Input: estimated at US$57,000 at a 12 percent discount rate, with an ERR of 12 percent. **Gender** 67. **Building on the gender assessment conducted during the Phase I MTR, Phase II will address the gender** **gaps outlined in Table 10 below.** The project results framework will also track gender data. The key gaps identified in the MTR assessment are: (a) fewer women access loans from financial institutions to start their own businesses; (b) fewer women are starting businesses due to time poverty and capacity gaps; and (c) fewer women are in employment than men. Social gender norms and household dynamics play a critical role in causing these gaps. According to a 2022 study by Access to Finance Rwanda, deeply ingrained societal expectations shape how women participate in economic life and influence their capacity to leverage assets—particularly land and property—as collateral. _[34]_ One pervasive norm is that women should prioritize family and caregiving responsibilities over business activities. This norm restricts their time and engagement in income-generating pursuits and weakens their perceived legitimacy as entrepreneurs, reducing their chances of qualifying for credit. Additionally, women are often expected to rely on family support, especially from spouses, instead of seeking independent financial solutions, distancing them

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Input: System support, administration, and M&E (US$12 million)_ . This sub-component will support the operational costs of the PIST at the national, regional, district, and sub-county levels. These project structures will work in collaboration with the existing OPM structures at the various levels. The sub-component will also fund a robust M&E system that will include regular monitoring from the field using the World Bank GEMS system, as well as baseline, midline, and endline assessments. Beneficiary phone surveys will be conducted regularly to gather information from the field. The sub-component will support capacity building for the project IAs on issues such as financial management, procurement, project management, M&E, and environmental and social risk management. 48. _Sub-component 4.2: Strengthening Transparency, Accountability, and Anti-corruption (STAAC) (US$2.5 million)_ . Led by the IG, the GoU’s peak anti-corruption body, the sub-component will establish and build the capacity of Community Monitoring Groups in all DRDIP II locations to operate as frontline agents for corruption prevention, corruption risk monitoring, awareness raising and to receive corruption complaints. Project financing will also support the IG to respond to allegations of corruption made against the project. Page 13

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Input: Bank. [43] Multifaceted challenges such as refugee impacts on host communities and assisting of refugees to achieve self-reliance require a combination of policy and investment. The approach is aligned with lessons from the 2023 World Development Report which highlighted that “policies should be geared toward financial and social sustainability by means of internal mobility, self-reliance, and inclusion in national services.” [44] Durable solutions require a combination of both legal and development perspectives, which is precisely what this project does. Such an approach needs to be coupled with a long-term development horizon as the typical World Bank project life cycle is not well suited to addressing such massive development deficits over typically short project cycles. 47. **The viability of agribusiness is crucial for project sustainability beyond World Bank assistance.** The TA and financial support provided under the project will build on the successful World Bank financed Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (P156492) model. The aim will be to provide cooperatives and farmers sufficient TA and grant financing to 43 World Bank. 2022. _Social Cohesion and Forced Displacement: A Synthesis of New Research_ . 44 World Development Report 2023. Page 22

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Input: adolescent clubs, community community-based child protection structures volunteers, sports and the establishment of child (Children Clubs and Child Welfare Committees) friendly spaces, and life-skills education groups. through WhatsApp and other online platforms to Operations and partners map the community disseminate referral pathways updates and key actors to further facilitate and enhance their roles protection messages. vis-a-vis the aforementioned mechanisms to protect children and their communities. In Ukraine, UNHCR shared important information on its online refugee youth platform, including In Mexico, UNHCR, in collaboration with IOM and useful links for free online courses that was used UNICEF, developed child-friendly information for social interactions and peer-to-peer support. materials on COVID-19 and supported UNHCR / July 2020 2

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Input: **The World Bank** Uganda Development Response to Displacement Impacts Project Phase II (P510476) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT 7. **Degradation of the natural environment is placing refugees and host communities at higher risk from climate** **change effects.** Uganda’s economy is highly dependent on ‘climate-sensitive’ sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and forestry. Ranked 163 [rd] out of 187 on the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative index, urgent action is required to address climate vulnerability in Uganda. Key trends over the last 60 years include temperature rises (1.3degree Celsius average temperature increase, expected to reach 1.8 degrees by 2050) and a statistically significant reduction in rainfall. Droughts have become more frequent and longer-lasting, especially in the western, northern, and north-eastern regions, which cover most of the DRDIP II target areas. [10] This is causing more frequent crop failure, threatening livelihoods, increasing food insecurity, and aggravating water scarcity. In the future, rainfall is expected to decrease further in the north and north-eastern regions and increase in the west. As the climate crisis intensifies, the country faces rising incidents of extreme weather, leading to disasters such as floods, droughts, and landslides. [11] Between 2018 and 2023, over 455,000 people were displaced due to weather-related disasters,

Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative index

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Input: the Women, Business, and the Law Index (World Bank 2022a). 4. **Djibouti’s vulnerability to climate-related disasters exacerbates these economic and social challenges.** The country frequently experiences heatwaves, droughts and floods, which take a heavy toll on the population by reducing productivity and disrupting economic activity. Between 1980 and 2019, Djibouti recorded ten major droughts, with the 2008-2011 drought alone shrinking GDP by four percent and affecting over 100,000 people, leading to the loss of half of Djibouti’s livestock. More recent flooding events between 2018 and 2020 caused substantial damage, impacting 250,000 people and requiring an estimated US$25 million for recovery and reconstruction. The increasing frequency and intensity of these extreme weather events place additional pressure on rural communities, which are already struggling with poverty, underdeveloped infrastructure, and limited access to essential services. In 2021, 89 percent of Djibouti’s population was exposed to climate hazards, with extreme heat affecting more people (82.8 percent) than any other 1 In Djibouti less than 1,000 square kilometers of land is arable and annual rainfall is extremely low (130 mm). Page 1

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Input: a broader range of interventions including the financial services and SBCCs. **C. Disbursement Arrangements** 65. **Given the high-risk environment, the report-based disbursement will not be applicable.** Therefore, upon project effectiveness, transaction-based disbursements will be used. An initial advance up to the ceiling of the Designated Account (DA) will be made into the DA and subsequent disbursements will be made monthly against submission of Statements of Expenditures or records as specified in the DFILs. The other methods of disbursing the funds (reimbursement, direct payment, and special commitment) will also be available to the project. The minimum value of applications for these methods is USD100,000 equivalent. The project will have the option to sign and submit withdrawal applications electronically using the eSignatures module accessible from the World Bank’s Client Connection website. The flow of funds arrangement chart is shown in Figure 1.1 here under. **Figure 1.1. Flow of Funds and Disbursement Arrangements** Page 18

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Input: **Table 1: Sample of farms** **No. of** **Irrigated** **Dryland** **Country** **plots** **plots** **plots** Burkina Faso 1141 59 1082 Cameroon 1013 145 868 Egypt 1030 1030 0 Ethiopia 932 67 865 Ghana 1210 49 1161 Kenya 862 95 767 Niger 1133 52 1081 Senegal 1362 34 1328 South Africa 283 83 200 Zambia 1009 13 996 Zimbabwe 958 123 835 **Total** **10933** **1750** **9183** 14

