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The government of Brazil has taken steps towards the recognition of the central role played by
local authorities in protecting and promoting local integration of forcibly displaced persons. In
November 2023 the Ministry of Justice and Public Security has launched the "National Network
of Welcoming Cities - Red Nacional de Cidades Acolhedoras" with the objective of strengthening
dialogue and actions around public policies and programs for migrants, refugees and stateless
people. UNHCR has since 2020 being supporting the Cities of Solidarity initiative in Brazil helping
sharing experiences among the network of cities forming part of initiative and has recognized best
practices from 17 municipalities.

In recent year, Brazil has experienced an increasing number of climate disasters, which have been
more frequent and severe and have been affecting a growing number of people, including
populations already displaced in Brazil. The Government is developing a Climate Plan as well as
risk reduction, adaptation, and resilience plans, which takes into account displacement impact;
while the legislative branch is discussing bills to regulate and respond to internal displacement.

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland impacts of immigration reviewed in the This outcome is rather modest compared Appendix. [19 ] Because marginal productivity to a cross-country panel model estimated of capital remained the same and the in an IMF report, in which a 1.7% Ukrainian

## 3. population of Poland increased more refugee share in the adult population of

than the number of workers (primarily by Poland should eventually result in about Ukrainian refugee children), the impact on 3.4% higher GDP per capita (Jaumotte GDP per capita has been smaller – at 0.2%. et al., 2016).

## Economic impact of Chart 17. Gross domestic product growth paths with and without Ukrainian refugees

Deloitte D.Climate model calibrated to the Ministry of Finance GDP growth forecast.

140

## Ukrainian refugees

impacts of immigration reviewed in the Appendix. [19 ] Because marginal productivity of capital remained the same and the population of Poland increased more than the number of workers (primarily by Ukrainian refugee children), the impact on GDP per capita has been smaller – at 0.2%.

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_Note:_ Figure 5 shows the main treatment coefficients ( _active*mine_ ) using the baseline estimation strategy (with
DHS individual-level data; see table 4 for more information) in the top panel, but with different cutoffs (10 km,
20 km, 30 km, 40 km, and 50 km). *** p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1. The bottom panel shows the result using a
spatial lag model that divided the plane into different treatment bins (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 40–50) and compares
them with farther away. Panel A shows the result for nonmigrants, and panel B shows the result for migrants.

**6.2 Access to infrastructure and health care**

Another source of heterogeneity is asset ownership and access to infrastructure. Table 8 shows

that fewer households have electricity in active mining communities, but they spend less time

fetching water and are more likely to own a radio (all estimates are statistically insignificant,

however). There is no change in the likelihood of having a flush toilet. Moreover, it seems that

households are just as likely to have access to a pit toilet as not having a toilet (and instead

use a bucket, bush, and so forth).

**Table 8 OLS estimates for ownership of assets and access to infrastructure**

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To facilitate trend monitoring, the questionnaires were standardized across all countries, ensuring consistency in the majority of indicators between 2023 and 2024. Since the 2023 regional survey did not include data from Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia, values for these countries were excluded from the 2023–2024 comparison. To maintain accuracy, only valid responses were included in the calculations, with responses such as ‘prefer not to answer’ or ‘do not know’ excluded. To facilitate interpretation, certain response options were consolidated into broader categorical variables.

To protect data privacy and maintain confidentiality, informed consent was obtained and documented from all participants, with clear explanations provided regarding the purpose and use of the data. The complete questionnaires, along with the consolidated anonymized dataset, are available in the [UNHCR Microdata Library.](https://microdata.unhcr.org/index.php/catalog/?page=1&from=2023&to=2024&region%5B%5D=3&ps=100)

# Limitations

This analysis has several limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings. First, due to sampling constraints (lack of complete sampling frame) and the non-probabilistic selection of respondents, the results may not fully represent the entire Ukrainian refugee population. Additionally, the choice of sampling locations may have introduced a bias toward more vulnerable segments of the population. Variations in sampling approaches and data collection periods across countries can also affect comparability.

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**in Poland.** According to the SEIS survey,
Ukrainian refugees with master’s and PhD degrees earn a 22% higher median net wage than those with only secondary education. This appears to be a small gain, even accounting for the fact that, generally, the differences between median wages are less pronounced than between average wages (which are pulled higher by top incomes) and that our method of wage estimation based on SEIS household incomes [26] flattens the distribution.
According to the most recent estimate in October 2022, in the economy as a whole, the average gross wage of master’s and PhD degree holders was 84% higher than those with only secondary education. [27]

**Most Ukrainian refugees work in**

**a different sector than previously**

**in Ukraine, which also points to**

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As of the end of 2023, 5.9 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded across Europe, close to 2 million of whom are in the countries covered by the
[Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRP)](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/105903) [5] . To better understand their evolving situation, unpack risks and vulnerabilities and inform planning across sectors, Multi-Sectoral Needs Assessments (MSNA) were conducted under the RRP between June and September 2023 by UNHCR’s Regional Bureau for Europe and its Inter-Agency partners. This publication focuses on the results for livelihoods and socio-economic inclusion and attempts to draw conclusions based on survey data of 11,496 households (and 26,857 individuals) living in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia.

### **Socio-economic** **inclusion – key** **findings**

**Refugee households demonstrate a high degree**

**of economic vulnerability**
The MSNA survey data demonstrates that refugee households from Ukraine are characterized by a high degree of economic vulnerability. On an individual basis, half live with an equivalized disposable income [6] that falls below 50% of the host population median [7] (a commonly used poverty threshold). This contrasts with just 9% of nationals belonging to the same income bracket.

**THE POVERTY RATE** **[1]** **OF REFUGEES VERSUS HOST**

---
[7] Based on [OECD data from 2021, which was indexed by the CPI for 2022 and 2023 for each respective country](https://stats.oecd.org/)

survey data of 11,496 households
OECD data from 2021

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The high employment rate of refugees in Poland covers not only employees, but also entrepreneurs. Five percent of Ukrainian refugees registered for social security have set up a business or work as freelancers. Similar results can be gleaned from the Multi-Sector Needs Assessment Poland 2023 survey results, which show that slightly more than 5% of respondent households receive income from selfemployment or similar activities.

All broad sectors of the economy saw an increase in the number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship and social insurance since 2021, apart from storage and transportation. The number increased the most in manufacturing (almost by 34 thousand), accommodation and food (more than 18 thousand), and wholesale and retail trade (more than 18 thousand). [11] While public data does not distinguish between refugees entering these sectors and pre-2022 Ukrainian workers changing jobs, it is largely consistent with the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, in which the most refugees are employed in manufacturing (14%), accommodation and food service (12%), and trade and repair (6%).

Ukrainian refugee households in Poland

---
[11] According to the social security data until 30th September 2023.

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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**BARRIERS TO ACCESSING SRH SERVICES**

Long waiting times Could not afford transport Lack of knowledge Could not afford clinic fee Unable make appointment Language barrier Could not afford hospital Do not trust local provider Lack health insurance No means of transport (N=363) 33% 23% 22% 19% 18% 15% 12% 11% 10% 7% In urban areas, financial barriers, such as transportation costs and clinic fees, were the most reported obstacles to accessing SRH services. In contrast, women in rural settings faced challenges primarily related to knowledge of services, appointment-making and language barriers.

**Barriers in accessing SRH care for different**

**groups**
The number of respondents who faced barriers in accessing SRH services in the adolescent, youth, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and persons with disabilities categories was low, and data needs to be interpreted with caution. However, the findings offer valuable insights into the experiences of individuals in these categories.

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Many of the refugees that settled in Poland remain in special needs or otherwise precarious households. According to the MSNA Poland 2023 survey, nearly half of all refugee households have a person with a chronic illness, while in nearly 10% there is a disabled person (Washington Group level 3 disability). In over a third of all households is a single parent and over a fifth houses an elderly person (10% of households are comprised of exclusively elderly people).

households with persons with chronic ilness households with a single parent households with one or more older persons households with disabled individuals households exclusively with elderly

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1. Host Communities

Even though the [Law 021-PR-2019 on legal aid and judicial assistance was enacted in 2019, its implementation](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609f00834.html)
has been stalled due to the absence of an implementing Decree. Chad is planning to commit to adopting
this Decree at the 2023 December Global Forum on Refugees.

