Input:
to April 2022 on wages of native workers and other immigrants. They find no effect on wages, employment, or unemployment rate, except a very small positive impact on the wages of native women.
Understanding how immigrants create positive productivity effects that counteract negative wage pressures and improve economic efficiency, requires moving beyond the canonical model of labour supply and demand.
In reality, immigrants and native residents differ in important ways, which triggers complementary occupational upgrading of natives (Beerli and Peri, 2017; Tabellini, 2020; Cattaneo et al., 2015; Foged and Peri, 2016; D’Amuri i Peri, 2014; Ortega and Verdugo, 2014; Peri and Sparber, 2009) and investment in complementary production technologies by firms (Peri, 2016; Lewis and Peri, 2015; Lewis, 2013; Peri, 2012).
We survey this literature in this chapter, underlying that our model should thus be treated as a conservative lower bound of the effect.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES the survey data side, only households that did not have any missing information on income (respondents were asked to provide both sources and amounts) were included in the calculation. For households claiming no or very little income an imputation was made based on expenses and the duration of stay in the host country.

It is important to note that while the poverty definition adopted in this assessment allows for comparisons across the countries covered (limitations apply to the Republic of Moldova), it may not be directly comparable to other studies, as approaches tend to vary quite significantly. The setup of the questionnaire, the sampling methodology, the processing of income data (including any imputations), the approach to equivalizing income, and finally the location of the poverty line itself in the income range all have a substantial impact on poverty indicators.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

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Input:
Most of the refugees from Ukraine currently living in Poland are women and children, though over half of the total population is of working age.
The best population data available is the active PESEL database as of 10th October 2023. According to the registry, 63.7% of them are women and 36.3% are men.
The database also includes the age of the Ukrainian PESEL holders, which indicates that over half (56%) are of working age (18-64), which amounts to more than 536 thousand people. More precisely, women younger than 18 make up 19% of the population, women aged 18-64 account for around 41% of the population, while those aged 65 and above are around 3% of total population. The incoming men are mostly young, those younger than 18 stand for around 20% of all refugees, men aged 18-64 make up 15% of the population and men older than 64 account for only 1%.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Kenya in 2016, followed by the provision of nationality to 1,659 Shona in 2020-21, and most recently, the

recognition as nationals of approximately 7,000 Pemba in 2023. These milestones underscore Kenya’s commitment

to addressing statelessness, a commitment reaffirmed at the Global Refugee Forum (GRF) in December 2023

through four strategic pledges aimed at the progressive eradication of statelessness. Despite these achievements,

an estimated 9,800 individuals in Kenya remain stateless today, highlighting the need for sustained efforts to fully

resolve this issue. Gaps in law continue to be a contributing cause of statelessness, due to Section 15(1) of the

Citizenship and Immigration Act, which limits the scope of the definition of a stateless person to those who were

in Kenya when it gained independence on 12 December 1963, excluding many individuals who arrived later, as well

as their descendants. In addition, neither the Constitution nor the Citizenship and Immigration Act contain a legal

safeguard to ensure that a child born on the territory who would otherwise be statelessness is granted Kenyan

nationality.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 2

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Input:
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Mining and quarrying Transportation and storage

**-1**

**34**

**Chart 8.** Share of companies reporting vacancies

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% C I G Q N P J M O F K A L E D B H

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

(more than 18 thousand), and wholesale and retail trade (more than 18 thousand).
The only sector that has seen a decline was transportation and storage (by more than 1 thousand). Unfortunately, public data does not report how much of this change is due to the refugees from Ukraine entering these sectors, or how much due to pre-2022 Ukrainian workers changing their jobs.

2006
-Q4

2008

-Q2

2009

-Q4

2011

-Q2

2012
-Q4

2014
-Q2

2015

-Q4

2017
-Q2

2018

-Q4

2020
-Q2

2021
-Q4

2023
-Q2

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Input:
- Enhance
 awareness,
 developing
 trust
 among
 stakeholders
 and
 building
capacities
 of
 central
 and
 local
 authorities,
 implementing
 and
 operational
partners,
 civil
 society
 and
 local
 communities
 to
 support
 and
 deliver
 protection
and
 assistance,
 including
 investing
 in
 support
 to
 community
 self-‐management
structures
 and
 community
 mobilisation
 through
 training,
 awareness
 campaigns,
and
 support
 to
 community
 committees.

- Follow
 up
 and
 advocate
 with
 Immigration
 and
 National
 Registration
 Department
on
 expedited
 procedures
 for
 the
 issuance
 of
 CSCs
 for
 IDPs
 and
 returnees,
including
 measures
 to
 prevent
 statelessness
 which
 properly
 address
 the
 specific
situation
 of
 refugees.
 Support
 authorities
 to
 ensure
 that
 internally
 displaced
persons
 and
 returning
 refugees
 as
 well
 as
 former
 child
 soldiers
 do
 not
 miss
 the
opportunity
 of
 obtaining
 CSCs.

- Initiate
 negotiations
 for
 the
 removal
 of
 administrative
 and
 legal
 impediments
which
 might
 inhibit
 sustainable
 return,
 such
 as
 taxation-‐related
 issues.

- Support
 a
 comprehensive
 evaluation
 of
 property
 laws
 and
 provide
 concrete
proposals
 for
 revisions
 that
 will
 ensure
 the
 restoration
 or
 repossession
 of
 land
rights
 by
 returnees.

- Provide
 access
 to
 legal
 services
 through
 advocacy
 interventions
 and
 training
 in
serving
 the
 legal
 needs
 of
 returnees
 and
 offering
 appropriate
 legal
 assistance.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Contents**

Acknowledgements 2 Summary of findings and recommendations 3 Background 4 Socio-economic inclusion – key findings 4 Methodology 10 Limitations 11

### **Acknowledgements**

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of many individuals and organizations who contributed to this report. The regional analysis was facilitated by the Regional MSNA Livelihoods and Socio-Economic Inclusion Sector Analysis Group, co-coordinated by Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR) and Susanne Klink (UNHCR). The data analysis was conducted by Marco Delogu (UNICEF), Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR), Erin Neale (IOM), and Mihail Peleah (UNDP). Writing of the report was led by the co-coordinators along with Oxana Maicuca (UNDP), Erin Neale (IOM), Arianna Pearlstein (UN Women), and Alketa Zazo (UNICEF).

Additionally, we extend our appreciation to Erika Morishita Sarmiento (UNHCR) for her valuable graphic design contributions. Lastly, we express our thanks to Jad Ghosn, Milindi Illangasinghe, and the Data, Identity Management and Analysis team (UNHCR) for their guidance and support on the regional MSNA analysis for socio-economic inclusion and across all the sectors, and to Steven Bunce (UNHCR) for reviewing the report.

**Cover photograph:**
©UNHCR/Ioana Moldovan

**2**

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Input:
**Poland**
The beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in large flows of refugees, reaching more than 6 million globally. [3] Much of this exodus happened through the Polish border.
As of October 2023, almost 1 million Ukrainian refugees were living in Poland [4] (Chapter 1). In the past decade, Poland experienced large labour migration from Ukraine. The number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship that registered for social security (this data does not include those working in the shadow economy or some minor cases that do not require registration) grew from just 33 thousand in 2013 to 627 thousand in 2021. It has to be noted however, that short-term nature of most of these stays (6 months in a span 12 months), fact that one person could hold several permits (as a result of changing jobs or positions within the same company), legal changes, and decentralized nature of permits all hinder the reliability of these figures. Two-thirds of such migrants have been men, some of whom left families in Ukraine temporarily to bring or send money back. Migration has been primarily based on firm sponsorship, where companies provided job offers and handled formalities, which resulted in very high employment rates – 94% as of November 2022 according to NBP (2023) estimates.

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Input:
Furthermore, on 1 June 2023, the Transitional National Council also enacted [Law No. 012/PT/2023](https://www.refworld.org/docid/648710104.html) relating to
the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in the Republic of Chad. This Law establishes
the legal framework to assist internally displaced persons, serving as a guiding, preventive and assistance
tool for both the state and other relevant actors in addressing internal displacement.
This has resulted in instances of arbitrary arrests and detentions of refugees and asylum-seekers.