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) 35. **Component 4: Project Management and Operational Analytical Support (US$10 million).** Component 4 will finance project management costs and technical assistance. A PIU will be financed by the World Bank with adequate fiduciary procedures in place to ensure the efficient and transparent use of loan proceeds. Staff and activities financed under this Project will be clearly delineated in the Project Operations Manual. 36. _Subcomponent 4.1. Project Management_ (US$5 million). This subcomponent will support project management, through: (i) operating a PIU in MEP; (ii) strengthening MEP’s supervision, monitoring, and evaluation capacity for specific Project activities; (iii) carrying out technical and Project audits; and (iv) environmental and social management activities. The subcomponent will finance project operating costs and acquisition of goods and services related to overall project activities, such as impact evaluation studies and communication activities. 37. _Subcomponent 4.2. Operational Analytical Support_ (US$5 million). This subcomponent will finance just-in-time analytical work, as needed, in relation to the Project’s areas of activity. These include the preparation of analytical policy work and related policy and operational support activities regarding the following topics, _inter alia_ : (i) International Baccalaureate program; (ii) Non-University Colleges ( _Educación

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Input: **The World Bank** Integrated Community Resilience Project (P506969) PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT 24. **The proposed PDO-level indicators are:** - Direct project beneficiaries, of which female, refugees, host community residents, and vulnerable to climate change (number); - Beneficiaries of cash for nutrition transfers under the project, of which female, refugees, host community residents (number); - People provided with improved access to basic infrastructure and services, of which female, refugees, host community residents (number); - People supported to enhance their livelihoods and income generation, of which female, refugees, host community residents (number **).** **C. Project Beneficiaries** 25. **The project will have a holistic approach that will benefit underserved communities in Dikhil region, two** **refugee-hosting regions of Obock** **and Ali Sabieh (including Ali Addeh and Holl Holl refugee villages), and expand across** **the country including Djibouti-Ville for the social safety nets.** The project is expected to reach 74,800 direct beneficiaries, including 12,860 refugees (39.4 percent of the total refugee population) and 35,900 host community residents (4.5 percent of the total host population). Beneficiary targets have been set in consideration of the size of the refugees and host community populations. 26. **Intervention areas.** Under component 1, safety net support will be provided across all regions

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Input: 2019, nine safety net programs covered different groups), inadequacy, and unpredictability. Djibouti’s social protection system is currently inadequate to shield poor and vulnerable people from adverse lifecycle impacts or encourage desirable investment in human capital and provides limited coverage. In 2012, social safety net coverage was 9.5 percent, well below regional averages, with government social safety net spending 0.18 percent of GDP, compared with the Middle Eastern and North African average of one percent and the world average of more than 1.5 percent. Social safety net systems are critical in protecting and building the human capital of children threatened by adverse impacts on livelihoods such as environmental shocks. This support is particularly important for the 21 percent of Djiboutians who are extremely poor and have no capacity to smooth consumption and protect their human capital. 9. **Development indicators in Djibouti highlight significant service delivery challenges and multidimensional** **poverty, particularly in rural areas** . Maternal mortality remains high (234 deaths for 100,000 births) with rural areas driving the trend [4] . According to the **Human Capital Review for Djibouti (World Bank, 2024)**, access to basic services such as targeted social safety nets, education and healthcare remains limited, with rural areas experiencing

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Input: a setting that is more likely to mirror commercial-level insurance operations; therefore, it provides a higher level of external validity. The paper will proceed as follows: Section I explains the insurance policies and data that will be studied in the empirical section. Section II provides the main empirical evidence, and shows that recipients of insurance payouts are more likely to purchase insurance the following year. Section III searches for evidence of a number of mechanisms by which this could take place. Section IV discusses a number of behavioral explanations for the results. Section V concludes and offers policy recommendations. **I.** **Index Insurance and Customer Data** In this analysis I study monsoon rainfall index insurance policies underwritten by the insurance company ICICI-LOMBARD and sold by BASIX, a microfinance institution based in Hyderabad. The policies insure against excess or deficit rainfall; they are calculated based on rainfall measured at a stated weather station. By basing payoffs on just rainfall, the policies have low monitoring and verification costs and also should be free of adverse selection and moral hazard (Collier, Skees, and Barnett 2009). These attributes make policies inexpensive to create and administer, which allows them to be sold in small quantities and

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Input: invest in economic opportunity and access to services in the hosting districts; and (b) at the same time, facilitate refugee mobility out of the camps and rural areas into urban centers, where more opportunities are available and self-reliance is more achievable. 8. **Building on the ongoing Phase I of Jya Mbere, Phase II aims to assist refugees and host communities to** **achieve self-reliance.** Compared to when Phase I commenced, there is now greater understanding conceptually and in practical terms of what it takes to achieve self-reliance. The Rwanda RSRI has seven domains: education, health, labor, income, food security, ID/social capital, and housing, with the first four to be supported by Phase II (plus environmental management). Complementing the RSRI, the 2022 _National Graduation Strategy_ provides guidance on the characteristics of those who have “graduated” out of long-term poverty into self-reliance, including livelihood diversification, savings, and access to markets and services, all of which will be supported by Jya Mbere II. 9. **Climate change poses risks to Rwanda’s positive economic outlook and refugees are particularly vulnerable** **to climate shocks** . Ranked 112 out of 185 countries in the 2021 Notre Dame-Global Adaptation Index (ND-GAIN), Rwanda is vulnerable to flooding, heat, drought, and

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Input: the basis for improved skills in a transition towards lower-carbon economies. On mitigation, the activities supported by the Project are expected to generate negligible Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, and as such, do not pose material risks of having a negative impact on the country’s low emission targets. **II.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION** **A. Project Development Objective** **PDO Statement** 19. The Project Development Objective is to enhance MEP efficiency and improve foundational learning, digital competencies, and employability skills of students in MEP administered schools. **PDO Level Indicators** i. **PDO 1: Enhancing MEP Efficiency:** Indicator 1: Reduction in processing times for selected administrative and management processes within MEP. ii. **PDO 2: Improving foundational learning, digital competencies and employability skills** : Indicator 2: Percentage of Grade 3 students who surpass Basic level in National Assessments for Reading and Mathematics; Indicator 3: Percentage of students who have met the Intermediate achievement level of digital instruction corresponding to their Grade; Indicator 4: Percentage of technical stream secondary education students with micro-credentials registering English proficiency (all these indicators will be disaggregated by gender and by indigenous and refugee/migrant status). [23] 23 The Project will support block-chain backed micro-credentials (these are authenticated digital certificates, with the block-chain ensuring the

National Assessments for Reading and Mathematics

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Input: registration plan that includes vulnerable people within the refugee and host population, for example, single women and people with disabilities. Specific activities to be supported include the following: (a) Procurement of approximately 150,000 paper-based cards or polycarbonate cards (out of the 20 million that the Government will buy for citizens) (b) Transfer of the UNHCR ProGres [22] database to the MoHAIS (separate servers and peripheral equipment) (c) IT upgrading at MoHAIS offices in the three refugee settlements to enable all future documentation requests to be done locally and digitally, eliminating the need for travel to Lusaka (d) Community-level customized campaigns for refugees in three districts, including mobile registration camps targeting women and girls (e) Biometric registration kits. 30. The project will uphold approved operating procedures applied by the Department of National Registration within the MoHAIS in safeguarding personal data, aligned with the GRZ’s Data Protection Act of 2021. MoHAIS officials will benefit 20 Refers to refugees, asylum-seekers, refugee returnees, stateless people, and the internally displaced. 21 Statelessness and Climate Change Factsheet, UNHCR, 2021. 22 UNCHR’s registration and case management system Page 15