Furthermore, it also important to note that the new asylum legislation enacted during the prescribed period
has also incorporated a few provisions to promote peaceful coexistence including through securing the
right of refugees and asylum-seekers to access State legal aid services to prevent and/or resolve conflict.

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Citizenship and Immigration Act to remove the time-limitation for registration of stateless persons and align the

definition of a stateless person with the definition in the 1954 Convention; acceding to the two UN statelessness

conventions and ratification of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Specific

Aspects of the Right to a Nationality and the Eradication of Statelessness in Africa; enhancing birth registration

systems to prevent future statelessness; simplifying procedures for nationality application and documentation; and

implementing community outreach programs to raise awareness about the rights and entitlements of citizenship.

The Kenyan government is also encouraged to continue its leadership on this issue by advocating for regional and

international cooperation to address statelessness, including sharing best practices and lessons learned from its

national experience.

**4. Promote international collaboration and investment to support stateless populations in gaining nationality and**

**legal identity and accessing essential services.**

Governments, international organizations, and development agencies should work together to ensure stateless

individuals receive the support needed to obtain nationality and legal documentation. This includes nationality law

and policy changes enabling stateless people to acquire nationality, investing in robust and inclusive civil registration

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**violence**
Services for survivors of gender-based violence encompass a range of functions, including safety and security, legal assistance, healthcare, mental health and psychosocial support. A critical component is access to clinical management of rape to ensure timely medical treatment and care.
As this service is provided by the health care sector, as part of SRH, it is included in this analysis.

The SEIS identified gaps in awareness about on available GBV services. In 2024, 38% of respondents were unaware of health services providing support to GBV survivors in their area, while 58% were unaware of available psychosocial support services. Respondents were less aware of health services in rural areas (45%) compared to urban areas (37%). Key barriers to accessing GBV-related services in general included lack of awareness (58%), language and cultural barriers (53%) and stigma/ shame (46%). This indicates that additional coordinated efforts between the health, protection and GBV working groups and partners are required to enable access to all lifesaving GBV-related services including clinical management of rape.

**17**

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Indonesia’s new president and vice president were inaugurated in October 2024. This new
government offers an opportunity to renew and expand Indonesia’s humanitarian leadership on
refugee issues. The country is a regional and global power – the fourth largest country by population
in the world, the largest majority Muslim country in the world, the largest economy in southeast Asia,
and recent leadership roles as the President of the G20 and the Chair of ASEAN. Advocacy efforts will
seek to ensure Indonesia does not solely embrace political, economic, and military leadership, but that
the country also showcases independent humanitarian leadership – particularly on refugee issues.

### **UN Common Pledge**

The UN Common Pledge offers new opportunities to strengthen the protection environment in
Indonesia. At the 2023 Global Refugee Forum, several agencies in the UN Country Team (UNHCR, IOM,
UNFPA, WHO, UNDP, ILO, UNICEF, FAO, and UNESCO) pledged to provide guidance, technical support,
and advocacy to enable refugee inclusion in Indonesia in four key areas: education, health, selfreliance, and birth registration. UNHCR will work closely with these agencies in 2024 and beyond to
secure inclusive policies and an enabling protection environment in the country.

### **Enhancing Engagement with Refugees**

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Input: In effect, immigrants increase not just the size of the economy, that is the gross domestic product, but its productivity as well. While this has been well documented on the macroeconomic level, showing the existence of the effect, the exact channels remain unclear. Jaumotte et al. (2016) in an IMF report show that an increase of 1 percentage point in the share of immigrants in the adult population increases GDP per capita by 2% in a sample of 18 developed OECD countries during the period from 1980 to 2010. It should be noted that this model would yield much higher estimates for Ukrainian refugees than those presented in this appendix, given that they currently constitute 2% of Poland’s adult population. Aleksynska and

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**tant participated in a two-day MHPSS**

**coaching organized by PAHO and led**

**by an international IASC consultant.**

This coaching, held during the second

week of October, aimed to strengthen the

Mental Health and Psychosocial Support

Technical Working Group’s role by eval
uating its work plan, achievements, and

the next steps. The coaching agenda

intended to bring accompaniment and

advice to people with coordination

functions for the implementation of an

MHPSS strategy in their organizations,

agencies, and clusters.

These efforts represent a significant

inter-institutional initiative to empower

professionals in the field, providing

knowledge and tools essential for effi
cient organizational functionality during

humanitarian emergencies. Following

these activities, the working group plans

to implement its work plan, emphasizing

MHPSS as a cross-cutting topic in the

humanitarian architecture.

**XIV. Impact Stories of Series:**

**September and October**

_a. Premiere Urgence Internationale (PUI)_

_(September):_ The subnational cluster of

Bolívar, in coordination with the national

PC, visited PUI's activities in Casaco
ima, Delta Amacuro state. PUI's project

focuses on improving living conditions

through mental health, physical health,

and WASH. Beneficiaries of the project

were interviewed for a better under
standing of the projects’ impact. The

interviews confirmed how mental and

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While there have been some important advancements in refugee inclusion in Indonesia, the
characterization of the refugee experience in Indonesia as a transient one creates little impetus for
policy makers to develop comprehensive and inclusive protection policies. For refugees, resettlement
expectations have discouraged engagement in constructive experiences in Indonesia, including
education, training, skills building, and self-empowerment opportunities; fostered a sense of
unfairness, anxiety, and frustration; led to a deterioration in mental health; and eroded trust in UNHCR
and partners.  UNHCR’s efforts to work with and for the refugee community are also undermined by
the unique focus on resettlement in the country, impacting outreach and communication efforts, the
prioritization of human and financial resources, staff security, and programming.

### **Lack of Access to Opportunities for Economic Empowerment**

Refugees are unable to work legally in Indonesia, creating economic vulnerabilities and compounding
protection risks for the refugee population. In addition to economic insecurity, lack of access to work
impacts refugees in a number of ways: informal work experiences may render refugees vulnerable to

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 7

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UNHCR will continue to expand the ways in which we engage with refugees in 2024 and 2025. A
cornerstone of these activities is the rollout of the Digital Gateway, a corporate self-service tool being
piloted in Indonesia that will address many of the concerns of the refugee community, as well as the
geographic challenges in Indonesia, by providing a platform through which refugees can remotely
communicate with UNHCR, view their bio-data, update contact information, book appointments for
services, and obtain updates on case processing status.

In addition to the Digital Gateway, UNHCR is strengthening tools of engagement and communication
with the refugee community following several years of more limited contact resulting from COVID
restrictions and security challenges in the field. These initiatives include re-instituting walk-in
counseling at the UNHCR reception center; revitalizing the UNHCR HELP website; expanding refugee
Town Halls to respond to queries and share information; undertaking regular outreach missions to

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 9

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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

**% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTED WITH A CHRONIC ILLNESS**

**AND THOSE WITH DISABILITY LEVEL 3 AND ABOVE**

Chronicle illness Disability level 3 and above

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITY BY AGE AND GENDER**

Female Male 23% 23% Regional Czechia Estonia Lithuania Latvia Poland Slovakia Hungary Bulgaria Moldova Romania 3% 3% 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=18,679) Regionally, 26% of individuals self-reported a chronic illness (5,384 individuals out of a sample of 19,622), with rates ranging from 17% in Czechia to 34% in Moldova and Romania, closely followed by Bulgaria at 32%. Chronic illnesses increase with age, with 77% of individuals over 60 reporting a chronic condition (78% of women, 72% of men).
Regionally, women above the age of 35 selfreported a higher rate of chronic illness compared to men.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS BY AGE AND**

**GENDER**

Female Male (Chronic Illness N=19,622, Disability N=18,679)

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## **HELPING HANDS** THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

#### An inter-agency exploration of socio-economic data April 2024

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Input:
and other forms of violence. Beneficia
ries mentioned that they feel grateful for

all the work of FPM and wish that more

communities could benefit from such

sensitizations and trainings, which are

relevant to the daily realities they expe
rience.

