitor,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a2fa1cb4.html) _Libya\u2019s_\n_Rogue Militias Keep the Country from Tackling Human Trafficking_, 26 February 2018, [https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu; The Independent,](https://bit.ly/2LTQqeu) _UK-_\n_Supported Libyan Forces \u2018Taking Bribes to Free Detained Migrants\u2019 after Pushing Boats Back to Shore_, 25 October 2017,\n[https://ind.pn/2un8fve.](https://ind.pn/2un8fve)\n138 Amnesty International, _Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea_ \uf02d _Europe Fails Refugees and Migrants in the Central Mediterranean,_ 8\nAugust 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6c22694.html, pp. 7-16; MSF,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6c22694.html) _Drownings Skyrocket as European Governments Block_\n_Humanitarian Assistance_ [, 12 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2NEMJuV.](https://bit.ly/2NEMJuV)\n139 \u201c _Already this year, more than 1,500 people have drowned or gone missing on the Mediterranean. On the Central Mediterranean route in_\n_particular, the rate of lives being lost has increased threefold, and now stands at one death for every 17 people who attempt to cross_\n_compared to one in 43 during the same period last year_ \u201d; UNHCR, _UNHCR Welcomes Aquarius Resolution, but Stresses Need for more_\n_Predictable Approach to Disembarkation_ [, 15 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2Oychth. \u201c](https://bit.ly/2Oychth) _UNHCR is especially concerned about the impact of a_\n_more limited search and rescue capacity if boats are discouraged from responding to distress calls through fear of being denied permission_\n_to disembark people rescued. NGOs in particular have voiced their concerns at restrictions being placed on their abilities to conduct search_\n_and rescue as a result of limitations on their movements and the threat of potential legal actions_ \u201d; UNHCR, _As Mediterranean Sea Arrivals_\n_Decline and Death Rates Rise, UNHCR Calls for Strengthening of Search and Rescue_ [, 6 July 2018, http://unhcr.org/5b3f270a4. See also,](http://unhcr.org/5b3f270a4)\nIOM, _Missing Migrants_ [, accessed 3 September 2018, http://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/mediterranean.](http://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/mediterranean)\n140 Euronews, _Prompted by EU, Libya Quietly Claims Right to Order Rescuers to Return Fleeing Migrants_, 6 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2ukI5dr;](https://bit.ly/2ukI5dr)\nVita (in Italian), _La Libia Ha Dichiarato la Sua Zona SAR: Lo Conferma l\u2019IMO_ [, 28 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2KQQijT.](https://bit.ly/2KQQijT)\n141 Libya is yet to set up a maritime rescue coordination centre (MRCC), which is expected to be operational in 2020; HRW, _EU/Italy/Libya:_\n_Disputes Over Rescues Put Lives at Risk_, 25 July 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b646a9f4.html. See also, The Independent,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b646a9f4.html) _Libya's_\n_Coastguard Says It Has Intercepted more than 570 Refugees Bound for Europe_, 2 August 2018, [https://ind.pn/2OD25jS; European Council](https://ind.pn/2OD25jS)\non Refugees and Exiles (ECRE), _Italy Pushes ahead with \u201cSalvini Plan\u201d to Bolster Libyan Coast Guard in Fight Against \u201cIllegal_\n_Migration_ [\u201d, 6 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2NMWPtD; Deutsche Welle,](https://bit.ly/2NMWPtD) _Italy Gives Libya Ships, Equipment as more Migrants Reported Lost_,\n[3 July 2018, https://p.dw.com/p/30i96.](https://p.dw.com/p/30i96)\n\n142 Tensions inside detention centres are increasing as refugees and migrants are frustrated with the lack of solutions; UNHCR information,\nAugust 2018. See also above footnote 122.\n\n143 Including 19,370 in 2017 and 10,950 between January and July 2018; IOM, _IOM Voluntary Humanitarian Returns Continue in Libya as_\n_Number of Detained Migrants Soars_, 10 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2KIkUyT; IOM,](https://bit.ly/2KIkUyT) _Voluntary Humanitarian Return Flights Resume_\n_January 1 as UN Migration Agency Continues Efforts to Assist Migrants in Libya_ [, 3 January 2018, https://bit.ly/2FcZdpl.](https://bit.ly/2FcZdpl)\n144 MSF, _Stop Arbitrary Detention of Refugees and Migrants Disembarked in Libya_, 24 July 2018, [https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr; Refugees](https://bit.ly/2LmjbVr)\nInternational, _Europe Continues to Fail Refugees and Migrants in Libya_ [, 15 April 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55c5ce4.html)\npp. 16-17.\n145 Between November 2017 and 31 August 2018, UNHCR evacuated 1,858 individuals from Libya (1,536 to Niger, 312 to Italy and 10 to\nRomania). These evacuations allow for the transfer of vulnerable individuals from detention centres in Libya to a safe and dignified\nenvironment while their cases are processed for solutions such as resettlement or family reunification. In September 2017, UNHCR called\nfor 40,000 resettlement places to be made available for refugees located in 15 countries along the Central Mediterranean route. As of 13\nAugust 2018, 12 States (Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the\nUnited Kingdom) have committed 3,886 resettlement places for the Libya-Niger situation. Out of these pledges, 1,090 will be used for\n\n15\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 14 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "Gathering and Departure Facility (GDF), which would speed up the process of securing solutions in\nthird countries and provide a critical alternative to detention for persons of concern to UNHCR while\ntheir cases are processed. [146] UNHCR has observed an increase in the number of asylum-seekers\nregistered with UNHCR in Libya who are trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea, reportedly due to the\nlack of solutions in the country. [147]\n\n\n_**Internal and External Displacement**_\n24. Libya reportedly has one of the highest per capita displacement levels in Africa [148] and internal\n\ndisplacement has reportedly become \u201c _a permanent feature of life for many in Libya_ \u201d. [149] In mid-2014,\nas violence in Libya escalated, an estimated 400,000 people became internally displaced. [150] Although\nmany have returned since, [151] others have become newly displaced due to periodic escalations of armed\nconflict. [152] As of June 2018, over 192,500 persons remained displaced, [153] over 50 per cent of whom are\nchildren. [154] The main drivers for displacement are reported to be armed conflict, human rights\nviolations, and persecution based on perceived political affiliation. [155]\n\n\n25. The provision of assistance and protection to IDPs is reported to be inadequate as a result of gaps in\n\nstate capacity, lack of sustained and regular humanitarian access, limited coordination mechanisms and\na lack of international support. [156] Many IDPs currently have no prospect of returning home as a result\nof ongoing conflict or insecurity, destruction or damage to homes and basic infrastructure,\ncontamination with explosive remnants of war, as well as due to fear of being subjected to human rights\n\n\nresettlement processing directly out of Libya, while the remainder will be allocated to evacuees from Libya and refugees registered in Niger.