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Input: physical assaults, kidnappings, murders, sexual violence but also incidents related to explosive devices (ED). The security situation and military operations in neighboring countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, Nigeria), the continuation of NSAG incursions into Niger, the intensification of operations by the Defense and Security Forces (DFS) are all factors that predict the persistence of ED threats in Niger. Indeed, since 2022, the threat of ED has continued to rage in the regions of Tillabery and Diffa. The Protection Cluster recorded approximately 55 ED-related incidents in 2022 (a 34% increase compared to 2021). From January to June 2023, 32 ED incidents were reported, representing more than half of the total number of incidents reported in 2022. It is also worth highlighting the problem of food insecurity which affects several departments, including those affected by ED threats. In fact, faced with the effects of food insecurity, communities could resort to negative coping strategies, in particular that of venturing into areas affected by ED in search of means of subsistence or even collecting scrap metal found on explosive remnants of war for resale. In the face of a growing threat from ED, mine action capacities remain limited in Niger. Considerable challenges exist both in

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Input: at the country level. Our overall environmental indicator is the mean of the five thematic indicators. [9] We use log values for the analysis because the size distributions of country indicators and resource allocations are extremely 8 For biodiversity, our data include only Bank lending. Grants by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for biodiversity conservation are not included in this analysis, but the GEF is currently conducting a parallel analysis of its own resource allocation. 9 All indicators are normalized to the range [0-100], so they have equal weight in determining the mean indicator. 11

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Input: in 2020 (only 49 percent of needs) to US$37 million in 2023 (41 percent of needs), despite almost no change in refugee numbers. 6. **Progress towards achieving refugee self-reliance is hampered by a lack of employment and income-** **generating opportunities.** A tailored Refugee Self-Reliance Index (RSRI) prepared by the GoR, the World Bank and UNHCR measures refugee self-reliance in Rwanda. As noted above, the 2022 census and the first round of RSRI data showed that most refugees have good access to basic services, but fare poorly with respect to employment and income. The employment to population ratio for refugees is 15 percent as against 46 percent for the total population. According to the RSRI survey, just 24 percent of refugees reported doing paid work in the previous seven days (though this increases to 45 percent for refugees living in Kigali) and only eight percent run a business or are engaged in farming. Low income is reflected in poor food security, with almost 60 percent of refugee households reporting that they typically eat only one meal per day. The main reasons provided for the low employment levels were lack of skills (44 percent) and lack of information about the local labor

tailored Refugee Self-Reliance Index
2022 census
RSRI survey

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Input: The choice of district – rather than cluster – fixed effect is informed by the understanding that meaningful time-invariant factors - such as mining laws, level of development, local political institutions, norms regarding environment, women’s participation in the labor market, etc. - that influence exploitation of the mine happens at the district level. Including district fixed effects, we control for various institutional and cultural factors at the district level that are stable over time. Including district fixed effects also ensures that we are not only capturing effects from transfers or the fiscal system as we compare individuals within the same districts. With this method we capture the geographic spillover effects in the vicinity of the mine. Moreover, cluster fixed effects are not possible because of clusters are not repeatedly sampled over time. However, since the estimation is at individual level, all standard errors are clustered at the DHS cluster level. The sample is restricted to individuals living within 100 km of a deposit location ( _mine_ ), so many parts of Northern Ghana where there are few gold mines are not included in the analysis. The sample restriction is created by using the time-stable continuous distance measure that we calculate

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Input: this error, I run simulations where I assume that the BASIX data has been matched completely correctly and then induce “measurement error” by randomly changing the dependent variable of whether people purchased the following year or not. With the introduction of 10 percent matching errors (with an equal probability of a mismatch for buyer or nonbuyers), the coefficient on receiving a payout in the full sample (column 1) falls from .090 to an average of .072 over 1,000 simulations. For the marketing restricted sample in column 2, it drops from .222 to .178. In other words, if one assumes 10 percent matching errors, then the estimated coefficients are likely to be underestimated by around 20 percent. It also may be possible that most of the error came from being unable to identify positive matches, possibly due to different members of a household signing the insurance contract from year to year. Repeating the above simulation but assuming that only people who were found not to have bought the next year could have been errors, the coefficients become underestimated by around 10 percent. Although the exact form and structure of the matching errors cannot be known, it is possible that the reported

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Input: prioritize on-farm value chains such as cassava, maize, soybeans, sunflowers, groundnuts, sorghum, sesame, as well as aquaculture. Off-farm livestock activities could consider trading, baked goods, agro-technology (milling), apiary, piggery, and cattle-rearing for milk and beef value chains. In refugee settings, where land access is relatively limited, non-farm enterprises and small livestock (e.g., poultry) will be encouraged. Utilizing existing diagnostics, a list of high potential value chain options by order of priority for the targeted regions has been developed. Each district will target two-three of these key value chains to ensure scale, impact, and synergy with ongoing investments. Priority value chains will inform group-based investments through the CDD model, where a positive list will be presented to beneficiaries for informed choice. 38. **For selected value chains, the sub-component will strengthen coordination efforts at the national and district** **levels to avoid duplication.** The project will support the development of a District Economic Opportunities Plan (DEOP) that will outline existing efforts in the chosen value chains, identify private sector players and off-takers, and compile a catalogue of assets and infrastructure requiring construction or maintenance. The DEOP will serve as a framework for DRDIP II investments to collaborate effectively with activities under the Uganda

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Input: with World Bank-funded projects applying the ESF; (b) multiplicity of stakeholders with a fragmented coordination mechanism, coupled with weak institutional capacity; (c) potential risk of exclusion, which could exacerbate existing tensions of inequality among refugees and host communities; (d) disproportionate impacts of planned activities on vulnerable groups, (e) risk of labor influx leading to increased incidences of GBV, sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA), and sexual harassment (SH) based on the contextual environment; (f) lack of privacy in the use of personal data; and (g) potential physical and economic impacts. 71. To mitigate identified environment and social risks, an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared, with guidelines for site-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), corresponding Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs), and other relevant instruments when applicable. A SEP has been prepared, which outlines the process of consultations to be conducted throughout the project cycle with identified stakeholders (particularly women, youths, persons with disability, and the elderly), using culturally appropriate methods for provision of accurate project information. The SEP also describes the grievance process which is responsive to GBV/SEA/SH. Agreed actions for monitoring project risks are specified in the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP). The ESCP,

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Input: in active mining communities are marginally older, more likely to never have moved, and more likely to be or have been in a cohabiting relationship or married. Given the women’s slightly higher age, it is not surprising to find that they have higher fertility and lower schooling (assuming that schooling has increased over time in Ghana). All these estimates are, however, insignificant. **Table 3 Observable characteristics in the DHS individual data** non- ever currently ever total any schooling 16

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Input: Policy Research Working Paper 9447 ###### **Abstract** Flooding is among the most prevalent natural hazards affecting people around the world. This study provides a global estimate of the number of people who face the risk of intense fluvial, pluvial, or coastal flooding. The findings suggest that 1.47 billion people, or 19 percent of the world population, are directly exposed to substantial risks during 1-in-100 year flood events. The majority of flood exposed people, about 1.36 billion, are located in South and East Asia; China (329 million) and India (225 million) account for over a third of global exposure. Of the 1.47 billion people who are exposed to flood risk, 89 percent live in low- and middle-income countries. Of the 132 million people who are estimated to live in both extreme poverty (under $1.9 per day) and in high flood risk areas, 55 per cent are in Sub-Saharan Africa. About 587 million people face high flood risk, while living on less than $5.5 per day. These findings are based on high-resolution flood hazard and population maps that enable global coverage, as well as poverty estimates from the World Bank’s Global Monitoring Database of harmonized household surveys. This paper is a product

Global Monitoring Database of harmonized household surveys

high-resolution flood hazard and population maps

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Input: 9.745 6.292 9.759 8.111 ... disputes could not be resolved by village 1.248 0.074 0.724 0.894 0.042 1.690 0.933 leaders **Results** Contract now longer than 30 years 0.987 0.993 0.980 0.977 1.000 0.983 0.993 Contract now permanent 0.717 0.792 0.497 0.481 0.848 0.861 0.860 _Source:_ Own computation from 2014 Chengdu village survey for three counties inside Chengdu based on 153 villages. . 18