[Full access to the story through this link.](https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/publications/1689/reports/report/historias-de-impacto-de-socios-cluster-de-proteccion-octubre-2023)

**XV. Protection Service Mapping**

**Revisions and Edits**

**In line with the Protection Cluster’s**

**efforts to guarantee a functioning and**

**updated service mapping, together**

**with the UNHCR IM Unit, the Pro-**

**tection Service Mapping database**

**underwent a comprehensive review**

**and** **update** **in** **September** **and**

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**REFUGEE VS HOST EMPLOYMENT RATES BY COUNTRY**

Refugee (2023) Refugee (2024) Host (2023) 76% 76% 76% 62% Bulgaria Czechia Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Moldova Poland Romania Slovakia Region Note: For comparability, employment rates for host countries have been recalculated assuming a similar gender distribution to that of refugees Source: ILO, survey data 14. The employment rate is defined as the number of employed or self-employed individuals of working age (15-64) as a share of the total number of people in this age group 15. The labor force is defined as the number of people that are either employed or unemployed

**10**

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3. Economic Opportunities

country, most Chadians traditionally obtain land through the family or lineage, following the principle of
first occupancy and, for women, through marriage.

In practice, refugees have access to agricultural land through sharecropping, loans or leases.

It is important to note that before the enactment of the new asylum legislation and in the absence of clear
rules, refugees theoretically had the right to purchase land. However, this was challenging due to the
prevalence of the traditional ownership system, their inability to produce financial documents and other
administrative obstacles.

In practical terms, refugees continue to encounter greater challenges than nationals in accessing large,
fertile land parcels due to their distance from the camps. When engaging in sharecropping agreements
(métayage), refugees are required to share a portion of the harvest with the landowner or pay rent for
these lands, which can sometimes amount to 50,000 FCFA per hectare per year.

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Input:
surrounding communities. [ [3], [4]] Acquiring citizenship, brings the promise of improved employment and earnings, [[5]]

especially among women and the poorest, [[6]] while also offering broader social and economic benefits, as increases

in talent, skills and taxation accompany legalization.

**Since 2014, more than 500,000 stateless people have acquired a nationality globally.** Statelessness for many

others has been prevented as a result of efforts to improve birth registration and issuance of nationality documents

to populations at risk of statelessness and legislative changes, including those that eliminate discrimination on the

basis of gender, allowing women to pass on nationality to their children on an equal basis as men, However,

acceleration of efforts is needed to ensure that everyone can enjoy the fundamental right to a nationality, which

often enables the enjoyment of other rights and full participation in the society.

**Kenya has emerged as a global leader in the eradication of statelessness, setting an example for other nations**

**through its continued efforts to reduce the number of stateless persons within its borders.** The country has made

significant strides, beginning with the recognition of 1,496 members of the Makonde community as nationals of

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Despite a historically enabling environment for refugees and other forcibly displaced in Chad, the lack of
a specific refugee legal framework has been a longstanding issue. The new 2020 asylum Law contributed
to addressing this vacuum and enhances the existing national institutional framework for the protection
[of refugees and asylum-seekers assumed by CNARR, as established by the 2011 Decree establishing the](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609efe754.html)
[National Commission for the Reception, Reintegration of Refugees and Returnees](https://www.refworld.org/docid/609efe754.html) (Décret n°839/PR/PM/
MAT/2011, CNARR). This latter remains in force given the role played by CNARR to supervise the refugee
management in the country. The new asylum Law clarifies the principles applicable to refugees and asylumseekers to ensure their protection and provides a legal basis for their civil and socio-economic rights, including
freedom of movement, access to justice, the right to work, healthcare, education and land. Additionally, the
new asylum Law grants refugees the same rights as Chadian citizens regarding education, healthcare and
social protection. It also provides for the recognition of the refugee identity card as a residence permit.

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Input:
individuals in the East, Horn, and Great Lakes of Africa region, as well as the millions of stateless people globally,

demonstrating that resolving statelessness is not only a matter of human rights but also of inclusive economic

development.

## **Recommendations**

**1. Develop holistic, long-term policy frameworks that address the socioeconomic and human rights dimensions of**

**statelessness.**

National governments and international stakeholders should adopt inclusive development policies that go beyond

legal recognition to ensure the full social and economic integration of stateless and formerly stateless populations.

This entails ensuring equitable access to education, healthcare, employment, and social protection services for

newly recognized citizens. Governments should be encouraged to introduce targeted social safety nets and

employment support programs to reduce poverty and promote resilience among stateless and formerly stateless

groups. UNHCR and the World Bank, in partnership with national governments and NGOs, can provide technical

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 10

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This communication contains general information only, and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), its global network of member firms or their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte organization”) is, by means of this communication, rendering professional advice or services. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your finances or your business, you should consult a qualified professional adviser.

No representations, warranties or undertakings (express or implied) are given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information in this communication, and none of DTTL, its member firms, related entities, employees or agents shall be liable or responsible for any loss or damage whatsoever arising directly or indirectly in connection with any person relying on this communication. DTTL and each of its member firms, and their related entities, are legally separate and independent entities.

© 2025. For information, contact Deloitte Poland.

**Scan the QR code**

**and download**

**the report!**

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Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**REGIONAL REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT RATE BY LEVEL OF**

**LOCAL LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE (2024)**

Employment rate Share of the refugee population (rhs) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 35% Does not understand Beginner Intermediate Advanced Fluent Source: Survey data The 2024 survey introduced a new question on local language proficiency, reinforcing previous findings of a strong correlation between language skills and employment. Respondents with at least an intermediate level of local language proficiency reported nearly twice the employment rate compared to those with no knowledge (9% of respondents). Even Ukrainians with only a basic understanding—limited to a few words or phrases (28% of the sample)—experienced a notable increase in employment compared to those with no local language skills [16] .

Finally, unlike for the host population, refugee employment rates were found to be practically the same for all education levels above technical or vocational [17], implying that local employment markets may not be valuing advanced degrees. Possible explanations include impediments to foreign qualifications recognition and other barriers that are preventing placement into high-skilled jobs (such as language, a mismatch between qualifications and local demand, etc.).

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# **Population** **Data Analysis**

### **Regional Bureau** **for Southern Africa**

**September 2022**

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In 2023, the national utilization rate was 0.31 new consultations per inhabitant per year, while in the camps, it
stood at 1.2 new consultations per refugee per year. This indicates that healthcare access is more favourable
in the camps than host populations. The disparity can be attributed partially to improved geographical access
in the camps, but more significantly, it is driven by financial factors. Notably, healthcare is provided free of
charge in refugee camps, whereas state facilities require fees for healthcare services. For refugees living
outside the camps, UNHCR, through its health partner, has signed agreements with state health centers for
free access, with costs covered by partners under UNHCR’s budget.

Sexual and reproductive healthcare is integrated into the package of services offered in refugee camps
covered by UNHCR and partners’ budget. As of June 2023, the rate of assisted childbirth was 91% in the
refugee camps.

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While the majority of people were able to access health care services, 17% were unable to access needed care across the region. The unmet need was reported highest in Romania (28%), Hungary (22%), and Slovakia (21%).