\nSince 1 September 2017, 797 individuals were submitted for resettlement to eight States (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands,\nNorway, Sweden and Switzerland). A total of 70 individuals departed on resettlement directly from Libya to Canada, France, Sweden and\nthe Netherlands; UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash Update Libya (17 - 24 August 2018)_, 24 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9; UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9) _Central_\n_Mediterranean_ _Situation:_ _UNHCR_ _Calls_ _for_ _an_ _Additional_ _40,000_ _Resettlement_ _Places_, 11 September 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/59b7ee104.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/59b7ee104.html)\n146 UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash Update Libya (17 - 24 August 2018)_ [, 24 August 2018, https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9. At the time of writing, no opening](https://bit.ly/2NxY9A9)\ndate has yet been set.\n147 UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash Update Libya (28 June \u2013 6 July 2018)_ [, 6 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2J3tUxX.](https://bit.ly/2J3tUxX)\n148 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), _2017 Africa Report on Internal Displacement_, 6 December 2017, [https://bit.ly/2HSgplf,](https://bit.ly/2HSgplf)\np. 21. An estimated two to three per cent of the population are internally displaced; UN General Assembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur_\n_on the Human Rights of IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, p. 1.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n149 UN General Assembly, _Report_ _of_ _the_ _Special_ _Rapporteur_ _on_ _the_ _Human_ _Rights_ _of_ _IDPs_, 10 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, p. 1. Many IDPs have reportedly been displaced multiple times since 2011; IOM,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _DTM_\n_Libya | IDP & Returnee Report, Round 20 | May - June 2018_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) (hereafter: IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP &_\n_Returnee Report_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx), p. 10.](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx)\n150 Equivalent to 6 to 7 per cent of the country\u2019s population; UN General Assembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of_\n_IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, para. 6.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n151 Between early 2016 and June 2018, over 372,000 IDPs returned to their home communities; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_,\n[30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 3. See also, OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2ugDPux, pp. 5, 13.](https://bit.ly/2ugDPux)\n152 \u201c _Periodic, but increasingly frequent, escalation of armed conflict resulted in displacement_ (\u2026)\u201d; UN Security Council, _United Nations_\n_Support Mission in Libya_ [, 24 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, para. 63. In late August 2018, at least 9,200](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\nindividuals have been displaced due to escalating fighting from affected neighbourhoods in Southern Tripoli; IOM, _DTM Libya - Tripoli_\n_Flash Update (01 September 2018)_ [, 1 September 2018, https://bit.ly/2Q1zOnV. In May-June 2018, fighting between tribal armed groups](https://bit.ly/2Q1zOnV)\nin the South reportedly resulted in the displacement of over 3,000 persons; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_, 30 June 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 4. In the same period, over 19,000 persons were displaced as a result of clashes in Derna; IOM,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _Derna Flash_\n_Update #4_ [, 14 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2KKHyvE. In 2017, more than 20,000 people were newly displaced; OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2KKHyvE) _Libya HNO 2018_, 1\n[March 2018, https://bit.ly/2ugDPux, pp. 5, 13.](https://bit.ly/2ugDPux)\n153 The highest reported presence of IDPs is in Benghazi (29,790 individuals) and Sebha (22,955 individuals); IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP &_\n_Returnee Report_, 30 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, pp. 3, 6. \u201c(\u2026)](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _the actual total number of those affected by internal displacement is_\n_difficult to estimate, as many internally displaced persons seek anonymity due to fears for their safety and security, and some leave the_\n_country to_ _find safety and protection elsewhere_ \u201d; UN General Assembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs_,\n[10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, para. 26.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n154 _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 11.](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx)\n155 The majority of IDPs, 84 per cent, were displaced due to threat/fear from general conflict and armed group presence; 14 per cent were\nmainly displaced due to other security-related issues, and the remaining 2 per cent were displaced due to economic factors; IOM, _DTM_\n_Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, pp. 3, 9. \u201c](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _Internal displacement in Libya is characterized by a_\n_combination of major displacement movements due to armed conflict as well as urban-to-urban and multiple displacement of individuals_\n_and families from different localities due to human rights violations and persecution based on perceived political and ideological_\n_affiliations_ \u201d; UN General Assembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs_, 10 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, para. 26. See also, UNHCR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _Libya: Protection_ \uf02d _Situation Overview January - February_\n_2018_ [, 15 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb.](https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb)\n156 OHCHR, _End of Mission Statement by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs, Ms. Cecilia Jimenez-Damary,_\n_upon Conclusion of Her Official Visit to Libya_ \uf02d _25 to 31 January 2018_, 2 February 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55ba1bd.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55ba1bd.html)\nOn the humanitarian conditions for IDPs, see \u201c _Humanitarian Situation_ \u201d.