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Input: Local 27 UNDP. 2022. _Needs Assessment Report for the Promoting Human Security through Sustainable Resettlement_ _Programme._ 28 UNHCR. 2023. _Socioeconomic Survey Report: Zambia_ . 29 UNHCR. 2022. _Working towards One Meheba - GAP Analysis_ . 30 The low population density, lack of any obvious farming activity, and absence of markets to the south of the Mwafwe River mean that upgrading the second portion of the road past the Mwafwe bridge is deemed not economically viable at this time and not a priority for the project. 31 The REA project involves electricity supply to Maheba C Primary School, Maheba D Primary School, Maheba D RHC, Maheba Markets 1 and 2, Maheba E Community School, Maheba F Primary school, Maheba F RHC, Maheba G Primary School, Brave Heart RHC, Kamiba Primary School, Kamiba RHC, and surrounding areas. The work involves construction a total of 36.471 km 33 kV of overhead lines (OHL) from an existing 33 kV OHL at Maheba B and 23.315 km of 400 V OHL. 32 There are a total of 15 schools in the settlement—2 secondary schools, 8 primary schools, and 5 providing early childhood education (ECE). 33 Ministry of General Education, Zambia, 2020. Page 17

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Input: are at approximately 90m spatial resolution, the global wetlands data are compiled from a range of sources resulting in generalized areas. Also, the correspondence 20 Tol 2007 drew on the Global Vulnerability Analysis and other country studies for quantification of wetland loss from 1 m SLR for a global analysis including small island nations. 13

the global wetlands data
global wetlands data

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Input: for CBI TWG meetings and participate in CBI TWG meetings on a regular basis. They are responsible for sharing programmatic information and updates, technical inputs, lessons-learnt, and actively participating in setting the strategic direction of the CBI TWG. **Secretariat:** UNHCR acts as secretariat and is responsible for information and knowledge management which includes gathering of information from partners, and publishing on the dedicated page of the interagency data portal managed by UNHCR for CBI TWG. **Information Management Officer (IMO):** This role is held by UNHCR, and it carries responsibility of managing and facilitating efficient data-related processes including overseeing the collection and analysis of data in the CBI Mapping process, as well as the production and dissemination of CBI TWG dashboards and relevant analyses to platform partners. The IMO is tasked with identifying the information needs of the platform and its partners, encouraging a culture of structured and secure information sharing among all stakeholders through well-defined sectoral mechanisms. Additionally, the IMO supports partners in continuously updating their CBIs on the Services Advisor. A key aspect of this role involves the development, collection, processing, analysis, storage, and sharing of data within the CBI TWG. **Technical Advisory Group:** Comprising a group of CVA

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Input: presents the effects of mining on asset wealth and on asset wealth inequality. Wealth data are available in the form of a wealth index, but only for the two last DHS surveys. Following Fenske (2015) and Flatø and Kotsadam (2014), we calculate inequality by means of a Gini coefficient (recoding the wealth variable to be positive only, and using the command 13 It is also possible that mining companies compete with households for electricity if supply cannot be increased in the short run. 14 In panels Ba, Bb, and Bc of Appendix figure A1, we analyze access to radio. We learn that access to radio is higher close to active mines, and that this seems true according to both the first method (Ba), according to the spatial lag model (Bb), and for both migrants and nonmigrants (Bc). The difference in effects between electricity and radio access might be due to electricity being more dependent on public infrastructure, and that electricity access may come with a time lag to other development indicators such as employment and access to radio, since a battery radio can be bought and used instantly, and easily moved. 26

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Input: use two complementary geocoded household data sets to analyze outcomes in Ghana: the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS), which provide information on a wide range of welfare outcomes. The paper contributes to the growing literature on the local effects of mining. Much of the academic interest in natural resources is focused on country-wide effects, and this research discusses whether the discovery of natural resources is a blessing or a curse to the national economy. Natural resource dependence at the national level has been linked to worsening economic and political outcomes, such as weaker institutions, and more corruption and conflict (see Frankel 2012 and van der Ploeg 2011 for an overview). While all these effects can have household-level implications, fewer analyses have, thus far, analyzed the geographic dispersion of such impacts. A recent literature on the local and subnational effects of natural resources contributes to the understanding of such effects (for example Aragón and Rud 2013, 2015; Axbard et al., 2016; Benshaul-Tolonen 2018, 2019; Caselli and Michaels 2013; Corno and de Walque 2012; Fafchamps et al. 2016; Kotsadam and Tolonen 2016; Loyaza et al 2013; Michaels 2011; von der Goltz and Barnwal 2019; Wilson

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)
Ghana Living Standard Survey (GLSS)

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Input: this study, we consider hundreds of thousands of such locations. This means that, globally, hundreds of 1-in-100 year flood events happen every year. **3.2.** **Population density** This study estimates the location of people using the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL), produced by the EC JRC. It offers global coverage and is available for the years 1975, 1990, 2000, 2015, and 2020. While GHSL provides several layers (including those specifying built-up areas, population, and settlements), this study uses the population density map (GHSL-POP 2020). In a raster format, this data set provides the number of inhabitants per cell, with a resolution of 3 arc seconds (approximately 90 by 90 meters), thus specifying the distribution of population. This information is based on administrative or census-based population data, which is then disaggregated to grid cells based on distribution and density of built-up area, which in turn is derived from satellite imagery. For details of the methodology, see Freire et al. (2016). 6

Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL)
population density map (GHSL-POP 2020)

administrative or census-based population data

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Input: and grievances management. By implementing these measures, the project aims to create a robust and dynamic social registry that will not only address current needs but also adapt to future challenges. **Component 2: Access to Socio-Economic Infrastructure and Development of Economic Opportunities (** _**total IDA**_ _**US$14 Million equivalent, including WHR US$4.5 Million**_ **)** 40. **This component will finance basic socio-economic infrastructure to increase access to services (e.g.,** **electrification, water and sanitation, renewable energy, health and education facilities, roads and utilities) for** **vulnerable communities, including refugees and hosts, in addition to productive economic assets (US$11 Million).** Additionally, it will provide targeted support to facilitate or enhance access to economic opportunities and sustainable livelihoods in target rural areas (US$3 Million). As such, activities under this component will aim to create social and economic development opportunities for the populations in underserved areas, and for refugees and host communities in refugee-hosting areas, and facilitating sustainable solutions to protracted refugee situations. 41. **Supporting an integrated service delivery platform to foster economic growth and jobs creation, the approach** **will leverage socio-economic infrastructure investments in underserved target locations.** It will support productive facilities and strengthen market access. The compounded effect of these investments – expanding access to

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Input: A combination of geographical targeting, categorical targeting, ProxyMeans Targeting (PMT) and community-based targeting (CBT) mechanisms will be used in a complementary way to identify beneficiaries and minimize exclusion and inclusion errors that may arise from inadequate coverage of the social registry and biases that result from community beneficiary identification. The main basis for beneficiary targeting will be the PMT using information from the social registry. However, the CBT will be done in areas not covered by the social registry while enrolled beneficiaries will be validated through community visits and public meetings. Among the target households, C4N will specifically prioritize families with young children and pregnant women living in extreme poverty, recognizing that these households encounter significant barriers in accessing essential nutrition and health services. Female recipients will be disproportionately targeted (women to make up at least of 75 percent of cash transfers beneficiaries). 34. **With regard to the SBCC, the sessions will seek to empower mothers, including from households among** **refugees and host communities, with knowledge about proper nutrition and meal preparation, good hygiene practices,** Page 10