Regionally, unmet health needs were higher for individuals with chronic illnesses compared to those without chronic illnesses (21% vs 12%) and higher compared to 2023 (15% vs 10%). Similarly, unmet

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Input: Attempts to access support differed by age, with caregivers of the youngest age group (5–11 years) being the most likely to seek support on their behalf, while older persons less often attempted to access support. In addition, in both 2023 and 2024, there were consistent gender differences in attempts to access support. In all age groups except children under 11, females attempted to access support more often than males. The gender gap in seeking support was most pronounced in the older age groups: among individuals aged 35-59, 47% of women tried to access services compared to only 31% of men, suggesting potential social and cultural

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**% OF INDIVIDUALS EXPERIENCED HEALTH PROBLEM IN**

**LAST 30 DAYS BY GENDER AND AGE**

Female Male

### **Access to care**

Regionally, of the individuals who experienced health problems 30 days prior to the survey, 83% were able to obtain care, compared to 88% in 2023.
With host countries continuing to implement necessary legislation that allows refugees access to health care, reported access to health services has remained above 70% in all countries. However, after three years of the crisis, a steady improvement in access has been seen in only a few countries notably Bulgaria and Czechia. Notably, access to needed care was highest in Latvia and Czechia at 94%.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES**

**(OUT OF THOSE WHO REPORTED A HEALTH PROBLEM IN**

**THE LAST 30 DAYS)**

Obtained health services Unmet health care need Regional Latvia Czechia Estonia Bulgaria Moldova Poland Lithuania Slovakia Hungary Romania (N=6,108) 83% 94% 94% 88% 86% 85% 83% 83% 79% 78% 72% 17% 14% 15% 17% 17% 21% 22% 28% 6% 6% 12% 0-4 5-17 18-34 35-59 60+ years old (N=19,637)

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calculate from each mine location to each DHS cluster. This is also the distance measure that

we use to create the “mine” dummy, which captures whether the cluster lies within 20 km of a

known gold deposit. Note that we only consider deposits that have been in production at some

point until December 2012.

All households are thus within 100 km of one, or several, gold deposits. To ascertain whether

there is any gold production in these potential mining sites, we construct an indicator variable

_active_, which takes a value of 1 if there is at least one mine within 100 km that was extracting

gold in the year the household was surveyed, and 0 otherwise. While the _mine_ dummy captures

some of the special characteristics of mining areas (for example, whether mines tend to open in

less urban areas), the _active_ dummy captures long-range spillovers of mining.

The treatment effect that we are mostly interested in is captured with the _active*mine_

coefficient. The coefficient for _β3_ tells us what the effect of being close to an actively producing

mine is. Since the inclusion of the three dummies ( _active_, _mine_, and _active*mine_ ) captures the

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work, and the likelihood increases by 5.4 percentage points, which is equal to a 6 percent

increase.

While the directionality of the occupational outcomes is broadly in line with previous results

(Kotsadam and Tolonen, 2016, for 29 African countries, and Benshaul-Tolonen, 2018, for 8

African gold-producing countries), the estimates are largely insignificant, potentially due to a

limited sample size. Two categories have positive, albeit insignificant, coefficients: services

and manual labor. The (insignificant) estimate for service jobs [9] is equivalent to 6.7% increased

employment, and manual labor 10.2%, alongside which the likelihood that a woman earns cash

for her work increases with 6%.

For men (panel B of table 4), the estimates point toward an increase in agriculture, services,

and professional (all statistically insignificant estimates), but a decreased likelihood of working

in manual labor. Results for men in panel B are largely insignificant, and it is worthwhile noting

that the sample size is only slightly above 50% than the women sample size due to DHS

sampling frame.

**Table 4 OLS estimates women’s and men’s occupation in the DHS individual-level analysis**

Occupation

---
[9] Service sector jobs in the wake of structural transformation has been found important in

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Peri, G. (2012). The effect of immigration on productivity: Evidence from US states. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1), 348-358.

Peri, G. (2014). Do immigrant workers depress the wages of native workers? IZA World of Labor, 42.

Peri, G. (2016). Immigrants, productivity, and labor markets. Journal of economic perspectives, 30(4), 3-30.

Peri, G., & Sparber, C. (2009). Task specialization, immigration, and wages.
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(3), 135-169.

Peterson, B. D., Pandya, S. S., & Leblang, D. (2014). Doctors with borders: occupational licensing as an implicit barrier to high skill migration. Public Choice, 160(1-2), 45–63. doi:10.1007/s11127-014-0152-8 Schmid, L. (2023). The impact of host language proficiency on migrants’ employment outcomes. American Economic Review: Insights, 5(4), 477-493.

Sohst, R., Tirado, T., Salgado, L., & Slootjes, J. (2024). Exploring Refugees’ Intentions to Return to Ukraine: Data Insights and Policy Responses.
International Organization for Migration and Migration Policy Institute Europe.

Strzelecki, P., Growiec, J., & Wyszyński, R. (2022). The contribution of immigration from Ukraine to economic growth in Poland. Review of World Economics, 158(2), 365-399.

Tokariuk, O. (2025). Ukraine’s fight for its people. Strategies for refugee and diaspora engagement, Ukraine Forum, Chatham House, February.

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**4.2** **Health care**

[Article 21 of the Asylum Law](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) stipulates that every refugee or asylum seeker is entitled to the right to health
under the same conditions as nationals.

During the prescribed period, Chad has developed a new [National Health Development Plan for 2022-](https://www.afro.who.int/fr/countries/chad/publication/plan-national-de-developpement-sanitaire-pnds-4-2022-2030#:~:text=PLAN%20NATIONAL%20DE%20DEVELOPPEMENT%20SANITAIRE%20(PNDS%204)%202022%2D2030,-Le%20Minist%C3%A8re%20de&text=Le%20PNDS4%20est%20le%20dernier,des%20Objectifs%20de%20D%C3%A9veloppement%20Durable.)
[2030, aiming to establish an integrated, efficient, resilient, and person-centered health system. This plan](https://www.afro.who.int/fr/countries/chad/publication/plan-national-de-developpement-sanitaire-pnds-4-2022-2030#:~:text=PLAN%20NATIONAL%20DE%20DEVELOPPEMENT%20SANITAIRE%20(PNDS%204)%202022%2D2030,-Le%20Minist%C3%A8re%20de&text=Le%20PNDS4%20est%20le%20dernier,des%20Objectifs%20de%20D%C3%A9veloppement%20Durable.)
includes refugees and asylum seekers, ensuring their access to public health services on an equal basis with
nationals. Refugees and asylum-seekers are also incorporated into national, provincial, and departmental

R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D** 11

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productivity, which is the part of labour productivity coming from organisational and technological innovations, in a sample of U.S. states in the period 19602006. He finds that a 1 percentage point increase in the shares of immigrants raises labour productivity by 0.9% and TFP by 1.4%. These estimates are causal, as the author uses distance from the Mexican border and previous immigrant communities, which are both orthogonal to economic growth in host states.
What is further interesting, is firms in reaction to immigration adapt production technologies directed to workers without college education. This is consistent with the idea, that firms make workers more productive by adapting technologies to their skill sets. It is also important that these positive effects for productivity have been achieved despite immigrant inflow comprised less educated workers.