**2.2** **Security of legal status**

The new asylum legislation establishes predictable legal arrangements for the stay of refugees and asylum[seekers in Chad. Article 31 of the 2020 Law mandates the issuance of a refugee ID card by the competent](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
authority. This card serves as both an authorization to stay in Chad and a residency permit, allowing freedom
of movement for refugees within the conditions specified by Law. The second paragraph of Article 14 of the
2020 asylum Law stipulates that an asylum-seeker certificate is valid for six months and equivalent to an
authorization to stay in Chad, is issued by CNARR and renewed until the Eligibility Sub Commission takes
a decision on his/her refugee status.

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Health** **expenditures and** **health insurance**

Regionally health expenditures, on average, were 8% of all household expenditures in the 30 days preceding the survey, a slight reduction from 9% in 2023. In Latvia, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria, the share of health expenditures was more than 10% of the household expenditures.

**AVERAGE SHARE OF HOUSEHOLDS’ EXPENDITURE**

**ALLOCATED TO HEALTH**

Regional Latvia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Hungary Poland Slovakia Lithuania Czechia Estonia (N=5,671) In households with a chronically ill member, the share of health expenditure was nearly double compared to those without (12% vs 5%), highlighting vulnerability and financial pressure in these households. The average share of health expenditure in households with children was 7%, while it was 9.5% in households without children.

**AVERAGE SHARE OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE OF**

**HOUSEHOLDS WITH/ WITHOUT MEMBERS WITH CHRONIC**

**ILLNESS**

HH with chronic illness member HH without chronic illness member Regional Latvia Moldova Romania Bulgaria Slovakia Poland Hungary Lithuania Estonia Czechia (N=5,671)

**14**

8% 12% 12% 12% 12% 9% 9% 9% 7% 5% 5%

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Input:
Policy Research Working Paper 7250

### **Abstract**

Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper

sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid
expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined
with detailed information on gold mining activities, the
authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences
estimations that provide complementary evidence. The
first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic
footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a

district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The
results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from
direct employment as miners compared to men further
away, and that women in mining communities may more
likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and
earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities,
compared to the evolution in communities further away.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input:
mining at birth. In investigating the effects on birth outcomes and infant mortality, we further

classify a child as treated if he or she is born in a district with active mining during the birth

year (in contrast to whether the mine is active when the mother was interviewed). We also

include controls for the age of the child in the survey year in the child and birth outcome

regressions (but, naturally, not in the infant mortality regressions).

**5. Results using individual-level difference-in-differences strategy**

In this section, we present results using the two difference-in-differences strategies. Since the

individual analysis contains district fixed effects, the two strategies are complementary. While

the district-level analysis informs us about differences across and within districts over time, the

local-level analysis gives us the additional impact at the very local level. This means that any

differences in effects across district and local analysis should not be interpreted as

inconsistencies, but rather as differential and additional impacts.

In a difference-in-differences setting, it is important that the sample is balanced, assuming that

the treatment and control groups are on similar trajectories. Table 2 shows the summary

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Input:
Despite the enactment of new asylum legislation, potential inconsistencies may persist with other laborrelated legislation that remain in force or have not been amended in the country. This lack of alignment
could create hesitancy among prospective employers when considering the hiring of refugees.

For instance, [Decree No. 96-189 PR/MFPT of 15 April 1996, and Deecree No. 1793/PR/PM/MECDT/2015 of 24](https://wwwex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/files/download/97320/TCD-97320.pdf)
August 2015, which address mandatory reporting of hiring, job offers and personnel in companies, as well
as business-related procedures, are still applicable.

8 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

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Input:
**population in Poland has changed**

**radically after February 24, 2022.**
Up until 2021, Ukrainians in Poland were mostly men (close to two-thirds), who came for work-related reasons, often leaving their families back in Ukraine. The onset of the full-scale conflict in Ukraine triggered the arrival of individuals displaced by the war.
Those were primarily women and children, with men in Ukraine being mobilized for the war effort. Social insurance data does not reflect the full extent of the change, showing only workers, without children and adults outside of employment.

**Chart 3. Number of Ukrainians registered in Poland for social insurance by sex**

2021 Q4 2022 Q4 2023 Q4 2024 Q2 Number of insured men with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured women with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured with Ukrainian citizenship Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

3 Employed person is a person, who during the reference week worked for at least 1 hour for pay or profit, including contributing family workers; had a certain job attachment; or produced agricultural goods for sale or barter. A definition according to the Labour Force Survey: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Glossary:Employed_person_-_LFS 08 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on the PESEL database as of September 2024.

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Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

Reproductive Health), reinforcing com
munity resilience through livelihoods

and access to adequate food, women's

empowerment, gender equality, and

provision of assistance and protection

services (including Gender-Based Vio
lence (GBV), children and adolescents,

and human trafficking), and supporting

emergency education activities with a

socio-productive approach.

**XIX. Protection Monitoring Tool**

**(PMT)**

**The outcomes of the Protection Mon-**

**itoring Tool (PMT) were shared with**

**cluster partners. The PMT contin-**

**ues to measure primary protection**

**risks, population needs, access to**

**rights, and humanitarian assistance**

**at the community level.** For the period

of March to August 2023, the PMT

recorded a total of 674 interviews con

protection work and the advancements

of their workplan along with areas of

responsibility (AoRs), and the response

monitoring for August, showing a total of

385,000 people reached by 95 partner

organizations.

Additionally, the Service Mapping tool

was shared with partners, and it was

informed that together with the UNHCR

Information Management Unit and the

AoRs, a complete update of the services

registered in the tool was being made.

Organizations were invited to always be

on the lookout to update services and to

be able to support the dissemination of

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Input:
**Wages also improved but remain significantly below host levels**

Despite a 28% increase in the regional weighted average wage of refugees in 2024, this figure still stands 30% lower than that of the local population. This means that, on average, Ukrainians earned roughly two-thirds of what their hosts did for the same number of working hours. The wage disparity is particularly striking considering the educational qualifications of Ukrainian refugees—more than half of the working-age population hold advanced degrees (Bachelor’s or higher), compared to the same being true for just 27% of hosts.

16. The data also demonstrates that the employment rate of refugees fluent in the local language is lower than for those with an intermediate or advanced knowledge. The reason for this is that the former group is heavily concentrated in lower age brackets, with almost 30% being 15-19 years old 17. Equivalent to ISCED-11, level 4 (post-secondary non-tertiary education)

**12**

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Input:
A stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any

State under the operation of its law.

- 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (Article 1).

**Globally, an estimated 4.4 million people lack a nationality, leaving them stateless, according to statistics published**

**by UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR)** . [[1]] In the East, Horn, and Great Lakes of Africa (EHAGL) region, this includes

97,591 stateless persons or persons of undetermined nationality, of whom 9,800 live in Kenya. Given the lack of

universal reporting and other gaps in statelessness data, these figures are likely to be an underestimate. Stateless

people often live on the margins of society and remain invisible in national statistics and other government

population databases due to the complexities of accurate registration and data collection.

**Lack of identifying documents confirming nationality frequently precludes stateless persons from working in the**

**formal economy, owning property, accessing basic services such as health and education, moving freely or**

**accessing financial services, leaving them at an elevated risk of poverty.** [[2]] Children may face restrictions on

attending school, while exclusion from public health services imposes costs on families and creates risks for

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A data mention described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name.