\n\n16\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 15 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "violations by armed groups present in their areas of origin. [157] Return communities, armed groups and\nlocal authorities are reportedly also preventing IDPs from returning on account of their (perceived)\npolitical opinion or affiliation with \u201cterrorist\u201d groups or the former Gaddafi government. [158]\n\n26. An increasing number of Libyans, including IDPs, are reportedly seeking to leave the country. [159]\n\n\n_**Humanitarian Situation**_\n27. The ongoing conflict and political impasse have reportedly led to a further deterioration of the\n\nhumanitarian conditions across all sectors in Libya. [160] As of March 2018, 1.1 million people were\nestimated to be in need of life-saving humanitarian assistance and protection, including 378,000 children\nand 307,000 women of reproductive age. [161] The humanitarian response remains poorly funded, further\nundermining critical access to and availability of basic services to people in need. [162] Areas of ongoing\nconflict [163] as well as areas with disrupted and poor economic and livelihoods opportunities with large\nnumbers of returnees, IDPs, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers are reported to be among those with\nthe most severe needs across multiple sectors. [164] The highly volatile security and political situation\nhampers sustained humanitarian access, [165] leaving the most vulnerable communities, [166] in particular\nIDPs, asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants, with unmet urgent needs. [167]\n\n\n157 According to IOM\u2019s DTM, in 69 per cent of municipalities, IDPs were reported to be unable to return due to fear of ongoing conflict and\narmed group presence; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_, 30 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 9. See also, UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx)\n_Internally Displaced Persons from Benghazi_ [, March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abebf4.html, p. 2; UN General Assembly,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abebf4.html)\n_Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, paras 38,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n50, 53.\n158 See above para. 13.\n159 Reasons for leaving reportedly include growing insecurity, including terrorist threats and kidnappings; lack of basic services and job\nopportunities; medical reasons and impossibility to receive treatment in Libya; and family reunification in Europe; UNHCR, _Libya:_\n_Protection_ \uf02d _Situation Overview January - February 2018_, 15 March 2018, [https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb. See also, Refugees Deeply,](https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb) _Why Libyans_\n_Are Turning to Smugglers to Escape_ [, 5 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2KSfMJv; UN General Assembly,](https://bit.ly/2KSfMJv) _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the_\n_Human Rights of IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, p. 1 and para. 41.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html)\n160 According to the UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Libya, Maria Ribeiro, \u201c _Libya continues to suffer from the impact of a protracted political_\n_crisis, which leads to outbreaks of violence, displacement and a general worsening of people\u2019s living conditions. Availability and_\n_affordability of food, fuel, water and sanitation, electricity and medical supplies have decreased and the provision of health care and public_\n_services continues to decline, thus exacerbating the humanitarian situation over the past year_ \u201d; OCHA, _2018 Libya Humanitarian Response_\n_Plan (January - December 2018)_, [1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644a484.html, p. 4. See also, UN Security Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644a484.html)\n_United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 24 August 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html, paras 63, 84; World Food](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b8d31bc4.html)\nProgramme (WFP), _WFP Libya Country Brief, June 2018_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2McvTT0, p. 1.](https://bit.ly/2McvTT0)\n161 UNICEF, _Libya Humanitarian Situation Report Mid-Year 2018,_ [27 July 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ac2124.html, pp. 1, 2;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ac2124.html)\nOCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 5.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n162 As at 31 August 2018, according to the UN Financial Tracking Service (FTS), the Libya 2018 Humanitarian Response Plan faces a funding\ngap of 77.5 per cent (US$ 242.4 million) of unmet requirements; FTS, _Response Plan/Appeal Snapshot for 2018_, accessed 3 September\n[2018, https://bit.ly/2uhhVZd.](https://bit.ly/2uhhVZd)\n163 For example, in May 2018, the escalation of fighting amid siege-like conditions in Derna reportedly led to drastically deterioration of the\nhumanitarian situation, with reports of critical shortages of food, water and medicine: Amnesty International, _Libya Protect Civilians under_\n_Siege in Derna_ [, 11 June 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6428ad4.html; OCHA,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6428ad4.html) _Libya | Derna Flash Update #7_, 11 June 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2zDqEtR;](https://bit.ly/2zDqEtR) OHCHR, _Press_ _Briefing_ _Note_ _on_ _Libya_ _\u2013_ _Escalating_ _Risks_, 8 June 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559f0d4.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559f0d4.html)\n164 Six \u201c _mantikas_ \u201d (regions) were identified as being most severely affected: Sirte, Ghat, Derna, Benghazi, Aljfara and Zwara; OCHA, _Libya_\n_HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, pp. 28-30. See also, REACH,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Key Challenges and Coping_\n_Mechanisms_ [, December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, p. 25.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n165 OCHA, _Middle East and North Africa: Annual Access Snapshot, January_ _- December 2017_, 28 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ac3e04.html; OCHA,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6ac3e04.html) _2018 Libya Humanitarian Response Plan (January - December 2018)_, 1 March\n2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644a484.html, p. 19; OHCHR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644a484.html) _End of Mission Statement by the United Nations Special Rapporteur_\n_on the Human Rights of IDPs, Ms. Cecilia Jimenez-Damary, upon Conclusion of Her Official Visit to Libya_ \uf02d _25 to 31 January 2018_, 2\n[February 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55ba1bd.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b55ba1bd.html)\n166 Humanitarian partners have identified the following population groups as being most in need of humanitarian assistance: people living in\nconflict-affected areas, or in areas contaminated with explosive hazards, or in hard-to-reach areas; migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers,\nincluding those in detention centres; persons with chronic diseases, disabilities, or mental health issues; IDPs living in rented\naccommodation and collective centres; returnees (during first three months of return); over-burdened host communities; pregnant women;\nfemale-headed households; children, youth; OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, pp.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n31-34.