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RESETTLEMENT KEY FIGURES

**Submitted Cases**

1,063 4,497

**Cases** **Case Members**

**Active Cases**

986 4,219

**Case** **Case Members**

**Submitted Cases Member by**

**Country of Submission**

REGIONAL BUREAU FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA

**PERSONS OF CONCERN INVOLVED IN RESETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA**

As of 30 September 2022

MOVEMENTS OF GROUPS OF 10 OR MORE RESETTLEMENT CASE MEMBERS

**Country of Origin** **Country of Submission** **Country of Resettlement**

MAP OF THE DEPARTURES BY COUNTRY OF SUBMISSION

**Departure Cases**

337 2,067

**Case** **Case Members**

**Quota**

6,483 69%

**Allotcated Quota** **% of Submission vs Quota**

**Balance (Quota/Submission) :** 1,986

**Departure Cases by Age and Gender**

**ZAM**

**MLW**

**RSA**

**ZIM**

**MOZ**

**ANG**

**BOT**

**NAM**

**COB**

**COD**

**USA**

**SWE**

**NZL**

**FIN**

**NOR**

**CAN**

**AUL**

**FRA**

**493**

**303**

**205**

**28**

**27**

**13**

**11**

4%

9%

9%

26%

0%

0-4

5-11

12-17

18-59

60+

3%

12%

9%

1%

26%

**Submitted Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Asylum**

**MLW**

**ZAM**

**3,417**

**1,438

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+

3%

12%

9%

1%

26%

**Submitted Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Asylum**

**MLW**

**ZAM**

**3,417**

**1,438**

**1,367**

**Departure Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Asylum**

**1,247**

**464**

**169**

**122**

**16**

**15**

**14**

**12**

**2**

**2**

**RSA**

**ZIM**

**NAM**

**BOT**

**MOZ**

**MAD**

**519**

**487**

**355**

**157**

**96**

**36**

**Submitted Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Origin**

**Departure Cases Members**

**by Top 10 Country of Origin**

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[Article 24 of the Asylum Law accords refugees a treatment as favourable as possible and, in any event,](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances, concerning the
acquisition of movable or immovable property, lease contracts and other associated rights. Article 67
of the [2023 Decree](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf) adds that refugees lawfully staying in the country shall have the same treatment
as foreigners in general concerning that right. Article 29 of the Asylum Law also accords refugees
lawfully staying in Chad treatment as favourable as possible concerning housing which falls under
national legislation, or which is submitted to public control, and, in any event, not less favourable than
that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances. Article 71 of the 2023 Decree specifies
that refugees lawfully staying in Chad should be accorded the same treatment as foreigners in general
regarding housing subject to the laws and regulations in force. Key to note is that Article 61 of the 2023
Decree, specifically addressing local integration as a durable solution, specifies that the Government
prioritizes refugees’ right to access land and secure allocated land to achieve self-reliance.

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**SCENARIO 1** **SCENARIO 2** **SCENARIO 3** **SCENARIO 4**

**Low employment**

**conservative**

**productivity**

**High employment**

**conservative**

**productivity**

**Low employment**

**baseline**

**productivity**

**High employment**

**baseline**

**productivity**

The main impact of refugees is in growth of the economy. Refugees increase both supply as workers and entrepreneurs as well as demand as consumers. Increase in GDP is not directly proportional to the increase in population or employment.
Net benefits are lowered both due to a decrease in capital to labour ratio as well as an increase in competition on the labour market. Moreover, increase in demand in tight labour market conditions results in higher inflation and lower price competitiveness of Polish products which lower its overall positive impact.
Nevertheless, the positive impact of refugees on the economy is significant in every scenario considered.

In 2022 it amounts to real GDP being higher by 0.5-0.8% and in 2023 cumulatively by 0.7-1.1%.
This corresponds to GDP being higher by 24-36.9 billion PLN in 2023 [43] .

In the long term, total potential GDP should be higher by around 0.9-1.35% due to refugees contributions. [44]

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[44] Note that long term refers to the time when the economy fully adjusts with no additional shocks. We do not model the current refugees from Ukraine

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In response to the recent arrival from Sudan from mid-April 2023 to the present, humanitarian agencies
acted swiftly to support the government’s request. They coordinated a comprehensive, multisectoral
humanitarian response on the ground under the Refugee Coordination Model previously used during
the inflow of refugees from Cameroon and Central African Republic. This involved establishing sectoral
groups to ensure a consistent and comprehensive approach. While development actors were not directly
engaged in formulating and financing emergency plans, they received regular updates on the implemented
responses by CNARR and UNHCR.

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reach the north of the continent through the Darien jungle or Europe through the French Guyana.
In this context, Brazil plays a crucial regional role and has the potential to offer effective legal and
socio-economic integration opportunities for displaced populations, which will contribute to the
reduction of secondary movements.

To this end, the Government is set to launch Brazil's first National Policy on Migration, Asylum and
Statelessness. Developed through an extensive participatory process involving concerned
populations, the policy aims to streamline access to rights and services at federal, state, and
municipal levels. This will support the effective reception and integration of these populations into
the Brazilian society. Additionally, the Government has also adopted a Plan of Action to address
the protection and integration challenges faced by the Haitian population.

Moreover, Brazil is launching a Resettlement, Admission, and Humanitarian Reception Program
for Afghan refugees through Complementary Means and Community Sponsorship. Authorities,
with the active support of UNHCR, are now developing Standard Operating Procedures for its
implementation, and planning ways to identify and train the civil society organizations who will be
responsible to receive these refugees in Brazil and support them in their local integration journey.

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Two theories have been put forward in the literature to explain this:

**01.** Immigrants and natives differ in terms
of skills, occupational experiences, contact networks and work tasks.
Hence, they are not in direct competition. Typically, immigrants take on tasks previously performed by natives, who move to higher-valueadded tasks in the process known as “ **occupational upgrading** ” (Beerli and Peri, 2018; Tabellini, 2020; Cattaneo et al., 2015; Foged and Peri, 2016; D’Amuri i Peri, 2014; Ortega and Verdugo, 2014; Peri and Sparber, 2009).

Tritah (2015) found that a 1 percentage point increase in the rate of immigration increased GDP per capita growth by 0.3 percentage point in a sample of 20 developed OECD countries during the 1960–2005 period. Peri (2012) in a seminal paper, estimates that a 1 pp increase in the immigrant share raises labour productivity by 0.9% and TFP by 1.4%, using a sample of U.S. states from 1960 to 2006.

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In
 2012
 the
 programme
 expanded
 to
 cover
 capacity
 building
 of
 government
 officials
 and
other
 partners
 in
 relation
 to
 IDP
 and
 refugee
 protection
 and
 the
 role
 and
 mandate
 of
UNHCR.
 Additionally,
 support
 has
 been
 provided
 by
 UNHCR
 to
 the
 Moe
 Pwint
 Operation
through
 a
 pilot
 project
 as
 well
 as
 the
 production
 of
 leaflets
 in
 the
 local
 language
 to
increase
 the
 Ministry
 of
 Immigration
 efforts
 in
 enhancing
 awareness
 of
 the
 Operation
within
 the
 communities.

5
 TBC
 2012,
 see
 note
 3
 above.

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**2.3** **Institutional framework for refugee management and coordination**

According to Article 38 of the [2020 Asylum Law, the institutional framework for the protection of asylum-](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
seekers and refugees remains defined by [Decret n°839/PR/PM/MAT/2011, which establishes CNARR. In](https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/609efe754.pdf)
essence, the introduction of the new asylum legislation in Chad has not altered the institutional framework for
asylum. This legal reform has codified existing practices and brought clarity to the implementation of Decree
No. 11-839, which outlines the creation, organization and responsibilities of CNARR.

In practice, CNARR, which still operates under the Ministry of Public Security, Territorial Administration and
Local Governance (MSPARGL), remains responsible for coordinating the implementation of legal provisions

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**1 Introduction**

The mining sector in Africa is growing rapidly and is the main recipient of foreign direct

investment (World Bank 2011). The welfare effects of this sector are not well understood,

although a literature has recently developed around this question. The main contribution of this

paper is to shed light on the welfare effects of gold mining in a detailed, in-depth country study

of Ghana, a country with a long tradition of gold mining and a recent, large expansion in capital

intensive and industrial-scale production.

A second contribution of this paper is to show the importance of decomposing the effects with

respect to distance from the mines. Given the spatial heterogeneity of the results, we explore

the effects in an individual-level, difference-in-differences analysis by using spatial lag models

to allow for nonlinear effects with distance from mine. We also allow for spillovers across

districts, in a district-level analysis. We use two complementary geocoded household data sets

to analyze outcomes in Ghana: the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the Ghana

Living Standard Survey (GLSS), which provide information on a wide range of welfare

outcomes.

