Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Executive summary

The war in Ukraine, now in its third year, continues to have devastating effects on the Ukrainian population, triggering one of the largest displacement crises in Europe since World War II. As of December 2024, over 6.2 million Ukrainian refugees have been recorded across Europe, the majority of whom are women, children, and older persons. The European Union extended the Temporary Protection Directive until March 2026, granting Ukrainian refugees access to essential health services, education, and other critical support. The Republic of Moldova followed this model and also introduced Temporary Protection for Ukrainian refugees.

In 2024, to assess the health and mental health situation of Ukrainian refugees, their access to services, and the barriers they face across countries, Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRP) health and mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) partners conducted a regional analysis of the Socio-Economic Insights Survey (SEIS) data from 10 refugee-hosting countries: Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, and Slovakia. The analysis includes a comparison with key indicators collected in 2023.

Key finding from the regional analysis include:

**3**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
mortality and night lights (Benshaul-Tolonen, 2019) for gold mining countries in West and East

Africa (including Ghana). The baseline differences in observable characteristics – in particular,

lower levels of economic development preceding the mine opening - indicate that a cross

sectional approach using only the post-period may not be sufficient to understand the impact of

gold mining on socio-economic variables.

**Table 2 Summary statistics for women’s survey**

(1) (2) (3)         (4)

Before mining During Mining

>20 km <20 km >20 km <20 km

Mean Coefficient Mean Coefficient

_Woman Characteristics_
Age 28.79 0.836 28.95 -0.352
Total children 2.18 0.417* 2.56 -0.035
Wealth 3.85 -0.619** 3.33 -0.028
Nonmigrant 0.32 0.123** 0.33 -0.028
Urban 0.62 -0.300** 0.49 -0.150**
No education 0.17 -0.045 0.20 -0.042**
<3 years education 0.77 0.035 0.74 0.045**

15

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**COUNTRY NATIONALS, %** **[1,2,3,4]**

Host country nationals Ukraine refugees Bulgaria Hungary Poland Romania Slovakia Region

1. The poverty rate is defined as the share of individuals with an
equivalized disposable income that is less than 50% of the host country median 2. Calculations for Moldova were not conducted, as this country is not included into the [EU statistics on income and living conditions (SILC)](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/microdata/european-union-statistics-on-income-and-living-conditions)
[survey, which the OECD uses as the basis for host country poverty](https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/microdata/european-union-statistics-on-income-and-living-conditions) assessments 3. Results for the Czech Republic not individually presented due to sampling limitations 4. The host country poverty rate was based on [OECD indicators for](https://stats.oecd.org/)
[2021 that were indexed towards 2023 using consumer price index](https://stats.oecd.org/) (CPI) data Refugee households also report having to engage in harmful coping strategies to meet basic needs.
Some 8% and 15% had to resort to emergency 5 Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Republic of Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia 6 Defined as the total after-tax income of the household (including wages, transfers, social protection benefits, etc.) divided by the square root of the household size

EU statistics on income and living conditions

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Had to skip a Adults had to meal eat less to feed small children Source: Survey data, SAG estimates

**Employment remains closely associated with significantly lower poverty rates, but size of**

**employment income is key**

Just like in the case of 2023 data, the current survey round suggests a strong link between employment and poverty. Whereas for individuals living in households with no one employed the poverty rate stands at a staggering 62%, it drops to 10% for those with at least one person working. That said, after correcting for excessive housing costs, the poverty rate in the latter group grows to 25%, which is more than double the host country rate. This implies that while employment at refugee household level is important, it is not sufficient to ensure a decent living.

Households that are less financially vulnerable receive more of their income from employment. For those with very low income (below the poverty line), only 26% of their total income comes from work. This figure grows to 67% for those identified as having an income below the poverty threshold after correcting it for housing costs, and to 88% for those living above the poverty line.

**8**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
A feature of our modelling approach is that the resulting GDP gains are reduced due to increased competition on the labour market, which slightly increases the unemployment rate by 0.18-0.3 pp. in 2023, corresponding to 33-54 thousand additional people being unemployed. This effect also slows down real wage growth by 0.65-1.15% in 2023.
In reality, these negative effects are likely to be compensated by positive productivity gains, in the form of adjustments on the part of native workers (by their occupational upgrading, see papers by Peri and Sparber, 2009; Foged and Peri, 2016) and firms (by skill-biased technical change, see papers by Lewis and Peri, 2015, or Lewis, 2013), as econometric studies find only small effects on native wages, clustered around zero (Peri, 2014). The case of refugees from Ukraine in Poland is studied in an early paper by Gromadzki and Lewandowski (2023), who find no effect on earnings,

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
documentation has been a major contributor. The acquisition of citizenship has provided some new avenues,

especially for the youth, such as working in the hospitality industry and the ability to obtain driving licenses, which

has opened job opportunities in the transportation sector. However, most of the community still relies on traditional

trades such as carpentry and basket weaving. The competitive nature of these trades, coupled with a lack of

diversification in skills and economic opportunities, is prompting members to explore new economic avenues. This

situation highlights the need for economic development initiatives that are tailored to the community's unique

needs and skills, offering sustainable and diversified economic opportunities.

The youth within the Shona community demonstrate a keen interest in enhancing their skills and seeking

opportunities beyond conventional trades. The improvement in access to education is a positive development, yet

the challenge of transitioning into the formal labor market remains significant. Citizenship has facilitated easier

mobility and enabled traditional vending activities, but it has not led to substantial changes in long-term career

prospects. This underscores the need for targeted youth development programs focusing on vocational training,

career counseling, and job placement services to help bridge the gap between education and employment.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Co-nationals can provide important information to refugees about employment opportunities. In Germany, Battisti, Peri, and Romiti (2022) found that immigrants initially located in places with more conationals, as well as well as refugees and repatriated ethnic Germans dispersed to such places, are more likely to be employed in the first 3 years. It was found, however, that these groups had lower probability of investing in human capital. In Swiss data, Martén, Hainmueller, and Hangartner (2019) found that refugees dispersed to locations with more co-nationals are more likely to find work, especially in the first 3 years. In Danish data, Damm (2014) found that higher skill levels of non-Western immigrant men in an area raises employment probability of refugee men, while higher employment rates of their co-national men raises their earnings. Also in Danish data, Damm (2009) found that larger size of ethnic network in an area increases earnings of refugees.
In Swedish data, Edin, Fredriksson, and Aslund (2003) found that refugees dispersed to areas with more co-nationals experience higher earnings.

Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
systems, conducting community-based identification campaigns, and facilitating cross-border collaboration to

address statelessness among migrant populations. Providing technical and financial assistance to countries with

high numbers of stateless individuals would further enable the implementation of comprehensive registration and

citizenship programs. The new Global Alliance to End Statelessness provides a multi-stakeholder platform to

strengthen these joint efforts.

**5. Expand efforts to generate evidence on the impacts of statelessness and post-citizenship integration globally,**

**with a focus on Kenya.**

Stakeholders should invest in continued, longitudinal studies to track the Shona community’s socioeconomic

progress over time and take advantage of the pre- and post-citizenship data that is already available, enabling a

better understanding of post-citizenship outcomes. Additionally, research should be expanded to include the

Makonde, Pemba, Rundi and other communities alongside the national population, providing comparative insights

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 11

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

# Health analysis

### **Health remains a** **priority need**

Access to health services has remained a priority need and is ranked among the top three priorities by 33% of households, second only to employment and livelihoods support. The identification of health as a priority is consistent with 2023, where 34% of households ranked health among their top three needs.