\n167 \u201c _Internally displaced people, refugees and migrants, as well as returnees and non-displaced Libyans in the worst affected areas are_\n_assessed as in most need of humanitarian assistance_ \u201d; OCHA, _Libya_ [, accessed 3 September 2018, https://bit.ly/2mcK3rQ. See also, UN](https://bit.ly/2mcK3rQ.%20See)\nGeneral Assembly, _Report_ _of_ _the_ _Special_ _Rapporteur_ _on_ _the_ _Human_ _Rights_ _of_ _IDPs_, 10 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) paras 18-24; OCHA, _Libya_ _HNO_ _2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, pp. 13-14. Many IDPs have reportedly lost or left behind their personal documentation](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\nneeded in order to access services, assistance and employment. However, for security and other reasons, they may not be able to return to\ntheir place of origin in order to re-issue identity documents; UN General Assembly, _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights_\n\n17\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 16 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "28. **Food security** : As of March 2018, 175,000 people were reported to be in need of food assistance. [168]\n\nNegative coping strategies such as cutting the number of daily meals and reducing non-food related\nexpenses such as health and education are reported to be prevalent. [169] Due to limited port access and\nroad blockages, food imports into Libya have reportedly diminished, causing food prices to rise\nsteeply. [170]\n\n29. **Livelihoods** : Despite relative improvements in Libya\u2019s Gross Domestic Product since early 2018, [171] the\n\noverall economic situation reportedly continues to deteriorate with people reported to have less income\nwhile the cost of living has increased substantially. [172] Living conditions are reported to be worsening\ndue to the weak provision of basic services and rising commodity prices. [173] According to reports,\nvulnerable persons are increasingly compelled to reduce expenditures on food, education and\nhealthcare. [174]\n\n30. **Health** : The health care system is reported to have deteriorated to the point of collapse. [175] A number of\n\nhealth care facilities have reportedly been closed, particularly in conflict-affected areas. [176] Armed\ngroups are reported to attack medical personnel and facilities, and to interfere with and disrupt their\nwork. [177] While medical needs, particularly conflict-related injuries, reportedly continue to rise, there is\na shortage of medicines, medical supplies and equipment along with a critical shortage of specialized\nand skilled staff. [178] Pregnant women and persons with chronic diseases, disabilities and mental health\n\n\n_of IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, para. 29. See also, Reuters,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _Benghazi's Displaced: A Litmus Test_\n_for Libya_, 17 May 2018, [https://reut.rs/2wQCdwg; UNHCR,](https://reut.rs/2wQCdwg) _Internally Displaced Persons from Benghazi_, March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abebf4.html, p. 1.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6abebf4.html)\n168 Those considered to be most vulnerable to food insecurity include IDPs, returnees and refugees, and in particular unemployed femaleheaded households; WFP, _WFP Libya Country Brief, June 2018_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2McvTT0, p. 1.](https://bit.ly/2McvTT0)\n169 WFP, _WFP Libya Country Brief, June 2018_, 30 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2McvTT0, p. 1; OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2McvTT0) _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 22; REACH,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms_, December 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 2, 15.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n170 The prices of many staple food items (e.g. rice and wheat flour) have reportedly increased by as much as 200 per cent when compared to\npre-conflict levels; _WFP Libya Country Brief, June 2018_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2McvTT0, p. 1. In May-June 2018, in 95 out of 100](https://bit.ly/2McvTT0)\nmunicipalities, food was assessed to be too expensive for IDPs; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_, 30 June 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 20.](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx)\n171 There has reportedly been a relative improvement in macroeconomic stability due to higher international oil prices, but this has been offset\nby reports of gross mismanagement of public funds; UN Security Council, _United Nations Support Mission in Libya_, 7 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html, paras 20-24. See also, WFP,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c65d64.html) _Libya: Safety Nets Alert Platform (SNAP) Country_\n_Dashboard \u2013 May 2018_, 31 May 2018, [https://bit.ly/2uoumkW; REACH,](https://bit.ly/2uoumkW) _Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms_, December 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, p. 3.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n172 \u201c _The economic situation continues to deteriorate: inflation, the devaluation of the Libyan dinar on the black market, and cash shortages_\n_have all led to reduced purchasing power of the Libyan population_ \uf02d _especially those already affected by the conflict, further deepening_\n_vulnerabilities_ \u201d; OCHA, _2018_ _Libya_ _Humanitarian_ _Response_ _Plan_ _(January_ _-_ _December_ _2018)_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644a484.html, p. 6.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644a484.html)\n173 OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, pp. 19-21; Atlantic Council,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Libya's Constitution_\n_is the Minimum Requirement for Elections_ [, 1 February 2018, https://bit.ly/2EAu0g1; REACH,](https://bit.ly/2EAu0g1) _Key Challenges and Coping Mechanisms_,\n[December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 1, 13, 14.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n174 WFP, _WFP Libya: Country Brief_, April 2018, [https://bit.ly/2yO4rsh, p. 1; OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2yO4rsh) _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 21; REACH,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Refugees and Migrants\u2019 Access to Resources, Healthcare and Housing_,\n[December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 2, 15.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n175 \u201c _The public health system has deteriorated_ \uf02d _almost 75% of health facilities are closed or are only partially functioning_ \u201d _;_ Safeguarding,\n_Violence on the Front Line: Attacks on Health Care in 2017_ [, 21 May 2018, https://bit.ly/2KEfp4Y,](https://bit.ly/2KEfp4Y) p. 31. See also, OCHA, _Libya HNO_\n_2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 15-16;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) HRW, _Libya: Displaced Benghazi Families Prevented_\n_From Return_, 1 February 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb100a.html; UNICEF,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5a8eb100a.html) _Libya: Humanitarian Situation Report 2017_, 22\n[January 2018, https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7.](https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7)\n176 According to a survey conducted by WHO and the Libyan Ministry of Health, 17 out of 97 hospitals are closed and only four hospitals are\nfunctional between 75-80 per cent of their capacity. In addition, over 20 per cent of primary health care facilities are closed and the\nremainder are not suitable to provide services; WHO, _2017 Review of Health Sector in Libya_, 31 December 2017,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644bd84.