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IT specialists and executives), and 28% of Polish citizens. Their shares increased in the past two years by 3 pp. among Ukrainian refugees and pre-war Ukrainians, 2 pp. among other foreigners, and 1 pp.
among Polish citizens – this data shows that though Ukrainian refugees may be largely employed in the less attractive occupational groups, they are also the fastest to progress toward more attractive professions. [11]

**Ukrainian refugees in Poland have**

**clearly improved their economic**

**situation over the past year.** As
indicated in chapter 1, the share of Ukrainian refugee household incomes derived from work in Poland has increased from 74% in the July-August 2023 MSNA survey to 76% in the May-June 2024 SEIS survey. [7] This is not surprising, as the situation of Ukrainians in the Polish labour market has clearly improved. First, employment rate of working-age refugees

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[11] Since 2021, ZUS has been requesting information about the occupation of non-agricultural workers who first join the social insurance system (most farmers have a

July-August 2023 MSNA survey
May-June 2024 SEIS survey
SEIS survey
MSNA survey

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While Article 28 of the Asylum Law permits refugees also to engage in self-employment, the lack of legally
recognized refugee identity cards is likely to remain a major obstacle to meeting administrative requirements
to open a business and pay the necessary tax.

Information on the number of refugees owning businesses is also lacking.

**3.3** **Land, housing, and property rights**

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Since the beginning of the Russian invasion, the number of Ukrainian workers covered by social security insurance in Poland increased by 126 thousand. The true increase of insured refugees however is larger.
By checking previous insurance status, ZUS identified 228 thousand newly registered insured persons active on 31st March 2023. [31] Considering the number of Ukrainians with active PESEL UKR at the time, this would yield an employment rate of 43%. As this number does not take into account jobs not covered by social insurance and informal work, this can align with the over 60% employment rate noted in the surveys. This number does not take into account over 500 thousand Ukrainians that were paying social security contributions before the beginning of the full-scale war and remained in Poland after its outbreak.

The refugees present in Poland, while not without difficulties, are largely able to provide for themselves and their families. As reported in the Deloitte

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Shock to labour supply was calibrated to match data of working Ukrainians presented in chapter 2. As we didn’t have data of number of unemployed refugees, we calibrated it that an increase in the number of workers due to an increase in labour supply matched employment data in two variants: lower (around 225 thou.) and higher employment (around 350 thou.).
Total increase in labour supply in Poland was balanced by equal decrease of labour supply in Eastern Europe.

Shock to propensity to save was calculated in two steps. First and foremost, it was assumed that due to their precarious life situation refugees won’t save any income.
As such shock was set to match shock for the population [54] . Additionally, to account for spending of savings from Ukraine, data from the National Bank of Ukraine on cash withdrawals and retail transactions from Ukrainian bank cards in Poland was used [55] and then calibrated to data for private consumption in Poland. Additionally, the same data was used to calibrate the negative shock to investment in Eastern Europe.

retail transactions from Ukrainian bank cards

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Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## **4.** Ukrainian refugees’ skill-job mismatch

##### The disparity between education levels and the jobs performed by Ukrainian refugees indicates their significant over-qualification in comparison to Polish citizens (4.1). Widespread occupational licensing presents an obstacle to efficient use of Ukrainian refugees’ human capital, who – in comparison to Polish citizens – rarely work in regulated professions (4.2). The higher the level of Polish language competence, the higher the wage premium. Older refugees, those who have been in Poland for a shorter period of time or have below tertiary education tend to have poorer language skills (4.3). Refugees who back in Ukraine managed the household or were not employed, remain underemployed in Poland (4.4). Key factors to enhancing the status of Ukrainian refugees in Poland will be language courses, including advanced levels tailored for professionals, easing of occupational licensing restrictions, particularly those based solely on citizenship, and implementation of active labour market policies to help specific groups enter the workforce (4.5).

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UNHCR facilitates voluntary repatriation for refugees and asylum seekers who request to return to
their countries of origin, with arrangements often made in close cooperation with IOM through its
Assisted Voluntary Return (AVR) program. During the course of 2023, 95 refugees voluntarily
repatriated from Indonesia, primarily to Sri Lanka and Iraq. Voluntary repatriation is impacted by
ongoing conflicts and human rights violations in countries of origin, which renders many unable to
safely return home and limits interest in repatriation.

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 6

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Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE (selling house or land, using degrading sources of income, taking on high-risk or illegal jobs) and crisis-level (reducing essential health and education expenditures, selling productive assets) coping strategies. This statistic is even worse for those that fall below the poverty line [8], standing at 10% and 18% respectively. Female-led households (where all adult members are female) report having to engage in harmful coping strategies more often than their male-led counterparts.

**SHARE OF REFUGEE HOUSEHOLDS ADOPTING HARMFUL**

**COPING STRATEGIES ABOVE AND BELOW THE POVERTY**

**LINE, %** **[1]**

Above the poverty line Below the poverty line 10% 10% housing fully subsidized by the government (notably, in Slovakia this share stands at 81%). Eight percent are being hosted free of charge by locals.
Seventeen percent pay for rent only partially for various reasons, such as living with extended family, partially subsidized by the host government or employer. Those that fully pay rent report this being their number one expense, constituting 40% of the total household budget.

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Input:
In terms of economic impact, refugees are treated as a subset of all immigrants.
Economic literature typically categorises immigrants by their country of birth, regardless of their legal status. Although refugees seek new homes out of necessity rather than for economic opportunity, economic research focuses on their employment rates and other measures of labour market integration, which are usually lower than those of other immigrants and natives (Brell et al., 2020).
In this respect, Ukrainian refugees in Poland resemble other immigrants and natives more closely than usual.

This appendix outlines a revised **Deloitte**

**D.Climate** general equilibrium modelling
strategy compared to the previous Deloitte (2024) report, accounting for the impact of Ukrainian refugees on productivity.
Over the past two decades, research by academic economists has shown that viewing immigration solely through the lens of supply and demand severely constrains our understanding of the process (Peri, 2016). Such a model suggests that immigration increases economic output 36

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Input:
Refugees (2023) Refugees (2024) Hosts (2023) Overall Male Female With severe psychological distress With a disability Source: Survey data, SAG estimates 64% 67% 63% 57% 86% 96% 92% 72% 49% Technical or Bachelor's Master's Doctoral Vocational 30% Lower secondary or below Source: Survey data, SAG estimates

**11**

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Input:
particularly when they are at risk of refoulement, arrest, and detention.

### **Financial Assistance**

UNHCR assists a small number of extremely vulnerable refugees and asylum seekers with cash support
to help meet basic needs. Together with partners, UNHCR conducts a socio-economic assessment of
cases that have been identified as requiring financial assistance. Those cases that have heightened
needs are presented to a Socio-Economic and Health Panel (comprised of YCWS, JRS, and UNHCR) for
a determination of inclusion in the cash program. Those who qualify receive up to six months of cash
assistance, following which a re-assessment is required to determine continued needs.

### **Economic Empowerment**

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Input:
_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

- Contribute
 to
 the
 CTFMR
 efforts
 in
 documenting,
 verifying,
 reporting
 and
responding
 to
 grave
 child
 rights
 violations,
 including
 recruiting
 and
 using
children
 in
 armed
 conflict.

- Conduct
 multi-‐sector
 baseline
 assessments
 and
 identify
 proxy
 indicators
 for
 self-‐
reliance;
 establish
 monitoring
 and
 evaluation
 system
 in
 order
 to
 track
 progress
made
 on
 key
 indicators
 over
 the
 framework
 period.

- Support
 and
 participate
 to
 multi-‐sector
 need
 assessments
 and
 planning
 process,
in
 particular
 in
 areas
 of
 current
 or
 potential
 return.

- Provide
 an
 initial
 light
 rapid
 response
 to
 spontaneous
 IDP
 and
 refugee
returnees,
 identified
 through
 returnee
 monitoring,
 by
 providing
 NFIs
 and
relevant
 protection
 interventions
 on
 a
 needs
 basis,
 as
 well
 as
 community-‐based
assistance
 to
 receiving
 communities,
 with
 a
 view
 to
 building
 confidence
 in
 the
return
 process.

- Advocate
 with
 Government,
 donors
 and
 private
 sector
 in
 regard
 to
 rehabilitation
of
 main
 roads
 to
 key
 potential
 returnee
 areas
 and
 establishment
 of
 facilities
 that
could
 eventually
 support
 an
 organised
 return.