A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Including a productivity shock will allow us to address the limitations of the “canonical model” of immigration. Peri (2016, 2014) refers to the framework that economists typically used to analyse migration in the 1980s and 1990s as the “canonical model”.
In this model, immigration is simply a shift in the labour supply for a given labour demand and given labour supply of native workers. It is also assumed that immigrants and natives are essentially identical in that they enter the same occupations and perform the same tasks, while firms do not adjust production technologies. In effect, immigrant workers have a positive impact on output, but a negative impact on wages, employment and activity of natives, and positive – on unemployment.
However, this is difficult to reconcile with empirical evidence. Peri (2014) reviewed 27 empirical studies on the effect of immigration on natives’ wages, showing minimal impacts evenly distributed around zero. All estimates showed an adjustment to a 1 percentage point increase in the share of immigrants in a labour market of between -0.8% and +0.8% of the average native wage. In fact, 70% of estimates were between -0.1% and +0.1%.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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A data mention that only generally references data, information, or statistics.


Input:
Brazil stands as a regional leader, implementing _prima facie_ simplified refugee status determination
procedures under the regional refugee definition of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration
(contemplated in its national legislation as those fleeing serious human rights violations) for
individuals from Venezuela, Burkina Faso, Iraq, Mali and Syria. The National Committee for
Refugees (CONARE) has also granted refugee protection to individuals persecuted due to their
diverse sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as women and girls at risk of female genital
mutilation.

Furthermore, Brazil has established a humanitarian visa and temporary residence permit policy for
nationals of Afghanistan, Haiti, Syria, and Ukraine. Temporary residence permits are also available
for Venezuelans who choose not to apply for asylum, ensuring access to protection and legal status
for a wide range of individuals in need.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input:
_Yivt = β0 + β1 ꞏ activet + β2 ꞏ mine + β3 ꞏ activet_ _* mine + αd + gt_ _+ λXi + εivt_, (1)

where the outcome of an individual _i_ in cluster _v_, and for year _t_ is regressed on district and year

fixed effects, a dummy for whether the respondent lives within 20 km of a mine (which is a

current or future mine [8] ), a dummy for whether the mine is active at the time of the survey

(active), an interaction term between active mines and living close to a mine ( _activet * mine_ ),

and a vector of individual-level control variables. _Mine_ is the terminology chosen to capture a

known gold resource in the ground, regardless of whether it is being extracted or not. In all

regressions, we also control for living in an urban area, years of education, and age.

---
[8] A current or future mine could also be called a deposit. We have chosen against this terminology as there may

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Input:
UNHCR
 will
 gradually
 phase
 down
 its
 direct
 assistance
 reviewing,
 together
 with
stakeholders
 progress
 achieved
 on
 repatriation
 and
 reintegration,
 including
 analysing
prospects
 for
 durable
 solutions
 and
 efforts
 to
 mainstream
 reintegration
 needs
 in
national
 policies
 and
 programmes.
 As
 key
 benchmarks
 are
 met,
 UNHCR
 will
 review
 and
refine
 its
 disengagement
 plan,
 including
 the
 timing
 and
 degree
 of
 phasing
 out
 from
specific
 projects
 and
 activities.
 A
 communication
 strategy
 will
 be
 designed
 to
 inform
stakeholders
 of
 UNHCR
 progressive
 disengagement.
 The
 reintegration
 operation
 will
 be
regularly
 reviewed
 and
 evaluated
 and
 lessons
 gathered
 for
 future
 application
 in
 other
operations.

UNHCR
 Myanmar
15
 June
 2013

15

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Input:
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

biometric and individual data of asylum-seekers in the UNHCR-managed refugee management database,
ensuring that this process remains distinct from the registration of an asylum application carried out strictly
by CNARR.

Article 31 of the 2020 Law and Article 73 of the 2023 Decree outline that refugees are entitled by the
competent authorities to be issued with civil status documents including birth certificates, death certificates
and marriage certificates on par with nationals. Furthermore, the specific legal framework on civil status
[documents consists of the National Civil Status Code and Law No. 008/PR/2013 of 10 May 2013, governing](http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Loi-no-13-08-Etat-Civil-10-mai-2013.pdf)
civil status organizations in the Republic of Chad. Under Decree No. 660/PR/PM/MATSP/2015, establishing
the modalities of application of the Law of 10 May 2013, all births in Chad are subject to a mandatory
registration requirement. In line with this universal principle of civil registration, all foreigners, including
refugees and asylum-seekers to whom vital events have occurred in Chad, are allowed to benefit from civil
registry services on par with nationals. Additionally, [Ordinance No. 002/PR/2020](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Ordonnance-002-PR-2020-Etat-Civil-14-fevrier-2020.pdf) on the organization of civil
status in the Republic of Chad has extended the registration delay for births to three months.

UNHCR-managed refugee management database

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input:
1000 500 0 65+ 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 18-24 <18 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on the PESEL database as of October 2023

**Chart 5.** Composition of refugee households in Poland

60% 50% Total entries-exits of the Polish-Ukrainian border Pesel data

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on Polish Border Guard Headquarter and PESEL data.

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input: Immigration can raise not only economic output (i.e., more workers equal more production), but more importantly labour productivity (i.e., more value added produced per worker). Such a result may appear counterintuitive to a simple supplydemand intuition, where an increase in the number of workers lowers the amount of capital per worker thus lowering productivity until firms invest to return the capital-worker ratio to normal, returning productivity to the previous level (Borjas, 2019). Even if that was the case, GDP per person (though not GDP per worker) would still rise because immigrants are typically younger than the native population, which improves the general worker to population ratio. However, an inflow of immigrants can be more than just an increase in labour supply, e.g., immigrants bring new skills to the workforce, extending the scope of specialisation and thus making workers more productive. In fact, economic research from the past decade has found, that immigration improves not just GDP or GDP per person (Ortega and Peri, 2014), but has a causal positive impact for labour productivity (Jaumotte et al., 2016), GDP per capita growth rate (Aleksynska and Tritah, 2015), and total factor productivity (Peri, 2012).

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input:
68.8% 2024-Q2 2021-Q2 67.5% 2022-Q2 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.4 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Part-time Full-time 31 Deloitte has not received data that would be detailed as to citizenship, poviat, sex, age group, occupational group, and ZUS insurance code that would be suitable for econometric approach.

42

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Input:
consistent with previous, similar studies.
However, they should be treated as lowerbound estimates, as we do not allow for the possibility of an increase in the labour force triggering a positive productivity shock (e.g., due to increased specialisation), because there is little data to credibly estimate its size.

A feature of our modelling approach is that the resulting GDP gains are reduced due to increased competition on the labour market. This slightly increases the unemployment rate, by 0.18-0.3 pp in 2023, which corresponds respectively 33-54 thousand additional people being unemployed. This effect also slowed down real wage growth by 0.65-1.15% in 2023.
In reality, these negative effects are likely to be compensated by positive productivity gains, in the form of adjustments on the part of native workers (by their occupational upgrading, see papers by Peri and Sparber, 2009; Foged and Peri, 2016) and firms (by skill-biased technical change, see papers by Lewis and Peri, 2015, or Lewis, 2013), as econometric studies find only small effects on native wages, clustered around zero (Peri, 2014).
The impact of refugees from Ukraine in

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE For the regional analysis, population weights were applied based on the most up-to-date refugee population figures for each country, ensuring the findings accurately represented the broader regional refugee population. To maintain comparability, the figures for 2023 presented in this report were also re-estimated using survey weights.

This report utilises the criteria of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics Short Set on Functioning (WG-SS) [7] . The assessment included a comprehensive set of questions covering mobility, vision, hearing, cognition, self-care, and communication. For the purpose of this report, disability is defined as level 3 and above, indicating significant limitations in functioning (‘a lot of difficulty’ or ‘cannot do at all’). For indicators related to chronic illness and vaccination, respondents self-reported whether they or any household members had a chronic illness and whether children in the household had received measles vaccine.

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Input:
- 65% in early 2023 with a further 10%
already having completed a course. 87% also took part in inclusion courses that were offered. Per the report, since the beginning of the full-scale war,, around one million people have fled to Germany, while Eurostat data on beneficiaries of temporary protection show that there were around 1.17 million Ukrainians under such schemes in Germany [30] .