Variations exist across countries, health care was the top priority need for respondents in half the countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, and Latvia). In 2024, health care became a top priority for 49% of households in Romania, a shift from 38% in 2023, potentially indicating barriers and changes in the level of access.

(2023 N=9,466, 2024 N=7,140)

- Not included in 2023 survey

**TOP 10 PRIORITY NEEDS (OUT OF THOSE WHO REPORTED)**

2023 2024 Employment, livelihoods Healthcare services Accommodation Language course Education for children Medicines Food Trainings, education adults Legal status* Registration, legal assistance

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Analysis of the impact of refugees from Ukraine on the economy of Poland

## Literature

Acemoglu, D. (2002). Directed Technical Change, Review of Economic Studies 69(4):781-80.

Aleksynska, M., & Tritah, A. (2015). The Heterogeneity Of Immigrants, Host Countries' Income And Productivity: A Channel Accounting Approach. Economic Inquiry, 53(1), 150-172.

Aleksynska, M., & Tritah, A. (2013). Occupation–education mismatch of immigrant workers in Europe: Context and policies, Economics of Education Review 36:229-244.

Babakova, O., Gomon, T., Naranovich, K., & Oliński, P. (2024). Ułatwienia w zatrudnianiu cudzoziemców spoza UE, Kierunek Polska. Rekomendacje dla polskiej polityki migracyjnej, Forum Obywatelskiego Rozwoju, July, ISBN 978-83-63408-04-6.

Beerli, A., & Peri, G. (2018). The labor market effects of opening the border: Evidence from Switzerland, NBER Working Paper No. 21319.

Brell, C., Dustmann, C., & Preston, I. (2020). The labor market integration of refugee migrants in high-income countries. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(1), 94-121.

Brücker, H., Glitz, A., Lerche, A., & Romiti, A. (2021). Occupational recognition and immigrant labor market outcomes. Journal of Labor Economics,39(2) Cassidy, H., & Dacass, T. (2021). Occupational licensing and immigrants. The Journal of Law and Economics, 64(1), 1-28.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
It is a general equilibrium model using consumer and producer optimalisation to calculate changes in the economy in response to shocks. This allows to assess the impact of shocks considering supply and demand channels as well as connections between different sectors of economy. This provides information about their total impact on many aspects of the economy including the labour market, government revenue as well as main economic aggregates. It is deemed the most appropriate tool to account for refugees’ multi-layered impact. To account for the effects of other shocks happening in the economy (such as the energy crisis) counterfactual analysis was performed using the newest data for the Polish economy. In other words, we were able to isolate the refugee inflow from all other shocks in the economy, like the other macroeconomic consequences of the war in Ukraine. The results were calculated for 2022 and 2023 with additional long-term analysis to check how the economy would adapt assuming no new shocks including no counter-shocks [35] .

33 [Economics of climate change | Deloitte Australia](https://www.deloitte.com/au/en/services/economics/services/economics-climate-change.html)
34 [Analiza ryzyk klimatycznych – badanie scenariuszy z modelem D.Climate | Deloitte](https://www2.deloitte.com/pl/pl/pages/risk/solutions/analiza-ryzyk-klimatycznych-badanie-scenariuszy-z-modelem-DClimate.html)

---
[35] E.g. refugees keep having lower productivity rather than adapt to level of natives.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
_UNHCR
 Discussion
 Paper
 –15
 June
 2013_

**7.** **OPERATIONAL
 FRAMEWORK**

While
 positive
 developments
 already
 undertaken
 by
 the
 Government
 point
 to
 an
eventual
 return
 of
 refugees
 from
 Thailand,
 the
 timing
 of
 the
 return
 remains
 difficult
 to
predict.

 The
 Government
 of
 Myanmar
 has
 indicated
 that
 its
 initial
 priority
 will
 be
 to
commence
 facilitating
 solutions
 for
 IDPs,
 followed
 by
 the
 voluntary
 repatriation
 of
refugees.
 The
 strategy
 for
 the
 South-‐East
 shall
 therefore
 be
 phased
 in
 its
 approach
starting
 by
 strengthening
 involvement
 in
 IDP
 operations
 to
 be
 better
 positioned
 to
receive
 returning
 refugees
 under
 organized
 repatriation
 in
 the
 future.
 Beyond
 the
planned
 phases
 UNHCR
 and
 partners
 shall
 however
 remain
 alert
 to
 sudden
 changes
 in
the
 political
 environment
 and
 being
 ready
 to
 respond.

The
 decision
 to
 shift
 between
 phases
 will
 be
 dictated
 by
 the
 operational
 context,
particularly
 changes
 in
 peace
 and
 security,
 access,
 conditions
 in
 return
 areas,
 and
indications
 of
 readiness
 of
 IDPs
 and
 refugees
 to
 return.
 It
 is
 expected
 that
 UNHCR
 and
partners’
 presence
 and
 activities
 in
 one
 phase
 could
 also
 contribute,
 for
 instance,
 to
improvements
 in
 return
 conditions,
 thereby
 catalysing
 a
 shift
 to
 the
 next
 phase.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**ranked lowest on both measures.**
Ukrainian refugees earn the highest wages in manufacturing, health, and accommodation and food service activities, while the lowest in education, other services, and construction. A comparison to median earnings in these sectors in the economy as a whole (after recalculation from gross to net earnings) changes that order, with Ukrainian refugees employed in accommodation and food service activities, and construction earning more than 100% of all workers median, and education, health services, and transportation and storage on the lowest ranks. Earnings relative to the total economy would be lower, if gross wages were compared, because Ukrainian refugees are less likely to have employment contracts and pay social contributions on their entire earnings. [16] Ukrainian refugees employed in education have the lowest median net wages when compared to other sectors. This is likely due to occupational regulations that prevent persons with nonEU citizenship from working as teachers in public schools, which is further discussed in chapter 4.

4,198 4,216 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on SEIS UNHCR survey and GUS data.

© UNHCR / Anna Liminowicz

---
[16] As refugees more often than average in the Polish economy work based on civil law contracts or self-employment, they may not be covered by employee

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

the introduction of accelerated procedures in the 2023 Decree, some asylum-seekers with vulnerabilities
wait for a first-instance asylum decision for several months. It is crucial to note that asylum-seekers do not
have the same rights as recognized refugees, limiting their socio-economic integration. Additionally, the
budget of CNARR remains mostly funded by UNHCR.