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Input: wetland service and valuation methods used, with the average annual wetland value reported to be approximately USD 2,800 ha [-1] yr [-1] at 1995 USD (see Brander et al. 2006 for details). However, Brander et al. (2006) pointed out that the median value in their sample is USD 150 ha [-] 1 yr-1 at 1995 USD, thus suggesting a skewed distribution of values with a long tail of high values. The authors also found that higher values per hectare were observed in North America and Europe, all other things being equal. For the purpose of this analysis, we first assumed that a value of USD 150 ha [-1] yr [-1] at 1995 USD applies to all wetlands in all regions, as the median is a better measure of the central tendency for positively skewed distributions. We converted this number to USD 2000 [22] and used this number to estimate the economic value of the quantity of vulnerable wetlands presented in 21 Brouwer at al. (1999), in their analysis, selected their sample exclusively from studies using contingent valuation as the means of valuation. Woodward and Wui (2001) included 39 valuation studies in their analysis with of these studies from the United

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Input: direct and effective support to frontline schools; and (iii) Improving decision-making with a data-driven approach, improving information systems and planning, which requires more accurate cost estimation and resultsoriented strategic planning. These measures would allow the MEP to optimize its management and fulfil its mandate to ensure that resources are used effectively to support the learning and development of students throughout the country. [17] **Inclusion: Gender, Refugees and Migrants, and Indigenous Peoples** 11. **Gender parity between boys and girls to access STEAM related jobs is a challenge on which Costa Rica has made** **progress, but more policy action is needed.** PISA 2022 mean scores for Costa Rica in Reading are above LAC’s average (415 vs. 400), as well as mean scores in Mathematics (385 vs. 374) and Sciences (411 vs. 400). Figure 1a shows that there is a statistically significant gender gap in Mathematics but not in Reading and Science as observed in PISA data. Looking at graduates of pre-university technical education (mainly technical stream secondary education) one finds an interesting pattern comparing three specializations (Figure 1b). Gender disparities are high in Electronics and Automation, less in Software Development and were recently eliminated in Network and Database Design. The final example

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Input: (l) annual external audits will be conducted and the Management Letters will be submitted to the World Bank within six months after the end of the financial year; (m) IAs will be responsible to take timely action on audit report findings and notify the same to the World Bank. With implementation of these actions, the FM assessment concludes that the current arrangements will provide reasonable assurance that the project resources will be used for the intended purposes. **Procurement** 77. **Procurement will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank Procurement Regulations for** **Borrowers under IPF**, dated July 2016, revised February 2025, sixth edition, hereafter referred to as the ‘Procurement Regulations’. The project will be subject to the World Bank’s Anticorruption Guidelines, dated July 2016, and beneficiary disclosure requirements. The project will use the Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement (STEP), a planning and tracking system that will provide data on procurement activities, establish benchmarks, monitor delays, and measure procurement performance. 78. **As per the requirement of the Procurement Regulations, a Project Procurement Strategy for Development** **(PPSD) sets out the selection methods to be followed** in the procurement of goods, works, non-consulting and consulting services financed by the World Bank.

Systematic Tracking of Exchanges in Procurement

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Input: work was carried out in which 14 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Representatives of the key institutional bodies that deal with refugees and asylum seekers were interviewed; namely the state (officials and politicians); civil society (senior NGO staff and academics); and personnel at the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). It further draws on a multidisciplinary review of academic papers, key governmental documents and diverse media reports. [1] 1Three key newspapers are cited; _Haaretz –_ a central-left newspaper, _Jerusalem Post_ - a central-right newspaper and _Ynet,_ a news website, owned by Israel‘s most popular, politically-mainstream newspaper _Yedioth Aharonot_ 1

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Input: are described in table 2. The average village has an area of about 7,500 mu (5 km [2] ) of which some 51% were 13 To test for presence of pre-reform trends for variable _Yit_ in household _i_ in year _t_, we use the pre-reform sample to estimate ��� ������� ����� �������� ����where _Ci_ is an indicator variable for location inside Chengdu and _Tit_ is a time. With _β2_ and _β2_ + _β3_ as the pre-reform trend for households outside and inside the Chengdu boundary, significance of _β3_ .implies that the parallel trends assumption can be rejected and we report the level of significance for this variable in table 1, col. 7. 10

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Input: group-based revolving funds and start-up grants to approximately 234,500 beneficiaries to enhance their economic investments and value chain engagement. PCM of US$10 million has been added to the financing table based on beneficiaries' monthly collective 10 Climate Risk Profile: Uganda (2021): The World Bank Group. 11 “Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution.” Ministry of Water and Environment, October 2015. 12 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Global Internal Displacement Database - Disasters. IDMC (2023). 13 UNHCR and partners are reporting increased rates of refugee suicide. Page 3

Global Internal Displacement Database - Disasters

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Input: _UNHCR and partners worked to ensure that unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) continue_ _to receive on-going monitoring, while newly separated children are placed in appropriate temporary_ _care arrangements._ Restriction measures, and the subsequent impact operation has also been working with families and on the household income has had a significant individuals to identify caregivers for effect on families’ ability to continue to care for unaccompanied children. unaccompanied and separated children. In addition, these measures also prevent UNHCR In Ecuador and Jordan, UNHCR and partners, staff and partners from carrying out the together with the national child protection monitoring of alternative care arrangements, and systems have increased the capacity for the identification of new unaccompanied and community-level identification of unaccompanied separated children. The COVID-19 pandemic and separated children, and organised has also prevented the identification of temporary transportation to care facilities. Capacity-building care arrangements for children who are and support to the national system continues to separated from their parent(s) or caregiver(s) who be strengthened through the deployment of have been hospitalised – which continues to be UNHCR staff to the national system – one of an additional challenge and presents a significant many mechanisms of cooperation established protection risk to

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Input: poverty. The project will provide C4N support to help vulnerable individuals cope during shocks in areas where the combined exposure to hazards and vulnerability is among the highest in the country. Indeed, hazard mapping shows that the share of population exposed to flooding in the Dikhil region is estimated to be a bit higher than one-third of the exposure level in Djibouti Ville. The financial inclusion subcomponent will further build communities’ resilience to these shocks. Resilient infrastructure supported by the project will contribute to the objectives of the NAP strengthening community resilience. **II.** **PROJECT DESCRIPTION** **A. Project Development Objective** 22. The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve access to basic services and safety nets, and enhance economic opportunities for vulnerable communities, including refugees and host communities in target areas. 23. This integrated approach combines investments in basic services, social protection, and economic opportunities to address the multifaceted needs of vulnerable communities, including refugees and host communities. By linking safety nets with livelihood opportunities and broader socio-economic development, the project aims to foster resilience, inclusion, and sustainable economic growth in target areas. These include underserved regions such as Dikhil and refugee-hosting locations facing pressures from population inflows, strained public services,

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Input: to their Grade; Indicator 4: Percentage of technical stream secondary education students with micro-credentials registering English proficiency (all these indicators will be disaggregated by gender and by indigenous and refugee/migrant status). [23] 23 The Project will support block-chain backed micro-credentials (these are authenticated digital certificates, with the block-chain ensuring the authenticity). The information infrastructure and outreach to employers required to bring micro-credentials into regular use is an end in itself as a precursor to a digitally founded lifelong learning trajectory for students. While micro-credentials would be awarded for a number of employability related competency areas, the PDO choses English proficiency as central to the challenge of a Spanish-speaking population adopting to the needs of a globalized work force, especially important for Costa Rica, with trade accounting for 80 percent of the GDP. Page 7