Among working refugees there is a significant number of entrepreneurs.
The high employment rate of refugees in Poland covers not only employees, but also the self-employed. The available data also shows that refugees from Ukraine in Poland are likely to start their own businesses. ZUS (social security) statistics on insured refugees indicate that around 5% of them have set up a business or are freelancers. Similar results can be gleaned from the MSNA Poland 2023 survey results, which show that slightly more than 5% of respondent households receive income from self-employment or similar activities.
This percentage appears to be slightly higher for men, at over 6%, than women.

---
[30] Eurostat data, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_asytpsm/default/table?lang=en

MSNA Poland 2023 survey results
ZUS (social security) statistics

Eurostat data on beneficiaries of temporary protection

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NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE health needs were regionally reported higher among those with disabilities (23%) and higher compared to 2023 (14%). Notably, respondents with a disability in Latvia, Czechia, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Slovakia reported a similar level of access to health care as those without a disability.

Unmet health needs are higher among recent arrivals. Of those who arrived in 2024, 28% reported difficulties in accessing care, compared to 19% of those who arrived in 2023 and 16% of those who arrived in 2022.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS THAT ARE**

**ABLE TO ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE**

With chronic illness Without chronic illness

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH A DISABILITY THAT ARE ABLE TO**

**ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE**

With disability Without disability Regional Czechia Latvia Moldova Estonia Poland Bulgaria Hungary Lithuania Slovakia Romania (N=6,052)

**12**

Regional Latvia Czechia Estonia Moldova Bulgaria Poland Lithuania Hungary Slovakia Romania (N=5,695)

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Input:
In practice, access to these financial services is still hindered by the type of identification documents issued by
CNARR and UNHCR to refugees. The refugee identity cards, not issued by the national competent authority,
ANATS, is often considered an unofficial document in most cases. Efforts to expand the legally recognized
documentation through the provision of biometric identification and a national identification number by
ANATS for refugees would be the solution to these recurring challenges. Other practical challenges persist
for refugees in accessing credit, stemming from their inability to meet the financial guarantees and the
perception that they pose a high risk profile as borrowers. Some refugees, mainly living in the South of
Chad continue to ably access bank accounts, mainly saving accounts, based on the prior recognition of their
identity cards by certain financial institutions.

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Input:
1. Compared to the [2023 MSNA data](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/108068)
2. For the purposes of this analysis defined as 50% of the host country median equivalized disposable incomed. This approach is equivalent to Eurostat’s at-risk-of-poverty (AROP) methodology 3. Defined as the share of the population with an income below the poverty line 4. The poverty rate for the host communities was defined to be equal to Eurostat’s at-risk-of-poverty (AROP) rate calculated for the 50%-of-median-equivalized-income threshold 5. Equivalent to living being at risk of poverty (as per Eurostat) when setting the at-risk-of-poverty threshold at 50% of the national median disposable income after social transfers 6. MHPSS stands for mental health and psychological support

**3**

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Input:
- Co-‐existence
 activities
 in
 areas
 of
 return,
 including
 through
 working
 with
 CBOs
for
 the
 identification
 of
 key
 points
 of
 current/potential
 tensions,
 designing
 of
joint
 reintegration
 projects,
 and
 conducting
 cultural
 activities
 that
 foster
traditional
 values
 of
 consideration
 and
 peace.

- Constructing/rehabilitating
 basic
 facilities,
 such
 as
 health,
 safe
 drinking
 water
systems
 and
 sanitation
 as
 well
 as
 improving/expanding
 services.

14

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Input:
Note: Data are based on average social security contributions bases in employee-cells, each cell for a specific poviat, sex, age group, and main occupational group. All data are for the 01XX ZUS insurance code (employees). Data for Q2 2022 encompass 6945 employee-cells of Ukrainian refugees joined with likewise cells for Polish citizens, while for Q2 2024 13477 such cells. Ukrainian refugees have been identified by PESEL UKR and Ukrainian citizenship, Poles by Polish citizenship.

Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

refugees move to better-paid occupations becomes clearer. Between June 30, 2022, and June 30, 2024, Ukrainian refugees gained an estimated 7% in earnings having shifted towards better paid occupations, pre-war Ukrainians 5%, non-Ukrainian foreigners 4%, and Polish citizens 1%.

**Ukrainian refugees have been slowly**

**closing their wage gap to Polish**

**citizens across all wage levels.** Once
ZUS administrative data on Ukrainian refugees with employment contracts is divided into employee cells based on 380 poviats, 2 sexes, 7 age groups, and 10 main occupational groups (including

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Input:
Mental health is a significant concern, with particularly high needs in populations fleeing conflict. WHO estimates that one in five people affected by conflict (22.1%) have a mental health condition, including 13.0% with mild, 4.0% with moderate, and 5.1% with severe conditions [4] .
Refugees may have experienced conflict-related violence and other adversities prior to displacement and likely face current stressors associated with adapting to new environments, languages, and cultures, economic and housing instability, limited social support networks and uncertainties about their future and those left behind in Ukraine. These factors may contribute to mental health and psychosocial problems that can persist for many years if left unaddressed.

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Input:
**decreases it.** Some evidence shows that
when refugees from Ukraine have access to education, healthcare, and social services, they may be more likely to consider returning home, precisely because they feel more stable and have the resources to make plans. Sohst et al. (2024) found that short-term return intentions were higher in countries offering strong public services and with healthier economies (lower poverty and higher GDP). In short, when people aren’t just surviving but have some breathing room, they’re better positioned to think about going back.
On the other hand, host country labour market integration decreases the chances that refugees will be returning to their country of origin. Personal circumstances clearly play a major role. Refugees who are formally employed in their host countries are 12 percentage points less likely to plan a return in the near future than those who aren’t (Sohst et al., 2024). Furthermore, Lewandowski et al. (2025) find that refugees who underwent greater task degradation were more likely to plan to return to Ukraine by 2023, particularly those who initially, in 2022, did not plan to return. So, while public services seem to increase the likelihood of return, employment has the opposite effect, it gives people a reason to stay. Families with children or elderly dependents are also more hesitant, which makes sense given the ongoing uncertainty in Ukraine and school continuity in host country. Refugees with disabilities are even less likely to return, often because of healthcare needs or limited support options. Return is often less about ‘desire’ and more about 'capacity', what in development terms includes social capital, human capital (like education and skills), and even psychological readiness. That capacity is shaped by a combination of public policies and personal circumstance. [6]

---
[6] Crucial will also be the ‘pull’ factors in Ukraine, which will be determined by the conditions of future peace. The longer the full-scale war

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Input:
capacity is shaped by a combination of public policies and personal circumstance. [6]

---
[6] Crucial will also be the ‘pull’ factors in Ukraine, which will be determined by the conditions of future peace. The longer the full-scale war continues, the smaller will

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Input:
**•** Aleksynska and Tritah (2015) look for economic impacts of immigration in a

sample of 20 developed OECD countries at 5-year intervals during the 19602005 period. They find that a higher rate of immigration by 1 percentage point increases GDP per capita growth rate by 0.3 percentage point. They try to disaggregate this effect in further regressions, finding positive effects for the growth of income per capita, output per worker, and total factor productivity for higher rate of immigration among prime-age workers (25-54 years old), but negative or statistically insignificant for the young (15-24 years old).
These estimates are causal, as authors similarly to Jaumotte at al. (2016) quoted above instrument the immigrant shares by estimating them beforehand based on a separate model, which is orthogonal to subsequent GDP growth.

**•** Peri (2012) in a seminal paper models the impact of immigration on total factor

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Input:
3. Economic Opportunities

which aims at preventing conflict, enabling resolution and improving the understanding of law and justice.

In practice, the availability of judicial services, including Court, remains scarce or too distant from refugee
hosting areas, including camps. The nascent state legal aid services remain constrained in scale and scope,
further exacerbated by the lack of implementation. In addressing the legal and justice needs of refugees
and asylum-seekers, despite the support provided by UNHCR and its partners for legal aid services, the
predominant option remains traditional arrangements made under the auspices of local and traditional
authorities.