The asylum legislation, available in French and Arabic, is not well-known among some local administrative
authorities and host communities. Despite ongoing information sessions and capacity development
conducted by CNARR with UNHCR support, the impact is constrained by high personnel turnover in central
and provincial administrations. CNARR, supported by UNHCR, has launched a campaign to disseminate
information about the new refugee Law. Additional efforts are essential for effective dissemination, especially
in remote areas hosting refugees and asylum-seekers, particularly with the recent release of the 2023
Decree implementing the 2020 Asylum Law.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The 2023 Decree outlines the procedures for reception and registering asylum-seekers arriving in Chad. It
details the individualized refugee status determination (RSD) procedure, covering interview modalities, RSD
assessments, and final adjudication by the Sub Eligibility Commission. Additionally, the Decree introduces
an accelerated RSD procedure for specific groups, including unaccompanied and separated children,
victims of torture and gender-based violence, and vulnerable asylum-seekers. It also addresses prima facie
refugee recognition for mass influxes due to violence or unrest, or for groups of asylum-seekers with similar
characteristics. The Decree includes appeal procedures for first instance rejected asylum-seekers which is
dealt with by a Sub-Commission of Appeal stipulating that the decisions taken by this body are reasoned
and endorsed by an order taken by the Minister in charge of territorial administration. The same Decree also
indicates that decisions of the Appeals Sub-Commission are subject to appeal before the administrative
chamber of the Supreme Court. The Decree also outlines the processes for exclusion, cessation, revocation
and cancellation of refugee status. Additionally, the Decree outlines the specific legal and judicial assistance
that asylum-seekers and refugees can benefit from in the national asylum procedure, but also for the any
other matters/conflict.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Kleiner, M. M., & Krueger, A. B. (2013). Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(2), S173–S202. https://doi.org/10.1086/669060 46 Lessem, R., & Sanders, C. (2020). Immigrant wage growth in the United States: The role of occupational upgrading. International Economic Review, 61(2), 941-972.

Lewandowski, P., Górny, A., Krząkała, M., & Palczyńska, M. (2025). The Role of Job Task Degradation in Shaping Return Intentions: Evidence from Ukrainian War Refugees in Poland. IBS working paper, 01/2025. https://ibs.org.pl/wp-content/ uploads/2025/03/Job_task_degradation_return_intentions_Ukrainian_refugees_ IBS_WP_202501.pdf Lewis, E. (2013). Immigration and production technology, Annual Review of Economics 5(1):165-191 Lewis, E., & Peri, G. (2015). “Immigration and the Economy of Cities and Regions”,

[in] Duranton, G., Henderson, J.V., Strange, W., Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Volume 5A, North-Holland, Elsevier.

Meager N., & Speckesser, S. (2011). Wages, productivity and employment: A review of theory and international data, Brussels: European Employment Observatory.

Monitor Deloitte (2022). Refugees from Ukraine in Poland: Challenges and potential for integration. October.

NBP (2024). Sytuacja życiowa i ekonomiczna migrantów z Ukrainy w Polsce w 2024 r. Raport z badania ankietowego, Departament Statystyki, Narodowy Bank Polski, Warszawa.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
High employment rate of Ukrainian refugees translates into more workers and thus additional economic growth. In July 2022, OECD estimated the contribution of Ukrainian refugees to the labour force and employment in European host countries, based on a 2014 Labour Force Survey adhoc module that includes refugee labour market outcomes and 2019 LFS with outcomes of recent non-EU migrants.
They estimated that Ukrainian refugees would increase employment in Poland by
1.2-1.8% (Dumont & Lauren, 2022).
As refugee employment rates are higher than expected, the actual increase is higher, between 1.4% and 2.2% (estimates of 0,230,35 million relative to LFS employment).

##### To assess the impact of refugees on the Polish economy, a simulation was performed using the Deloitte D.Climate model [33,34] .

2014 Labour Force Survey adhoc module
2019 LFS

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

and Gender-Based Violence for officials

of the Women's Secretariat of the State

of Miranda. Conducted from September

28th to October 11, 2023, the PA facil
itated the first virtual session on key

concepts, receiving positive feedback

from the 35 participating officials.

**XVII.** **September’s** **Monthly**

**Meeting with Partners**

**On Thursday, September 28th, the PC**

**convened its monthly meeting with**

**53 members representing 41 partner**

**organizations.** The agenda covered an

information exchange between partners

which expressed concerns on the way

national IDs are processed in light of the

soon elections; saw a presentation of

the New Accountability Framework for

Affected Populations (AAP), its objectives

and work plan; updates from the national

subcluster of Ciudad Guayana on their

**11**

**October.** The focus was on ensuring

the accuracy of registered services and

collaborating with partner organizations

to edit or confirm the removal of inactive

services. The revised database is under
going verification for coherence by the

IM team before being uploaded onto the

platform. Considerations regarding the

platform itself and the inclusion of other

sectors are also under review, and once

finalized, the PC will implement its com
munication strategy on Service Mapping.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE measles vaccination coverage for children stood at 83%, similar to 84% in 2023, falling short of the 95% target.

Informal support also played a vital role, with 33% receiving help from family or friends and 12% accessing spiritual support. Overall, 88% of those who received support reported improved wellbeing, though there are notable differences depending on gender and age.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
differences are identified in 15-19 and 20-24 age groups, with much higher employment rates for Ukrainian refugees due perhaps to the fact that the Ukrainian school system ends at 17 while the Polish one at 19. [13] However, employment rates drop for Ukrainian female refugees in the 25-29, 30-34, and 35-39 age groups when compared to younger and older groups, as well as to Polish women, which may be due to insufficient access to childcare services.
Employment rates for Ukrainian female refugees are also substantially lower in the 55-59 age group, perhaps due to the fact that female retirement age in Ukraine has only recently (in 2021) become 60. [14]

**With the current level of integration**

**of Ukrainian refugees into the labour**

**market and the jobs they perform,**

**their median net earnings are about**

**four-fifths of the national median**

**– although likely lower in terms of**

---
[14] https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/Media.action;jsessionid=U1dm6XAPF38pPk5_pzhfaGoS_rOACMDDVv4w5uevMsKBeQEC5-_g!284293951?id=15680 15 Percentage calculated based on GUS average for the economy as a whole in the months of the SEIS survey.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
The regional protection monitoring harmonization established a regional incident typology framework to efficiently
analyze the regional protection monitoring data. To this extent, 7,503 protection incidents with 106,673 victims were
reported in September 2022 in both countries, which affected 10 provinces in the Democratic Republic of Congo
(DRC) and 1 province in Mozambique. It is worth mentioning that of the protection incidents reported in September
2022, some occurred in the same month, and some occurred before September 2022.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
### **Registration and Documentation**

UNHCR Indonesia undertakes registration of persons seeking asylum in Indonesia on behalf of the
Government of Indonesia and issues UNHCR identity documentation. Registration interviews are
primarily conducted in-person for verification of biometric data and relevant records. Most
registration interviews take place at the Reception Center in Jakarta or during accommodation
visits/missions by the respective field team for individuals residing outside the greater Jakarta area. In
2023, 2,547 individuals (1,324 cases) were registered by UNHCR Indonesia, which includes 1,225
Rohingya refugees registered during emergency registration missions following boat disembarkations
in Aceh in November and December 2023. UNHCR Indonesia provides continuous registration services
to registered refugees and asylum-seekers and maintains updated personal data in our internal
database to ensure vulnerable refugees and asylum-seekers are identified and assisted with
protection interventions and solutions.

### **Refugee Status Determination**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
# Appendix. Model Calibration

##### D.Climate is CGE [51] model developed by Deloitte Economic Institute based on GTAP model [52] . If source of data is not specified it means that shocks were calibrated to data from the model database.

It was assumed that impact of refugees on the Polish economy was felt as combined four different shocks: to population, labour supply, average propensity to save, and productivity, with shocks to population and labour supply being balanced by equivalent shocks in Eastern Europe [53] .
Moreover, as part of assumed increase in spending by Ukrainians in Poland was financed by savings from Ukraine this was balanced by equivalent negative shock on investment in Eastern Europe.

Shock to population was calibrated to match data for residents of Poland from Statistics Poland and number of refugees based on PESEL UKR. Equivalent shock in Eastern Europe was calculated using data for population in this region from World Population Prospects UN.