**10.2.** **Phase
 2:
 Expansion
 of
 integrated
 support
 to
 spontaneous
 returnees**

**and
 their
 communities**

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Input:
Refugees are vulnerable and at risk of poor health outcomes due to disruptions in access to health care in their country of origin, experiences during their journey, and challenges in settling in a new country. For the Ukrainian refugee population, predominantly comprised of women, children and older persons, access to primary health care services, including mental health and psychosocial support, child health and nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), rehabilitation and health education to increase health literacy and empower health decision-making, is critical. Among older persons, NCDs are most prevalent, necessitating uninterrupted access to care for managing illnesses.
Communicable diseases are a concern as the movement of refugees in and out of host countries disrupts access to disease prevention, detection and treatment programmes, increasing the health risks.

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Input:
**POPULATION PYRAMID**

Female Male 60+ years old 35-59 18-34 5-17 0-4 (N=19,803) 9% 25% 14% 13% 14% 3% 4% 9% 7% 3% In terms of other demographic characteristics, 6% of individuals self-reported a disability (1,435 individuals out of a sample of 18,679). Among the countries surveyed, Estonia, Hungary, and Poland reported the lowest percentage of refugees with disabilities at 5%, while Romania reported the highest at 12%.

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Input:
As per a recent assessment conducted in 21 Brazilian states, 15% of Venezuelan refugees and
migrants reported having suffered discrimination and stigmatization in the previous 12 months.
Out of these, 80.4% were discriminated because of their nationality, 8.2% for their ethnicity, 5.2%
for their age, 3.5% for having a disability and 2.4% due to their sexual orientation and gender
identity. [9] On the other hand, according to the same source, 33% of indigenous Venezuelans
experienced discrimination and stigmatization, mainly due to their nationality (51.1%) but also for
their ethnicity (31.9%), and to a smaller degree because of their age (6.3%). [10] This overlapping of
discrimination causes not only affects the ability of these populations to access dignified
livelihoods, but also to exercise their fundamental rights, such as access to health and education.

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Input:
By refraining from any refugee dispersal policies, Poland and other EU Member States may have improved labour market inclusion. In many European countries refugees are geographically dispersed after arrival to spread the cost of hosting them, ease the stress on the housing market and public services, and to avoid creating ethnic enclaves. The effects, however, can be detrimental to labour market inclusion and may be contrary to other aims of the policy. Dispersal pushes at least some of the refugees into regions with weak labour markets and few co-nationals already settled, who otherwise could transmit important information about employment opportunities. Fasani, Frattini, and Minale (2022) conducted the first cross-country study of refugee dispersal policies.
Their LFS sample covers refugees who experienced dispersal policies in Finland, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK (no data for Denmark). They find that non-EU15 refugees aged 25-64 who arrived when a dispersal policy was in place experience 4.5 percentage points lower employment rates than for those not exposed to such a policy. This may understate the effect, as for refugees who arrived 10 or less years before the survey, the effect is 17.5 percentage points, while it becomes statistically insignificant afterwards.
For the six countries for which data on residence is available, non-dispersed refugees show clearly stronger clustering in economically stronger regions (measured by GDP per capita).

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Input:
this tool. This meeting marked the first

under the leadership of the new cluster

coordinator.

For more information request the

meeting minutes for any cluster member.

**12**

**XVIII. Second Allocation for Ven-**

**ezuela Humanitarian Fund (VHF)**

**The call for proposals for the second**

**allocation of the Venezuela Human-**

**itarian Fund (VHF) was opened on**

**October 13th closing on November**

**6th.** This allocation focuses on "Multisec
toral assistance for the improvement of

essential health services, strengthening

community resilience through livelihood

support, gender equality and women's

empowerment, supporting emergency

education activities, and the provision

of assistance and protection services

in complementarity with CERF funds in

13 municipalities across 5 border states:

Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Falcon, Sucre,

and Zulia." The three key prioritized

areas encompass enhancing essential

health services (Mental Health and Psy
chosocial Support (MHPSS), Women's

and Adolescents Health, and Sexual &

ducted in 16 states, with the collaborative

efforts of 9 partner organizations. This tool

provides valuable insights into the evolving

protection landscape and aids in tailoring

responses to the specific needs of affected

populations.

_© FPM/ Franco Chramosta (2023)_

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Input:
of refugees from Ukraine find themselves of all refugee households income above of refugees are unemployed, which

**below the poverty line** [4] based on the poverty line **comes from regular work** **starkly contrasts with just a 3%**
reported income - this figure stands at 35% for households **unemployment rate for host country** below the poverty line **nationals**

# 32% 56% 14%

of refugees live below the poverty if is the labor force participation rate of of refugee youth is not engaged in

**support with accommodation expenses** refugees from Ukraine, which is **on par** employment, education, or training, which
is factored in as an indirect income source **with host country nationals** is **comparable to host country national** of all refugee households income above the poverty line **comes from regular work**

- this figure stands at 35% for households
below the poverty line is the labor force participation rate of refugees from Ukraine, which is **on par**

**with host country nationals**

of refugee youth is not engaged in employment, education, or training, which is **comparable to host country national**

**statistics**

---
[4] Defined as 50% of the median equivalized income in the host country

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Input:
### Call(s) to Action

The Brazilian state is commendably recognized for its efforts in providing protection to refugees
and other forcibly displaced populations, in line with international, regional, and national legal
frameworks. Brazil stands as a beacon of hope for refugees in the region, demonstrating exemplary
commitment and leadership in humanitarian response, and striving to go ensure the successful
local integration of displaced individuals.

UNHCR calls upon the international community to boost the support for Brazilian authorities by
increasing financial and technical assistance to UNHCR and other humanitarian actors. This
support is crucial for sustaining and expanding Brazil’s protection and assistance programs,
ensuring the rights and needs of refugees and other forcibly displaced people are met, and Brazil’s
exemplary efforts in this field are fully supported and sustained.

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Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**Refugee employment rates significantly improved in 2024, moving closer to national levels**

Ukrainian refugee employment rates [14] have experienced a sizeable increase from 2023 in most countries, rising by 9 percentage points year-over-year at the regional level to 64%. This indicator now stands just 7 percentage points below the equivalently weighted mean for the host population (71%).

Refugee employment grew both owing to a decrease in unemployment, which declined to 9% from 13% last year, as well as new individuals coming into the labor force [15] . In fact, the 2024 labor force participation rate amounted to 70%, which stands almost in line with the equivalent host country indicator of 73%.

**EVOLUTION OF THE REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT RATE FROM 2023 TO 2024**

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Employment Decrease in Decrease in rate 2023 unemployment potential labor force Employment rate 2024 Unclear labor force status Expansion of the labor force Note: Only includes data from the 7 countries surveyed in both rounds (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia) Source: Survey data, SAG estimates

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Input:
**in the literature is language training.**
Foged et al. (2024) analysed labour market outcomes of language training, placement in strong labour markets, active labour market policies, cutting welfare benefits, and placement in co-ethnic networks that were directed at refugees in Denmark.
Thanks to unusually detailed Danish data, they could follow individual refugees who arrived in Denmark between 1987 and 2008, for at least 10 years, and in most cases for 15 years. They found intensive language training introduced in 1999 to be the most effective of all policies, accounting for a 5-6 pp. increase in the probability of employment and a USD 3,000 increase in annual earnings (2015 figures). While locating refugees in strong labour markets also had considerable positive effects, the report found only some evidence that Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) focused on matching refugees with deficit occupations improved their employment prospects and no evidence of positive effects of cutting benefits or placing refugees in co-ethnic networks. Heller and Mumma (2023) exploited randomized enrolment lotteries for a publicly-funded

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Input:
Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on GUS and ZUS data, as well as data for instrumental variables from Public Employment Services Portal and Open Data governmental portal. OLS is the standard Ordinary Least Squares model, IV are Instrumental Variables Two Stage Least Squares models with instrumental variables of the share of Ukrainian pupils in Polish schools, distribution of Ukrainians from declarations on entrusting work to a foreigner in Poland in 2019, or both. For details see the Online Technical Appendix.