### **3. Economic Opportunities**

**3.1** **Freedom of movement**

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Input:
Additionally, insights were drawn from the Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys (RRPS), [[9]] conducted

between 2020 and 2022, which included the Shona as a distinct stratum. The RRPS monitored the impact of the

pandemic on vulnerable groups, capturing critical data on employment disruptions, income losses, and food

insecurity during the crisis.

**The Shona community in Kenya has faced significant socioeconomic challenges, exacerbated by their stateless**

**status and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.** Before acquiring citizenship, Shona households faced a 24

percent higher likelihood of living in poverty compared to the urban Kenyan population and were more likely to

reside in larger, overcrowded households. Although primary school enrollment rates were similar to those of their

Kenyan counterparts, many Shona children struggled to transition to secondary education. Limited access to formal

employment, driven by a lack of legal documentation, has forced many Shona individuals into self-employment or

informal work. Even with high employment rates within the community, this does not translate into reduced

poverty, as most of the employment is low-income and lacks stability. [[8] ]

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 3

Kenya COVID-19 Rapid Response Phone Surveys

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 15. Ukrainian refugees wages median net wage by age group**

Monthly net wage (PLN) Percengate of all workers total economy average Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

**Chart 16. Median net wages of Ukrainian refugees median net wage by sector**

in PLN Percentage of total economy average 126% 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 15 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 Ukrainian refugees All workers Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on SEIS UNHCR survey and GUS data.

**The Ukrainian refugee groups to earn**

**the highest wages compared to the**

**wages in the economy as a whole are**

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Input:
The
 ongoing
 presence
 of
 armed
 actors
 in
 places
 of
 displacement
 and
 potential
 return
remains
 a
 key
 concern.
 Communities
 have
 been
 subject
 to
 protection
 risks
 associated
with
 the
 presence
 of
 military
 units
 including
 forced
 labour,
 forced
 recruitment
 and
 the
payment
 of
 “taxes.”
 In
 addition,
 Myanmar
 is
 believed
 to
 have
 a
 large
 number
 of
 children
in
 armed
 conflict,
 including
 child
 soldiers,
 with
 both
 the
 Government
 and
 various
 non-‐
state
 armed
 actors
 having
 been
 responsible
 for
 the
 recruitment
 of
 minors.
 On
 27 [th] June
2012,
 the
 United
 Nations
 Country
 Task
 Force
 on
 Monitoring
 and
 Reporting
 (CTFMR)
and
 the
 Government
 signed
 a
 Plan
 of
 Action
 with
 regards
 to
 underage
 recruitment
 in
 the
Myanmar
 Army.
 Procedures
 are
 underway
 for
 the
 systematic
 identification
 and
discharge
 of
 verified
 minors
 from
 the
 national
 forces.
 However,
 plans
 of
 action
 with
non-‐state
 armed
 groups
 in
 the
 South-‐East
 have
 not
 yet
 been
 agreed
 and
 it
 remains
 to
 be
seen
 whether
 the
 Plan
 of
 Action
 with
 the
 Government
 will
 be
 comprehensively
implemented.

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Input:
While
 all
 the
 conditions
 and
 safeguards
 for
 an
 organized
 voluntary
 return
 to
 South-‐East
Myanmar
 are
 not
 yet
 in
 place,
 positive
 political
 and
 economic
 reforms
 and
 security
developments
 have
 increased
 momentum
 for
 preparing
 for
 a
 possible
 voluntary
 return
of
 refugees
 from
 Thailand
 and
 durable
 solutions
 for
 people
 internally
 displaced
 as
 a
result
 of
 protracted
 conflict.
 A
 small
 number
 of
 refugees
 are
 reported
 to
 have
 returned

2 ‘Temporary
 shelters’
 is
 the
 Royal
 Thai
 Government
 term
 used
 to
 identify
 the
 refugee
 camps
 along
 the
border.

2

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Input:
**Access to services**

**Since 2020, the Shona community has made significant strides in the enjoyment of rights and access to essential**

**services and social, economic, and financial opportunities.** The acquisition of citizenship has enabled the

community to access critical documentation, with 86 percent of individuals now holding a national ID, citizenship,

or birth certificate. This remarkable progress has facilitated their inclusion in various social and economic

opportunities.

**Access to financial services has also improved significantly.** The proportion of community members with bank

accounts increased from 9 percent in 2019 to 35 percent in 2024, while mobile wallet usage saw a surge from 52

percent to an impressive 97 percent. This suggests that the community has leveraged citizenship to integrate more

fully into the formal financial system, enhancing their economic participation.

**Health insurance coverage has nearly tripled over the past five years.** The percentage of Shona individuals with

health insurance rose from 4 percent in 2019 to 11 percent in 2024, compared to 24 percent nationally _._ [[10]] Although

the current coverage rate remains low, this growth indicates an increasing awareness and ability to access

healthcare services, possibly due to better employment prospects and social benefits associated with citizenship.

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Input:
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

### **2. Regulatory Environment and Governance**

**2.1** **Normative framework**

[Chad, already a state party to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol,](https://www.unhcr.org/fr/media/convention-et-protocole-relatifs-au-statut-des-refugies)
and the [1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specifc Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, enacted](https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36400-treaty-0005_-_oau_convention_governing_the_specific_aspects_of_refugee_problems_in_africa_e.pdf)
[a new asylum Law on 31 December 2020 (Loi No. 027/PR/2020 Portant Asile en République du Tchad).](https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/606334e04.pdf)

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Input:
Consistent with the recent legislation consolidating past practices, CNARR, through its Eligibility Sub
Commission, remains the primary authority for asylum at first instance. Over the past three years, CNARR
has employed prima facie refugee recognition during the registration phase for asylum-seekers from Central
African Republican hosted in the South of Chad, those from Nigeria hosted in the Western Chad, and equally
for those fleeing Sudan, including for non-Chadian persons forcibly displaced since the outbreak of 15 April
2023. Other asylum-seekers have undergone an individualized RSD procedure handled by CNARR. While
there have been some enhancements in asylum legislation, notably with the recent promulgation of the
2023 Decree aiming to improve the efficiency of individualized RSD procedures, implementation challenges
persist. Issues include permanent rotation of CNARR staff, inadequate training for CNARR eligibility officers
in interview techniques, legal assessments and the use of country-of-origin information. Non-compliance
with first-instance asylum processing delays stipulated in the asylum legislation is also observed. Despite

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Input:
mine). Women are more likely to earn cash and less likely to work in agriculture after mine

openings. We find similar results when we analyze the effects at the district level and when we

use production levels instead of openings and closings of mines. We interpret this as there being

additional effects of being very close to a mine (within 20 km), beyond the effects from being

in a mining district. No spillovers into neighboring districts are detected.

The results are in accordance with the results in Kotsadam and Tolonen (2016), who find similar

effects on occupation in mining communities across the whole of Sub-Saharan Africa, and with

Aragón and Rud (2013), who find that agricultural productivity in Ghana is reduced by mining

production nearby. We find no statistically significant results on wealth and inequality, although

the results point toward increases in both. The effects on infrastructure are ambiguous; we

cannot detect any better access to flush toilets and radios, and the effects on electricity access

are negative. Further decomposing these effects, we learn that migrant households are less

likely to have access to electricity (compared with the change among migrant households living

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Input:
**Net primary school enrolment shows a slight decline but is attributed to changes in the education system rather**

**than reduced access.** The enrolment rate decreased from 81 percent in 2019 to 75 percent in 2024. However, this

is likely due to the adjustment in the age bracket for primary school in Kenya under national education reforms

launched in in 2022, which has led to a temporary underestimation of the enrollment rate. Despite this, the Shona

community's access to primary education remains strong and stable.