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Input: The World Bank Economic Review 705 One important clarification of these results is that most potential buyers living in a village that had experienced payouts would have also experienced uninsured rainfall shocks during the same season. Therefore, it may be possible that there are effects of trust and learning, but they are outweighed by opposite effects of the weather. As shown in the previous section, rainfall shocks tend to have a negative effect on insurance demand, so the (lack of) evidence of spillovers may be a result of a more complex interaction between trust/learning and direct effects of weather. Overall, these results do not support the hypothesis that trust, learning, or any other effects of simply witnessing insurance payouts are driving increased purchasing. Although it is possible that the measurements of spillovers are too crude and miss more subtle effects, the data simply does not provide evidence that there are strong spillover effects. The lack of visible spillover effects casts doubt on the theory that repurchases are being driven by increased trust in the insurance company or learning about insurance payouts. Notably, this result stands in contrast to recent results that do document spillover effects of insurance payouts (Cole, Stein,

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Input: negative first-order autocorrelation in rainfall that appears to be driven by rains early in the season. The bottom two rows test for autocorrelation of rainfall shocks using the parameters of the 2005 insurance policy to determine shocks. “Would Have Been Payout” is a dummy variable that takes a value of 1 if the insurance policy of 2005 would have given a payout; “Total Insurance Payout” is the size of this payout. By these measures, shocks do not appear to exhibit significant positive first-order autocorrelation. **Table 4.** Rainfall Autocorrelation **Fixed effects** **Arellano-Bond** **(1)** **(2)** Total rainfall −0.106*** −.086*** (.030) (.021) Phase 1 rainfall −.090*** −.075*** (.030) (.029) Phase 2 rainfall −.018 −.026 (.030) (.028) Phase 3 rainfall −.029 .007 (.030) (.028) Would have been payout .023 .017 (.030) (.022) Total insurance payout −.0353 .004 (.030) (.028) _Notes_ : Coefficients reported are from separate univariate regressions. The Fixed Effects specification is OLS with six lags of the dependent variable. The Arellano-Bond regression contains one lag of the dependent variable, with this lag instrumented by five previous lags. Observation are years 1967–2004 for the fixed-effects regression, and years 1962-2004 for the Arellano-Bond regression. All regressions contain weather station fixed effects. Robust standard errors

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Input: increased from 27,993 in 2018 to 273,066 by December 2023. While the country offers public education to all children regardless of migratory status, more efforts are needed to ensure that enrollment requirements do not exclude migrant children from the classroom, and that learning environments are inclusive. As of September 2023, 64,455 students enrolled in the Costa Rican education system were foreigners (5.4 percent of the total student population). According to administrative registries, 38,870 migrant students (60.3 percent of the total migrant student population) are under irregular status or pending regularization. [20] The issue of disabilities is also a priority item for Government policies on inclusion. MEP statistics indicate 19,643 students with disabilities, with alternative solutions providing services to 81 percent of the disabled students and 2,672 students with a need gap that MEP intends to address. The Government policy includes the provision of tailored teaching methodologies and materials designed to facilitate the full participation, retention, and educational advancement of students with disabilities, as well as facilitation for their transition to the labor market. 13. **Indigenous students face additional educational challenges related to the low availability of educational** **materials in indigenous languages.** There are an estimated 16,000 indigenous students from eight

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Input: accounts for OPM and IG into the OPM operations and implementation account and IG’s operations account, both denominated in Uganda Shillings (UGX). Payments for eligible expenditure by OPM and IG can be made from either their US$ or UGX accounts. Transfers by OPM to districts, cities, and urban centers will be done from the operations account to the consolidated fund (holding account) managed by the Office of the Accountant General. Each district, city and urban center fund will have a budget code for the project to account for the funds held in the holding account. The budget codes will be segregated for operations and subprojects. Payments to communities, suppliers, or other beneficiaries by the local governments will be approved by the CAO or City/Town Clerk and Chief Finance Officer (CFO) through the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS). Thereafter, MoFPED will transfer funds from the consolidated fund into the Treasury Single Account (TSA) to make payments. Subproject payments will be made to a community bank account in a commercial bank. The CFO of the local government will authorize the opening of community bank accounts in local governments and monitor payments made through the account to ensure they are used for

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Input: B of table 4), the estimates point toward an increase in agriculture, services, and professional (all statistically insignificant estimates), but a decreased likelihood of working in manual labor. Results for men in panel B are largely insignificant, and it is worthwhile noting that the sample size is only slightly above 50% than the women sample size due to DHS sampling frame. **Table 4 OLS estimates women’s and men’s occupation in the DHS individual-level analysis** Occupation 9 Service sector jobs in the wake of structural transformation has been found important in increasing women’s work hours and reduce the gender wage gap (Ngai and Petrongolo, 2017). 17

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Input: CRITICAL FUNDING NEEDS IN MENA / 10 OCTOBER 2024 **Health** Underfunding will severely limit UNHCR’s ability to provide essential health services for 35,000 members of Sudanese refugee and host communities - including vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, the elderly, and individuals with chronic health conditions - leading to increased morbidity and mortality rates. Without adequate funding, critical interventions such as medical supplies, vaccinations, maternal and child health services, and treatment for communicable diseases will be drastically reduced. This shortage will exacerbate existing health challenges, potentially leading to outbreaks of preventable diseases and worsening overall public health conditions. Moreover, the inability to support health facilities adequately will strain the local healthcare infrastructure, diminishing both the quality and accessibility of care for all populations involved. **Protection** Local authorities and ministries in the east are implementing a registration system and documentation to facilitate access to services and freedom of movement, in accordance with the Ministry of Interior’s decision. So far, authorities have registered and issued 30,000 cards, but their resources have quickly depleted and they are running out of resources to continue registration. UNHCR has been requested to support this initiative, as resource shortages risk preventing further registration, exposing refugees to

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Input: Vermeer, M. and S. Rahmstorf. 2009. Global sea level linked to global temperature. _Proceedings_ _of the National Academy of Sciences_ 106 (51), 21527-32. VLIZ. 2011. Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 6.1. Available online at [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound. Consulted on 2011-05-12.](http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound) Williams, M., 1990. Understanding Wetlands. In M. Williams (ed) _Wetlands: A Threatened_ _Landscape_ . Wiley-Blackwell. Woodward, R.T. and Y.S. Wui. 2001. The economic value of wetland services: A meta-analysis. _Ecological Economics_, 37, 257-270 World Bank, 2010. Boundaries of the World. Map Design Unit. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgement on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 25

Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 6.1

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Input: selection model provides consistent, asymptotically efficient estimates for all parameters in the model (Dubin & McFadden 1984). **3. Empirical results** The empirical analysis is based on a household survey conducted of 11 countries across Africa: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Ghana, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (for more information about the entire study, see Dinar et al. 2006). It was difficult to collect land values in this setting. We consequently relied on measures of net revenue per hectare. Net revenue is defined as gross revenue minus the cost of transport, packaging and marketing, storage, post-harvest losses, hired labor (valued at the median market wage rate), light farm tools (such as files, axes, machetes, etc.), rental on heavy machinery (tractors, ploughs, threshers and others), fertilizer and pesticide. Median district prices from the survey were used for both input and crop prices. Household labor costs are not included as a cost in net revenues because it was not clear what value to assign to wages. We controlled for household labor by using household size as a proxy. In each country, districts were chosen to get farms across a wide range of climate conditions in that country. In each chosen