World Population Prospects
Statistics Poland
PESEL UKR

data for residents of Poland from Statistics Poland

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Disability and** **MHPSS**

Mental health and psychosocial problems were significantly more often reported by individuals with disabilities (51%, up from 42% in 2023) compared to those without disabilities (21%, up from 17% in 2023).
This highlights the heightened vulnerability of individuals with disabilities to mental health and psychosocial challenges, which are often exacerbated by social barriers such as limited accessibility, social exclusion, stigma, and a lack of support systems. There are clear variations across countries, with Romania (61%) and Hungary (60%) reporting the highest percentage of problems among individuals with disabilities, while Moldova (29%) and Latvia (31%) reported the lowest percentage.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

edits to some of the objectives and to the

timeline stipulated.

**IV. GPC Townhall**

**On October 18th a Townhall was**

**organized by the Global Protection**

**Cluster (GPC) with Field Operations.**

HRP 2024 key messages/instructions

were discussed and a calendar of

bi-monthly GPC Townhalls with field

operations with planned key topics were

presented. The meeting had the aim to

understand the different timelines and

ongoing HPC processes in each field

operation as well as provide support to

whom needed it.

**V. La Carnada Play**

**The Working Group on the Prevention**

**and** **Response** **to** **Trafficking** **in**

**Persons** **(WGTiP)** **organized** **and**

Fora for the HNO process are in line with

Protection needs in their area.

The Protection Cluster assured partic
ipation in the weekly ICCG meetings

where HPC ongoing activities have been

discussed and planned.

Finally, bilateral meetings have been

organized with PC’s partners NRC and

OHCHR. With both partners their protec
tion programming has been discuss and

possible coordination in the Cluster.

**III. Accountability for Affected**

**Populations (AAP) WG**

**The PC has participated actively in**

**the monthly meetings conducted by**

**the AAP working group, which aimed**

**at increasing the inputs of affected**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
lack of trust (3%), work commitments (3%), transportation (2%), and insecurity/safety concerns (2%) and other factors (5%). Results show that, despite reporting mental health problems that impede functioning, more than a third of respondents did not perceive a need for MHPSS, which may stem from a lack of mental health literacy, stigma or lack of confidence in services.
Insufficient awareness about available resources is also a primary barrier across the region, with language barriers posing additional challenges in certain countries. Women were more likely to report lacking time to seek services (12%) than were men (4%), which may be linked to their multiple other responsibilities related to livelihoods, household responsibilities, and care work. Addressing these barriers requires tailored interventions to improve awareness, reduce stigma and increase confidence in services, enhance linguistic accessibility, and address logistical and availability constraints (especially among women), ultimately improving access to MHPSS services.

**SELF-REPORTED BARRIERS TO ACCESSING MENTAL**

**HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT SERVICES BY**

**GENDER AT REGIONAL LEVEL (TOP 5)**

Female Male 46%

### **Barriers to** **accessing Mental** **Health and** **Psychosocial** **Support services**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
2021, so the sample size is still growing.
However, it is large enough to allow for some cautious inference with 4.2 million Polish citizens in mid-2022 and 6.2 million in mid-2024. This has been combined with average salaries in 128 occupational groups in GUS data for October 2022 (the most recent data). Over the two-year period from Q2 2022 to Q2 2024, following the arrival of Ukrainian refugees, the occupational group distribution of Polish citizens shifted

**Chart 30. Polish citizens occupational distribution change by salary bracket, Q2 2022 and Q2 2024**
Q2 2022 distribution, Q2 2024 distribution, and percentage point changes between them

-1.8 pp.

<= 4,000 (4,000; 6,000] (6,000; 8,000] (8,000; 10,000] - 10,000 Q2 2022 Q2 2024 41

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
to April 2022 on wages of native workers and other immigrants. They find no effect on wages, employment, or unemployment rate, except a very small positive impact on the wages of native women.
Understanding how immigrants create positive productivity effects that counteract negative wage pressures and improve economic efficiency, requires moving beyond the canonical model of labour supply and demand.
In reality, immigrants and native residents differ in important ways, which triggers complementary occupational upgrading of natives (Beerli and Peri, 2017; Tabellini, 2020; Cattaneo et al., 2015; Foged and Peri, 2016; D’Amuri i Peri, 2014; Ortega and Verdugo, 2014; Peri and Sparber, 2009) and investment in complementary production technologies by firms (Peri, 2016; Lewis and Peri, 2015; Lewis, 2013; Peri, 2012).
We survey this literature in this chapter, underlying that our model should thus be treated as a conservative lower bound of the effect.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
HIGH EMPLOYMENT RATES, BUT LOW WAGES: A POVERTY ASSESSMENT OF UKRAINIAN REFUGEES IN NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES the survey data side, only households that did not have any missing information on income (respondents were asked to provide both sources and amounts) were included in the calculation. For households claiming no or very little income an imputation was made based on expenses and the duration of stay in the host country.

It is important to note that while the poverty definition adopted in this assessment allows for comparisons across the countries covered (limitations apply to the Republic of Moldova), it may not be directly comparable to other studies, as approaches tend to vary quite significantly. The setup of the questionnaire, the sampling methodology, the processing of income data (including any imputations), the approach to equivalizing income, and finally the location of the poverty line itself in the income range all have a substantial impact on poverty indicators.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Most of the refugees from Ukraine currently living in Poland are women and children, though over half of the total population is of working age.
The best population data available is the active PESEL database as of 10th October 2023. According to the registry, 63.7% of them are women and 36.3% are men.
The database also includes the age of the Ukrainian PESEL holders, which indicates that over half (56%) are of working age (18-64), which amounts to more than 536 thousand people. More precisely, women younger than 18 make up 19% of the population, women aged 18-64 account for around 41% of the population, while those aged 65 and above are around 3% of total population. The incoming men are mostly young, those younger than 18 stand for around 20% of all refugees, men aged 18-64 make up 15% of the population and men older than 64 account for only 1%.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Kenya in 2016, followed by the provision of nationality to 1,659 Shona in 2020-21, and most recently, the

recognition as nationals of approximately 7,000 Pemba in 2023. These milestones underscore Kenya’s commitment

to addressing statelessness, a commitment reaffirmed at the Global Refugee Forum (GRF) in December 2023

through four strategic pledges aimed at the progressive eradication of statelessness. Despite these achievements,

an estimated 9,800 individuals in Kenya remain stateless today, highlighting the need for sustained efforts to fully

resolve this issue. Gaps in law continue to be a contributing cause of statelessness, due to Section 15(1) of the

Citizenship and Immigration Act, which limits the scope of the definition of a stateless person to those who were

in Kenya when it gained independence on 12 December 1963, excluding many individuals who arrived later, as well

as their descendants. In addition, neither the Constitution nor the Citizenship and Immigration Act contain a legal

safeguard to ensure that a child born on the territory who would otherwise be statelessness is granted Kenyan

nationality.

**[www.unhcr.org](http://www.unhcr.org/)** 2

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Mining and quarrying Transportation and storage

**-1**

**34**

**Chart 8.** Share of companies reporting vacancies

50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% C I G Q N P J M O F K A L E D B H

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

(more than 18 thousand), and wholesale and retail trade (more than 18 thousand).
The only sector that has seen a decline was transportation and storage (by more than 1 thousand). Unfortunately, public data does not report how much of this change is due to the refugees from Ukraine entering these sectors, or how much due to pre-2022 Ukrainian workers changing their jobs.