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644bd84.html) p. 1. See also, OCHA, _Libya_ _HNO_ _2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 15.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n177 IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx. See also, OHCHR,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _Libya: Health-Care under Attack_,\n22 May 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559c944.html; Safeguarding,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b559c944.html) _Violence on the Front Line: Attacks on Health Care in 2017_,\n[21 May 2018, https://bit.ly/2KEfp4Y, p. 31; OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2KEfp4Y) _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n7. See also above para. 8.\n178 In May-June 2018, 94 per cent of the municipalities, access to medicines was reported to be irregular; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee_\n_Report_, 30 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 18. See also, Reuters,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _Libyan Cancer Clinic Relies on Donors to Treat Patients_, 6 August\n2018, [https://reut.rs/2vCxrhY; OCHA,](https://reut.rs/2vCxrhY) _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, pp. 16, 43;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\nUNICEF, _Libya: Humanitarian Situation Report 2017_ [, 22 January 2018, https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7.](https://uni.cf/2n1Aoo7)\n\n18\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "Food security", + "confidence": 0.8087725043296814, + "start": 4, + "end": 6 + }, + "dataset_tag": "vague", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": null, + "author": null, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Libya", + "confidence": 0.9937232136726379, + "start": 73, + "end": 74 + }, + "publication_year": null, + "reference_year": { + "text": "2018", + "confidence": 0.7649270296096802, + "start": 12, + "end": 13 + }, + "reference_population": { + "text": "vulnerable persons", + "confidence": 0.8563542366027832, + "start": 167, + "end": 169 + }, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + }, + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "survey", + "confidence": 0.6572274565696716, + "start": 1006, + "end": 1007 + }, + "dataset_tag": "descriptive", + "description": null, + "data_type": { + "text": "survey", + "confidence": 0.8084520101547241, + "start": 1006, + "end": 1007 + }, + "acronym": null, + "author": { + "text": "WHO", + "confidence": 0.6158195734024048, + "start": 1009, + "end": 1010 + }, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Libya_", + "confidence": 0.9913201928138733, + "start": 1070, + "end": 1071 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2017_", + "confidence": 0.7998061776161194, + "start": 933, + "end": 934 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": null, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 17 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "issues are reported to be particularly vulnerable in light of the limited capacity of health services. [179]\nAccess to health care by IDPs, returnees, refugees and migrants [180] reportedly remains limited. [181] Drug\nand alcohol abuse has reportedly been on the rise since the beginning of the conflict. [182]\n\n\n31. **Shelter** : Housing and infrastructure, particularly in coastal areas, have reportedly seen high levels of\n\ndestruction as a result of waves of conflict since 2011. [183] As a result, thousands of people, mostly IDPs,\nare reported to live in substandard conditions in damaged and/or unfinished buildings. [184] Asylumseekers, refugees and migrants are reported to have particular difficulty in accessing adequate shelter\ndue to their irregular situation in Libya. [185]\n\n\n32. **Education** : Although overall school attendance is reported to be on the rise, problems persist including\n\nas a result of damage to and/or destruction of schools. [186] Instances of kidnappings and other attacks by\narmed groups against children, teaching personnel and schools have been reported. [187] In light of the\neconomic situation, unaffordability of educational services is reported to be a barrier to education,\nparticularly for IDPs. [188]\n\n\n33. **Water, Sanitation, Fuel and Electricity** : Public services have reportedly been disrupted and\n\ninfrastructure has deteriorated, severely impacting access to health services, electricity, fuel, sanitation\nand clean water. [189] The UN has expressed concern over the potential collapse of the water system in\n\n\n179 For example, mental health and family planning services are reported to be entirely unavailable in the South and available in only one per\ncent of all health facilities in other parts of Libya; OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\npp. 7, 33, 34.\n180 \u201c _Without legal documents validating their status migrants and refugees are often excluded from social security mechanisms and denied_\n_access to basic services. Migrants and refugees in Libya suffer from very limited access to primary medical care, mental health care and_\n_emergency medical intervention, including clinical management of Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) survivors_ \u201d; OCHA, _Libya_\n_HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 43. \u201c](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Migrants found to have a communicable disease (e.g._\n_tuberculosis) are detained. This means most migrants are reluctant to use public health services for fear of being sent to detention centres_ \u201d;\nIRC, _Pushing the Boundaries_ [, 11 July 2018, https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1, p. 12. See also, UNHCR,](https://bit.ly/2vrnPY1) _UNHCR Libya Fact Sheet (April 2018)_, 13\nApril 2018, [https://bit.ly/2Kg8SBP, p. 3; REACH,](https://bit.ly/2Kg8SBP) _Refugees and Migrants\u2019 Access to Resources, Healthcare and Housing_, December 2017,\n[https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 1, 21-24.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n181 OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 43; WHO,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _2017 Review of Health Sector in_\n_Libya_ [, 31 December 2017, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644bd84.html,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b644bd84.html) p. 1.