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Input: with the institutional rating, we normalize this mean indicator to the range [0 - 100]. Our composite indicator is the product of the normalized environmental index and CPIA rating. Table 2.1 illustrates the calculation of the policies and institutions indicator for four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. This indicator (row 8) equals the product of the indicator of institutional development problems (row 7) and the indicator of overall environmental problems (row 6). The latter is the average of problem indicator values for global emissions, pollution, fragile lands, biodiversity and water resources. The four country cases illustrate the contributions of separate components to the final indicator values. Chad has a low overall environmental indicator (.69) but a very high institutional indicator (5), yielding a product of 3.44. South Africa’s overall environmental indicator (4.24) is about six times Chad’s value, but its institutional indicator (2) is much lower because its institutions are more highly-developed. The resulting composite indicator for South Africa (8.49) is about 2.5 times Chad’s indicator value (3.44). Kenya has about the same composite indicator value as South Africa (8.35), but the indicator components are quite different. Kenya’s environmental indicator (2.39) is somewhat more than half of South Africa’s (4.24), but

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Input: efficiency of land use and leaving landlords as well as occupants worse off. The continued importance of agriculture for economic development and poverty reduction in Uganda implies that, in addition to exploring the magnitude of possible underinvestment on lands without clear property rights, finding ways to increase investment could have high social benefits. With more than 85% of the population still living in rural areas and agriculture accounting for 77% of employment and 50% of total output (Belshaw _et al._ 1999), land-related investment will be critical for growth and poverty reduction. Household survey data point towards a large and possibly widening gap between rural and urban levels of consumption and recent increases in poverty. After decreasing from 59.7% in 1992 to 37.4% in 1999/2000, rural poverty increased to 41.1% in 2002/2003. The fact that poverty among crop farmers is much above the rural average (Kappel _et al._ 2005), something that is often attributed to limited agricultural productivity growth (Republic of Uganda 2005), implies that ways to increase agricultural productivity will be critical to prevent widening of rural-urban income gaps. Land-related investments will be critical in this respect because the scope for expansion of cultivated area which, together with elimination of

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Input: compare results with the main specification in table 3, I again provide a dummy for whether there was a payout in the village along with a quadratic effect of the ratio of payouts to the premium. When aggregating the village data, I use the mean of the payout ratios in the village to create a payout ratio for the village. [16] The overall results of the table tell a consistent story: significantly sized payouts drive repeat buyers but not new purchasers, showing few spillover effects. Columns 1 and 2 shows how payouts affect the number of total and repeat buyers, respectively, the next year, and the results are very consistent with the baseline results from table 3. A dummy for whether there was any payout is negative, but the payout size has a positive effect. This suggests that low payouts have a marginally negative effect on the number of repeat purchasers, but this effect flips to positive as the size of the payout ratio increases above approximately 1. Column 3 shows the effect of payouts on new buyers in a village. Here, all the payout coefficients show a different pattern than for new buyers, but due to large standard errors

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Input: estimate the inundation depth at a grid cell level of 3 arc-seconds, (~ 90 m) and provide coastal surge hazard layers, along with pluvial and fluvial layers. The maps provide information on the extent and depth of flood hazard for a specific location. For the coastal component, we explicitly model four return periods - 25, 50, 100, and 200 year events, under current and future climate conditions.

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Input: Bank's response. We begin by constructing an overall indicator of environmental problems from our thematic indicators. Using regression analysis, we find a strong relationship between countries’ general indicator values and the scale of their environmental borrowing, but a relatively weak relationship for AAA. At the thematic level, we find that problem indicators have relatively weak relationships with both lending and AAA. Adding country risk to the analysis, we test an optimal allocation model and find that it is consistent with the Bank’s actual lending and AAA since 1998. We conclude that our model’s assignment of lending and AAA to countries reflects the Bank’s actual experience with partner countries. The model’s explanatory power is relatively low, however, and when we compare model assignments to actual allocations, we find many large discrepancies for countries and environmental themes. Some gaps may reflect activity by other donor institutions, but many others may represent problems with efficient implementation of the Bank’s Environment Strategy. To promote further discussion of this issue, we use our optimal allocation model to develop measures of lending opportunity by environmental theme for the Bank's partner countries. 2

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Input: **A. Technical, Economic and Financial Analysis** 59. **The project is technically feasible and focused on enhancing the implementation of legislation and policies on** **refugees while ensuring service delivery to both host and refugee populations in Zambia.** The proposed design responds to gaps identified by the MoHAIS, district level officials in Meheba, various line ministries and the UNHCR. This was confirmed by information and data shared during project preparation. The project draws on analytical and operational work on refugees and host communities across World Bank operations in the region. Component 1 of the project is designed to focus on visible and practical changes in policies that tangibly improve the experiences of refugees while fostering longer term legislative reform. Component 2 on infrastructure adopts a multi-sectoral approach by working with both line ministries and local level district officials to achieve enhanced services for both refugees and host communities and in many cases, expand on existing objectives or scale up well tested designs. Component 3 builds on experiences from and synergies with the World Bank financed Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (P179507), as well as numerous national agri-business support programs in Meheba to: 1) foster strong participation among farmer cooperatives to ensure sustainable

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Input: Act of 2010) that will enhance opportunities for protection and solutions for self-reliance. [16] To assist policy delivery, the Government has established an interagency National Steering Committee chaired by the Office of the Vice President. In March 2023, the MoHAIS launched a plan for the Modernization of Refugee and Host Community Settlement Areas (MORHCSA) which seeks to turn the new Refugee Policy into action on the ground. 15. **The World Bank Group, following consultation with the UNHCR, confirms that the protection framework for** **refugees continues to be adequate in Zambia.** Zambia meets the eligibility criteria for accessing the International Development Association replenishment (IDA20) Window for Host Communities and Refugees (WHR). The country currently hosts 101,837 refugees, exceeding the threshold of 25,000 required under the window. [17] The GRZ has signed and ratified the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. The Government has also ratified the African Union Convention for the Specific Problems of Refugee Populations in Africa. To 13 There are a total of 19 primary and 7 secondary schools and 10 health posts in the settlements. One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 14 Consultations

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Input: **Access to decent work:** The key barrier to accessing work, according to respondents who are unemployed, is a lack of knowledge of the Czech language (59%). This finding was also reflected in focus group discussions conducted by UNHCR with Ukrainian refugee women and men in Brno, Ostrava in Prague in August and September, where refugees reported challenges in securing jobs that matched their qualifications due to language barriers. All participants in the focus group discussions emphasized the need for better language proficiency to improve their employment prospects. of Protection Monitoring respondents of working age are employed in host country Nevertheless, 67% of respondents reported being employed compared to 60% in Q1. . [4] Moreover, respondents’ access to earnings also increased from 87% to 93% during the same time period. Working excessively long hours also decreased from 24% to 16%. These findings ostensibly indicate an improvement in access to employment and in working conditions amongst Ukrainian Temporary Protection holders. Employment continued to be mentioned as one of the top two priority needs (32%) of households interviewed. Moreover, in terms of information, 29% of respondents indicated a need for more information about job opportunities; this continued to be the highest reported information

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Input: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change Fig. 1 A visual of what the combined hazard maps (which include coastal and fluvial/pluvial) look like. The map presented here is the worse-case scenario we simulate, a 200-year return period flood with high sea level rise number of people within each district who live below the poverty line: this Bpoverty map^ is displayed in Fig. 3a, and the full methodology can be found in (Lanjouw et al. 2013). [3] In addition, we use gridded population density data with a 1 km resolution from Landscan (Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015). This Bpopulation map^ is displayed in Fig. 3b. While we are able to simulate current and future flood hazard, we are unable to project socioeconomic characteristics like poverty or population at the district level, as such an exercise is extremely challenging. Specifically for Vietnam, a recent paper models population and poverty in 2030 at national-level, but notes that examining how these dynamics is distributed spatially within the country is still not possible (Rozenberg and Hallegatte 2016). Nonetheless, as a stress test, a number of papers in the field have employed the same strategy we follow in this paper, of using current socio-economic characteristics