2006
-Q4

2008

-Q2

2009

-Q4

2011

-Q2

2012
-Q4

2014
-Q2

2015

-Q4

2017
-Q2

2018

-Q4

2020
-Q2

2021
-Q4

2023
-Q2

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
- Enhance
 awareness,
 developing
 trust
 among
 stakeholders
 and
 building
capacities
 of
 central
 and
 local
 authorities,
 implementing
 and
 operational
partners,
 civil
 society
 and
 local
 communities
 to
 support
 and
 deliver
 protection
and
 assistance,
 including
 investing
 in
 support
 to
 community
 self-‐management
structures
 and
 community
 mobilisation
 through
 training,
 awareness
 campaigns,
and
 support
 to
 community
 committees.

- Follow
 up
 and
 advocate
 with
 Immigration
 and
 National
 Registration
 Department
on
 expedited
 procedures
 for
 the
 issuance
 of
 CSCs
 for
 IDPs
 and
 returnees,
including
 measures
 to
 prevent
 statelessness
 which
 properly
 address
 the
 specific
situation
 of
 refugees.
 Support
 authorities
 to
 ensure
 that
 internally
 displaced
persons
 and
 returning
 refugees
 as
 well
 as
 former
 child
 soldiers
 do
 not
 miss
 the
opportunity
 of
 obtaining
 CSCs.

- Initiate
 negotiations
 for
 the
 removal
 of
 administrative
 and
 legal
 impediments
which
 might
 inhibit
 sustainable
 return,
 such
 as
 taxation-‐related
 issues.

- Support
 a
 comprehensive
 evaluation
 of
 property
 laws
 and
 provide
 concrete
proposals
 for
 revisions
 that
 will
 ensure
 the
 restoration
 or
 repossession
 of
 land
rights
 by
 returnees.

- Provide
 access
 to
 legal
 services
 through
 advocacy
 interventions
 and
 training
 in
serving
 the
 legal
 needs
 of
 returnees
 and
 offering
 appropriate
 legal
 assistance.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
THE ROLE OF HOUSING SUPPORT AND EMPLOYMENT FACILITATION IN ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY OF REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Contents**

Acknowledgements 2 Summary of findings and recommendations 3 Background 4 Socio-economic inclusion – key findings 4 Methodology 10 Limitations 11

### **Acknowledgements**

We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of many individuals and organizations who contributed to this report. The regional analysis was facilitated by the Regional MSNA Livelihoods and Socio-Economic Inclusion Sector Analysis Group, co-coordinated by Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR) and Susanne Klink (UNHCR). The data analysis was conducted by Marco Delogu (UNICEF), Konstantin Fastovets (UNHCR), Erin Neale (IOM), and Mihail Peleah (UNDP). Writing of the report was led by the co-coordinators along with Oxana Maicuca (UNDP), Erin Neale (IOM), Arianna Pearlstein (UN Women), and Alketa Zazo (UNICEF).

Additionally, we extend our appreciation to Erika Morishita Sarmiento (UNHCR) for her valuable graphic design contributions. Lastly, we express our thanks to Jad Ghosn, Milindi Illangasinghe, and the Data, Identity Management and Analysis team (UNHCR) for their guidance and support on the regional MSNA analysis for socio-economic inclusion and across all the sectors, and to Steven Bunce (UNHCR) for reviewing the report.

**Cover photograph:**
©UNHCR/Ioana Moldovan

**2**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Poland**
The beginning of the full-scale war in Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in large flows of refugees, reaching more than 6 million globally. [3] Much of this exodus happened through the Polish border.
As of October 2023, almost 1 million Ukrainian refugees were living in Poland [4] (Chapter 1). In the past decade, Poland experienced large labour migration from Ukraine. The number of workers with Ukrainian citizenship that registered for social security (this data does not include those working in the shadow economy or some minor cases that do not require registration) grew from just 33 thousand in 2013 to 627 thousand in 2021. It has to be noted however, that short-term nature of most of these stays (6 months in a span 12 months), fact that one person could hold several permits (as a result of changing jobs or positions within the same company), legal changes, and decentralized nature of permits all hinder the reliability of these figures. Two-thirds of such migrants have been men, some of whom left families in Ukraine temporarily to bring or send money back. Migration has been primarily based on firm sponsorship, where companies provided job offers and handled formalities, which resulted in very high employment rates – 94% as of November 2022 according to NBP (2023) estimates.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Furthermore, on 1 June 2023, the Transitional National Council also enacted [Law No. 012/PT/2023](https://www.refworld.org/docid/648710104.html) relating to
the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons in the Republic of Chad. This Law establishes
the legal framework to assist internally displaced persons, serving as a guiding, preventive and assistance
tool for both the state and other relevant actors in addressing internal displacement.
This has resulted in instances of arbitrary arrests and detentions of refugees and asylum-seekers.

**2.2** **Security of legal status**

The new asylum legislation establishes predictable legal arrangements for the stay of refugees and asylum[seekers in Chad. Article 31 of the 2020 Law mandates the issuance of a refugee ID card by the competent](https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2091861/645b938a4.pdf)
authority. This card serves as both an authorization to stay in Chad and a residency permit, allowing freedom
of movement for refugees within the conditions specified by Law. The second paragraph of Article 14 of the
2020 asylum Law stipulates that an asylum-seeker certificate is valid for six months and equivalent to an
authorization to stay in Chad, is issued by CNARR and renewed until the Eligibility Sub Commission takes
a decision on his/her refugee status.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE

### **Health** **expenditures and** **health insurance**

Regionally health expenditures, on average, were 8% of all household expenditures in the 30 days preceding the survey, a slight reduction from 9% in 2023. In Latvia, Moldova, Romania and Bulgaria, the share of health expenditures was more than 10% of the household expenditures.

**AVERAGE SHARE OF HOUSEHOLDS’ EXPENDITURE**

**ALLOCATED TO HEALTH**

Regional Latvia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Hungary Poland Slovakia Lithuania Czechia Estonia (N=5,671) In households with a chronically ill member, the share of health expenditure was nearly double compared to those without (12% vs 5%), highlighting vulnerability and financial pressure in these households. The average share of health expenditure in households with children was 7%, while it was 9.5% in households without children.

**AVERAGE SHARE OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE OF**

**HOUSEHOLDS WITH/ WITHOUT MEMBERS WITH CHRONIC**

**ILLNESS**

HH with chronic illness member HH without chronic illness member Regional Latvia Moldova Romania Bulgaria Slovakia Poland Hungary Lithuania Estonia Czechia (N=5,671)

**14**

8% 12% 12% 12% 12% 9% 9% 9% 7% 5% 5%

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Policy Research Working Paper 7250

### **Abstract**

Ghana is experiencing its third gold rush, and this paper

sheds light on the socioeconomic impacts of this rapid
expansion in industrial production. Using a rich dataset consisting of geocoded household data combined
with detailed information on gold mining activities, the
authors conduct two types of difference-in-differences
estimations that provide complementary evidence. The
first is a local-level analysis that identifies an economic
footprint area very close to a mine, and the second is a

district-level analysis that captures the fiscal channel. The
results indicate that men are more likely to benefit from
direct employment as miners compared to men further
away, and that women in mining communities may more
likely gain from indirect employment opportunities and
earn cash for work. Authors also find that infant mortality rates decrease significantly in mining communities,
compared to the evolution in communities further away.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
mining at birth. In investigating the effects on birth outcomes and infant mortality, we further

classify a child as treated if he or she is born in a district with active mining during the birth

year (in contrast to whether the mine is active when the mother was interviewed). We also

include controls for the age of the child in the survey year in the child and birth outcome

regressions (but, naturally, not in the infant mortality regressions).