_Figure 2: Access to essential services, pre- and post-citizenship_

_Source: 2019 Shona socioeconomic survey_ [[8]] _and the authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 5

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Input:
**Immigrants could possess complementary skills that**

**make native workers more productive as they specialise.**
These skills do not even need to be advanced to be complementary. Natives are likely to deal better with communications-intensive tasks and have better networking, all of which may be better paid and not easily transferable between countries. OECD (2016) gives an example of a native carpenter, who employs an immigrant to do his previous manual tasks and himself focuses on marketing and business development.
Such occupational upgrading has been first shown in a seminal paper by Peri and Sparber (2009) in the USA data, but has been quickly extended to other countries. From this perspective Foged and Peri (2016) look at refugees in Denmark in the 19912008 period. They find that inflow of low-skill refugees caused less educated native workers to pursue less manual-intensive tasks - improving their wages, employment, and occupational mobility. These effects are causal, as the authors exploit the refugee dispersal system, which is orthogonal to economic opportunities.

**Immigrants could enter childcare, elderly care, and**

**housekeeping services, allowing highly educated and**

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Input:
Despite the possible gains in wages for wage earners, we note a decrease in the regionally

deflated total household expenditure (column 5), and a decrease in per capita expenditure on

food and nonfood items (column 4). The increase in wages but decrease in total expenditure

can possibly be explained by rising prices and wages in mining communities, where everyone

has to pay the higher prices but only some (those who earn wages), benefit from a rise in wage

rate.

Columns 6 through 9 of table 12 look at nondeflated expenditure measures for food, housing,

health and education, and household energy. [17] We confirm that total household expenditure on

food decreases (compared with the per capita deflated measure in column (4)), but find that

households spend more money on housing, transport, and communication, and household

energy, such as electricity and gas. The electricity and gas expenditure is only for those who

have any positive expenditure on these, and we saw earlier that electricity access changes with

the mine. This confirms that, among those who spend anything on electricity, they spend more

on it in mining communities.

**Table 12 Using GLSS: Household income and expenditure**

---
[17] Additional results for recreation and transport and communication are available upon request. The expenditure

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Input:
_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

lack
 of
 skilled
 personnel,
 facilities,
 basic
 equipment
 and
 supplies,
 including
 in
 terms
 of
potentially
 life-‐saving
 reproductive
 health,
 malaria
 prevention
 and
 control
 and
 HIV
services.

The
 education
 sector
 is
 also
 substantially
 underserved
 and
 not
 of
 adequate
 standards,
with
 a
 shortage
 of
 teachers
 and
 an
 inadequate
 number
 of
 primary
 schools
 within
reasonable
 distance
 of
 many
 communities.
 Regular
 school
 attendance
 is
 hampered
 by
education
 costs,
 distances,
 illness,
 work
 requirements,
 insecurity
 in
 conflict-‐affected
areas
 and,
 for
 ethnic
 minority
 children,
 “language
 barrier”.
 Most
 children
 have
 limited
opportunity
 to
 continue
 their
 education
 beyond
 primary
 school.

Access
 to
 safe
 drinking
 water,
 particularly
 in
 rural
 areas
 and
 during
 the
 dry
 season
 is
uneven
 and
 in
 many
 locations
 insufficient,
 with
 those
 water
 sources
 available
 during
 the
dry
 season
 located
 far
 away
 from
 human
 dwellings.
 Standards
 of
 sanitation
 are
 very
 low,
with
 open
 defecation
 common
 and
 household
 latrines
 less
 than
 international
 standards.

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Input:
Sample distribution by geographical strata, Poland 5,645 13,420 Jul-Aug UNHCR, IOM followed by random selection of districts, and convenience sampling for household selection.

CSCM, IOM, Romania 1,222 3,485 Jul-Sep UNHCR UNHCR, IOM, Slovakia 819 1,853 Jul-Aug WHO, UNICEF, SHC

**Total** **11,530** **27,302** **Jun-Sep**

Sample distribution by geographical strata, and simple random selection of households from cash enrolment lists.

Two strata (collective sites vs. private accommodation); random selection of districts and convenience sampling for household selection.

### **Limitations**

The statistical significance of the MSNA results is limited by the non-probabilistic selection of respondents. Moreover, the use of convenience sampling likely led to a larger share of data being collected from more vulnerable households.

There was also a notably high non-response rate regarding questions related to income and expenditure, which likely resulted in non-response bias. The income module of the MSNA was also materially different from the one employed by EU SILC, which may limit comparability of this data to that of host populations.

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Input:
dropping from 33 percent to 21 percent.  The literacy rate has remained constant at 93 percent, reflecting sustained

access to education. Overall, the Shona community's demographic profile suggests stability and gradual socio
economic integration following their acquisition of citizenship.

_Table 1: Demographic characteristics of Shona community in Kenya._

_Source: 2019 Shona socioeconomic survey_ [[8]] _and the authors’ calculation of 2024 survey data._

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 4

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Input:
Many
 people
 do
 not
 possess
 a
 Citizenship
 Scrutiny
 Card
 (or
 “CSC”)
 either
 because
 they
live
 or
 used
 to
 live
 in
 conflict
 areas
 controlled
 by
 ethnic
 armed
 groups
 with
 no
Government
 representation,
 or
 simply
 because
 they
 do
 not
 have
 access
 to
 the
administrative
 mechanisms
 that
 issue
 these
 documents.
 Furthermore,
 the
 Government
in
 the
 past
 limited
 distribution
 of
 CSCs
 in
 border
 areas
 to
 contain
 movement
 of
 people
linked
 to
 ethnic
 armed
 groups.
 Very
 few
 IDPs
 held
 CSCs
 before
 their
 displacement,
 and
 it
may
 be
 extremely
 difficult
 for
 people
 who
 have
 been
 displaced
 as
 refugees
 or
 IDPs,
particularly
 from
 areas
 controlled
 by
 ethnic
 armed
 groups,
 to
 provide
 the
 necessary
documentation
 to
 obtain
 CSCs.
 Additionally,
 persons
 not
 belonging
 to
 one
 of
 the
officially
 recognized
 “ethnic
 groups”
 face
 difficulty
 in
 acquiring
 CSCs,
 despite
 the
 fact
that
 there
 are
 relevant
 provisions
 available
 for
 them
 under
 the
 Myanmar
 Citizenship
Law.
 In
 July
 2011,
 the
 Immigration
 and
 National
 Registration
 Department
 of
 the
Ministry
 of
 Immigration
 and
 Population
 initiated
 the
 Moe
 Pwint
 Operation,
 which
 is
 an
accelerated
 procedure
 to
 issue
 CSCs,
 especially
 in
 areas
 that
 were
 remote
 and/or
difficult
 to
 access
 in
 the
 past
 because
 of
 the
 presence
 of
 non-‐state
 armed
 groups.

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Input:
Indonesia’s National Refugee Task Force, established in 2019, remains an important Government entity
in the management of refugee affairs. Deputy V in POLHUKAM is the head of the National Refugee
Task Force and members include the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and a wide range of security-focused
actors. Several local refugee task forces operate in provinces hosting refugees and remain active and
important counterparts. UNHCR also works with a range of partners in Indonesia, particularly IOM,
YCWS, and YKMI in several areas of protection and assistance. In addition, UNHCR works with nongovernmental, civil society and refugee-led organizations, as well as other UN agencies working with
and advocating for the rights of the refugee population in Indonesia.

**Locations of Persons Registered with UNHCR**

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Input:
can promote reconciliation and a sense of national unity and identity. [[11]]

**Acquiring Kenyan citizenship has significantly improved the socioeconomic conditions of the Shona community,**

**enabling them to access essential services, economic opportunities, and social benefits.** Before gaining citizenship

in 2020, the Shona faced numerous barriers due to their stateless status, which excluded them from formal

employment, financial services, and government programs. Following the acquisition of nationality, the Shona now

enjoy access to legal identity documents, increased livelihood opportunities, better health insurance access, and

financial inclusion. These positive changes align with findings in the academic literature, which highlight the

importance of citizenship in reducing poverty and enhancing human capital by allowing individuals to leverage

government services, engage in formal employment, and contribute more productively to society.