\n182 WHO, _Who Is where, when, Doing what (4WS) in Mental Health and Psychosocial Support_ [, 2017, https://bit.ly/2AE2Iqs, p. 19.](https://bit.ly/2AE2Iqs)\n183 For example in the city of Sirte, over 2,500 houses remain reportedly destroyed as a result of conflict in 2016; UNHCR, _UNHCR Flash_\n_Update Libya (3 - 9 August 2018)_, 9 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2NAhHnA. Three central districts of Sirte (Campo, Giza, and Sirte 3)](https://bit.ly/2NAhHnA)\nreportedly remain empty of inhabitants as a result of large-scale destruction; IRIN, _In Libya, a City once Run by Islamic State Struggles to_\n_Start again_ [, 21 August 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87f0154.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b87f0154.html)\n184 While the majority of IDPs live in private accommodation, 16 per cent live in public or informal shelter settings; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP_\n_& Returnee Report_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, p. 12. See also, UN General Assembly,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx) _Report of the Special Rapporteur on the_\n_Human Rights of IDPs_ [, 10 May 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, para. 36; REACH,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _Refugees and Migrants\u2019 Access_\n_to Resources, Healthcare and Housing_ [, December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, p. 2.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n185 UN General Assembly, _Report_ _of_ _the_ _Special_ _Rapporteur_ _on_ _the_ _Human_ _Rights_ _of_ _IDPs_, 10 May 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html, paras 35-36; UNHCR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b4c60664.html) _Libya: Protection_ \uf02d _Situation Overview, January-February 2018_,\n[29 March 2018, https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb; OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2Hzfaeb) _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 44;](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\nREACH, _Refugees and Migrants\u2019 Access to Resources, Healthcare and Housing_ [, December 2017, https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K, pp. 1, 18-21.](https://bit.ly/2KfgC6K)\n186 A total of 489 schools have reportedly been affected by the crisis, of which 40 had been fully destroyed while 26 were accommodating\nIDPs. This affects an estimated 244,500 Libyan students in addition to 160,178 refugee and migrant students; OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1\n[March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 41. According to IOM\u2019s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), 97 per](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\ncent of municipalities reported that the majority of students were attending schools. The remaining three per cent reported irregular\nattendance in Derna, Ubari, Janzour and Hrawa; IOM, _DTM Libya \u2013_ _IDP & Returnee Report_ [, 30 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx, pp. 4,](https://bit.ly/2vm58Vx)\n17.\n187 According to Libyan Education Minister, Osman Abdel Jalil, \u201c[S] _ome schools have stopped operating altogether and others are in a very_\n_bad condition. A rising pitch of violence in those areas makes continuing the educational process impossible. Going to work for the teachers_\n_and attending classes for the students is a heroic mission_ \u201d; Their World, _Libyans Shocked as Bodies of Children Kidnapped on Their Way_\n_to School are Found_, 9 April 2018, [https://bit.ly/2K03T80. See also, OCHA,](https://bit.ly/2K03T80) _Protection of Women and Children Snapshot_, 28 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html. See also above paras 8 and 11.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6449314.html)\n188 OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 41; Agency for Technical Cooperation and](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\nDevelopment (ACTED), _Multi-Sector Needs Assessment in Selected IDP Camps and Informal Settlements, Benghazi Libya_, January 2018,\n[https://bit.ly/2tFt70m, pp. 4, 5.](https://bit.ly/2tFt70m)\n189 \u201c _Six years after the crisis erupted, assessments show that only 64 per cent of the affected population have access to adequate drinking water_\n_sources. The frequent electricity cuts [\u2026] continue to affect water and sanitation facilities, and lack of maintenance and spare parts are_\n_the main drivers for inadequate access to water and sanitation services_ \u201d; OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_, 1 March 2018,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 45. See also pp. 5, 8, 14 and 15 of the same report. See also, ICRC,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html) _Libya: Hospitals_\n_Suffering from Shortages; Public Infrastructure Collapsing_ [, 24 August 2017, https://bit.ly/2w3j87G.](https://bit.ly/2w3j87G)\n\n19\n\n\n", + "datasets": [ + { + "dataset_name": { + "text": "Displacement Tracking Matrix", + "confidence": 0.9733384847640991, + "start": 994, + "end": 997 + }, + "dataset_tag": "named", + "description": null, + "data_type": null, + "acronym": { + "text": "DTM", + "confidence": 0.9583548307418823, + "start": 998, + "end": 999 + }, + "author": { + "text": "IOM", + "confidence": 0.9862218499183655, + "start": 991, + "end": 992 + }, + "producer": null, + "geography": { + "text": "Libya", + "confidence": 0.9607218503952026, + "start": 1039, + "end": 1040 + }, + "publication_year": { + "text": "2018_", + "confidence": 0.9151200652122498, + "start": 977, + "end": 978 + }, + "reference_year": null, + "reference_population": { + "text": "refugee and migrant students", + "confidence": 0.5474094152450562, + "start": 968, + "end": 972 + }, + "is_used": "False", + "usage_context": "background" + } + ], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 18 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "case essential maintenance is not performed. [190] Frequent electricity cuts on most days reportedly remain\na challenge for many households. [191]\n\n\n_**Access to Territory and International Protection**_\n34. As the situation in Libya remains fluid and uncertain, UNHCR calls on all countries to allow civilians\n\n(Libyan nationals, former habitual residents of Libya and third-country nationals) fleeing Libya access\nto their territories.\n\n\n35. All claims of nationals and habitual residents of Libya seeking international protection should be\n\nprocessed in fair and efficient procedures in accordance with international and regional refugee law. [192]\nFor individuals whose claim had been rejected previous to recent events, the current situation may,\ndepending on the individual circumstances of the claim, give rise to changed circumstances, which need\nto be considered if a new asylum claim is submitted. UNHCR considers that persons having been directly\naffected by developments since 2011 may be at a particular risk of persecution or other forms of serious\nharm, including, _inter alia_, individuals opposing or perceived to be opposing a party to the conflict;\ngovernment officials and politicians; members of the judiciary and law enforcement; members of certain\nminority religious, ethnic or tribal groups; individuals perceived to be violating \u201cpublic morals\u201d; media\nprofessionals; human rights defenders and civil society activists; medical professionals; humanitarian\nworkers; women engaged in the public sphere; individuals of (real or perceived) diverse sexual\norientations and/or gender identities; and members of tribes/families or individuals perceived to be in\nsupport of the former Gaddafi regime. [193] Persons with these and other profiles may be in need of\ninternational refugee protection in accordance with the 1951 Convention, for reason of real or imputed\npolitical opinion, or for reasons related to other 1951 Convention grounds. Claims need to be considered\non an individual basis, carefully taking into account the particular circumstances of each case.