**5. Results using individual-level difference-in-differences strategy**

In this section, we present results using the two difference-in-differences strategies. Since the

individual analysis contains district fixed effects, the two strategies are complementary. While

the district-level analysis informs us about differences across and within districts over time, the

local-level analysis gives us the additional impact at the very local level. This means that any

differences in effects across district and local analysis should not be interpreted as

inconsistencies, but rather as differential and additional impacts.

In a difference-in-differences setting, it is important that the sample is balanced, assuming that

the treatment and control groups are on similar trajectories. Table 2 shows the summary

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Despite the enactment of new asylum legislation, potential inconsistencies may persist with other laborrelated legislation that remain in force or have not been amended in the country. This lack of alignment
could create hesitancy among prospective employers when considering the hiring of refugees.

For instance, [Decree No. 96-189 PR/MFPT of 15 April 1996, and Deecree No. 1793/PR/PM/MECDT/2015 of 24](https://wwwex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/files/download/97320/TCD-97320.pdf)
August 2015, which address mandatory reporting of hiring, job offers and personnel in companies, as well
as business-related procedures, are still applicable.

8 R E F U G E E P O L I C Y R E V I E W F R A M E W O R K > **R E P U B L I C O F C H A D**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**population in Poland has changed**

**radically after February 24, 2022.**
Up until 2021, Ukrainians in Poland were mostly men (close to two-thirds), who came for work-related reasons, often leaving their families back in Ukraine. The onset of the full-scale conflict in Ukraine triggered the arrival of individuals displaced by the war.
Those were primarily women and children, with men in Ukraine being mobilized for the war effort. Social insurance data does not reflect the full extent of the change, showing only workers, without children and adults outside of employment.

**Chart 3. Number of Ukrainians registered in Poland for social insurance by sex**

2021 Q4 2022 Q4 2023 Q4 2024 Q2 Number of insured men with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured women with Ukrainian citizenship Number of insured with Ukrainian citizenship Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

3 Employed person is a person, who during the reference week worked for at least 1 hour for pay or profit, including contributing family workers; had a certain job attachment; or produced agricultural goods for sale or barter. A definition according to the Labour Force Survey: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Glossary:Employed_person_-_LFS 08 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on the PESEL database as of September 2024.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
##### **September/ October 2023 report**

###### Venezuela

Reproductive Health), reinforcing com
munity resilience through livelihoods

and access to adequate food, women's

empowerment, gender equality, and

provision of assistance and protection

services (including Gender-Based Vio
lence (GBV), children and adolescents,

and human trafficking), and supporting

emergency education activities with a

socio-productive approach.

**XIX. Protection Monitoring Tool**

**(PMT)**

**The outcomes of the Protection Mon-**

**itoring Tool (PMT) were shared with**

**cluster partners. The PMT contin-**

**ues to measure primary protection**

**risks, population needs, access to**

**rights, and humanitarian assistance**

**at the community level.** For the period

of March to August 2023, the PMT

recorded a total of 674 interviews con

protection work and the advancements

of their workplan along with areas of

responsibility (AoRs), and the response

monitoring for August, showing a total of

385,000 people reached by 95 partner

organizations.

Additionally, the Service Mapping tool

was shared with partners, and it was

informed that together with the UNHCR

Information Management Unit and the

AoRs, a complete update of the services

registered in the tool was being made.

Organizations were invited to always be

on the lookout to update services and to

be able to support the dissemination of

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**Wages also improved but remain significantly below host levels**

Despite a 28% increase in the regional weighted average wage of refugees in 2024, this figure still stands 30% lower than that of the local population. This means that, on average, Ukrainians earned roughly two-thirds of what their hosts did for the same number of working hours. The wage disparity is particularly striking considering the educational qualifications of Ukrainian refugees—more than half of the working-age population hold advanced degrees (Bachelor’s or higher), compared to the same being true for just 27% of hosts.

16. The data also demonstrates that the employment rate of refugees fluent in the local language is lower than for those with an intermediate or advanced knowledge. The reason for this is that the former group is heavily concentrated in lower age brackets, with almost 30% being 15-19 years old 17. Equivalent to ISCED-11, level 4 (post-secondary non-tertiary education)

**12**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
A stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any

State under the operation of its law.

- 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (Article 1).

**Globally, an estimated 4.4 million people lack a nationality, leaving them stateless, according to statistics published**

**by UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR)** . [[1]] In the East, Horn, and Great Lakes of Africa (EHAGL) region, this includes

97,591 stateless persons or persons of undetermined nationality, of whom 9,800 live in Kenya. Given the lack of

universal reporting and other gaps in statelessness data, these figures are likely to be an underestimate. Stateless

people often live on the margins of society and remain invisible in national statistics and other government

population databases due to the complexities of accurate registration and data collection.

**Lack of identifying documents confirming nationality frequently precludes stateless persons from working in the**

**formal economy, owning property, accessing basic services such as health and education, moving freely or**

**accessing financial services, leaving them at an elevated risk of poverty.** [[2]] Children may face restrictions on

attending school, while exclusion from public health services imposes costs on families and creates risks for

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Including a productivity shock will allow us to address the limitations of the “canonical model” of immigration. Peri (2016, 2014) refers to the framework that economists typically used to analyse migration in the 1980s and 1990s as the “canonical model”.
In this model, immigration is simply a shift in the labour supply for a given labour demand and given labour supply of native workers. It is also assumed that immigrants and natives are essentially identical in that they enter the same occupations and perform the same tasks, while firms do not adjust production technologies. In effect, immigrant workers have a positive impact on output, but a negative impact on wages, employment and activity of natives, and positive – on unemployment.
However, this is difficult to reconcile with empirical evidence. Peri (2014) reviewed 27 empirical studies on the effect of immigration on natives’ wages, showing minimal impacts evenly distributed around zero. All estimates showed an adjustment to a 1 percentage point increase in the share of immigrants in a labour market of between -0.8% and +0.8% of the average native wage. In fact, 70% of estimates were between -0.1% and +0.1%.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Brazil stands as a regional leader, implementing _prima facie_ simplified refugee status determination
procedures under the regional refugee definition of the 1984 Cartagena Declaration
(contemplated in its national legislation as those fleeing serious human rights violations) for
individuals from Venezuela, Burkina Faso, Iraq, Mali and Syria. The National Committee for
Refugees (CONARE) has also granted refugee protection to individuals persecuted due to their
diverse sexual orientation and gender identity, as well as women and girls at risk of female genital
mutilation.

Furthermore, Brazil has established a humanitarian visa and temporary residence permit policy for
nationals of Afghanistan, Haiti, Syria, and Ukraine. Temporary residence permits are also available
for Venezuelans who choose not to apply for asylum, ensuring access to protection and legal status
for a wide range of individuals in need.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
_Yivt = β0 + β1 ꞏ activet + β2 ꞏ mine + β3 ꞏ activet_ _* mine + αd + gt_ _+ λXi + εivt_, (1)

where the outcome of an individual _i_ in cluster _v_, and for year _t_ is regressed on district and year

fixed effects, a dummy for whether the respondent lives within 20 km of a mine (which is a

current or future mine [8] ), a dummy for whether the mine is active at the time of the survey

(active), an interaction term between active mines and living close to a mine ( _activet * mine_ ),

and a vector of individual-level control variables. _Mine_ is the terminology chosen to capture a

known gold resource in the ground, regardless of whether it is being extracted or not. In all

regressions, we also control for living in an urban area, years of education, and age.