**Citizenship has also enhanced the Shona community’s labor market potential, though employment rates are still**

**recovering from the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.** Legal identity has granted many Shona

individuals the ability to seek formal employment and broaden their economic activities beyond informal self
employment. This has enabled the community to slowly rebuild their livelihoods post-pandemic. Nevertheless,

employment levels remain below pre-pandemic rates, especially for women, reflecting challenges in labor market

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Input:
Moreover, Chad developed a national strategic plan for the progressive implementation of universal health
coverage from 2017 to 2019, starting with vulnerable populations. Eventually, it should cover all individuals
residing in Chad, including refugees. However, the implementation of this plan was disrupted by the
COVID-19 pandemic. As of June 2023, its implementation was not yet effective.

**4.3** **Social protection**

State social protection programmes are guaranteed to refugees and asylum-seekers under Article 21 of the
[2020 Asylum Law. Article 33 of the Law specifies that refugees and asylum-seekers are entitled to the same](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
[treatment as nationals regarding assistance and public relief. Article 77 of the 2023 Decree reiterates the](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
same.

The 2016-2020 National Social Protection Strategy (SNPS) faced implementation challenges. Subsequently,
a new SNPS for 2022-2026, developed with support from UNICEF, the World Bank, UNFPA, WFP and FAO,
is now awaiting validation and government approval. This strategy, distinct from its predecessor, prioritizes
addressing financial and livelihood security for the most vulnerable, managing risks, reducing vulnerability
and ensuring access to basic social services for all residents in Chad, including refugees. Notably, it aligns
with the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). The forthcoming strategy will be accompanied by a priority
action plan.

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Input:
In terms of economic violence, only 21% of Venezuelan women of working age access the formal
job market, compared with 42% of men, and the situation is even worst for young women aged
18 to 26 who are single head of household (13%). [28] Moreover, women in the formal job market
earn an average salary that is 7% lower than men, a gap that widens up to 32% at higher and post
graduate levels. [29]

As far as physical and sexual violence is concerned, 18% of Venezuelan women and girls do not
feel safe in their communities, a proportion that is three times higher in Roraima and Amazonas
states, compared with the rest of the country. [30] Among the places that are perceived as most
insecure, respondent mentioned: the way to school (44%), community and religious spaces (44%),
shelters (35%) and their own homes (28%). [31] A recent study also found that in the state of Roraima,
9% of key informants witnessed some form of sexual violence against children. [32]

_26_ ACNUR (2023), cit. p. 14

_27_ Idem, p.17

_28_ R4V (2024), cit.

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Input:
The top 5 protection incidents reported in the region are homicide (30 per cent), assault and battery (29 percent),
extortion of property (16 per cent), destruction of properties (13 per cent), and looting (12 per cent). Also, those
protection incidents affected 99.88 percent of Internally displaced persons (IDPs), 0.11 percent of refugees, and 0.01
per cent of asylum-seekers. The protection incidents affected more males (53 per cent) than females (47 per cent),
and the protection incidents affected the age group (0 to 17), children, who represent 44 percent of all victims
reported in September 2022. In addition, the perpetrators of those protection incidents are armed groups (46 per
cent), host communities (26 per cent), others (23 per cent), and unknown (5 per cent). It is worth mentioning that 1.3
percent of the regional population, compared to September 2022 regional data, was affected by the protection
incidents reported in September 2022.

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Input:
have a stronger focus on all households’ members, rather than focusing only on women and

young children. In addition, they provide more detailed information on labor market

participation, such as exact profession (where, for example, being a miner is a possible

outcome), hours worked, and a wage indicator. The data estimate household expenditure and

household income. Wages, income, and expenditure can, however, be difficult to measure in

economies where nonmonetary compensation for labor and subsistence farming are common

practices.

**4 Empirical Strategies**

**4.1 Individual-level difference-in-differences**

Time-varying data on production and repeated survey data allow us to use a difference-in

differences approach. [7] However, due to the spatial nature of our data and the fact that some

mines are spatially clustered, we use a strategy developed by Benshaul-Tolonen (2018). The

difference-in-difference model compares the treatment group (close to mines) before and after

the mine opening, while removing the change that happens in the control group (far away from

mines) over time under the assumption that such changes reflect underlying temporal variation

common to both treatment and control areas.

We limit the data to include households within 100 km of a mine location and estimate the

following:

---
[7] We have not done a synthetic control approach because of limited ability to explore pretreatment trends.

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Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

#### **Model calibration**

We introduce a positive productivity shock into the Deloitte D.Climate model, reflecting empirical findings that refugee inflows coincided with stronger labour-market outcomes, to offset any potential adverse effects. Although higher employment rates among Ukrainian refugees correlate with improved job and wage outcomes for Polish citizens, we take a deliberately conservative approach in our general equilibrium simulations. While descriptive statistics and econometric estimates point in a positive direction, the available data remain too sparse for firm

**Chart 31. Labour market activity rates**

Women in 15-64 age group conclusions. [31] On the other hand, a default Deloitte D.Climate model estimation is in line with the previously mentioned canonical model. This yields a 1.35% decrease in wages and a 0.4 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate, which is implausible. Therefore, a positive marginal productivity of labour shock has been added to the model and calibrated to eliminate the impact on the unemployment rate throughout the simulation years of 2022, 2023, and 2024. While it is possible that the unemployment rate could fall despite the influx of Ukrainian refugees due

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Input:
health care access, as has been observed in Tanzania (Rhee et al., 2018).

The analysis shows that mining has created structural shifts in labor markets, and that it has

reduced infant mortality rates. However, along with increased wage rates, we find that

household level expenditure on housing and energy increases. In addition, the migrant

population may have lower living standards with less electricity and a higher disease burden

among children. We have no information where the migrant population moved from, and we

cannot tell whether they have migrated to the area to benefit from the industry, or whether they

were part of a relocation program due to the mining. One caveat is that these observed

differences among migrant households in mining communities and non-mining communities

could stem from untestable selection, as we do not observe the migrant households before the

migration. Regardless of the motivation behind the migration decision, the policy

recommendation is to ensure policies are in place to ensure sustainable living conditions in this

group.

These district level findings should be placed in the context of seminal work by Caselli and

Michaels (2010) who found weak increases in living standards in Brazilian municipalities after

A data mention with a proper name: dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system.

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Input:
The Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology issued a Circular Note in
2019, with amendments in 2022, allowing refugees and asylum seekers to access primary and
secondary formal and informal education in the national education system. Enrollment in local schools
requires a valid UNHCR document and competency in Indonesian language. UNHCR and our partners
provide preparation classes, covering Indonesian language and basic skills (reading, writing, and
math), as well as additional support (tuition fees, transport allowance and school supplies) to assist
children to access local schools. IOM similarly supports refugee children living in IOM
accommodations. Challenges to increase enrolment rates among refugee children include limited
interest on the part of refugee children to learn Indonesian, financial barriers, resettlement
expectations, the inability to obtain official documentation certifying completion of school (due to the
lack of an Indonesian identification number), and inadequate physical space within classrooms to
accommodate non-Indonesian children. As a result of these and other challenges, as of September
2024, only 769 refugee children (of approximately 3,000 school age children) are enrolled in
accredited national schools.

### **Health**

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Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES

**TOP 5 REFUGEE EMPLOYMENT SECTORS SPLIT BY**

**EMPLOYEE BACKGROUND (2024)**

**TOP EMPLOYMENT BARRIERS FOR EMPLOYED REFUGEES**

**(2024)**

Employed in the same sector in Ukraine Manufacturing Hospitality Construction Wholesale IT Lack of local language knowledge Cannot find a job with decent pay Few jobs for my skills or experience Lack of jobs with a suitable schedule Degree or skills recognition issues Source: Survey data 17% 15% 35% 5% 2% 4% Employed in a different sector in Ukraine 16% 9% 5% 24% 6% 4% 1% Note: Percentages are based on the distribution of relevant responses in the survey Source: Survey data Moreover, in the latest survey round, nearly 35% of employed refugees identified inadequate pay, a lack of positions that match their skill set, and challenges in having their qualifications recognized as barriers to employment. All of these answers also suggest a mismatch between qualifications and job placement.
Consistent with the findings on having to shift to jobs outside of previous employment backgrounds, working women reported the above employment barriers more frequently than men, supporting the hypothesis that they may be facing underemployment more often.