Landscan (Geographic Information Science and Technology 2015)

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Input: fixed effects, the two strategies are complementary. While the district-level analysis informs us about differences across and within districts over time, the local-level analysis gives us the additional impact at the very local level. This means that any differences in effects across district and local analysis should not be interpreted as inconsistencies, but rather as differential and additional impacts. In a difference-in-differences setting, it is important that the sample is balanced, assuming that the treatment and control groups are on similar trajectories. Table 2 shows the summary statistics for the women’s surveys across four different groups, close and far away, and before and during the mine’s production phase. Columns 1 and 3 show mean values of the population that live far away from mines, before and during mining respectively. Columns 2 and 4, in 14

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Input: Policy Research Working Paper 7250 ### **Abstract** Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined with detailed information on gold mining activities, the authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences estimations that provide complementary evidence. The first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from direct employment as miners compared to men further away, and that women in mining communities may more likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities, compared to the evolution in communities further away. This paper is a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world. Policy Research Working Papers are also posted on the Web

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **2024.** The Project is specifically aligned with CPF Objective 3: Supporting results-oriented management and quality for all in the education sector _._ Priorities for the education system described in the CPF include elements that inform the proposed Project: (i) quality of education; (ii) equity in educational opportunity; and (iii) relevance of education for success in the labor market. Finally, the CPF mentions that closing the digital skills gap is critical to reduce the illiteracy and income inequality divide. The inclusion of digital competencies as curricular content in the educational system will stimulate internet access and use. The Project will also support the CPF approach to foster skills for green jobs and employability in high value-added sectors. It is aligned with Outcome 2 regarding building and protecting human capital of the World Bank’s Gender Strategy 2024-2030. Further, the Project directly addresses global challenges related to the effects of situations of fragility, conflict, and violence as a global challenge, and contributes towards indicator 14 of the World Bank’s Scorecard by providing improved education services to displaced populations and people in host communities. 18. **The Project is consistent with Costa Rica’s Nationally Determined

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Input: 1 Zamstats.gov.zm. 2 Zambia Statistics Agency. 2023. _Highlights of the 2022 Poverty Assessment in Zambia_ . World Bank. 2023. _Zambia Gender Assessment_ . 3 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. 4 2022 Census of Population and Housing, GRZ 2023. 5 According to the 2021 Labour Force Survey Report by Zamstat, the working-age population (15 and older) is 10 million, of which only 3.1 million are employed. 6 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. 7 Zambia: Selected Issues, IMF, 2023. Page 8

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Input: devastating conflict in **Yemen** have left 18.2 million people dependent on humanitarian assistance. In **Iraq**, UNHCR also urgently needs resources to continue supporting the authorities in ensuring access to civil documentation and inclusion in the national social safety net for some 1 million internally displaced Iraqis. UNHCR is responding to two refugee situations in **Algeria** : a nearly 50-year-old displacement of Sahrawi refugees in five refugee camps near Tindouf in the south-west of the country, and an urban asylum-seeker and refugee population of diverse origin in Algiers and other governorates. **Mauritania** has hosted a significant number of refugees since 2012 and continues to face a large influx of Malian refugees; more than 100,000 people have arrived in 2024 alone. UNHCR is providing vital assistance to the most vulnerable refugees and invests in the resilience of more than 250,000 refugees as well as host communities in the Hodh Chargui region. The number of refugees and asylum-seekers registered with UNHCR in **Morocco** increased significantly in recent years. UNHCR works to ensure access to asylum and protection under the framework of the National Strategy for Immigration and Asylum (SNIA) and towards the inclusion of refugees and asylum-seekers in national social protection systems. Amid

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Input: .77. One point of concern with these results is that there are many cases where there are multiple purchasers of insurance in a certain village in one year and then zero in the next year. Although this could be the result of people simply being unsatisfied with insurance, the large amount of villages that suddenly drop to zero purchasers is suspicious, especially since the BASIX data does not contain information about whether marketing activities took place in a given village in a given year. For all the villages that had purchasers in one year and then none in the next year, it is quite likely that no BASIX representative visited the village; therefore the customer did not really have a chance to purchase the insurance. If this was the case, it would make sense to exclude these villages from the analysis, as the previous year’s payout would have no way to possibly influence a customer’s purchase decision. In columns 3 and 4 I exclude villages that had no purchasers the following year from the analysis, creating what I call the “Marketing Restricted Sample.” Restricting the sample this way results in a drop of the number of observations from 10,977 to

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Input: **The World Bank** Costa Rica Results in Education (CORE) (P181174) **Figure 1b: Technical education graduates by gender in strategic STEAM fields** 12. **By the end of 2022, Costa Rica was hosting 270,636 forcibly displaced and stateless people, and the uneven** **preparedness of these students strains the education system.** [19] Even if the influx of migrants and refugees acts as a positive factor for some schools that would be facing closure due to decline of the native-born population, the education system faces stress because of the differential quality of preparedness and disruptions faced by immigrant students. In recent decades, the country has seen the arrival of migrants and refugee applicants fleeing political and economic conditions in Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and administrative records from the General Directorate of Migration and Foreigners, the number of asylum seekers in Costa Rica increased from 27,993 in 2018 to 273,066 by December 2023. While the country offers public education to all children regardless of migratory status, more efforts are needed to ensure that enrollment requirements do not exclude migrant children from the classroom, and that learning environments are inclusive. As of September 2023,

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Input: has also ratified the African Union Convention for the Specific Problems of Refugee Populations in Africa. To 13 There are a total of 19 primary and 7 secondary schools and 10 health posts in the settlements. One Meheba Local Area Plan, Planning Survey and Issues Report, GRZ, 2023. 14 Consultations with health care workers and UNHCR at the Meheba settlement report a high number of unnecessary deaths of expectant mothers due to inadequate services and the poor quality of the access road. 15 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. 16 They include, among others _,_ the Immigration and Deportation Act, Refugees Act No.1 of 2017 and amendments to other legislation, such as the Lands Act CAP 184, Higher Education Bursaries and Scholarships Act no.31 of 2016, Birth and Death Registration Act CAP 51, Citizenship Act of No 32 of 2016. 17 Zambia National Statistical Report, Ministry of Home Affairs and Internal Security, May 2024. Page 11

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Input: discussions with refugees from Ukraine across the country in the first quarter of 2024. ## Key Figures 338,736 320,000 ## 338,736 320,000 Temporary Protection holders in Czechia among whom have registered for an extension ## 92% of Protection Monitoring respondents are Temporary Protection holders ## 32% of respondents have at least one household member missing documentation or whose documents have expired ## 75% of respondents are women and children ## 39% Consider accommodation an urgent need

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Input: detail as to allow for regular and effective implementation and monitoring of all the activities to be funded. The budgets will be activity based and will be used to monitor performance during the implementation of activities. The project’s annual work plan and draft budget will be informed by the Grant Agreement. The total project cost and activity work plan will be agreed up front, and any variations will need prior approval by the World Bank. The annual work plan and budget will be submitted to the World Bank Task Team Leader for prior review and no-objection clearance no later than November 30 before the start of the coming financial year. Utilization of the budget will be monitored through quarterly Interim Financial Reports (IFRs) by analyzing overutilization and underutilizations and using the reports as management’s tool for decision-making. 5. **Disbursement and funds flow** . The project will be on statement of expenditure method of disbursement whereby the Designated Account (DA) will have a fixed allocation of funds. The project will report expenditures and request for monthly replenishment of the DA. The project will open two US$ DAs (DA-A for the MoHAIS and DA-B for the MoHAIS Kalumbila Town Council [KTC] -

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