---
[8] A current or future mine could also be called a deposit. We have chosen against this terminology as there may

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
UNHCR
 will
 gradually
 phase
 down
 its
 direct
 assistance
 reviewing,
 together
 with
stakeholders
 progress
 achieved
 on
 repatriation
 and
 reintegration,
 including
 analysing
prospects
 for
 durable
 solutions
 and
 efforts
 to
 mainstream
 reintegration
 needs
 in
national
 policies
 and
 programmes.
 As
 key
 benchmarks
 are
 met,
 UNHCR
 will
 review
 and
refine
 its
 disengagement
 plan,
 including
 the
 timing
 and
 degree
 of
 phasing
 out
 from
specific
 projects
 and
 activities.
 A
 communication
 strategy
 will
 be
 designed
 to
 inform
stakeholders
 of
 UNHCR
 progressive
 disengagement.
 The
 reintegration
 operation
 will
 be
regularly
 reviewed
 and
 evaluated
 and
 lessons
 gathered
 for
 future
 application
 in
 other
operations.

UNHCR
 Myanmar
15
 June
 2013

15

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
2. Regulatory Environment and Governance

biometric and individual data of asylum-seekers in the UNHCR-managed refugee management database,
ensuring that this process remains distinct from the registration of an asylum application carried out strictly
by CNARR.

Article 31 of the 2020 Law and Article 73 of the 2023 Decree outline that refugees are entitled by the
competent authorities to be issued with civil status documents including birth certificates, death certificates
and marriage certificates on par with nationals. Furthermore, the specific legal framework on civil status
[documents consists of the National Civil Status Code and Law No. 008/PR/2013 of 10 May 2013, governing](http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Loi-no-13-08-Etat-Civil-10-mai-2013.pdf)
civil status organizations in the Republic of Chad. Under Decree No. 660/PR/PM/MATSP/2015, establishing
the modalities of application of the Law of 10 May 2013, all births in Chad are subject to a mandatory
registration requirement. In line with this universal principle of civil registration, all foreigners, including
refugees and asylum-seekers to whom vital events have occurred in Chad, are allowed to benefit from civil
registry services on par with nationals. Additionally, [Ordinance No. 002/PR/2020](https://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Tchad-Ordonnance-002-PR-2020-Etat-Civil-14-fevrier-2020.pdf) on the organization of civil
status in the Republic of Chad has extended the registration delay for births to three months.

UNHCR-managed refugee management database

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
1000 500 0 65+ 55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 18-24 <18 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on the PESEL database as of October 2023

**Chart 5.** Composition of refugee households in Poland

60% 50% Total entries-exits of the Polish-Ukrainian border Pesel data

**Source:** Deloitte own elaboration based on Polish Border Guard Headquarter and PESEL data.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input: Immigration can raise not only economic output (i.e., more workers equal more production), but more importantly labour productivity (i.e., more value added produced per worker). Such a result may appear counterintuitive to a simple supplydemand intuition, where an increase in the number of workers lowers the amount of capital per worker thus lowering productivity until firms invest to return the capital-worker ratio to normal, returning productivity to the previous level (Borjas, 2019). Even if that was the case, GDP per person (though not GDP per worker) would still rise because immigrants are typically younger than the native population, which improves the general worker to population ratio. However, an inflow of immigrants can be more than just an increase in labour supply, e.g., immigrants bring new skills to the workforce, extending the scope of specialisation and thus making workers more productive. In fact, economic research from the past decade has found, that immigration improves not just GDP or GDP per person (Ortega and Peri, 2014), but has a causal positive impact for labour productivity (Jaumotte et al., 2016), GDP per capita growth rate (Aleksynska and Tritah, 2015), and total factor productivity (Peri, 2012).

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
68.8% 2024-Q2 2021-Q2 67.5% 2022-Q2 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.4 Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Source: Deloitte own elaboration based of Eurostat data (Labour Force Survey).

Part-time Full-time 31 Deloitte has not received data that would be detailed as to citizenship, poviat, sex, age group, occupational group, and ZUS insurance code that would be suitable for econometric approach.

42

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
consistent with previous, similar studies.
However, they should be treated as lowerbound estimates, as we do not allow for the possibility of an increase in the labour force triggering a positive productivity shock (e.g., due to increased specialisation), because there is little data to credibly estimate its size.

A feature of our modelling approach is that the resulting GDP gains are reduced due to increased competition on the labour market. This slightly increases the unemployment rate, by 0.18-0.3 pp in 2023, which corresponds respectively 33-54 thousand additional people being unemployed. This effect also slowed down real wage growth by 0.65-1.15% in 2023.
In reality, these negative effects are likely to be compensated by positive productivity gains, in the form of adjustments on the part of native workers (by their occupational upgrading, see papers by Peri and Sparber, 2009; Foged and Peri, 2016) and firms (by skill-biased technical change, see papers by Lewis and Peri, 2015, or Lewis, 2013), as econometric studies find only small effects on native wages, clustered around zero (Peri, 2014).
The impact of refugees from Ukraine in

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE For the regional analysis, population weights were applied based on the most up-to-date refugee population figures for each country, ensuring the findings accurately represented the broader regional refugee population. To maintain comparability, the figures for 2023 presented in this report were also re-estimated using survey weights.

This report utilises the criteria of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics Short Set on Functioning (WG-SS) [7] . The assessment included a comprehensive set of questions covering mobility, vision, hearing, cognition, self-care, and communication. For the purpose of this report, disability is defined as level 3 and above, indicating significant limitations in functioning (‘a lot of difficulty’ or ‘cannot do at all’). For indicators related to chronic illness and vaccination, respondents self-reported whether they or any household members had a chronic illness and whether children in the household had received measles vaccine.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
- 65% in early 2023 with a further 10%
already having completed a course. 87% also took part in inclusion courses that were offered. Per the report, since the beginning of the full-scale war,, around one million people have fled to Germany, while Eurostat data on beneficiaries of temporary protection show that there were around 1.17 million Ukrainians under such schemes in Germany [30] .

Among working refugees there is a significant number of entrepreneurs.
The high employment rate of refugees in Poland covers not only employees, but also the self-employed. The available data also shows that refugees from Ukraine in Poland are likely to start their own businesses. ZUS (social security) statistics on insured refugees indicate that around 5% of them have set up a business or are freelancers. Similar results can be gleaned from the MSNA Poland 2023 survey results, which show that slightly more than 5% of respondent households receive income from self-employment or similar activities.
This percentage appears to be slightly higher for men, at over 6%, than women.

---
[30] Eurostat data, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/migr_asytpsm/default/table?lang=en

MSNA Poland 2023 survey results
ZUS (social security) statistics

Eurostat data on beneficiaries of temporary protection

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
NAVIGATING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING CHALLENGES FOR REFUGEES FROM UKRAINE health needs were regionally reported higher among those with disabilities (23%) and higher compared to 2023 (14%). Notably, respondents with a disability in Latvia, Czechia, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Slovakia reported a similar level of access to health care as those without a disability.