# **Methodology**

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Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE The survey methodology relied on a single household member (the respondent) answering health and MHPSS questions on behalf of all household members, which may have limited the ability to fully capture the unique needs and experiences of each individual. Furthermore, the questionnaire itself was constrained to a limited range of questions, which may have restricted the depth of data collected on complex and multifaceted topics, such as mental health and psychosocial well-being. Additionally, sensitive topics such as mental health and sexual and reproductive health may have been underreported, depending on the respondent’s comfort level and the presence of others during the interview.

**8**

# Sample demographics

The sample comprises 8,720 households, encompassing 19,803 individual household members. The population pyramid for this sample indicates that the majority of individuals are women aged 35–59 (25%), followed by women aged 18–34 (14%). To minimize potential biases due to gender imbalances, indicators were disaggregated by gender and age, allowing comparisons within consistent age groups. No significant gender disparity is observed in the sample in children; consequently, indicators related to child health were not impacted. The sample included 194 pregnant women and 247 breastfeeding women.

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Input:
Power BI Desktop Solutions Pathways Action Plan Protection and Conflict Sensitivity
-
Baardheere: A high occurence of violence and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) perpretrated by non-state actors as well as private individuals, highlighting a complicated conflict landscape. There is a need for strengthened protection services and provision of basic services.
-
Baydhaba: Findings suggest high rates of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV) took place, and were mostly perpretrated by non-state actors and private individuals. There is a need for enhanced protection from violence, and provision of basic services such as food and shelter.
-
Berdaale: Notably high incidents of violence and SGBV were recorded, mostly by non-state actors and private individuals, highlighting localized conflict dynamics. There is a need for strengthened protection for vulnerable groups.
-
Doolow: Escalating conflict was highlighted, with a high occurrence of violence and SGBV perpetrated by non-state actors, alongside private individuals.
There is a need for strengthened security services.
-
Kismayo: A high level of violence and killings were reported, perpetrated by private actors, which suggests the prevalence of opportunistic violence with unaffiliated private groups exploiting insecurity. There is a need for strengthened law enforcement capacity, and community-based protection mechanisms.
-
Banadir (including Daynile and Kahda): Very high displacements were recorded due to violence, SGBV, and killings with a combination of actors involved - predominantly unaffiliated private individuals and non-state actors.
There is a need for strengthened law enforcement capacity and a prioritization of basic services as well as livelihoods support to meet the needs of displaced communities.
-
Xudur: High rates of SGBV, exploitation and child protection violences were recorded, with penetrators identified as unaffiliated private actors, suggesting a limited state presence. There is a need to strengthen community mechanisms which are commonly relied upon by affected populations. There is also a need to improve access to food and shelter, and address exploitation through targeted protection measures.
In 2024, UNHCR conducted several assessment and analysis activities focused on protection and conflict sensitivity analysis. Key findings from these activities in the

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Input:
by affected populations. There is also a need to improve access to food and shelter, and address exploitation through targeted protection measures.
In 2024, UNHCR conducted several assessment and analysis activities focused on protection and conflict sensitivity analysis. Key findings from these activities in the eight locations referred to in this report are detailed below. Note that analysis from the whole year is summarised.

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Input:
**situation over the past year.** In
the 15-59/64 age group, employment rate of Polish citizens stood at 75% in Q2 2024 according to Eurostat, slightly more than the 69% for Ukrainian refugees in the SEIS 2024 survey and 73% when adjusted for a different sex and age structure. In the 15-64 age group, the employment rate of Ukrainian male refugees was 67% while that of Polish citizens in Q2 2024 was 77%. For women, the rates for Ukrainian refugees and Polish citizens are closer in the 15-59 age group (female retirement age in Poland is 60) with 70% for refugees and 72% for Poles. Visible

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Input:
### TABLE OF CONTENTS September/ October 2023 report Venezuela

**Operational highlights**

4 Humanitarian Program Cycle 2024: Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO) Process

4 Coordination with other platforms, subnational Clusters, ICCG, and Partners

5 Accountability for Affected Populations (AAP) WG

5 GPC Townhall

5 La Carnada Play

6 Annual TiP Bulletin 2022-2023

6 Food Security and Livelihoods (FSL) and Trafficking in Persons (TiP)

6 Monthly Meetings of the WGTiP

6 Protection Mainstreaming Training

8 Training on Mixed Migration and Durable Solutions

8 Reporting Transition to 345W

8 Focal Group Discussions with LGBTIQ+ Organizations for

Thematic Protection Analysis Update (PAU)

10 Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS)

Coaching and Training of Trainers (ToT)

10 Impact Stories of Series: September and October

11 Protection Service Mapping Revisions and Edits

11 Participation in the Gender ToT for Government Officials

11     September’s Monthly Meeting with Partners

12 Second Allocation for Venezuela Humanitarian Fund (VHF)

12 Protection Monitoring Tool (PMT)

**14** **Protection response: performance and funding**

Humanitarian Response

**3**

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2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

related to refugees. CNARR continues to be responsible for coordinating the protection of refugees. Its tasks
include safeguarding the well-being of refugees and asylum-seekers, managing issues related to them (such as
identification and registration, document issuance and camp administration), and maintaining communication
with relevant ministries. These ministries encompass Foreign Affairs, Security, Defence, Justice, Finance, Social
Affairs, Human Rights, Economy, Education, Health and Water. CNARR also provides advice to the MSPARGL
on sustainable solutions. Challenges faced by CNARR in coordinating efforts among various stakeholders and
donors persist, mainly due to a shortage of stable, qualified human resources and limited financial capacity. In
these circumstances and as specified by Article 55 of the [2023 Decree, UNHCR continues to support CNARR](http://2023 Decreehttps://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
for the refugee response coordination using the established refugee coordination model. Coordination
meetings with external partners are jointly chaired by the government counterpart (CNARR or prefect) and
UNHCR. CNARR maintains a presence in all refugee camps and most refugee hosting areas.

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Input:
Power BI Desktop Climate Change & Resilience Enhancing the climate adaption and resilience of IDPs and host communities is a priority.
Strengthening their ability to cope with and recover from current and future shocks, such as conflicts or climate change disasters, is essential for sustainable development and reducing the risk of further displacement.
Pathway #5:

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UNHCR conducts case management for survivors of gender-based violence and refers them to support
services with their consent. Assistance may include medical care, psychosocial support, temporary
safe accommodation, assistance to report to police and in any legal process, and interventions to
protect impacted children, if required. UNHCR and YCWS run a GBV hotline that can be accessed by
survivors of GBV 24 hours/day.  Since July 2023, UNHCR has conducted a GBV prevention program
that seeks to increase awareness of the root causes of GBV and to build the capacity of the community
to prevent and respond to GBV by Engaging Men in Accountable Practices (EMAP).

### **Legal Support**

UNHCR provides support to refugees and asylum seekers experiencing legal protection concerns,
including individuals seeking international protection at air and sea borders who are unable to access

UNHCR / 1 November 2024 4

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_Note:_ This figure shows the mine locations and the district in which the mines are located.

The baseline specification is shown in the following equation:

𝑌���         - 𝛽�𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒_𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡��         - ∝�� 𝑔� �𝜆𝑋�� �𝜀���      �3�

The outcome for individual _i_ in district _d_ in time period _t_ is regressed on district and year fixed

effects, an indicator for whether the individual lived in an active mine district at the time of the

interview, and time varying individual-level factors. Even though the treatment is defined at the

district level, we use individual-level data to be able to control for individual- level factors and

explore heterogeneity at the individual level. The standard errors are, however, clustered at the

district level to take into account the interdependence induced by the higher-level treatment.

Since the treatment variable is at the same level as our district fixed effects, the _β1_ coefficients

are directly interpretable as difference-in-differences estimates. That is, they capture the

difference between mining districts and nonmining districts before and after mining starts.

In estimating the district-level effects of mine openings on birth outcomes, we control for birth

year fixed effects instead of survey-year fixed effects, as we are interested in the effect of

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