\nFurthermore, UNHCR considers that persons fleeing Libya may be in need of international refugee\nprotection in accordance with Article 1(2) of the 1969 OAU Convention, or, in countries of asylum\noutside the African Union and in cases where the 1951 Convention criteria are found not to apply in the\nindividual case, may meet the criteria for complementary forms of protection. [194]\n\n\n36. There may be individuals who have been associated with acts that bring them within the scope of the\n\nexclusion clauses contained in Article 1F of the 1951 Convention. [195] In such cases, it will be necessary\nto examine carefully any issues of individual responsibility for crimes which may give rise to exclusion\nfrom international refugee protection. In addition, to preserve the civilian character of asylum, States\nwould need to assess the situation of arrivals carefully so as to identify armed elements and separate them\nfrom the civilian refugee population. [196]\n\n\n_**UNHCR Position on Returns**_\n37. UNHCR commends any measure taken by States to suspend forcible returns of nationals or habitual\n\nresidents of Libya, including those who have had their asylum claim rejected. UNHCR urges all States\nto suspend forcible returns to Libya until the security and human rights situation has improved\nconsiderably. Given the volatility of the situation, the fragmentation of control and the plethora of armed\ngroups, UNHCR considers that in the current circumstances the relevance and reasonableness criteria\n\n\n190 OCHA, _Libya HNO 2018_ [, 1 March 2018, http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html, p. 45.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b6429ad4.html)\n191 Ibid., pp. 17, 45. See also, Reuters, _Rolling Summer Blackouts Weigh on Libya's Struggling Traders_, 17 August 2018,\n[https://reut.rs/2wbeLGq; Al Jazeera,](https://reut.rs/2wbeLGq) _Power Outages Short-Circuit Libya's Economy_, 11 August 2018, [https://bit.ly/2PlsJh0;](https://bit.ly/2PlsJh0) REACH,\n_Libya; 2017 Multi-Sector Needs Assessment_ [, September 2017, https://bit.ly/2Klh2Vm, p. 2.](https://bit.ly/2Klh2Vm)\n192 Applicable frameworks include that of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol; the EU Qualification Directive [European\nUnion, _Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals_\n_or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary_\n_protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast) (\u201cQualification Directive\u201d)_, 13 December 2011,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f06fa5e2.html]; or other applicable regional frameworks, including the 1969 OAU Convention and the](http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f06fa5e2.html)\nCartagena Declaration [ _Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, Colloquium on the International Protection of Refugees in Central America,_\n_Mexico and Panama_ [, 22 November 1984, http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36ec.html].](http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36ec.html)\n193 See above \u201c _Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law_ \u201d.\n194 In the context of human rights obligations, or of applicable regional frameworks, such as the EU Qualification Directive.\n195 UNHCR, _Guidelines on International Protection No. 5: Application of the Exclusion Clauses: Article 1F of the 1951 Convention Relating_\n_to the Status of Refugees_ [, 4 September 2003, CR/GIP/03/05, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3f5857684.html.](http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3f5857684.html)\n196 See UNHCR, _Operational Guidelines on Maintaining the Civilian and Humanitarian Character of Asylum_, September 2006,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/452b9bca2.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/452b9bca2.html)\n\n20\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 19 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "for an internal flight or relocation alternative are unlikely to be met. [197] Suspension of forcible returns of\nnationals and habitual residents to Libya serves as a minimum standard and should not replace\ninternational refugee protection for persons found to meet the criteria for refugee status under the 1951\nConvention and the 1969 OAU Convention. This advice is valid until such time as the security and\nhuman rights situation in Libya has improved sufficiently to permit a safe and dignified return.\n\n\n_**International Protection Needs of Third-Country Nationals Departing from/through Libya**_\n38. Among those who have found themselves compelled to leave Libya, including by sea, are third-country\n\nnationals, including persons who were recognized as refugees or registered as asylum-seekers in Libya\nby UNHCR, or persons transiting through Libya who have been registered with or recognized as\nrefugees in other countries where they resided before reaching Libya (by UNHCR or in state asylum\nprocedures), as well as other persons in need of international protection.\n\n\n39. The situation in which a state exercises jurisdiction over people as a result of interception or rescue at\n\nsea requires respect for the principle of non-refoulement. UNHCR urges states to refrain from returning\nto Libya any third-country nationals intercepted or rescued at sea and to ensure that those in need of\ninternational protection are able to access fair and effective asylum procedures upon disembarkation. [198]\n\n\n40. Upon arrival in a country of asylum, third-country nationals seeking or otherwise indicating a possible\n\nneed for international protection should be referred to national asylum procedures, for consideration of\ntheir applications for international refugee protection. [199]\n\n\n_**Designation of Libya as Safe Third Country**_\n41. UNHCR does not consider it appropriate for States to designate or apply in practice a designation of\n\nLibya as a so-called \u201csafe third country\u201d. The designation of a country as a \u201csafe third country\u201d may\nresult in a request for international protection not being considered on its merits but declared\ninadmissible, or processed in an accelerated procedure with reduced procedural safeguards. Even before\nthe current unrest and insecurity, UNHCR considered that Libya should not be regarded as a safe third\ncountry in light of the absence of a functioning asylum system, the widely reported difficulties and\nabuses faced by asylum-seekers and refugees in Libya, the absence of protection from such abuses and\nthe lack of durable solutions. [200] UNHCR calls on States not to channel applications for international\nprotection from third-country nationals into an accelerated procedure or declare them inadmissible,\nmerely on the basis of the fact that they previously resided in or transited through Libya.