Furthermore, consistent with a positive productivity shock, Polish citizens have been moving to better-paid occupations – as predicted by the theory of occupational upgrading (e.g., Beerli and Peri, 2018; Foged and Peri, 2016; Peri and Sparber, 2009).
Deloitte has acquired quarterly data on the occupational groups of Polish citizens who are insured with ZUS from Q1 2022 to Q2 2024. This data is not exhaustive as ZUS only began requiring such information in

GUS and ZUS data
Public Employment Services Portal
Open Data governmental portal
GUS

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Input:
In this scenario, 19% of Venezuelan households reported being at risk of evictions from rented
housing in the three months prior to their interview, with a higher incidence in Roraima (26%) and
Amazonas (29%), the two states hosting the highest proportion of refugees and other forcibly
displaced people in Brazil. As per the same study, 10% of the indigenous households surveyed
were evicted during the three months prior to the interview, which makes them almost five times
more likely to face actual eviction when compared to the total surveyed population (2%). [24] The
risk of eviction has been also systematically reported by refugees also of other nationalities,
including Haitians, Colombians, and Cubans. [25]

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Input:
Data sources: UNHCR PRIMES, UNHCR Resettlement Statistics Report.   For more information or to contribute, please contact UNHCR RBSA DIMA (rsarbdima@unhc

**1,729**

**154**

**57**

**53**

**34**

**13**

**12**

**4**

**3**

**2**

**COD**

**BDI**

**SOM**

**RWA**

**TUR**

**ZAM**

**ETH**

**UGA**

**ANG**

**AFG**

**COD**

**BDI**

**SOM**

**RWA**

**ETH**

**PAK**

**TUR**

**CAR**

**BOT**

**ERT**

**3,619**

**263**

**235**

**220**

**40**

**36**

**19**

**14**

**8**

**8**

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Input:
### **Access to Territory**

In 2023 and 2024, boats carrying nearly 3,000 Rohingya refugees (the majority of whom are women
and children) have landed in Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to information provided
to UNHCR by the new arrivals, the increase in the number of individuals undertaking the sea journey
has been driven by a number of factors, including increasing insecurity in the camps in Bangladesh; a
decrease in the cost of the sea journey; continued instability in Myanmar; and a lack of progress in
creating conditions that would enable return to Myanmar, including addressing the root causes of
Rohingya displacement.

While many Indonesians remain supportive of and sympathetic to the challenges facing Rohingya
refugees, the most recent boat arrivals have met unprecedented resistance in Indonesia. Some boats
were initially prevented from disembarking, many refugees were forced to relocate several times due
rejection from local communities, and many of those who have disembarked have yet to be allocated
an adequate shelter by Indonesian authorities. As a result, hundreds of refugees who have
disembarked in recent months are currently living in extremely perilous, overcrowded, and
substandard conditions in which the protection and assistance response remained a challenge.

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland much of the heterogeneity inside of these groups. Every two years, GUS publishes information about the average wages in 128 occupational groups, with the latest data for October 2022 (GUS, 2024a).
When ZUS data is aggregated into these occupational groups with the assumption that wage structure remains the same as in October 2022, the rate at which Ukrainian

**The occupational progress of**

**Ukrainian refugees as compared to the**

**host population may be faster than**

**the nine main occupational groups**

**above suggest.** What is particularly
striking is the similar pace of progress of Ukrainian refugees and pre-war Ukrainians in the nine main occupational groups presented above. However, it conceals

**Chart 12. Ukrainian refugee wages relative to Polish citizens in the same employee-cells**
Employee cells are divided by poviat, sex, age group, and main occupational group 20 2022 Q2 2024 Q2

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Input:
work in mining, and insignificantly less in agriculture or service and sales. The likelihood that

a man works in mining increases by 11.3 to 12.6 percentage points, which is more than a 400

percent increase in likelihood from the mean value which is 2.8%. For both men and women,

the results are indicative of changes in labor force participation on the extensive and intensive

margin. Fewer people work, as indicated by columns (1) and (2) (significant for men), but those

who work, work more hours than before (column 3, albeit insignificant). It should be noted that

the sample sizes are limited and these estimates may suffer from lack of power.

Annex figure 2 presents the results graphically and shows the spatial structure for a subset of

the variables. The likelihood of a woman working in services decreases with distance from

mine, and log wages are higher within 10 to 20 km of an active mine. Men are, intuitively, more

likely to work as miners if they reside close to an active mine, and the correlation decreases

with distance. Wages for men are also higher close to active mines (panel D). Beyond 40 km,

the estimated effects are close to zero.

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Input:
Indonesia is host to a relatively small number of refugees and asylum seekers, but they reside over a
wide geographical area in a country of over 17,000 islands. While approximately half of the refugee
population lives in Jakarta and the surrounding areas, the other half is spread throughout the
archipelago. The UNHCR operation in Indonesia is a small one, both in terms of staffing and resources,
and the distribution of refugees across this large territory, coupled with complex protection concerns
and emergency boat arrivals, creates unique operational challenges. UNHCR continually strives to
prioritize efforts and resources to be as impactful as possible in supporting refugees who are most in
need and in advancing a sustainable protection environment in the country.

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 8

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Input:
The effects on child health are, however, not all positive. We note, particularly, a statistically

significant decrease in weight-for-age, but the other two measures are also negative (panel B of

22

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Input:
Individuals
 and
 families
 often
 have
 no
 means
 to
 retain
 legal
 services
 and
 are
 often
unaware
 of
 their
 rights
 to
 seek
 legal
 remedies
 under
 Myanmar
 law.
 Services,
 security
and
 the
 rule
 of
 law
 are
 weak,
 and
 effective
 protection
 and
 response
 mechanisms
 to
address
 sexual
 and
 gender-‐based
 violence
 (SGBV)
 or
 the
 specific
 needs
 of
 extremely
vulnerable
 individuals
 (EVIs),
 are
 still
 rudimentary
 with
 a
 lack
 of
 appropriate
 core
mechanisms
 and
 services
 available.

Cases
 of
 arbitrary
 arrest
 and
 detention
 in
 Myanmar
 continue
 to
 be
 reported.
 Pervasive
problems
 with
 the
 rule
 of
 law
 in
 Myanmar
 are
 well
 documented
 and
 detention
 and
prison
 conditions
 remain
 extremely
 problematic.

In
 addition,
 under
 the
 1947
 Immigration
 (Emergency
 Provisions)
 Act
 (as
 amended),
illegal
 departure
 or
 entry
 is
 punishable
 by
 a
 fine
 or
 imprisonment
 of
 up
 to
 five
 years.
UNHCR
 is
 not
 aware
 of
 any
 prosecutions
 brought
 under
 this
 law,
 and
 the
 President
 has
also
 stated
 publically
 that
 he
 welcomes
 back
 Myanmar
 people
 who
 ‘for
 various
 reasons’
left
 the
 country.
 However
 there
 have
 not
 been
 any
 changes
 or
 amnesties
 pronounced
 in
relation
 to
 this
 law,
 and
 this
 would
 therefore
 need
 to
 be
 addressed
 prior
 to
 any
 organised
voluntary
 repatriation
 of
 refugees.

**2.3.
 Socio-‐economic
 environment**

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Input:
The
 health
 infrastructure
 in
 the
 South-‐East
 remains
 substantially
 underserved
 with
 a

Committee.
 The
 Myanmar
 Peace
 Centre
 is
 tasked
 to
 provide
 policy
 advice
 and
 strategic
 guidance
 as
 well
 as
co-‐ordinating
 Government
 activities
 in
 the
 key
 areas
 of:
 cease-‐fire
 negotiations
 and
 implementation;
 peace
negotiations
 and
 political
 dialogue;
 co-‐ordination
 of
 assistance
 in
 conflict
 affected
 areas
 and
 outreach
 and
public
 diplomacy.

4

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