Unmet health needs are higher among recent arrivals. Of those who arrived in 2024, 28% reported difficulties in accessing care, compared to 19% of those who arrived in 2023 and 16% of those who arrived in 2022.

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESS THAT ARE**

**ABLE TO ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE**

With chronic illness Without chronic illness

**% OF INDIVIDUALS WITH A DISABILITY THAT ARE ABLE TO**

**ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE**

With disability Without disability Regional Czechia Latvia Moldova Estonia Poland Bulgaria Hungary Lithuania Slovakia Romania (N=6,052)

**12**

Regional Latvia Czechia Estonia Moldova Bulgaria Poland Lithuania Hungary Slovakia Romania (N=5,695)

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
In practice, access to these financial services is still hindered by the type of identification documents issued by
CNARR and UNHCR to refugees. The refugee identity cards, not issued by the national competent authority,
ANATS, is often considered an unofficial document in most cases. Efforts to expand the legally recognized
documentation through the provision of biometric identification and a national identification number by
ANATS for refugees would be the solution to these recurring challenges. Other practical challenges persist
for refugees in accessing credit, stemming from their inability to meet the financial guarantees and the
perception that they pose a high risk profile as borrowers. Some refugees, mainly living in the South of
Chad continue to ably access bank accounts, mainly saving accounts, based on the prior recognition of their
identity cards by certain financial institutions.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
1. Compared to the [2023 MSNA data](https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/108068)
2. For the purposes of this analysis defined as 50% of the host country median equivalized disposable incomed. This approach is equivalent to Eurostat’s at-risk-of-poverty (AROP) methodology 3. Defined as the share of the population with an income below the poverty line 4. The poverty rate for the host communities was defined to be equal to Eurostat’s at-risk-of-poverty (AROP) rate calculated for the 50%-of-median-equivalized-income threshold 5. Equivalent to living being at risk of poverty (as per Eurostat) when setting the at-risk-of-poverty threshold at 50% of the national median disposable income after social transfers 6. MHPSS stands for mental health and psychological support

**3**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
- Co-‐existence
 activities
 in
 areas
 of
 return,
 including
 through
 working
 with
 CBOs
for
 the
 identification
 of
 key
 points
 of
 current/potential
 tensions,
 designing
 of
joint
 reintegration
 projects,
 and
 conducting
 cultural
 activities
 that
 foster
traditional
 values
 of
 consideration
 and
 peace.

- Constructing/rehabilitating
 basic
 facilities,
 such
 as
 health,
 safe
 drinking
 water
systems
 and
 sanitation
 as
 well
 as
 improving/expanding
 services.

14

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Note: Data are based on average social security contributions bases in employee-cells, each cell for a specific poviat, sex, age group, and main occupational group. All data are for the 01XX ZUS insurance code (employees). Data for Q2 2022 encompass 6945 employee-cells of Ukrainian refugees joined with likewise cells for Polish citizens, while for Q2 2024 13477 such cells. Ukrainian refugees have been identified by PESEL UKR and Ukrainian citizenship, Poles by Polish citizenship.

Source: Deloitte own elaboration based on ZUS data.

refugees move to better-paid occupations becomes clearer. Between June 30, 2022, and June 30, 2024, Ukrainian refugees gained an estimated 7% in earnings having shifted towards better paid occupations, pre-war Ukrainians 5%, non-Ukrainian foreigners 4%, and Polish citizens 1%.

**Ukrainian refugees have been slowly**

**closing their wage gap to Polish**

**citizens across all wage levels.** Once
ZUS administrative data on Ukrainian refugees with employment contracts is divided into employee cells based on 380 poviats, 2 sexes, 7 age groups, and 10 main occupational groups (including

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
Mental health is a significant concern, with particularly high needs in populations fleeing conflict. WHO estimates that one in five people affected by conflict (22.1%) have a mental health condition, including 13.0% with mild, 4.0% with moderate, and 5.1% with severe conditions [4] .
Refugees may have experienced conflict-related violence and other adversities prior to displacement and likely face current stressors associated with adapting to new environments, languages, and cultures, economic and housing instability, limited social support networks and uncertainties about their future and those left behind in Ukraine. These factors may contribute to mental health and psychosocial problems that can persist for many years if left unaddressed.

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**decreases it.** Some evidence shows that
when refugees from Ukraine have access to education, healthcare, and social services, they may be more likely to consider returning home, precisely because they feel more stable and have the resources to make plans. Sohst et al. (2024) found that short-term return intentions were higher in countries offering strong public services and with healthier economies (lower poverty and higher GDP). In short, when people aren’t just surviving but have some breathing room, they’re better positioned to think about going back.
On the other hand, host country labour market integration decreases the chances that refugees will be returning to their country of origin. Personal circumstances clearly play a major role. Refugees who are formally employed in their host countries are 12 percentage points less likely to plan a return in the near future than those who aren’t (Sohst et al., 2024). Furthermore, Lewandowski et al. (2025) find that refugees who underwent greater task degradation were more likely to plan to return to Ukraine by 2023, particularly those who initially, in 2022, did not plan to return. So, while public services seem to increase the likelihood of return, employment has the opposite effect, it gives people a reason to stay. Families with children or elderly dependents are also more hesitant, which makes sense given the ongoing uncertainty in Ukraine and school continuity in host country. Refugees with disabilities are even less likely to return, often because of healthcare needs or limited support options. Return is often less about ‘desire’ and more about 'capacity', what in development terms includes social capital, human capital (like education and skills), and even psychological readiness. That capacity is shaped by a combination of public policies and personal circumstance. [6]

---
[6] Crucial will also be the ‘pull’ factors in Ukraine, which will be determined by the conditions of future peace. The longer the full-scale war continues, the smaller will

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
**•** Aleksynska and Tritah (2015) look for economic impacts of immigration in a

sample of 20 developed OECD countries at 5-year intervals during the 19602005 period. They find that a higher rate of immigration by 1 percentage point increases GDP per capita growth rate by 0.3 percentage point. They try to disaggregate this effect in further regressions, finding positive effects for the growth of income per capita, output per worker, and total factor productivity for higher rate of immigration among prime-age workers (25-54 years old), but negative or statistically insignificant for the young (15-24 years old).
These estimates are causal, as authors similarly to Jaumotte at al. (2016) quoted above instrument the immigrant shares by estimating them beforehand based on a separate model, which is orthogonal to subsequent GDP growth.

**•** Peri (2012) in a seminal paper models the impact of immigration on total factor

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source


Input:
3. Economic Opportunities

which aims at preventing conflict, enabling resolution and improving the understanding of law and justice.

In practice, the availability of judicial services, including Court, remains scarce or too distant from refugee
hosting areas, including camps. The nascent state legal aid services remain constrained in scale and scope,
further exacerbated by the lack of implementation. In addressing the legal and justice needs of refugees
and asylum-seekers, despite the support provided by UNHCR and its partners for legal aid services, the
predominant option remains traditional arrangements made under the auspices of local and traditional
authorities.

### **3. Economic Opportunities**

**3.1** **Freedom of movement**

A dataset, survey, database, index, census, registry, or information system with a specific proper name that can be cited, queried, or downloaded as a data source

A data source described by its characteristics or producer rather than a proper name, containing a data noun and at least one identifying descriptor

A general reference to data, information, or statistics that contains a data noun but lacks enough specificity to identify the exact source