\n\n\n197 The decision-maker bears the burden of proof of establishing that an analysis of relocation is relevant to the particular case. If considered\nrelevant, it is up to the party asserting this to identify the proposed area of relocation and provide evidence establishing that it is a reasonable\nalternative for the individual concerned. See: UNHCR, _Guidelines on International Protection No. 4: Internal Flight or Relocation_\n_Alternative\" Within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees_,\nHCR/GIP/03/04, 23 July 2003, [http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3f2791a44.pdf, and paras 33-35. For an IFA/IRA to be relevant, the proposed](http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3f2791a44.pdf)\narea of relocation must be practically, safely and legally accessible. Further, where the claimant has a well-founded fear of persecution at\nthe hands of the State and its agents, there is a presumption that consideration of an IFA/IRA is not \u201crelevant\u201d for areas under the control\nof the State. If the applicant fears persecution by a non-state agent of persecution, the ability to pursue the claimant in the proposed area\nand the State\u2019s ability to provide protection there must be considered, see paras 9-21. UNHCR considers that a similar analysis would apply\nwhen the applicability of IFA is considered in the context of determining eligibility for subsidiary protection.\n198 See UN Security Council Resolution 2240 (2015), which authorizes Member States to inspect vessels on the high seas off the Libyan coast\nif they are suspected of migrant smuggling or human trafficking from Libya, and to seize vessels which are confirmed as being used for\nthese purposes. The resolution recognizes that \u201c _that among these migrants may be persons who meet the definition of a refugee under the_\n_1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol thereto_ \u201d and urges states to respect the rights of migrants and \u201c _to_\n_comply with their obligations under international law, including international human rights law and international refugee law, as_\n_applicable_ \u201d; UN Security Council, _Resolution 2240 (2015), Adopted by the Security Council at its 7531st Meeting, on 9 October 2015_, 9\n[October 2015, S/RES/2240 (2015), http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64698c4.html. See also UNHCR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/5b64698c4.html) _UNHCR Intervention Before the_\n_European Court of Human Rights in the Case of Hirsi and Others v. Italy_, March 2010, Application No. 27765/09,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b97778d2.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b97778d2.html)\n199 People on the move to and through the Mediterranean Sea have different migratory status, with the majority of them not qualifying for\nrefugee or subsidiary protection. However, according to EUROSTAT _,_ approximately 30 per cent of those arriving on the European shores\nwere in need of international protection. Moreover, some have faced extreme hardship and abuse at the hands of unscrupulous traffickers\nduring the journey; UNHCR/IOM, _Proposal for a Regional Cooperative Arrangement Ensuring Predictable Disembarkation and_\n_Subsequent Processing of Persons Rescued-at-Sea_ [, 27 June 2018, https://bit.ly/2Oi1UJX, p. 1.](https://bit.ly/2Oi1UJX)\n200 UNHCR, _UNHCR Intervention before the European Court of Human Rights in the Case of Hirsi and Others v. Italy_, March 2010,\nApplication No. 27765/09, [http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b97778d2.html. See also above \u201c](http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b97778d2.html) _Situation of Third-Country Nationals_\n_(Including Asylum-Seekers, Refugees and Migrants)_ \u201d.\n\n21\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 20 + ] + } + }, + { + "input_text": "_**Designation of Libya as a Place of Safety for the Purpose of Disembarkation following Rescue at Sea**_\n42. In the context of rescue at sea and in line with international maritime law, disembarkation is to occur in\n\na predictable manner in a place of safety and in conditions that uphold respect for the human rights of\nthose who are rescued, including adherence to the principle of non-refoulement. [201] When asylumseekers, refugees and migrants are rescued at sea, including by military and commercial vessels, \u201c _the_\n_need to avoid disembarkation in territories where_ [their] _lives and freedoms_ (\u2026) _would be threatened_ \u201d\nis relevant in determining what constitutes a place of safety. [202] In light of the volatile security situation\nin general and the particular protection risks for third-country nationals (including detention in\nsubstandard conditions, and reports of serious abuses against asylum-seekers, refugees and migrants), [203]\nUNHCR does not consider that Libya meets the criteria for being designated as a place of safety for the\npurpose of disembarkation following rescue at sea. [204] The proposed establishment of a Gathering and\nDeparture Facility as an alternative to detention does not change UNHCR\u2019s position that Libya cannot\nbe designated as a place of safety for the purpose of disembarkation, noting also that all individuals\ntransferring through this facility would have to be evacuated from Libya for protection-related reasons,\nalthough this may not be an option for all.\n\n\n_**Updating and Review**_\n43. UNHCR\u2019s position will be reviewed as the situation evolves and will be updated as necessary.\n\n\n201 UNHCR/IOM, _Proposal for a Regional Cooperative Arrangement Ensuring Predictable Disembarkation and Subsequent Processing of_\n_Persons Rescued-at-Sea_, 27 June 2018, [https://bit.ly/2Oi1UJX, p. 2; International Maritime Organization (IMO),](https://bit.ly/2Oi1UJX) _Resolution MSC.155(78),_\n_Adoption of Amendments to the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, 1979_, 20 May 2004, Annex 5,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/432acad44.html; IMO,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/432acad44.html) _Resolution MSC.167(78), Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued At Sea_,\n[20 May 2004, http://www.refworld.org/docid/432acb464.html; IMO,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/432acb464.html) _International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue_, 27 April\n[1979, 1403 UNTS, Annex, para. 1.3.2, http://www.refworld.org/docid/469224c82.html.](http://www.refworld.org/docid/469224c82.html)\n202 IMO, _Resolution MSC.167(78), Guidelines on the Treatment of Persons Rescued at Sea_, 20 May 2004, para. 6.17,\n[http://www.refworld.org/docid/432acb464.html. See also, UNHCR,](http://www.refworld.org/docid/432acb464.html) _As Mediterranean Sea Arrivals Decline and Death Rates Rise, UNHCR_\n_Calls for Strengthening of Search and Rescue_ [, 6 July 2018, http://unhcr.org/5b3f270a4.](http://unhcr.org/5b3f270a4)\n203 See above paras 19 and 21.\n204 Non-refoulement obligations also apply in relation to Libyan nationals and former habitual residents of Libya intercepted / rescued at sea.\n\n22\n\n\n", + "datasets": [], + "document": { + "source": "https://reliefweb.int/attachments/c94c1114-f697-3c6f-95c7-860d0cd06013/5b8d02314.pdf", + "pages": [ + 21 + ] + } + } +] \ No newline at end of file